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Journal articles on the topic 'Sensitivity olfactory'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Pause, Bettina M., Roman Ferstl, and Gabriele Fehm-Wolfsdorf. "Personality and Olfactory Sensitivity." Journal of Research in Personality 32, no. 4 (December 1998): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2228.

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2

Yee, Karen K., and Charles J. Wysocki. "Odorant exposure increases olfactory sensitivity: olfactory epithelium is implicated." Physiology & Behavior 72, no. 5 (April 2001): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00428-0.

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3

Rabin, Michael D., and William S. Cain. "Determinants of measured olfactory sensitivity." Perception & Psychophysics 39, no. 4 (July 1986): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03204936.

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4

Sirota, Pinkhas, David Shamir, and Edith Mitrany. "Olfactory sensitivity in eating disorders." European Neuropsychopharmacology 6 (June 1996): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-977x(96)87356-1.

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5

Sirota, P., D. Shamir, and E. Mitrany. "Olfactory sensitivity in eating disorders." Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (April 1996): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(96)84195-3.

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6

Sirota, P., I. Ben-David, K. Luca-Haimovici, J. Zohar, and R. Gross-Isseroff. "Neuroleptics, olfactory sensitivity and schizophrenia." Biological Psychiatry 37, no. 9 (May 1995): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(95)94665-j.

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7

Doty, Richard L. "Olfaction and Multiple Chemical Sensitivity." Toxicology and Industrial Health 10, no. 4-5 (July 1994): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823379401000510.

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In this paper, a description of olfactory anatomy is presented, followed by a brief review of modern procedures for testing olfactory function. Information from the sole study which has quantitatively examined olfactory function in patients with apparent multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is presented. In essence, this study suggests that MCS is associated with increased nasal airflow resistance, respiration rate, heart rate, and scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, but not with significant changes in odor detection threshold sensitivity to phenyl ethyl alcohol and methyl ethyl ketone, the two target stimuli evaluated. Whether MCS patients evidence hypersensitivity to other chemicals is unknown.

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8

Lin, Meng-Hsien (Jenny), Samantha N. N. Cross, Russell N. Laczniak, and Terry L. Childers. "The Sniffing Effect: Olfactory Sensitivity and Olfactory Imagery in Advertising." Journal of Advertising 47, no. 2 (March 9, 2018): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2017.1410739.

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9

Good, Kimberley P., Isabelle A. Tourbier, Paul Moberg, Jennifer L. Cuzzocreo, Rena J. Geckle, David M. Yousem, Dzung L. Pham, and Richard L. Doty. "Unilateral olfactory sensitivity in multiple sclerosis." Physiology & Behavior 168 (January 2017): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.10.017.

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10

Huotari, M., and M. Mela. "Blowfly olfactory biosensor's sensitivity and specificity." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 34, no. 1-3 (August 1996): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(97)80003-2.

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11

Gsell, Anna C., Julie C. Hagelin, and Dianne H. Brunton. "Olfactory sensitivity in Kea and Kaka." Emu - Austral Ornithology 112, no. 1 (March 2012): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu11052.

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12

Angioy, A. M. "Extreme Sensitivity in an Olfactory System." Chemical Senses 28, no. 4 (May 1, 2003): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/28.4.279.

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13

Gudziol, Volker, and Thomas Hummel. "Effects of Pentoxifylline on Olfactory Sensitivity." Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery 135, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archoto.2008.524.

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14

Walker, Dianne Beidler, James Cornelius Walker, Peter James Cavnar, Jennifer Leigh Taylor, Duane Howard Pickel, Sandra Biddle Hall, and Joseph Carlos Suarez. "Naturalistic quantification of canine olfactory sensitivity." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 97, no. 2-4 (May 2006): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.07.009.

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15

UENO, Daisuke. "Simplified measurement of olfactory sense sensitivity." Journal of Japan Association on Odor Environment 53, no. 3 (May 25, 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2171/jao.53.177.

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16

Eilerts, Diane, Morgen VanderGiessen, Elizabeth Bose, Kyera Broxton, and Clément Vinauger. "Odor-Specific Daily Rhythms in the Olfactory Sensitivity and Behavior of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes." Insects 9, no. 4 (October 23, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040147.

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Many biological processes and behaviors in mosquitoes display rhythmic patterns, allowing for fine tuning to cyclic environmental conditions. In mosquitoes, vector-host interactions are primarily mediated by olfactory signals. Previous studies have established that, in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, rhythmic expression of odorant binding proteins and takeout proteins in the antenna resulted in a corresponding rhythm in olfactory sensitivity to relevant host odors. However, it remained unclear how rhythms observed in olfactory sensitivity affect or explain rhythms in behavioral output, which ultimately impacts disease transmission. In order to address this knowledge gap, we quantified and compared patterns in locomotor activity, olfactory sensitivity, and olfactory behaviors in adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Here, we demonstrate an odorant-specific modulation of olfactory sensitivity in Ae. aegypti, decoupled from rhythms in olfactory behavior. Additionally, behavioral assays performed herein represent the first evidence of a time-dependence of the olfactory activation of behavior in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Results suggest that olfactory behavior of Aedes mosquitoes is modulated at both the peripheral (antenna) and central levels. As such, this work serves as a foundation for future studies aimed at further understanding the neural and molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral plasticity.

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17

Slotnick, Burton M., and Frances W. Schoonover. "Olfactory sensitivity of rats with transection of the lateral olfactory tract." Brain Research 616, no. 1-2 (July 1993): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)90201-w.

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18

Dionne, Vincent E. "Spontaneously active NaV1.5 sodium channels may underlie odor sensitivity." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 2 (August 1, 2016): 776–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00114.2016.

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The olfactory system is remarkably sensitive to airborne odor molecules, but precisely how very low odor concentrations bordering on just a few molecules per olfactory sensory neuron can trigger graded changes in firing is not clear. This report reexamines signaling in olfactory sensory neurons in light of the recent account of NaV1.5 sodium channel-mediated spontaneous firing. Using a model of spontaneous channel activity, the study shows how even submillivolt changes in membrane potential elicited by odor are expected to cause meaningful changes in NaV1.5-dependent firing. The results suggest that the random window currents of NaV1.5 channels may underpin not only spontaneous firing in olfactory sensory neurons but the cellular response to odor as well, thereby ensuring the robustness and sensitivity of signaling that is especially important for low odor concentrations.

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19

Guo, Hao, and Dean P. Smith. "Time-Dependent Odorant Sensitivity Modulation in Insects." Insects 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040354.

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Insects use olfaction to detect ecologically relevant chemicals in their environment. To maintain useful responses over a variety of stimuli, olfactory receptor neurons are desensitized to prolonged or high concentrations of stimuli. Depending on the timescale, the desensitization is classified as short-term, which typically spans a few seconds; or long-term, which spans from minutes to hours. Compared with the well-studied mechanisms of desensitization in vertebrate olfactory neurons, the mechanisms underlying invertebrate olfactory sensitivity regulation remain poorly understood. Recently, using a large-scale functional screen, a conserved critical receptor phosphorylation site has been identified in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster, providing new insight into the molecular basis of desensitization in insects. Here, we summarize the progress in this area and provide perspectives on future directions to determine the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the desensitization in insect olfaction.

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20

Sarrafchi, Amir, and Matthias Laska. "Olfactory Sensitivity for the Mammalian Blood Odor Component Trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal in CD-1 Mice." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (July 10, 2016): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616653136.

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Using a conditioning paradigm and an automated olfactometer, we investigated the olfactory sensitivity of CD-1 mice for the mammalian blood odor component trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal. We found that two of the animals significantly discriminated concentrations down to 3.0 ppt (parts per trillion) from the solvent, and three animals even successfully detected dilutions as low as 0.3 ppt. Intraspecific comparisons between the olfactory detection thresholds obtained here with those obtained in earlier studies with other odorants show that mice are extraordinarily sensitive to this blood odor component. Interspecific comparisons of olfactory detection thresholds show that human subjects are even more sensitive to trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal than the mice tested here. Both intra- and inter-specific comparisons suggest that neither neuroanatomical properties such as the size of the olfactory epithelium, the total number of olfactory receptor neurons, or the size of olfactory brain structures, nor genetic properties such as the number of functional olfactory receptor genes or the proportion of functional relative to the total number of olfactory receptor genes allow us to reliably predict a species’ olfactory sensitivity. In contrast, the results support the notion that the behavioral relevance of an odorant rather than neuroanatomical or genetic properties may determine a species’ olfactory sensitivity.

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21

Jung, Jewon, Dong-In Kim, Gi-Youn Han, and Hyung Kwon. "The Effects of High Fat Diet-Induced Stress on Olfactory Sensitivity, Behaviors, and Transcriptional Profiling in Drosophila melanogaster." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 2855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19102855.

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High-fat diet (HFD) often causes obesity and it has detrimental effects on the sensory system. In particular, sensory-mediated responses are crucial for maintaining energy balance, as they are involved in a metabolic regulation; however, there is still no clear explanation about the relationship between HFD-induced stress and sensory system. To gain insight on how HFD-induced stress affects olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses, we have used a Drosophila melanogaster model for olfactory and nutrient-related signaling and accessed physiological, behavioral, and transcriptional changes. We demonstrated that lifespan and climbing ability in HFD-treated flies decreased and that olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses to odorants were changed. Olfactory sensitivity to eight of ten odorants after 14 days on HFD treatment were reduced, while behavioral attraction was increased to benzaldehyde in flies that were treated with HFD. This behavioral and physiological modification in HFD-treated flies for 14 days was accompanied by a significant decrease in DmOrco gene expression in a peripheral olfactory organ, suggesting that is could be involved in the action of metabolic and sensory signal. Gene expression profiles of antennae showed significant differences on the olfactory receptors, odorant-binding proteins, and insulin signaling. Our results suggested that olfactory sensitivity and behavioral responses to HFD-induced stress are mediated through olfactory and nutrient-related signaling pathways.

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22

Li, Z. "A model of olfactory adaptation and sensitivity enhancement in the olfactory bulb." Biological Cybernetics 62, no. 4 (February 1990): 349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00201449.

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23

Hubbard, P. C., P. M. Ingleton, L. A. Bendell, E. N. Barata, and A. V. M. Canário. "Olfactory sensitivity to changes in environmental [Ca2+] in the freshwater teleost Carassius auratus: an olfactory role for the Ca2+-sensing receptor?" Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 18 (September 15, 2002): 2755–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.18.2755.

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SUMMARY Olfactory sensitivity to changes in environmental Ca2+ has been demonstrated in two teleost species; a salmonid (Oncorhynchus nerka)and a marine/estuarine perciform (Sparus aurata). To assess whether this phenomenon is restricted to species that normally experience large fluctuations in external ion concentrations (e.g. moving from sea water to fresh water) or is present in a much wider range of species, we investigated olfactory Ca2+ sensitivity in the goldfish (Carassius auratus), which is a stenohaline, non-migratory freshwater cyprinid. Extracellular recording from the olfactory bulb in vivo by electroencephalogram (EEG) demonstrated that the olfactory system is acutely sensitive to changes in external Ca2+ within the range that this species is likely to encounter in the wild (0.05-3 mmol l-1). The olfactory system responded to increases in external calcium with increasing bulbar activity in a manner that fitted a conventional Hill plot with an apparent EC50 of 0.9±0.3 mmol l-1 (close to both ambient and plasma free [Ca2+]) and an apparent Hill coefficient of 1.1±0.3 (means ± S.E.M., N=6). Thresholds of detection were below 50 μmol l-1. Some olfactory sensitivity to changes in external [Na+] was also recorded, but with a much higher threshold of detection (3.7 mmol l-1). The olfactory system of goldfish was much less sensitive to changes in [Mg2+] and [K+]. Preliminary data suggest that Ca2+ and Mg2+ are detected by the same mechanism, although with a much higher affinity for Ca2+. Olfactory sensitivity to Na+ may warn freshwater fish that they are reaching the limit of their osmotic tolerance when in an estuarine environment. Olfaction of serine, a potent odorant in fish, was not dependent on the presence of external Ca2+ or Na+. Finally, the teleost Ca2+-sensing receptor (Ca-SR) was shown to be highly expressed in a subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurones by both immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation. The olfactory sensitivity to Ca2+ (and Mg2+) is therefore likely to be mediated by the Ca-SR. We suggest that olfactory Ca2+ sensitivity is a widespread phenomenon in teleosts and may have an input into the physiological mechanisms regulating internal calcium homeostasis.

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24

Laska, Matthias, and Alexandra Seibt. "Olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic alcohols in squirrel monkeys and pigtail macaques." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 11 (June 1, 2002): 1633–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.11.1633.

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SUMMARY The view that primates are microsmatic animals is based mainly on an interpretation of neuroanatomical features, whereas physiological evidence of a poorly developed sense of smell in this order of mammals is largely lacking. Using a conditioning paradigm, we therefore assessed the olfactory sensitivity of three squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and of four pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) for a homologous series of aliphatic alcohols (ethanol to 1-octanol) and isomeric forms of some of these substances. In the majority of cases, the animals of both species significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 part per million from the odourless solvent, and with 1-hexanol individual monkeys even demonstrated thresholds below 10 parts per billion. The results showed (i) that both primate species have a well-developed olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic alcohols, which for the majority of substances matches or even is better than that of species such as the rat, (ii) that both species generally show very similar olfactory detection thresholds for aliphatic alcohols, and (iii) that a significant negative correlation between perceptibility in terms of olfactory detection threshold and carbon chain length of both the aliphatic 1-and 2-alcohols exists in both species. These findings support the idea that across-species comparisons of neuroanatomical features are a poor predictor of olfactory performance and that general labels such as `microsmat' or`macrosmat', which are usually based on allometric comparisons of olfactory brain structures, are inadequate to describe the olfactory capabilities of a species. Further, our findings suggest that olfaction may play an important and hitherto underestimated role in the regulation of behaviour in the species tested.

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25

Smith, David W., Sokunthirith Thach, Erika L. Marshall, Mary-Grace Mendoza, and Steven J. Kleene. "Mice lacking NKCC1 have normal olfactory sensitivity." Physiology & Behavior 93, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.07.011.

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26

Saini, R. K., and A. Hassanali. "Olfactory sensitivity of tsetse to phenolic kairomones." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 13, no. 01 (February 1992): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400013941.

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27

Wang, H., C. Wysocki, and G. Gold. "Induction of olfactory receptor sensitivity in mice." Science 260, no. 5110 (May 14, 1993): 998–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8493539.

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28

Oleszkiewicz, Anna, Rafieh Alizadeh, Aytug Altundag, Ben Chen, Alessandra Corrai, Rachele Fanari, Mohammad Farhadi, et al. "Global study of variability in olfactory sensitivity." Behavioral Neuroscience 134, no. 5 (October 2020): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bne0000378.

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29

Ashwin, Chris, Emma Chapman, Jessica Howells, Danielle Rhydderch, Ian Walker, and Simon Baron-Cohen. "Enhanced olfactory sensitivity in autism spectrum conditions." Molecular Autism 5, no. 1 (2014): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-5-53.

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30

Husner, Alexander, Johannes Frasnelli, Antje Welge-L??ssen, Gilfe Reiss, Thomas Zahnert, and Thomas Hummel. "Loss of Trigeminal Sensitivity Reduces Olfactory Function." Laryngoscope 116, no. 8 (August 2006): 1520–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mlg.0000225946.37489.4c.

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31

Huppertz, Tilman, Jessica Freiherr, Bernhard Olzowy, Ulrich Kisser, Jutta Stephan, Gunther Fesl, Kathrin Haegler, et al. "Reduction of olfactory sensitivity during normobaric hypoxia." Auris Nasus Larynx 45, no. 4 (August 2018): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2017.11.001.

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32

Isseroff, Ruth Gross, Moshe Stoler, Dov Ophir, Doron Lancet, and Pinkhas Sirota. "Olfactory sensitivity to androstenone in schizophrenic patients." Biological Psychiatry 22, no. 7 (July 1987): 922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(87)90093-x.

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33

BAMBA, Ikuko, Kenichi AZUMA, Michiyo AZUMA, Mari TANIGAWA, and Iwao UCHIYAMA. "Olfactory perception in Multiple Chemical Sensitivity patients." Journal of Japan Association on Odor Environment 50, no. 1 (January 25, 2019): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2171/jao.50.27.

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34

Sirota, Pinkhas, Ben Davidson, Tanya Mosheva, Reuben Benhatov, Joseph Zohar, and Ruth Gross-Isseroff. "Increased olfactory sensitivity in first episode psychosis and the effect of neuroleptic treatment on olfactory sensitivity in schizophrenia." Psychiatry Research 86, no. 2 (May 1999): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00025-6.

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35

Höchenberger, Richard, and Kathrin Ohla. "Estimation of Olfactory Sensitivity Using a Bayesian Adaptive Method." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2019): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061278.

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The ability to smell is crucial for most species as it enables the detection of environmental threats like smoke, fosters social interactions, and contributes to the sensory evaluation of food and eating behavior. The high prevalence of smell disturbances throughout the life span calls for a continuous effort to improve tools for quick and reliable assessment of olfactory function. Odor-dispensing pens, called Sniffin’ Sticks, are an established method to deliver olfactory stimuli during diagnostic evaluation. We tested the suitability of a Bayesian adaptive algorithm (QUEST) to estimate olfactory sensitivity using Sniffin’ Sticks by comparing QUEST sensitivity thresholds with those obtained using a procedure based on an established standard staircase protocol. Thresholds were measured twice with both procedures in two sessions (Test and Retest). Overall, both procedures exhibited considerable overlap, with QUEST displaying slightly higher test-retest correlations, less variability between measurements, and reduced testing duration. Notably, participants were more frequently presented with the highest concentration during QUEST, which may foster adaptation and habituation effects. We conclude that further research is required to better understand and optimize the procedure for assessment of olfactory performance.

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36

Joy, Ayana, Sailesh Sai Kumar, Archana R, and Mukkadan J K. "EFFECT OF PRE EXAMINATION STRESS ON OLFACTORY SENSITIVITY IN COLLEGE STUDENTS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i6.17979.

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Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of pre-examination stress on olfactory sensitivity in college students.Methods: A total of 80 apparently healthy males and females were included in the study after obtaining written informed consent. Blast injection method was used to measure the olfactory sensitivity.Result: In the present study, we have observed decrease in the olfactory sensitivity in both males and females during pre-examination stress. However, it is not statistically significant.Conclusion: We recommend further detailed studies for better understanding the links between stress and olfaction.

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37

Fjaeldstad, Alexander W., and Henrique M. Fernandes. "Chemosensory Sensitivity after Coffee Consumption Is Not Static: Short-Term Effects on Gustatory and Olfactory Sensitivity." Foods 9, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9040493.

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Chemosensory sensitivity has great variation between individuals. This variation complicates the chemosensory diagnostics, as well as the creation of a meal with universally high hedonic value. To ensure accurate characterization of chemosensory function, a common rule of thumb is to avoid food/beverages one hour before chemosensory testing. However, the scientific foundation of this time of fast remains unclear. Furthermore, the role of coffee on immediate chemosensitivity is not known and may have implications for optimization of gastronomy and hedonia. The aim of this study is to investigate the modularity effects of coffee consumption on immediate gustatory and olfactory sensitivity. We included 155 participants. By applying tests for olfactory and gustatory sensitivity before and after coffee intake, we found no changes in olfactory sensitivity, but significantly altered sensitivity for some basic tastants. We repeated our experimental paradigm using decaffeinated coffee and found similar results. Our results demonstrate that coffee (regular and decaffeinated) alters the subsequent perception of taste, specifically by increasing the sensitivity to sweet and decreasing the sensitivity to bitter. Our findings provide the first evidence of how coffee impacts short-term taste sensitivity and consequently the way we sense and perceive food following coffee intake—an important insight in the context of gastronomy, as well as in chemosensory testing procedures.

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38

Hubbard, P. C., E. N. Barata, and A. V. Canario. "Olfactory sensitivity to changes in environmental [Ca(2+)] in the marine teleost Sparus aurata." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 24 (December 15, 2000): 3821–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.24.3821.

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Estuarine and/or migratory teleosts may experience large and rapid changes in external [Ca(2+)]. Previous studies have largely centred on the physiological mechanisms that maintain a constant plasma [Ca(2+)] in the face of such external fluctuations, but little work has been directed to examining how these changes may originally be detected. We present evidence that the olfactory system of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is highly sensitive to reductions in environmental [Ca(2+)] and suggest a possible mechanism by which this may be mediated. Multi-unit extracellular recordings were made from the olfactory nerve of Sparus aurata while the [Ca(2+)] of artificial sea water flowing over the olfactory epithelium was varied from 10 to 0 mmol l(−)(1). Reductions in [Ca(2+)] caused a large, non-accommodating increase in the firing rate of the olfactory nerve (apparent IC(50)=1.67+/−0.26 mmol l(−)(1), apparent Hill coefficient=−1.22+/−0.14; means +/− s.e.m., N=6). This response was not due to the concomitant reduction in osmolality and was specific for Ca(2+). During continuous exposure of the olfactory epithelium to Ca(2+)-free sea water, the apparent IC(50) and Hill coefficient in response to increases in [Ca(2+)] were 0.48+/−0.14 mmol l(−)(1) and −0.76+/−0.16 (means +/− s.e.m., N=6), respectively, suggesting an adaptation of the Ca(2+)-sensing system to low-[Ca(2+)] environments. Ca(2+) is intimately involved in signal transduction in the olfactory receptor neurones, but our data support a true olfactory response, rather than a non-specific effect to lowering of external [Ca(2+)]. The absence of Ca(2+) from sea water only partially and temporarily blunted the olfactory response to the odorant l-serine; the response amplitude recovered to control levels within 20 min. This suggests that the olfactory system in general is able to adapt to low-[Ca(2+)] environments. We suggest that the Ca(2+)sensitivity is mediated by an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor similar to the recently characterized mammalian Ca(2+)-sensing receptor.

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39

Patel, Roseanne C., and John Larson. "Impaired olfactory discrimination learning and decreased olfactory sensitivity in aged C57Bl/6 mice." Neurobiology of Aging 30, no. 5 (May 2009): 829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.08.007.

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40

Negoias, S., I. Croy, J. Gerber, S. Puschmann, K. Petrowski, P. Joraschky, and T. Hummel. "Reduced olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sensitivity in patients with acute major depression." Neuroscience 169, no. 1 (August 2010): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.012.

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41

Klyuchnikova, M. A., and V. V. Voznessenskaya. "Specific anosmia in humans and animals: Environmental and genetic influences." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 9, no. 3 (July 16, 2019): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2019_708.

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Olfaction plays a very important role across the lifespan of most mammalian species, including humans. Being the oldest, chemical communication is one of the least understood forms of communication due in part to the difficulty of detecting and measuring the chemicals in a sample. The ability to detect chemicals in the environment serves many functions. Individuals with specific anosmia, or “odor blindness”, have significantly increased olfactory thresholds to particular odorants though they show normal general olfactory acuity. Hereby we review research on specific anosmia in humans, factors that may affect individual variation in olfaction as well as animal models of specific anosmia. Variability in sensitivity to odorants is influenced by genotype, age, gender, individual olfactory experience and environmental cues. Large data pile from human and animal studies suggests that not all factors are determined yet. The possibility of induction of olfactory sensitivity to biologically relevant chemical cues is discussed. Olfactory plasticity determines the adaptability of the species to the environment. Mechanisms that underlie the induction of sensitivity to the odorants still to be elucidated.

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42

Cardwell, J. R., J. G. Dulka, and N. E. Stacey. "Acute olfactory sensitivity to prostaglandins but not to gonadal steroids in two sympatric species of Catostomus (Pisces: Cypriniformes)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-258.

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The discovery that released hormones (steroids and prostaglandins) and their metabolites function as potent pheromones in some fishes provides an opportunity to determine whether these chemically identified pheromones are species specific. As a first step in studying this complex issue, we used an extracellular electrophysiological recording technique (electro-olfactogram) to investigate the olfactory sensitivity of two sympatrically spawning catostomid species (white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, and longnose sucker, Catostomus catostomus; Cypriniformes: Catostomidae) to steroids and prostaglandins that might function as sex pheromones. Both species were acutely sensitive to F-series prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin-F2α and its metabolite 15-ketoprostaglandin-F2α, but exhibited no olfactory responses to free or conjugated gonadal steroids. The data from tests of olfactory sensitivity to a range of gonadal steroids, though negative, provide preliminary evidence that maturational steroid hormones do not function as pheromones in catostomids as they do in other cypriniform fishes. We were unable to detect species differences in receptor-level olfactory sensitivity to hormones or hormone metabolites, although we cannot discount possible differences at other levels of the olfactory system.

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Koelega, Harry S. "Prepubescent Children May Have Specific Deficits in Olfactory Sensitivity." Perceptual and Motor Skills 78, no. 1 (February 1994): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.78.1.191.

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In three age groups (mean ages 9, 15, and 20 years, ns = 58, 58, 112) olfactory sensitivity to 5 odorants was assessed. The prepubescent children showed no loss in sensitivity to the odor of amyl acetate but were inferior in detection of the other 4 odorants, in particular, in detection of 2 musk odors. The results suggest odorant-specific receptor development during puberty. However, it is emphasized that several factors should be better controlled before it can be concluded that changes with age can be used as a model to increase knowledge of olfactory function.

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Segal, N. L., K. W. Brown, and T. D. Topolski. "A Twin Study of Odor Identification and Olfactory Sensitivity." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 41, no. 2-3 (July 1992): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000002312.

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AbstractInterindividual variation in odor identification and olfactory sensitivity has been explained primarily with reference to age, sex and/or experiential factors. A twin study of olfaction can, therefore, substantially contribute to current research in this area. Thirty-nine monozygotic and twenty dizygotic twin pairs have completed the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), an olfactory preference questionnaire, and two odor detection threshold tests (phenyl ethyl alcohol and butanol). A genetic influence on odor identification, as assessed by the UPSIT, has been demonstrated. Future plans and directions for this research program are discussed.

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Kelley, Nicholas J., and Adrienne L. Crowell. "Self-Reported Sense of Smell Predicts Disgust Sensitivity and Disgust Reactivity." Journal of Individual Differences 39, no. 4 (October 2018): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000263.

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Abstract. Two studies tested the hypothesis that self-reported sense of smell (i.e., metacognitive insight into one’s olfactory ability) predicts disgust sensitivity and disgust reactivity. Consistent with our predictions two studies demonstrated that disgust correlates with self-reported sense of smell. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated, from an individual difference perspective, that trait-like differences in disgust relate to self-reported sense of smell. Physical forms of disgust (i.e., sexual and pathogen disgust) drove this association. However, the association between self-reported sense of smell and disgust sensitivity is small, suggesting that it is likely not a good proxy for disgust sensitivity. The results of Study 2 extended this finding by demonstrating that individual differences in self-reported sense of smell influence how individuals react to a disgusting olfactory stimulus. Those who reported having a better sense of smell (or better insight into their olfactory ability) found a disgusting smell significantly more noxious as compared to participants reporting having a poor sense of smell (or poor insight into their olfactory ability). The current findings suggest that a one-item measure of self-reported sense of smell may be an effective tool in disgust research.

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Sarker, Marjana, and Scott Leiser. "Odor Sensitivity as a Biomarker of Aging." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.400.

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Abstract Recent studies support the deterioration of the sense of smell as an important biomarker for cognitive impairment diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. The model organism C. elegans has a well-studied olfactory system, which provides an ideal platform to measure loss of smell with aging. The goal of our project is to use the short lifespan and olfactory changes observed in nematodes to identify mechanisms to slow aging and treat age-related diseases. Our approach is to utilize worms at various times of their healthy adult lifespan and to test for their sensitivity to known attractants such as benzaldehyde. These odorants are largely detected by the main AWC olfactory neurons. It is well documented that the responsiveness of AWC decreases with age. Our paradigm is to briefly fast worms to increase motivation before testing their ability to discriminate odors. Our results show that younger worms actively move toward the attractant and show preference for specific attractants. However, older worms frequently do not respond to attractive odors and remain near the point of origin, regardless of motility. These results indicate a decreased odor response with age. Our current work focuses on identifying genes and compounds that positively affect this odor response in older animals. The resulting data can then be tested for their efficacy to improve other aspects of healthspan and potentially longevity.

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Avrunin, Oleg, Yana Nosova, Sergii Zlepko, Ibrahim Younouss Abdelhamid, and Nataliia Shushliapina. "ASSESSMENT OF THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF THE METHOD OF COMPUTER OLFACTOMETRY." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 9, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.236.

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Olfactory studies can be a criterion for evaluating rhinosurgical intervention, and olfactory impairment may indicate respiratory impairment. Therefore, the urgent task is to develop an integrated approach to determining respiratory and olfactory disorders. A structural scheme was developed for the method of objective diagnosis of respiratory and olfactory disorders, taking into account the measu, rement of both the aerodynamic parameters of nasal breathing and the calculation of energy characteristics, which are used to determine olfactory sensitivity. The diagnostic significance of the proposed method of analyzing rhinofolipometry data with regard to additional parameters was assessed - it is necessary to take into account the time and power of breathing when the threshold of sensation of the odorivector is at the transition point of the airflow mode to the turbulent quadratic. It has been established that it is advisable to use the energy criteria of nasal breathing, pneumatic power and energy of nasal breathing under the action of the corresponding odor vector for the assessment of respiratory impaired olfactory. To assess the respiratory impairment of olfactory, it is necessary to use the method in which an odor vector is installed in the air path of the rhinomanometer, and the patient is asked to perform breathing maneuvers with a consistent increase in respiration rate while fixing the time at which olfactory sensitivity is achieved and then determining the respiratory energy characteristics. A statistical processing of diagnostic results was carried out, which confirms the adequacy of the model of independent statistical verification and makes it possible to use this method for the functional diagnosis of respiratory-olfactory disorders and testing of respiratory-olfactory sensitivity. The probability index of the error of the second kind is 0.17.

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Mori, E., W. Petters, V. A. Schriever, C. Valder, and T. Hummel. "Exposure to odours improves olfactory function in healthy children." Rhinology journal 53, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4193/rhino14.192.

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Background: Short-term exposure to odours, also called "olfactory training" has been shown to improve olfactory function in healthy people but also in people with olfactory loss. Aim of this single center, prospective, controlled study was to investigate the change of olfactory function following twice-daily, short-term exposure to 4 odours over a period of approximately 12 weeks. Material and methods: We compared odour identification abilities and odour thresholds between an olfactory training group (TR group) and a group that did not perform such training (noTR group). Participants exposed themselves twice daily to 4 odours ("rose", "eucalyptus", "lemon", "clove"). Olfactory testing was performed before and after the training period using the "Sniffin' Sticks" test kit (odour identification plus odour thresholds). Results: At baseline the two groups were not significantly different in terms of age and measures of olfactory sensitivity. The TR group performed significantly better for odour thresholds for all 4 odours compared to the noTR group after 12 weeks of olfactory training. Also, with regard to odour identification the TR group outperformed the noTR group. No significant differences were found for diary-based intensity ratings. Conclusion: Repeated exposure to odours seems to improve general olfactory sensitivity in children.

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Micarelli, Alessandro, Andrea Cormano, Daniela Caccamo, and Marco Alessandrini. "Olfactory-Related Quality of Life in Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: A Genetic-Acquired Factors Model." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (December 25, 2019): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010156.

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Genetic polymorphisms as well as environmental exposures to chemical compounds, iatrogenic, psychological, and physical trauma may play a pathophysiological role in multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) olfactory complaints, given that xenobiotic metabolism is influenced by sequence variations in genes of metabolizing enzymes. Thus, the aim of the present study was to depict—by means of multiple regression analysis—how different genetic conditions, grouped according to their function as well as clinical background and environmental exposure may interfere with those olfactory complaints referred by MCS patients. Therefore, MCS patients after gene polymorphism sequencing, the olfactory-related quality of life score—calculated by means of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorder in forty-six MCS patients—have been found to significantly rely on the phase I and II enzymes score and exposure to previous compounds and surgical treatments. The present work—implementing for the first time a genetic-acquired factors model on a regression analysis—further reinforces those theories, positing MCS as a complex, multifactorial, disease in which the genetic risk related to phase I and II enzymes involved in xenobiotic detoxification, olfactory, and neurodegenerative diseases play a necessary, but probably not sufficient role, along the pathophysiological route of the disease.

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Herz, Rachel S., Eliza Van Reen, David H. Barker, Cassie J. Hilditch, Ashten L. Bartz, and Mary A. Carskadon. "The Influence of Circadian Timing on Olfactory Sensitivity." Chemical Senses 43, no. 1 (October 17, 2017): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjx067.

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