Journal articles on the topic 'Sensitive content (film)'
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Seok, Woong Cheol, Jong Tae Leem, Ju Hui Kang, Young Jun Kim, Sangkug Lee, and Ho Jun Song. "Change of Characterization and Film Morphology Based on Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives by Hydrophilic Derivative Ratio." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071504.
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Hydrophilic acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) were synthesized by controlling the contents of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA); especially, the characteristic change of the HEA content was analyzed. Surface contact angle of acrylic PSA film decreased from 77.87° to 70.23° in the case of Acryl-2 to Acryl-8 (below HEA 10 wt %). However, the surface contact angle of Acryl-10 to Acryl-40 (HEA 10 wt % to 40 wt %) increased up to 92.29°, indicating hydrophobicity. All acrylic PSA films showed high adhesive force above 1800 gf/25 mm. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, hydrophilic acrylic PSAs exhibited amorphous property and it was confirmed that the morphology of acrylic PSA film was significantly affected by the flexibility of the polymer chain and the strength of hydrogen bonding. The affinity with hydrophilic materials for acrylic PSA films was evaluated by T-type peel test, confirming that the affinity with hydrophilic materials is determined by the hydrophilicity of the acrylic PSA film. The synthesized acrylic PSA film is non-toxic regardless of the hydrophilicity.
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Zam, Mindu, Itthi Niyumsut, Kazufumi Osako, and Saroat Rawdkuen. "Fabrication and Characterization of Intelligent Multi-Layered Biopolymer Film Incorporated with pH-Sensitive Red Cabbage Extract to Indicate Fish Freshness." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 4914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224914.
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This study aimed to fabricate an intelligent monolayer and multi-layered biodegradable films incorporated with red cabbage extract (RCE) to act as a safe and reliable freshness indicator. A film-forming solution (FFS) of gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan was prepared and fortified with 0.5% (w/v) of RCE for developing intelligent monolayer films. The intelligent multi-layer film was prepared via layer by layer casting of gelatin, chitosan (added with 0.5% of RCE) and CMC biopolymers. The thickness of the multi-layered film was the highest (0.123 ± 0.001 mm) compared to gelatin-, CMC- and chitosan-based monolayer films (p < 0.05). Chitosan film has the highest tensile strength (p < 0.05), followed by multi-layer, CMC and gelatin films. Elongation at break was slightly higher in CMC (35.67 ± 7.62%) compared to the multi-layer film (33.12 ± 9.88%) and gelatin film (p > 0.05). Water vapor permeability was higher in the multi-layer film (1.244 ± 0.05 × 10−5 g mm h−1cm−2 P−1) than the other monolayer films. Moisture content was highest in chitosan film followed by the multi-layered film (p < 0.05) and then the CMC and gelatin films. CMC film showed the highest solubility compared to multi-layered and chitosan film (p < 0.05). Additionally, transmittance and transparency values in the multi-layered film were the lowest compared to the chitosan-, CMC- and gelatin-based films. L* and a* values were the lowest, while b* values increased in the multi-layered film compared to the other film samples (p < 0.05). pH sensitivity and ammonia gas tests revealed similar color changes in chitosan and multi-layer films. However, FTIR spectra confirmed that dye leaching was not detected for the multi-layered film soaked in ethanol. The biodegradability test showed rapid degradation of multi-layered and chitosan films within 1 month. Based on the optimum results of the multi-layered film, it was applied to monitor the fresh quality of tilapia fish fillets at 4 °C for 10 days. The results of freshness acceptability were noted on day 6 due to the change in color of the multi-layer film with an estimated total volatile basic nitrogen content of 21.23 mg/100 g. Thus, the multi-layered film can be used as an indicator to monitor the quality of the fish freshness without leaching dye onto the food surface.
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Lian, Xinxin, Yuanjiang Lv, Haoliang Sun, David Hui, and Guangxin Wang. "Effects of Ag contents on the microstructure and SERS performance of self-grown Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (August 30, 2020): 751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0058.
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AbstractAg nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films with different Ag contents were prepared on polyimide by magnetron sputtering. The effects of Ag contents on the microstructure of self-grown Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films were investigated using XRD, FESEM, EDS and TEM. The Ag content plays an important role in the size and number of uniformly distributed Ag nanoparticles spontaneously formed on the Mo–Ag alloy film surface, and the morphology of the self-grown Ag nanoparticles has changed significantly. Additionally, it is worth noting that the Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films covered by a thin Ag film exhibits highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance. The electric field distributions were calculated using finite-difference time-domain analysis to further prove that the SERS enhancement of the films is mainly determined by “hot spots” in the interparticle gap between Ag nanoparticles. The detection limit of the Ag film/Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy film for Rhodamine 6G probe molecules was 5 × 10−14 mol/L. Therefore, the novel type of the Ag film/Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy film can be used as an ideal SERS-active substrate for low-cost and large-scale production.
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Miroshnikova, Irina N., Larisa N. Maskaeva, Boris N. Miroshnikov, Vladislav S. Belov, and Irina V. Vaganova. "Morphology and Composition of Lead-Cadmium Sulfide Photo-Sensitive Films." Nano Hybrids and Composites 28 (February 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.28.39.
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CdxPb1-xS films with a thickness of 620 and 680 nm were prepared by chemical precipitation from a reaction mixture containing lead salt, thiourea, alkali and cadmium acetate. The concentration of cadmium acetate was 0.01 and 0.1 mol/l. Electron-microscopic studies showed a fundamental difference in the morphology of the CdxPb1-xS thin films with a 10-fold difference in the concentration of cadmium acetate in the reaction bath. The results of energy dispersive analysis indicate the nonstoichiometry of the synthesized films on sulfur. Auger spectrometry revealed a high content of oxygen in the surface layer of the thin film coating CdxPb1-xS (up to 10 and 40 at. %). In the sample obtained from the reaction bath containing 0.01 mol / l of cadmium acetate, after ion etching at a depth of more than 30 nm, no oxygen was detected. In a sample prepared with a cadmium acetate content of up to 0.1 mol/l, the oxygen content does not exceed 3 at. %
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Min, Jia Hua, Xiao Yan Liang, Bin Wang, Yue Zhao, Yun Guo, and Lin Jun Wang. "Sensitivity to NO2 of ZnO Film Prepared by Electrostatic-Enhanced Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.475.
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The NO2-sensing properties of the ZnO films prepared by EUSP were investigated. Effect of substrate temperature on the NO2-sensing properties of ZnO films showed that the powder-like ZnO film deposited at 550°C was more sensitive to NO2, and the film illustrated good response-restoration property. Besides, the influence of doping amount on the NO2-sensing properties of the ZnO films at 260°C showed that the ZnO:Al film with the Al content of 0.4mol% presented the best sensitivity, and the ZnO: 3mol % Ag exhibited the highest NO2 sensitivity. The dynamic response tests indicated that the ZnO: Al film was of the highest sensitivity to NO2, and the sensitivity of ZnO: Ag film was lowest.
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Wang, Jin Xiao, Zhi Min Wang, Yi Wang, Kai Zhao, Xiao Mei Su, Hu Wang, and Yu Dong Feng. "The Influences of Oxygen Content on Microstructures and Optical Properties of Al2O3 Films Deposited by Oxygen Ion Beam Assisted Pulse Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1891.
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Al2O3films have been deposited at room temperature on polyimide substrates using oxygen ion beam assisted pulse reactive magnetron sputtering system in which aluminium sputtering is simultaneous with oxygen ion beam irradiation. A set of samples were prepared at different oxygen content and film characterizations have been carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for film crystallization, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface morphology, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for elemental composition measurements and chemical bonding states. The films are smoother and near stoichiometric aluminum oxide as oxygen content increases up to 86%. All films are kept in amorphous structure. The optical properties of the films showed sensitive with oxygen content. Transparent films of refractive index 1.63 are obtained with a deposition rate as high as 70.3 nm/min by 86% oxygen ion beam assisted, which is about 5 times than the films by conventional reactive magnetron sputtering.
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Baskin, D. G., P. E. Filuk, and W. L. Stahl. "Standardization of tritium-sensitive film for quantitative autoradiography." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 9 (September 1989): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.9.2768806.
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A method for the calibration of plastic tritium standards for use with LKB Ultrofilm is described and validated. This method uses 12-microns cryostat slices of frozen liver which have been labeled with [3H]-formaldehyde and extracted with chloroform-methanol to remove lipids. Quantitative autoradiographic measurement of 3H radioactivity in the liver slices was underestimated by 35% when lipids were not extracted. Plastic sections impregnated with tritium were calibrated in terms of lipid-extracted, tissue-equivalent radioactivity content. Calibrated standard curves for these plastic standards were closely fit (p = 0.99) by second order polynomial equations for exposures of 1, 4, 7, 13, 28, and 104 days. The equations are generally useful for any plastic tritium standards.
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Kittle, Joshua, Jacob Levin, and Nestor Levin. "Water Content of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films Measured by Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Deuterium Oxide Exchange." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 24, 2021): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030771.
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Water content of natural and synthetic, thin, polymer films is of considerable interest to a variety of fields because it governs properties such as ion conductivity, rigidity, porosity, and mechanical strength. Measuring thin film water content typically requires either complicated and expensive instrumentation or use of multiple instrumental techniques. However, because a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is sensitive to changes in mass and viscosity, deuterated solvent exchange has emerged as a simple, single-instrument, in situ method to quantify thin film water content. Relatively few studies, though, have employed this technique to measure water content of polyelectrolyte multilayers formed by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. In this work, poly (allyl amine) (PAH) and poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) films of up to nine layers were formed and the water content for each layer was measured via QCM with deuterium oxide exchange. The well-characterized nature of PAH/PSS films facilitated comparisons of the technique used in this work to other instrumental methods. Water content results showed good agreement with the literature and good precision for hydrated films thicker than 20 nm. Collectively, this work highlights the utility, repeatability, and limitations of this deuterated exchange technique in measuring the solvent content of thin films.
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Aguado, Luis, María Fernández-Cahill, Francisco J. Román, Iván Blanco, and Javier de Echegaray. "Evaluative and Psychophysiological Responses to Short Film Clips of Different Emotional Content." Journal of Psychophysiology 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000180.
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Abstract. The study presents self-report and psychophysiological data obtained in response to short film clips representing scenes related to different emotions. This was done in order to obtain evidence on the structure of positive and negative affective states following a combined dimensional/categorical approach to emotion and based on responses to stimuli that are more realistic than the static pictures usually employed in the study of emotion. Affective ratings and self-report measures showed a differential structure of the response to positive and negative films (Experiment 1). While all negative films were rated as low in valence and high in arousal, positive films were differentiated into arousing (happy and pleasure contents) and de-arousing (relax contents) categories. A more complex pattern emerged in Experiment 2, using two psychophysiological measures that are differentially sensitive to the main affective dimensions of valence and arousal, skin conductance response (SCR) and facial electromyography (fEMG). First, high arousal positive and negative films produced larger skin conductance responses. Second, fEMG measures showed differentiated response patterns within the positive and negative film categories. Within the positive category, happy and relaxing films had opposed effects, with happy films increasing and relax films decreasing activity over the zygomaticus muscle region. In the case of negative films, only those eliciting disgust produced a differentiated pattern of fEMG activity characterized by large corrugator responses and a modest increase of zygomatic responses. These results are discussed in relation to the adequacy of the dimensional and categorical approaches to emotion, the usefulness of combining subjective and psychophysiological measures, and the advantages of using realistic, dynamic stimuli for the study of emotion.
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Augustia, Venitalitya A. S., Yuni Kusumastuti, and Sang Kompiang Wirawan. "Pectin Based Edible Film for Cinnamaldehyde Delivery System: Effect of Calcium Chloride Content on the Physical Characteristics of the Films." Materials Science Forum 998 (June 2020): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.266.
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The cinnamon essential oil has antibacterial characteristic and sensitive to light and oxygen [1]. Due to its benefits from cinnamaldehyde, this compound has already used for antibacterial agent injected in polymer film [2]. Films are usually made from natural polymers as their main materials such as pectin. This research observed the influence of calcium chloride addition (0; 0.01; 0.02; and 0.03 g/mL solution) in the physical characteristics of pectin based edible films using the immersion method. The results indicated that calcium chloride content did not effect significantly. On the other hand, increasing calcium chloride content increased the water sorption of phosphate buffer saline solution and 0.03 g/mL of calcium chloride offered the lowest water sorption. Addition of cinnamaldehyde affected the surface morphology of the film and gave the crystal structure on the surface.
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Bergo, P., R. A. Carvalho, A. C. S. Vadala, V. C. I. Guevara, and P. J. A. Sobral. "Physical Properties of Gelatin Films Plasticized with Glycerol, Studied by Spectroscopic Methods." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.753.
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The effect of glycerol content on the physical properties of gelatin-based edible films was studied in this work, on the basis of the interactions between the plasticizer and polymeric matrix. In this work, some non-usual techniques were used to characterize edible films. For dielectric measurements and infrared spectroscopy, these films were conditioned in silica gel in order to minimize the water effect. For other analysis, the films were conditioned in NaBr. Infrared spectroscopy showed no apparent changes in the position peaks, suggesting an absence of new interactions between the plasticizer and film matrix. It seems that the plasticizers only occupy some specific regions between the polymeric matrix, increasing their distance, and thus, affecting their mobility, which results in more flexible films. Dielectric constant of the films increased with plasticizer content, and decreased over silica gel conditioning. The polarizability was found to arise mainly from water molecules present in the film. Microwave response was found to be also sensitive to water content in the films, due to plasticizer hydrophilic nature. According to the diffractograms, gelatin films presented essentially an amorphous nature, independently of the glycerol content. The results suggest, therefore, that the glycerol induces no chemical modifications in the films.
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Chen, Xuanhong, Wei Ji, Xijun Nan, Honglei Wang, Jiayi Li, Leichao Dong, Guihua Sheng, and Quancheng Zhou. "Preparation and Characterization of Aronia Melanocarpa/Gellan Gum/Pea Protein/Chitosan Bilayer Films." Foods 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 2835. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11182835.
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In this study, pH-sensitive bilayer hydrogel films with different AM contents (0.00%, 0.50%, 1.00%, 1.50%, 2.00% and 2.50%) were constructed. The films took AM/GG hydrogel as the inner layer structure and a pea protein (PP)/chitosan (CS) composite system as the outer structure. Film formation and the effect of AM were clarified through the detection and analysis of mechanical properties, microstructure, pH sensitivity and fresh-keeping ability. Results showed that AM exhibited good compatibility with each substance in the composite film, which were evenly dispersed in the system. The addition of AM significantly improved the water content, tensile strength, elongation at break, puncture resistance, oil resistance and water resistance of the composite films. The antioxidant activity, pH sensitivity and fresh-keeping effect of the composite film on fresh pork were remarkably enhanced. Moreover, it was found that the composite film containing AM effectively inhibited the production of total volatile base nitrogen (TVN) in fresh pork and significantly reduced the weight loss of fresh pork due to water loss during storage. Therefore, the functional properties revealed that AM was more positive to the comprehensive performance of films, and the AM-GG/PP-CS bilayer film containing AM exhibited strong potential for use in food preservation and packaging as a food freshness indicator to test food quality changes in storage.
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Sinel'nikova, �. S., I. D. Grachev, and V. P. Ivanov. "Metrological support to water-content measurement for light-sensitive photographic and film materials." Measurement Techniques 32, no. 3 (March 1989): 272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00865316.
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Shu, Lin, Tao Jiang, Yudong Xia, Xuemin Wang, Dawei Yan, and Weidong Wu. "The Investigation of a SAW Oxygen Gas Sensor Operated at Room Temperature, Based on Nanostructured ZnxFeyO Films." Sensors 19, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19133025.
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In this paper, we report a wireless gas sensor based on surface acoustic waves (SAW). For room temperature detection of oxygen gas, a novel nanostructured ZnxFeyO gas-sensitive film was deposited on the surface of a SAW resonator by an oblique magnetron co-sputtering method. The measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the crystal phase composition and the microstructures of ZnxFeyO films were significantly affected by the content of Fe. The experimental results showed that the sensors had a good response to O2 at room temperature. The max frequency shift of the sensors reached 258 kHz as the O2 partial pressure was 20%. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to analyze the role of Fe in the sensitization process of the ZnxFeyO film. In addition, the internal relationship between the Fe content of the film and the sensitivity of the sensor was presented and discussed. The research indicates that the nanostructured ZnxFeyO film has a good potential for room temperature O2 gas detection applications.
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Sugioka, Yosuke, Kazuto Arakida, Miku Kasai, Taku Nonomura, Keisuke Asai, Yasuhiro Egami, and Kazuyuki Nakakita. "Evaluation of the Characteristics and Coating Film Structure of Polymer/Ceramic Pressure-Sensitive Paint." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 4041. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18114041.
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Polymer/ceramic pressure-sensitive paint (PC-PSP), which incorporates a high percentage of particles in the binder layer, is proposed in order to improve the characteristics of PSP. The procedure for embedding particles into the binder layer was modified. In the conventional procedure, dye is adsorbed onto a polymer/ceramic coating film (denoted herein as a dye-adsorbed (D-adsorbed) PSP). In the new procedure, the mixture of a dye and particles is adsorbed onto a polymer coating film (denoted herein as the particle/dye-adsorbed (PD-adsorbed) PSP). The effect of particle mass content on PSP characteristics was investigated. In addition, the effect of solvent on PSP characteristics and film structure were evaluated for the PD-adsorbed PSP. As a result, the difference in the PSP characteristics between the two types of PSP was clarified. Although surface roughness and time response increase with increased mass content of particles for both D- and PD-adsorbed PSPs, the critical pigment volume concentration (CPVC) for the PD-adsorbed PSP is smaller than that of the D-adsorbed PSP (88 wt% and 93 wt%, respectively). The PD-adsorbed PSP has a higher frequency response comparing with the D-adsorbed PSP while maintaining the same surface roughness. Observation by scanning electron microscope showed that the CPVC of the PC-PSP is governed primarily by surface structure. The coating film structure can be roughly classified into two states depending on the particle mass content. One is a state in which the coating film consisted of two layers: a lower particle-rich layer and an upper polymer-rich layer. This type of structure was observed in the PD-adsorbed PSP as well as in the D-adsorbed PSP. In the other state, polymer and particles are homogeneously distributed in the film, and pores are formed. This difference in the coating structure results in a change in the time response.
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Bourtoom, T., and M. S. Chinnan. "Improvement of Water Barrier Property of Rice Starch-chitosan Composite Film Incorporated with Lipids." Food Science and Technology International 15, no. 2 (April 2009): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013208105993.
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This study investigated the effect of lipid types (oleic acid, palm oil, and margarine) and their concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50wt%) on the water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), percentage of elongation at break (%E), and structure of emulsified rice starch-chitosan composite film. The influence of rice starch-chitosan composite film incorporated with lipids in controlling the moisture transfer in moisture-sensitive products was determined by wrapping a low aw-type cracker product in rice starch-chitosan composite film. TS and WVP of rice starch-chitosan composite film decreased with the addition of lipids, whereas %E increased in these films. Addition of lipids significantly raised film yellowness for composite films. The results showed that films added with oleic acid gave higher L*, b*, and chroma values but lower a* value than margarine and palm oil, respectively. The lower transparency of the films was noticed when a greater amount of lipid was incorporated (p < 0.05). Oleic acid-incorporated films provided the films with smoother surface and higher values of TS and %E but lower WVP than margarine and palm oil, respectively. Wrapping cracker samples in the rice starch-chitosan composite film incorporated with oleic acid could maintain the hardness and provide longer shelf life and lower moisture content than synthetic polyvinyl chloride film (PVC) and unwrapped (reference) crackers, respectively.
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Chen, Keming, Guohua Li, Huiyun Lu, and Langxing Chen. "Effect of total hydrogen content in silicon nitride sensitive film on performance of ISFET." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 12, no. 1 (March 1993): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(93)85007-w.
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Niinivaara, Elina, Alexandra Ouzas, Carole Fraschini, Richard M. Berry, Marc A. Dubé, and Emily D. Cranston. "How latex film formation and adhesion at the nanoscale correlate to performance of pressure sensitive adhesives with cellulose nanocrystals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2206 (August 2, 2021): 20200330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0330.
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Emulsion polymerized latex-based pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are more environmentally benign because they are synthesized in water but often underperform compared to their solution polymerized counterparts. Studies have shown a simultaneous improvement in the tack, and peel and shear strength of various acrylic PSAs upon the addition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). This work uses atomic force microscopy (AFM) to examine the role of CNCs in (i) the coalescence of hydrophobic 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate/ n -butyl acrylate/methyl methacrylate (EHA/BA/MMA) latex films and (ii) as adhesion modifiers over multiple length scales. Thin films with varying solids content and CNC loading were prepared by spin coating. AFM revealed that CNCs lowered the solids content threshold for latex particle coalescence during film formation. This improved the cohesive strength of the films, which was directly reflected in the increased shear strength of the EHA/BA/MMA PSAs with increasing CNC loading. Colloidal probe AFM indicated that the nano-adhesion of thicker continuous latex films increased with CNC loading when measured over small contact areas where the effect of surface roughness was negligible. Conversely, the beneficial effects of the CNCs on macroscopic PSA tack and peel strength were outweighed by the effects of increased surface roughness with increasing CNC loading over larger surface areas. This highlights that CNCs can improve both cohesive and adhesive PSA properties; however, the effects are most pronounced when the CNCs interact favourably with the latex polymer and are uniformly dispersed throughout the adhesive film. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)’.
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Jaśkiewicz, Andrzej, Grażyna Budryn, Agnieszka Nowak, and Magdalena Efenberger-Szmechtyk. "Novel Biodegradable Starch Film for Food Packaging with Antimicrobial Chicory Root Extract and Phytic Acid as a Cross-Linking Agent." Foods 9, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9111696.
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The aim of the study was to obtain and evaluate the properties of biodegradable starch film with the addition of phytic acid (0.05%) as a cross-linking agent and chicory root extract (1–5%) as an antimicrobial agent. To prepare biodegradable film, extracts from chicory root obtained with water or methanol were used. The content of bioactive compounds (sesquiterpene lactones and total polyphenols) was evaluated in chicory extracts. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) using the microculture method. The extracts acted as bacteriostatic agents, decreasing the growth rate (µmax), and extending the lag phase (tlag). The most sensitive bacterium in terms of film bacteriostatic activity was P. fluorescens; all extracts, irrespective of the solvent used, decreased its µmax value. S. aureus was the least sensitive. The obtained films were tested for their properties as food packaging (color, thickness, permeability, mechanical strength). Phytic acid improved the tensile strength and barrier properties of the films. The antimicrobial activity of the films was studied by the disk diffusion method against Gram-negative (P. fluorescens, E. coli) and Gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus) bacteria, as well as fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger). The growth-inhibiting activity of each obtained film was observed for all tested microorganisms, and the most beneficial effect was observed for films with the 5% level of added extracts obtained with water. The growth-inhibiting activity for fungi, in particular for the yeast C. albicans, was low.
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Liu, Jie, and Ke Yong Tang. "Effects of SiO2 and In Situ Crosslinking on the Swelling and Thermal Properties of Poly(vinyl Alcohol)/SiO2 Hybrid Films." Advanced Materials Research 266 (June 2011): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.266.180.
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Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/SiO2 hybrid films were prepared through hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in the presence of PVA solution, followed by the in-situ crosslinking with formaldehyde (HCHO) in acidic circumstance. The swelling and thermal gravimetric (TG) analysis was employed to evaluate the influence of SiO2 and crosslinking on the properties of the hybrid films. The results indicate that SiO2 affects effectively the swelling property and thermal stability of the hybrid films because of both the filling and crosslinking effects of SiO2. With increasing the crosslinking time, the swelling ratio at equilibrium of the hybrid films decreases. The swelling ratio at equilibrium of the hybrid films is sensitive to the SiO2 content, which is similar to the swelling ratio at equilibrium (65~75%) for PVA and PVA/SiO2 hybrid films with enough crosslinking time (12h). Compared to the film without in-situ crosslinking, the crosslinked PVA/SiO2 film showed a lower swelling ratio at equilibrium and an increased diffusion coefficient at the initial stage of swelling.
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Ekrami, Mohammad, Negar Roshani-Dehlaghi, Ali Ekrami, Marzieh Shakouri, and Zahra Emam-Djomeh. "pH-Responsive Color Indicator of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Anthocyanin-Activated Salep Mucilage Edible Film for Real-Time Monitoring of Fish Fillet Freshness." Chemistry 4, no. 4 (October 20, 2022): 1360–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry4040089.
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Researchers have been focusing increasingly on preparing innovative packaging films made from renewable and biodegradable materials in recent years. This research set out to fabricate and analyze pH-sensitive edible films based on salep mucilage combined with anthocyanin from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) (SAAs). A casting technique was developed with varying concentrations of SAAs (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%v/v) pH-sensitive edible films. The surface morphology, physicochemical, barrier, and mechanical properties, as well as the pH sensitivity of films, were investigated. The results showed SAAs increased thickness, water solubility, moisture content, and oxygen permeability (O2P) up to 199.03 µm, 63.71%, 14.13%, and 47.73 (cm3 µm m−2 day−1 kPa−1), respectively, of the pH-sensitive salep mucilage edible indicator films. As expected, the SAAs concentration from 0% to 10%v/v decreased tensile strength, transparency, and contact angle to 11.94 MPa, 14.27%, and 54.02°, respectively. Although achieving the highest elongation at the break (108%) and the lowest water vapor permeability (WVP) (1.39 g s−1 m−1 Pa−1 × 10−11), the pH-sensitive edible indicator film containing 5 %v/v of SAAs showed the best results. An investigation of pH sensitivity revealed that the solution’s pH variation altered the SAAs color. When the pH was raised from 3 to 11, the SAAs’ color shifted from pink to brown. The SAAs-halochromic salep mucilage edible indicator film was employed as a label in an experiment to track the degradation of fish fillets stored at 4 °C, revealing that the halochromic indicator changed color from yellow to brown as the fish was stored. Our findings show that SAAs-loaded salep mucilage indicator films help monitor real-time food deterioration.
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Galyametdinov, Yuriy G., Aleksandr S. Krupin, and Andrey A. Knyazev. "Temperature-Sensitive Chameleon Luminescent Films Based on PMMA Doped with Europium(III) and Terbium(III) Anisometric Complexes." Inorganics 10, no. 7 (July 4, 2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics10070094.
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The spin-coating technique was used to produce composite films consisting of PMMA polymer doped with anisometric complexes of Eu(III) and Tb(III). It was found that an increase in the content of Tb3+ complexes intensifies emission of both ions due to the intermolecular energy transfer from the Tb(III) complex to the Eu(III) complex, which results in the increase in the relative luminescence quantum yield of Eu(III) ion by 36%. The temperature sensitivity of the film luminescence intensity and lifetime in the range of 296–363 K was investigated. The maximum relative sensitivity of the films reaches 5.44% × K−1 and exceeds that of all known lanthanide-containing thermal sensors designed for measuring physiological temperatures. In combination with changing luminescence color, such a sensitivity makes these films promising colorimetric thermal sensors for in situ temperature measurements.
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Kobayashi, Shuichi, Haruhiko Kikuchi, Masatsune Ishikawa, Yuji Kinuta, and Kenji Hashimoto. "Histochemical Representation of Regional ATP in the Brain Using a Firefly Luciferase—Immobilized Membrane in a Multilayer Film Format." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 9, no. 4 (August 1989): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1989.80.
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The enzymatic bioluminescence of firefly luciferase has been used in sensitive pictorial assays of ATP. We describe a method using a membrane with immobilized luciferase in a multilayer film format for the histochemical representation of brain ATP content. The multilayer film consisted of a transparent support, a reagent layer, and a pigment layer. The reagent layer contained all necessary reagents, including immobilized luciferase. The pigment layer was effective for high image resolution. An unfixed slice of frozen brain 16 μm thick was placed on the film. The chemical energy of brain ATP was converted into luminescent energy in the reagent layer and the bioluminescence emitted was recorded photographically with high spatial resolution. A close linear relationship was obtained between the optical density of the bioluminescent images and logarithmic plots of the brain ATP content. With this film, the regional ATP content in fine anatomical structures of gerbil brains was clearly demonstrated in both physiological and pathological states.
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Hamedi, Hamid, Sara Moradi, Alan E. Tonelli, and Samuel M. Hudson. "Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan–Alginate Polyelectrolyte Complexes Loaded with Antibacterial Thyme Oil Nanoemulsions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 18 (September 19, 2019): 3933. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9183933.
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Biomedical industries are attempting to utilize natural materials, as they are bio-compatible, non-toxic, and show bioactive properties, like antimicrobial activity. In this study, natural polyelectrolyte complexed chitosan/alginate films (PECs) were prepared via a casting/solvent evaporation technique, and their characteristics and drug release properties were investigated. PEC films made with two different overall polymer contents, 0.4 and 1 w/v%, were loaded with thyme oil nanoemulsion as drug carrier. The structure of the films was studied by FTIR and optical and scanning electron microscopy. Prepared PEC films had good mechanical and water vapor permeability properties. Release of the thyme oil from the pH-sensitive PEC films (TM-PEC) was detected and followed by UV spectroscopy. The results indicated that the drug release rate of TM-PEC films was the fastest when the chitosan content was 1 %w/v, and various mathematical models were analyzed for investigating the drug release mechanism. Antibacterial tests were performed by counting the number of surviving gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. The in vitro test indicated the limitation Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) growth in the presence of TM-PEC films. The MTT test showed more cell viability of the TM-PEC film in comparison with that of the PEC film without TM. Based on the measured physical and antibacterial properties, the chitosan–alginate PEC films loaded with antibacterial essential oils can be considered for biomedical applications, such as wound dressings or controlled release systems.
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Pan, Liao, Meiying Zhang, Lixin Lu, Bingxian Ou, and Xi Chen. "A Polyethylene Base Moisture Activating Oxygen Scavenging Film Co-Extruded with Tea Polyphenols-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex." Materials 13, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 3857. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173857.
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Antioxidant packaging is an effective method to protect oxygen-sensitive food from oxidation. In order to concurrently obtain a storage stability and excellent oxygen scavenging of antioxidant film for the high moisture food, a moisture activating oxygen scavenging film was prepared by using tea polyphenols as the oxygen scavenger. The moisture activating function was achieved by introducing the β-cyclodextrin embedding technology, and the tea polyphenols–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex was co-extruded with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to improve the storage stability. The results indicate that the tea polyphenols is well embedded by β-cyclodextrin according to the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR), and a relatively homogeneous dispersion of oxygen scavenger is observed while the oxygen scavenger content is less than 5%. The oxygen scavenging increases with the increase of oxygen scavenger from 1% to 5%, and a maximal oxygen absorption of 0.0150 mol/m2 is exhibited at oxygen scavenger content value of 5%. Then, the oxygen scavenging significantly decrease under the oxygen scavenger content of 7% and 10%. Moreover, the oxygen scavenging amount sharply increase after steeping in water or storage in extremely high humidity of RH 84% while the oxygen scavenging is restrained under RH 32–75%, indicating that the moisture activating oxygen scavenging is functioning. The oxygen scavenging is obvious restrained under low temperature of 4 °C while the oxygen scavenging is activated at 23 °C and 50 °C with similar oxygen scavenging amount. Besides, both of the tensile and heat-sealing strength deteriorative with the increase of oxygen scavenger content, while they are acceptable at oxygen scavenger content of 5%. Finally, the prepared oxygen scavenging film was used for packaging orange juice and received a good antioxidant effect. Thus, the acquired moisture activating oxygen scavenging film has a good stability under regular storage condition, and shows a potentially application for oxygen-sensitive food with high moisture content.
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Zkria, Abdelrahman, Hiroki Gima, Eslam Abubakr, Ashraf Mahmoud, Ariful Haque, and Tsuyoshi Yoshitake. "Correlated Electrical Conductivities to Chemical Configurations of Nitrogenated Nanocrystalline Diamond Films." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050854.
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Diamond is one of the fascinating films appropriate for optoelectronic applications due to its wide bandgap (5.45 eV), high thermal conductivity (3320 W m−1·K−1), and strong chemical stability. In this report, we synthesized a type of diamond film called nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) by employing a physical vapor deposition method. The synthesis process was performed in different ratios of nitrogen and hydrogen mixed gas atmospheres to form nitrogen-doped (n-type) NCD films. A high-resolution scanning electron microscope confirmed the nature of the deposited films to contain diamond nanograins embedded into the amorphous carbon matrix. Sensitive spectroscopic investigations, including X-ray photoemission (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), were performed using a synchrotron beam. XPS spectra indicated that the nitrogen content in the film increased with the inflow ratio of nitrogen and hydrogen gas (IN/H). NEXAFS spectra revealed that the σ*C–C peak weakened, accompanied by a π*C=N peak strengthened with nitrogen doping. This structural modification after nitrogen doping was found to generate unpaired electrons with the formation of C–N and C=N bonding in grain boundaries (GBs). The measured electrical conductivity increased with nitrogen content, which confirms the suggestion of structural investigations that nitrogen-doping generated free electrons at the GBs of the NCD films.
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Melnichuk, O. V., L. Yu Melnichuk, N. O. Korsunska, L. Yu Khomenkova, E. F. Venger, and I. V. Venger. "Phonon-Polariton Excitations in MgZnO/6H-SiC Structures." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 65, no. 2 (March 3, 2020): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.2.162.
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Specular infrared reflection spectra in the range of “residual rays” of the film and the substrate and in the case of the E⊥c orientation of the electric field have been simulated for the first time for thin MgxZn1−xO films deposited on optically anisotropic 6H-SiC substrates. The simulation was carried out making use of self-consistent parameters obtained earlier for magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, and silicon carbide single crystals. The film thickness and the Mg content x in the film are demonstrated to considerably distort the reflection spectra and to change the reflectivity of the MgxZn1−xO/6H-SiC structure. Using the Kramers–Kronig relation, the spectral intervals, where the reflectivity is sensitive to the film thickness and to the doping levels of the film and the substrate, are determined. The main attention is paid to analyze results obtained for x = 0.2. The existence of surface polaritons in such structures is theoretically demonstrated for the first time, and the attenuated total reflectance surface I(v)/I0(v) is plotted as a three-dimensional representation of the structure transmittance dependence on the radiation frequency and the incidence angle. A possibility to study the resonant interaction of optical phonons with plasmons in the film and the substrate is demonstrated.
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Kim, Jaeyun, Jae Gyu Jang, Jeonghun Kwak, Jong-In Hong, and Sung Hyun Kim. "Enhanced Humid Reliability of Organic Thermoelectrics via Crosslinking with Glycerol." Nanomaterials 9, no. 11 (November 9, 2019): 1591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9111591.
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Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has shown significant achievements in organic thermoelectrics (TEs) as an alternative for inorganic counterparts. However, PEDOT:PSS films have limited practical applications because their performance is sensitive to humidity. Crosslinking additives are utilized to improve the reliability of PEDOT:PSS film through enhancing hydrophobicity; among these, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a widely-used additive. However, ether groups in PEG induce water molecules in the film through the hydrogen bond, which deteriorates the TE reliability. Here, we enhance the TE reliability of the PEDOT:PSS film using glycerol as an additive through the crosslinking reaction between the hydroxyl group in glycerol and the sulfonic acid in PEDOT:PSS. The TE reliability (1/Power factor (PF)) of PEG solution-treated PEDOT:PSS film (PEG solution-treated film) was 57% of its initial absolute value (0 h), after 288 h (two weeks) in a humid environment (95% relative humidity, 27 °C temperature). On the other hand, the glycerol solution-treated PEDOT:PSS film (glycerol solution-treated film) exhibited superior TE reliability and preserved 75% of its initial 1/PF. Furthermore, glycerol vapor treatment enabled the film to have stronger TE humid reliability, maintaining 82% of its initial 1/PF, with the same condition. This enhancement is attributed to the increased hydrophobicity and lower oxygen content of the glycerol vapor-treated PEDOT:PSS film (glycerol vapor-treated film), which provides little change in the chemical composition of PEDOT:PSS.
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Piech, Robert, Ewa Niewiara, Beata Paczosa-Bator, and Marek Szlósarczyk. "The determination of molybdenum in selected mushrooms by stripping voltammetry." Open Chemistry 9, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 352–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-011-0011-0.
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AbstractThe highly sensitive method of adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV), with differential pulse steps, was performed at a mercury film electrode and has been applied here for the determination of trace molybdenum content in selected wild mushrooms. Fruiting body caps of 12 selected macrofungi species from Basidiomycetes have been investigated. Molybdenum content of investigated samples was determined in the range of 0.006 to 0.38 mg kg−1 of dry matter. The highest value of molybdenum content was found in Leccinum rufum and the lowest in Lactarius deliciosus.
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Petrov, Victor V., Alexandra P. Ivanishcheva, Maria G. Volkova, Viktoriya Yu Storozhenko, Irina A. Gulyaeva, Ilya V. Pankov, Vadim A. Volochaev, Soslan A. Khubezhov, and Ekaterina M. Bayan. "High Gas Sensitivity to Nitrogen Dioxide of Nanocomposite ZnO-SnO2 Films Activated by a Surface Electric Field." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (June 12, 2022): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12122025.
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Gas sensors based on the multi-sensor platform MSP 632, with thin nanocomposite films based on tin dioxide with a low content of zinc oxide (0.5–5 mol.%), were synthesized using a solid-phase low-temperature pyrolysis technique. The resulting gas-sensitive ZnO-SnO2 films were comprehensively studied by atomic force microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The obtained films are up to 200 nm thick and consist of ZnO-SnO2 nanocomposites, with ZnO and SnO2 crystallite sizes of 4–30 nm. Measurements of ZnO-SnO2 films containing 0.5 mol.% ZnO showed the existence of large values of surface potential, up to 1800 mV, leading to the formation of a strong surface electric field with a strength of up to 2 × 107 V/cm. The presence of a strong surface electric field leads to the best gas-sensitive properties: the sensor’s responsivity is between two and nine times higher than that of sensors based on ZnO-SnO2 films of other compositions. A study of characteristics sensitive to NO2 (0.1–50 ppm) showed that gas sensors based on the ZnO-SnO2 film demonstrated a high sensitivity to NO2 with a concentration of 0.1 ppm at an operating temperature of 200 °C.
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Yang, Xu, Lu Qian Gong, Liang Qiao, Tao Wang, and Fa Shen Li. "Magnetic Properties of Fe-Co Films with Tuneable In-Plane Uniaxial Anisotropy Prepared by Electrodeposition." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 951–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.951.
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Fe-Co soft magnetic films with tuneable in-plane uniaxial anisotropy were successfully electrodeposited onto ITO conductive glass. The influence of composition and electrolyte temperature on in-plane magnetic anisotropy field was investigated. Our results show that the in-plane uniaxial anisotropy can be induced by a magnetic field applied in the film plane during electrodeposition. Fe-Co films with various Fe content in the range from 35 at.% to 53 at.% were obtained and the magnetic anisotropy field was very sensitive to the composition. Moreover, the influence of electrolyte temperature on magnetic anisotropy field was investigated and it was found that the in-plane uniaxial anisotropy field can be tuned by varying the electrolyte temperature from 5 to 40 oC.
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Pattananuwat, Prasit, and Duangdao Aht-Ong. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Sensitive Layer of Polyaniline/Multi Wall Carbon Nanotube Composite." Materials Science Forum 695 (July 2011): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.695.336.
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The release of ethylene gas from agricultural products such as fruits, vegetables, and flowers during storage and transportation is the main cause of blooming of flowers and ripeness of fruits before their ripening phase. The ethylene gas acts as hormone plant leading to a decrease in the life time of agricultural products and a deterioration of product value. The continuous development of ethylene gas sensor is needed to increase an efficiency in detection and indicating life time cycle of agricultural products. The aims of this research were to fabricate ethylene gas sensor based on polyaniline/multiwall carbon nanotube (PANi/MWCNT) composites and to investigate the effect of MWCNT content on an improvement of its sensitivity. The sensitive layer for ethylene sensor was electrochemically synthesized from aniline in acid aqueous solution with different amounts of MWCNT. With cyclic voltammetry method, the sensitive layer of PANi/MWCNT was electrochemically synthesized via an in situ radical polymerization by repeating potential cycling in the range of -0.3 to 1.0 V relative to the silver reference electrode and platinum counter electrode. The response of these composite films for ethylene gas was evaluated by monitoring the change in electrical resistance at room temperature. After three month aging, the results revealed that the PANi/MWCNT composite films had higher response than pure PANi film and can be responded ethylene gas as lower as 10 ppm. The PANi/MWCNT composite films were characterized by fourier transform raman spectroscopy (FT-RAMAN). Thermal behaviors of PANi-MWCNT composite films were investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The morphology of PANi/MWCNT composite films were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM).
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Zemek, Josef, Petr Jiricek, Jana Houdkova, Martin Ledinsky, Miroslav Jelinek, and Tomas Kocourek. "On the Origin of Reduced Cytotoxicity of Germanium-Doped Diamond-Like Carbon: Role of Top Surface Composition and Bonding." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030567.
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This work attempts to understand the behaviour of Ge-induced cytotoxicity of germanium-doped hydrogen-free diamond-like carbon (DLC) films recently thoroughly studied and published by Jelinek et al. At a low doping level, the films showed no cytotoxicity, while at a higher doping level, the films were found to exhibit medium to high cytotoxicity. We demonstrate, using surface-sensitive methods—two-angle X-ray-induced core-level photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) and Low Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS) spectroscopy, that at a low doping level, the layers are capped by a carbon film which impedes the contact of Ge species with tissue. For higher Ge content in the DLC films, oxidized Ge species are located at the top surface of the layers, provoking cytotoxicity. The present results indicate no threshold for Ge concentration in cell culture substrate to avoid a severe toxic reaction.
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Sun, Jian Rong, Zhi Guang Wang, Yu Yu Wang, Cun Feng Yao, Kong Fang Wei, Tie Long Shen, and Fa Shen Li. "Preparation and Modification MnZn Ferrite Thin Films under Swift Heavy Ion (SHI) Irradiation." Advanced Materials Research 213 (February 2011): 325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.213.325.
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MnZn ferrite thin films are deposited by alternative sputtering technique from two targets with the composition of MnFe2O4 and ZnFe2O4, and the behavior of the magnetic properties of the MnZn ferrite thin films irradiated by Kr26+ ions at energy of 2.03 GeV is investigated by magnetization measurements. The fabricating and modifying conditions on the performance of the films are studied to improve Ms and reduce Hc of the films, making the films suitable to the applications of high-frequency film devices. For Mn1-xZnxFe2O4 thin films, the Ms increases firstly then decreases and Hc decreases monotonously with increasing Zn content. And both Ms and Hc are sensitive to Kr26+ ion irradiation and exhibit different behaviors depending on the ion fluence range. The modifications of the magnetic properties could be interpreted very well by the effects related to the stress and defects induced by SHI irradiation.
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Galai, Hajer Chakroun, Nihed Rahmouni, Philippe Namour, Anne Bonhomme, François Bessueille, Salma Besbes Hentati, and Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault. "Highly Sensitive Voltammetric Catechol Biosensor Based on Electroaddressing of Laccase Encapsulated in Modified Chitosan." Sensor Letters 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sl.2020.4210.
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In this work, a new voltammetric biosensor, based on the encapsulation of laccase from Trametes versicolor in an electrodeposited nanocomposite film, was developed for the detection of catechol. The nanocomposite was composed of chitosan (CS) modified with trymiristine (Tr), both of natural origin, to enhance its conductivity. FTIR and SEM studies were performed to characterize the modified chitosan film and the encapsulation of the enzyme. The analytical performance of the elaborated biosensor was determined through voltammetry detection of the produced quinone. Catechol was detected in a linear range between 10–20 and 10–15 M and a sensitivity of 0.4667 mA/p [catechol] was found. The repeatability of this biosensor is good as its RSD is equal to 1.35% and it shows stability for four weeks. To test the functionality of the developed biosensor, the total phenolic content of three samples of natural oils was determined and compared to a colorimetric test.
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Sheidu, Awodi, Ibrahim Jimoh, and Qaribu Yahaya Nasidi. "The Conflict of sexuality in Films: Analysis of Nollywood depiction of Homosexuality." Jurnal Pengajian Media Malaysia 24, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jpmm.vol24no1.5.
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This study addresses a sensitive subject in the context of the socio-cultural, political, legal and religious opposition to homosexual groups in Nigeria. It addresses the social depictions, honest portrayal, and conflicts between heterosexual and homosexual characters based on sexuality in Nollywood films. The study adopted a quantitative content analysis of twenty (20) Nollywood films. The study revealed that homosexual characters are depicted as physiologically, psychologically, socially and spiritually misfits. However, the film producers made an educational effort in exposing practices seen as offensive to societal norms and values. Further findings reveal that homosexual characters are portrayed as morally negative. This demonstrates the truism of the normative hypothesis that media take colouration of society in which they are situated. Finally, the study revealed a high level of perceptual conflict of non-acceptance, stigmatisation, rejection and prohibited reaction by heteronormative characters towards homosexuals based on their sexuality. In this sense, the Nollywood films examined by this study illustrate unwelcome, stereotypic, anti-social and homophobic narratives of homosexual characters that align with Nigerian society's social, civil, cultural, and religious belief systems. It is recommended that well-researched based content on sexual minorities beyond the depiction of the social position on their sexuality to more issues relating to the causal factors and ways of addressing such sexuality should be more focused on since in it has been marked as a crime in Nigeria.
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Habibie, Sudirman, Mohamad Hamzah, Herri Susanto, and Muslim E Harahap. "Preliminary Studies on Making Antibacterial Latex-Chitosan Film Composite." SOJ Materials Science & Engineering 7, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/sojmse.2019.00161.
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Research on the application of chitosan as an edible film and coating has been developed. However, its hydrophilic nature causes edible films and coatings to be sensitive to air humidity so that they have a low moisture barrier. In addition, chitosan also has low thermal stability. This research combines natural rubber which is hydrophobic with relatively high thermal stability with chitosan which is antibacterial. The composite film between latex and chitosan was made by using the pour solution method. The occurrence of composites between latex and chitosan was proven from the results of FTIR and SEM characterization. The results of TGA characterization showed that the latex film (sample L1) had the highest thermal stability and the latex-chitosan composite (sample L1C3) had the lowest thermal stability. In the antibacterial test, it was concluded that the latex-chitosan film composite did not have bacteriocidal properties which was thought to be caused by the amine group in chitosan which could not diffuse on the media because it had formed a composite with latex. Based on the results of characterization and tests that have been carried out, it is concluded that the latex-chitosan composite film has thermal stability, optimal morphology in oxygen exchange with carbon dioxide, and has unmissable bacteriostatic properties. bacteria, liquid droplets, and moisturizers are samples of the L1C1 formula which is a sample with a 1% chitosan content. Keywords: Latex; Chitosan; Chitosan Latex Composite Film; Solution Casting; Thermal Stability; Antibacterial
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Jang, Kyungsoo, Youngkuk Kim, Joonghyun Park, and Junsin Yi. "Electrical and Structural Characteristics of Excimer Laser-Crystallized Polycrystalline Si1−xGex Thin-Film Transistors." Materials 12, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12111739.
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We investigated the characteristics of excimer laser-annealed polycrystalline silicon–germanium (poly-Si1−xGex) thin film and thin-film transistor (TFT). The Ge concentration was increased from 0% to 12.3% using a SiH4 and GeH4 gas mixture, and a Si1−xGex thin film was crystallized using different excimer laser densities. We found that the optimum energy density to obtain maximum grain size depends on the Ge content in the poly-Si1−xGex thin film; we also confirmed that the grain size of the poly-Si1−xGex thin film is more sensitive to energy density than the poly-Si thin film. The maximum grain size of the poly-Si1−xGex film was 387.3 nm for a Ge content of 5.1% at the energy density of 420 mJ/cm2. Poly-Si1−xGex TFT with different Ge concentrations was fabricated, and their structural characteristics were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that, as the Ge concentration increased, the electrical characteristics, such as on current and sub-threshold swing, were deteriorated. The electrical characteristics were simulated by varying the density of states in the poly-Si1−xGex. From this density of states (DOS), the defect state distribution connected with Ge concentration could be identified and used as the basic starting point for further analyses of the poly-Si1−xGex TFTs.
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Fox, G. R., and S. B. Krupanidhi. "Dependence of perovskite/pyrochlore phase formation on oxygen stoichiometry in PLT thin films." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 3 (March 1994): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.0699.
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Thin films in the Pb-La-Ti-O (PLT) system were prepared under two different oxygen partial pressure (Po2) conditions by multi-ion-beam reactive sputtering (MIBERS). The oxidation of the depositing species was determined from the deposition rate dependence on Po2 and the Po2 dependence of the positive secondary ion emission from the sputtering targets. Films deposited at high Po2 (Po2 greater than the critical partial pressure for oxidation of the Pb target surface) were fully oxidized, and they formed the pyrochlore phase during annealing. The low Po2 conditions (Po2 less than or equal to the critical partial pressure for oxidation of the Pb target surface) caused sputtering of incompletely oxidized Pb species, and the resulting oxygen deficient films produced phase-pure perovskite. The formation of the pyrochlore phase at high Po2 and the perovskite phase at low Po2 is independent of Pb content within the film; the phase formation is dependent on the oxidation state of the Pb, which is sensitive to both the Po2 and the sputtering rate of the Pb. A perovskite/pyrochlore phase formation model (PPFM) that incorporates annealing time, temperature, and heating rate, and thin film oxygen deficiency was developed to explain the formation of the perovskite and pyrochlore phase during postdeposition annealing of PLT thin films.
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Jaber, B., D. Rèmiens, and B. Thierry. "In situ Sputter Deposition of PbTiO3 Thin Films on Different Substrates: Influence of the Growth Temperature and the Sputtered Lead Flux on the Perovskite Phase Formation." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 4 (April 1997): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0140.
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Thin films of lead titanate were prepared in situ using radio-frequency magnetron sputter deposition. The in situ perovskite phase formation has been studied as a function of the substrate temperature, the sputtered lead flux, and the substrate nature. The incident lead flux is controlled by the lead content in the target. An equilibrium zone, i.e., a saturation effect of the lead incorporation, exists where the films are stoichiometric. The temperature at which this zone appears depends on the sputtered lead flux and the substrate type. The growth mechanism is governed by a competition between the arrival rate of Pb and their re-evaporation from the film during the growth. The in situ formation temperature of the perovskite phase increased when the incident Pb flux increased. As a result, PbTiO3 films have been prepared at low temperature with appropriate combination of the substrate temperature and the lead content in the target, i.e., the sputtered lead flux. Since the lead sticking coefficient is very sensitive to the substrate material, the perovskite phase appears at different temperatures, depending on the substrate nature. PbTiO3 films are obtained at 550 °C on Al2O3 and SrTiO3 substrates; on Si/SiO2/Ti/Pt substrates, stoichiometric films are obtained at 440 °C. The structure and the microstructure of the films were examined at various deposition conditions. The substrate temperature strongly influenced the film orientation, and the crystallinity depended on the incident lead flux. High quality thin films (FWHM = 0.2°) are obtained at 550 °C on SrTiO3 substrates. The films deposited at 440 °C on Si/SiO2Ti/Pt show ferroelectric properties. This self-controlling mechanism of the stoichiometric composition allows the growth of ferroelectric films at low temperature, compatible with semi-conductor technologies for the realization of integrated circuits
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Sohany, Mouluda, Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal, Siti Hajar Ariffin, Nor Nadiah Abdul Karim Shah, and Yus Aniza Yusof. "Characterization of Anthocyanin Associated Purple Sweet Potato Starch and Peel-Based pH Indicator Films." Foods 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092005.
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In food packaging, smart indicator films based on natural resources have greatly attracted researchers to minimize the environmental issues as well as to satisfy consumer preferences for food safety. In this research, pH-sensitive films were prepared using purple-fleshed sweet potato starch (SPS) and sweet potato peel (SPP). Two categories of the film (i) SPS and (ii) SPS/SPP, were fabricated via solvent casting technique, incorporating different concentrations of commercial purple sweet potato anthocyanin (CA) at 0%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% (w/v) and the physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the films were investigated. The thickness, water solubility, and swelling degree of the films increased with the increment of CA, whereas there were no significant changes in the water content (WC) of the films. Water vapor permeability (WVP) was decreased for SPS films while statistically similar for SPS/SPP films. The addition of CA reduced the tensile strength (TS) and tensile modulus (TM) yet increased the elongation at break (EaB) of the films as compared to films without CA. The FTIR results confirmed the immobilization of anthocyanin into the film. In SEM images, roughness in the surfaces of the CA-associated films was observed. A reduction of thermal stability was found for the films with anthocyanin except for the SPS/SPP CA 2% film. Furthermore, the CA-associated films showed a remarkable color response when subjected to pH buffers (pH 1 to 12) and successfully monitored chicken freshness. The fastest color migration was observed in acidic conditions when the films were immersed into aqueous, acidic, low fat, and fatty food simulants. The findings of this work demonstrated that the developed pH indicator films have the potential to be implemented as smart packaging to monitor food freshness and quality for safe consumption.
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Khalil, Souad G., and Mahdi M. Mutter. "Synthesis and Characterization of Semiconductor Composites Gas Sensors Based on ZnO Doped TiO2 Thin Films by Laser-Induced Plasma." Key Engineering Materials 900 (September 20, 2021): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.900.112.
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This work presents the development of n-type (TiO2) and p-type (ZnO) gas-sensitive materials from ZnO doped TiO2 thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD) on a glass substrate as a gas sensor of CO2 gas. TiO2 gas-sensing layers have been deposited over a range of ZnO content (0, 20, and 40) wt %. The obtained thin films analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrical characterization shows that TiO2:ZnO thin films were p-type conductivity and ZnO added was unable to change the composition to the n-type conductivity. There are notable gas-sensing response differences between n-type and p-type ZnO doped TiO2 thin film. The responses toward all tested oxidizing gases tend to increase with operating temperature for the n-type TiO2 films. Besides, the p-type ZnO doping results in a significant response improvement toward tested oxidizing gases such as CO2 gas at the low operating temperature of 60 °C.
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Maskaeva, Larisa N., Polina S. Bogatova, Anastasia D. Kutyavina, Yury A. Babchenko, and Viacheslav F. Markov. "Chemical bath synthesis of metal chalcogenide films. Part 41. Effect of Sr2+ ions on deposition kinetics, composition and morphology of PbS thin films." Butlerov Communications 58, no. 5 (May 31, 2019): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-58-5-141.
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Lead sulphide thin films are one of the most sensitive materials in the visible and near-IR spectral ranges (0.4-3.0 μm) and due to this, they are widely used in optoelectronics. One of the most promising methods for the synthesis of this semiconductor material is chemical bath deposition from aqueous solutions. At the same time, doping additives used to improve the properties of the deposited films. In this paper, we consider the effect of strontium cations Sr2+ on the deposition kinetics of the solid lead sulfide phase, as well as on the thickness, morphology and elemental composition of chemically produced PbS films. According to the results of the study of the precipitation kinetics of PbS(Sr) solid phase, it was found that the introduction of strontium chloride into the reactor inhibits the formation of PbS solid phase during the deposition of PbS films and contributes to a significant increasing of the induction period of its formation. Polycrystalline films of lead sulfide were synthesized by hydrochemical precipitation from the ammonium-citrate reaction mixture with the addition of ammonium iodide and strontium chloride on substrates of glass and glass. The thickness of the films obtained decreased from 400 nm for individual PbS to 350 nm for doped with iodine PbS (I). The thickness reduced from 300 to 150 nm with an increase in the content of strontium chloride in the reaction mixture from 5∙10-5 to 5∙10-3 mol/l. The EDX analysis has observed that PbS, PbS(I) and PbS(I,Sr) films have deficient in sulfur, the iodine content decreases from 1.4 to 1.0 at.% when strontium enters in the semiconductor structure. Electron microscopy has shown that adding ammonium chloride to the reactor leads to crushing of crystallites with a clear edges and an average size of grains for individual PbS film from 300 nm up to ~150 nm. The minimum salt content of strontium (5∙10-5 mol/l) increases by ~2 times the proportion of nanoparticles forming the PbS (I, Sr) film, and at the maximum concentration (5∙10-3 mol/l) their content is slightly reduced from 14 to 11%.
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Lin, Fan, Xiaochuan Pan, Chao Wu, Yingjun Zeng, Guochun Chen, Qinnan Chen, Daoheng Sun, and Zhenyin Hai. "ZrB2/SiCN Thin-Film Strain Gauges for In-Situ Strain Detection of Hot Components." Micromachines 13, no. 9 (September 4, 2022): 1467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13091467.
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The in-situ strain/stress detection of hot components in harsh environments remains a challenging task. In this study, ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges were fabricated on alumina substrates by direct writing. The effects of ZrB2 content on the electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity of ZrB2/SiCN composites were investigated, and based on these, thin film strain gauges with high electrical conductivity (1.71 S/cm) and a gauge factor of 4.8 were prepared. ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges exhibit excellent static, cyclic strain responses and resistance stability at room temperature. In order to verify the high temperature performance of the ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges, the temperature-resistance characteristic curves test, high temperature resistance stability test and cyclic strain test were conducted from 25 °C to 600 °C. ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges exhibit good resistance repeatability and stability, and highly sensitive strain response, from 25 °C to 600 °C. Therefore, ZrB2/SiCN thin-film strain gauges provide an effective approach for the measurement of in-situ strain of hot components in harsh environments.
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Kennedy, K. J., and R. L. Droste. "Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment in Downflow Stationary Fixed Film Reactors." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 8 (October 1, 1991): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0223.
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Design features and performance of the downflow stationary fixed film reactor for anaerobic wastewater treatment are reviewed. Media characteristics, feed characteristics and loading rates found to provide rapid start-up and maximum treatment efficiency are discussed. It is concluded that the reactor is a useful research tool for studying anaerobic treatment. The reactor is not as sensitive to waste characteristics as other second generation anaerobic reactors. The reactor is able to handle wastes with high suspended solids content and provide efficient treatment with a minimum clogging potential. DSFF operation is simple and stable; however, loading rates attainable in this reactor are not as high as those attained with other processes due to lower biomass retention capacity.
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Bleu, Yannick, Florent Bourquard, Vincent Barnier, Anne-Sophie Loir, Florence Garrelie, and Christophe Donnet. "Towards Room Temperature Phase Transition of W-Doped VO2 Thin Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition: Thermochromic, Surface, and Structural Analysis." Materials 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010461.
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Vanadium dioxide (VO2) with an insulator-to-metal (IMT) transition (∼68 °C) is considered a very attractive thermochromic material for smart window applications. Indeed, tailoring and understanding the thermochromic and surface properties at lower temperatures can enable room-temperature applications. The effect of W doping on the thermochromic, surface, and nanostructure properties of VO2 thin film was investigated in the present proof. W-doped VO2 thin films with different W contents were deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using V/W (+O2) and V2O5/W multilayers. Rapid thermal annealing at 400–450 °C under oxygen flow was performed to crystallize the as-deposited films. The thermochromic, surface chemistry, structural, and morphological properties of the thin films obtained were investigated. The results showed that the V5+ was more surface sensitive and W distribution was homogeneous in all samples. Moreover, the V2O5 acted as a W diffusion barrier during the annealing stage, whereas the V+O2 environment favored W surface diffusion. The phase transition temperature gradually decreased with increasing W content with a high efficiency of −26 °C per at. % W. For the highest doping concentration of 1.7 at. %, VO2 showed room-temperature transition (26 °C) with high luminous transmittance (62%), indicating great potential for optical applications.
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Kuo, Chung-Feng Jeffrey, Wei Lun Lan, Jui-Wen Wang, John-Ber Chen, and Pin-Hua Lin. "Hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive for seamless bonding of nylon fabric Part II: Process parameter optimization for seamless bonding of nylon fabric." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 12 (July 31, 2018): 2294–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518790970.
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This study develops hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs) for the seamless bonding of nylon fabric, using butyl acrylate as the main monomer material and mixing the functional monomer for polymerization. It is combined with 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide for the photoinitiator and ultraviolet irradiation is used to make a pre-polymer. The effects of butyl acrylate content, type of functional monomer, and 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide content on the molecular weight of acrylate pre-polymer are discussed, following the Taguchi method. The pre-polymer is then mixed with the reactive diluent glycidyl methacrylate blend and with 2-10phr diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide, coated on a release film, irradiated by ultraviolet light, and cured into hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives. The adhesive properties of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesive bonding on nylon include the peel strength, the shear strength, adhesive warpage, adhesive color difference, and adhesive overflow, which are discussed following the Taguchi method and the elimination and choice translating reality method for multi-quality analysis. Hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives are implemented by optimization parameters for practical validation. The results show that the peel strength of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives is 1.495 kg/cm, the shear strength of hot melt pressure sensitive adhesives is 14.326 kg/cm2, adhesive warpage is 0.93 mm, adhesive color difference is 1.66, and adhesive overflow is 0.97 mm. The performance of HMPSAs in this study is enhanced effective.
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Zhang, Honglin, and Zhiguo Zhang. "Ratiometric Sensor Based on PtOEP-C6/Poly (St-TFEMA) Film for Automatic Dissolved Oxygen Content Detection." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 29, 2020): 6175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216175.
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A ratiometric oxygen sensor based on a platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP)–coumarin 6 (C6)/poly (styrene-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (poly (St-TFEMA)) film was developed for automatic dissolved oxygen (DO) detection. The oxygen-sensing film according to the dynamic quenching mechanism was prepared by embedding platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) and coumarin 6 (C6) in poly (styrene-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (poly (St-TFEMA)). The optical parameter (OP) was defined as the ratio of the oxygen-insensitive fluorescence from C6 to the oxygen-sensitive phosphorescence from PtOEP. A calibration equation expressing the correlation between the OP values and DO content described by a linear function was obtained. A program based on the Labview software was developed for monitoring the real-time DO content automatically. The influence of the excitation intensity and fluctuation on the OP values and the direct luminescence signal (integration areas) was compared, verifying the strong anti-interference ability of the sensor. The detection limit of the sensor was determined to be 0.10 (1) mg/L. The switching response time and recovery time of the sensor were 0.4 and 1.3 s, respectively. Finally, the oxygen sensor was applied to the investigation of the kinetic process of the DO content variation, which revealed an exponential relationship with time.
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Song, Hua, Nan Yu Ma, Jun Wei Di, and Mu Sen Li. "The Optical Property and Sensitivity of Ag Nanoparticles Deposited Ultra-Thin Diamond-Like Carbon Films." Advanced Materials Research 803 (September 2013): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.803.222.
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Ag nanoparticles (NPs) had most prominent local surface plasma resonance effect (LSPR) among the all metals. Diamond-like carbon (DLC) film had good biological compatibility, wear resistance, corrosion-resisting and high transmission ability in the visible and near-infrared range. Since the Ag NPs were easily oxidized in air,a new LSPR interface between them and an ultra-thin DLC films was formed by means of a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The morphologies and properties of the Ag NPs deposited ultra-thin DLC films were studied by using Raman spectrometer, X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) , field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) and so on. And the optical tramsmission sensitivity of the new LSPR interface was also examined. The results indicated that the DLC films deposited in a shorter time had a higher sp3bond content of carbon atoms and more sensitive to refractive index of surrounding media. Moreover, to obtain the optimal morphologies and the sensing property, the deposition time for forming the DLC films should be controlled within 30 seconds.
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Poh, B. T., J. Lamaming, and G. S. Tay. "Adhesion Properties of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber/Standard Malaysian Rubber Blend Based Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive." Journal of Coatings 2014 (April 24, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/369352.
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Viscosity and adhesion properties of NBR/SMR L blend based pressure-sensitive adhesive were investigated using coumarone-indene resin, toluene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as tackifier, solvent, and coating substrate, respectively. Coumarone-indene resin content was fixed at 40 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) in the adhesive formulation. The ratio of NBR/SMR L blend used was 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of NBR content. Four different thicknesses, that is, 30, 60, 90, and 120 µm, were used to coat the PET film. The viscosity of adhesive was determined by a Brookfield viscometer, whereas loop tack, peel strength, and shear strength were measured using a Lloyd Adhesion Tester operating at 30 cm/min. Result indicates that the viscosity, loop tack, and shear strength of blend adhesives increase with % NBR. However, for peel strength, it indicates a maximum at 40% NBR blend ratio for the three modes of peel tests. In all cases, 120 µm coated sample consistently exhibits the highest adhesion values compared to the other coating thicknesses, an observation which is associated with the higher volume of adhesive in the former system.