Academic literature on the topic 'Sensitive content (film)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Sensitive content (film)"
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Seok, Woong Cheol, Jong Tae Leem, Ju Hui Kang, Young Jun Kim, Sangkug Lee, and Ho Jun Song. "Change of Characterization and Film Morphology Based on Acrylic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives by Hydrophilic Derivative Ratio." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2020): 1504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071504.
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Hydrophilic acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) were synthesized by controlling the contents of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA); especially, the characteristic change of the HEA content was analyzed. Surface contact angle of acrylic PSA film decreased from 77.87° to 70.23° in the case of Acryl-2 to Acryl-8 (below HEA 10 wt %). However, the surface contact angle of Acryl-10 to Acryl-40 (HEA 10 wt % to 40 wt %) increased up to 92.29°, indicating hydrophobicity. All acrylic PSA films showed high adhesive force above 1800 gf/25 mm. According to X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, hydrophilic acrylic PSAs exhibited amorphous property and it was confirmed that the morphology of acrylic PSA film was significantly affected by the flexibility of the polymer chain and the strength of hydrogen bonding. The affinity with hydrophilic materials for acrylic PSA films was evaluated by T-type peel test, confirming that the affinity with hydrophilic materials is determined by the hydrophilicity of the acrylic PSA film. The synthesized acrylic PSA film is non-toxic regardless of the hydrophilicity.
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Zam, Mindu, Itthi Niyumsut, Kazufumi Osako, and Saroat Rawdkuen. "Fabrication and Characterization of Intelligent Multi-Layered Biopolymer Film Incorporated with pH-Sensitive Red Cabbage Extract to Indicate Fish Freshness." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 14, 2022): 4914. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224914.
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This study aimed to fabricate an intelligent monolayer and multi-layered biodegradable films incorporated with red cabbage extract (RCE) to act as a safe and reliable freshness indicator. A film-forming solution (FFS) of gelatin, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan was prepared and fortified with 0.5% (w/v) of RCE for developing intelligent monolayer films. The intelligent multi-layer film was prepared via layer by layer casting of gelatin, chitosan (added with 0.5% of RCE) and CMC biopolymers. The thickness of the multi-layered film was the highest (0.123 ± 0.001 mm) compared to gelatin-, CMC- and chitosan-based monolayer films (p < 0.05). Chitosan film has the highest tensile strength (p < 0.05), followed by multi-layer, CMC and gelatin films. Elongation at break was slightly higher in CMC (35.67 ± 7.62%) compared to the multi-layer film (33.12 ± 9.88%) and gelatin film (p > 0.05). Water vapor permeability was higher in the multi-layer film (1.244 ± 0.05 × 10−5 g mm h−1cm−2 P−1) than the other monolayer films. Moisture content was highest in chitosan film followed by the multi-layered film (p < 0.05) and then the CMC and gelatin films. CMC film showed the highest solubility compared to multi-layered and chitosan film (p < 0.05). Additionally, transmittance and transparency values in the multi-layered film were the lowest compared to the chitosan-, CMC- and gelatin-based films. L* and a* values were the lowest, while b* values increased in the multi-layered film compared to the other film samples (p < 0.05). pH sensitivity and ammonia gas tests revealed similar color changes in chitosan and multi-layer films. However, FTIR spectra confirmed that dye leaching was not detected for the multi-layered film soaked in ethanol. The biodegradability test showed rapid degradation of multi-layered and chitosan films within 1 month. Based on the optimum results of the multi-layered film, it was applied to monitor the fresh quality of tilapia fish fillets at 4 °C for 10 days. The results of freshness acceptability were noted on day 6 due to the change in color of the multi-layer film with an estimated total volatile basic nitrogen content of 21.23 mg/100 g. Thus, the multi-layered film can be used as an indicator to monitor the quality of the fish freshness without leaching dye onto the food surface.
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Lian, Xinxin, Yuanjiang Lv, Haoliang Sun, David Hui, and Guangxin Wang. "Effects of Ag contents on the microstructure and SERS performance of self-grown Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films." Nanotechnology Reviews 9, no. 1 (August 30, 2020): 751–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0058.
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AbstractAg nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films with different Ag contents were prepared on polyimide by magnetron sputtering. The effects of Ag contents on the microstructure of self-grown Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films were investigated using XRD, FESEM, EDS and TEM. The Ag content plays an important role in the size and number of uniformly distributed Ag nanoparticles spontaneously formed on the Mo–Ag alloy film surface, and the morphology of the self-grown Ag nanoparticles has changed significantly. Additionally, it is worth noting that the Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy films covered by a thin Ag film exhibits highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance. The electric field distributions were calculated using finite-difference time-domain analysis to further prove that the SERS enhancement of the films is mainly determined by “hot spots” in the interparticle gap between Ag nanoparticles. The detection limit of the Ag film/Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy film for Rhodamine 6G probe molecules was 5 × 10−14 mol/L. Therefore, the novel type of the Ag film/Ag nanoparticles/Mo–Ag alloy film can be used as an ideal SERS-active substrate for low-cost and large-scale production.
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Miroshnikova, Irina N., Larisa N. Maskaeva, Boris N. Miroshnikov, Vladislav S. Belov, and Irina V. Vaganova. "Morphology and Composition of Lead-Cadmium Sulfide Photo-Sensitive Films." Nano Hybrids and Composites 28 (February 2020): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.28.39.
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CdxPb1-xS films with a thickness of 620 and 680 nm were prepared by chemical precipitation from a reaction mixture containing lead salt, thiourea, alkali and cadmium acetate. The concentration of cadmium acetate was 0.01 and 0.1 mol/l. Electron-microscopic studies showed a fundamental difference in the morphology of the CdxPb1-xS thin films with a 10-fold difference in the concentration of cadmium acetate in the reaction bath. The results of energy dispersive analysis indicate the nonstoichiometry of the synthesized films on sulfur. Auger spectrometry revealed a high content of oxygen in the surface layer of the thin film coating CdxPb1-xS (up to 10 and 40 at. %). In the sample obtained from the reaction bath containing 0.01 mol / l of cadmium acetate, after ion etching at a depth of more than 30 nm, no oxygen was detected. In a sample prepared with a cadmium acetate content of up to 0.1 mol/l, the oxygen content does not exceed 3 at. %
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Min, Jia Hua, Xiao Yan Liang, Bin Wang, Yue Zhao, Yun Guo, and Lin Jun Wang. "Sensitivity to NO2 of ZnO Film Prepared by Electrostatic-Enhanced Ultrasonic Spray Pyrolysis." Advanced Materials Research 299-300 (July 2011): 475–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.299-300.475.
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The NO2-sensing properties of the ZnO films prepared by EUSP were investigated. Effect of substrate temperature on the NO2-sensing properties of ZnO films showed that the powder-like ZnO film deposited at 550°C was more sensitive to NO2, and the film illustrated good response-restoration property. Besides, the influence of doping amount on the NO2-sensing properties of the ZnO films at 260°C showed that the ZnO:Al film with the Al content of 0.4mol% presented the best sensitivity, and the ZnO: 3mol % Ag exhibited the highest NO2 sensitivity. The dynamic response tests indicated that the ZnO: Al film was of the highest sensitivity to NO2, and the sensitivity of ZnO: Ag film was lowest.
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Wang, Jin Xiao, Zhi Min Wang, Yi Wang, Kai Zhao, Xiao Mei Su, Hu Wang, and Yu Dong Feng. "The Influences of Oxygen Content on Microstructures and Optical Properties of Al2O3 Films Deposited by Oxygen Ion Beam Assisted Pulse Reactive Magnetron Sputtering." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1891.
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Al2O3films have been deposited at room temperature on polyimide substrates using oxygen ion beam assisted pulse reactive magnetron sputtering system in which aluminium sputtering is simultaneous with oxygen ion beam irradiation. A set of samples were prepared at different oxygen content and film characterizations have been carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) for film crystallization, atomic force microscopy (AFM) for surface morphology, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for elemental composition measurements and chemical bonding states. The films are smoother and near stoichiometric aluminum oxide as oxygen content increases up to 86%. All films are kept in amorphous structure. The optical properties of the films showed sensitive with oxygen content. Transparent films of refractive index 1.63 are obtained with a deposition rate as high as 70.3 nm/min by 86% oxygen ion beam assisted, which is about 5 times than the films by conventional reactive magnetron sputtering.
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Baskin, D. G., P. E. Filuk, and W. L. Stahl. "Standardization of tritium-sensitive film for quantitative autoradiography." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 37, no. 9 (September 1989): 1337–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/37.9.2768806.
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A method for the calibration of plastic tritium standards for use with LKB Ultrofilm is described and validated. This method uses 12-microns cryostat slices of frozen liver which have been labeled with [3H]-formaldehyde and extracted with chloroform-methanol to remove lipids. Quantitative autoradiographic measurement of 3H radioactivity in the liver slices was underestimated by 35% when lipids were not extracted. Plastic sections impregnated with tritium were calibrated in terms of lipid-extracted, tissue-equivalent radioactivity content. Calibrated standard curves for these plastic standards were closely fit (p = 0.99) by second order polynomial equations for exposures of 1, 4, 7, 13, 28, and 104 days. The equations are generally useful for any plastic tritium standards.
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Kittle, Joshua, Jacob Levin, and Nestor Levin. "Water Content of Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films Measured by Quartz Crystal Microbalance and Deuterium Oxide Exchange." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 24, 2021): 771. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030771.
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Water content of natural and synthetic, thin, polymer films is of considerable interest to a variety of fields because it governs properties such as ion conductivity, rigidity, porosity, and mechanical strength. Measuring thin film water content typically requires either complicated and expensive instrumentation or use of multiple instrumental techniques. However, because a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) is sensitive to changes in mass and viscosity, deuterated solvent exchange has emerged as a simple, single-instrument, in situ method to quantify thin film water content. Relatively few studies, though, have employed this technique to measure water content of polyelectrolyte multilayers formed by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. In this work, poly (allyl amine) (PAH) and poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS) films of up to nine layers were formed and the water content for each layer was measured via QCM with deuterium oxide exchange. The well-characterized nature of PAH/PSS films facilitated comparisons of the technique used in this work to other instrumental methods. Water content results showed good agreement with the literature and good precision for hydrated films thicker than 20 nm. Collectively, this work highlights the utility, repeatability, and limitations of this deuterated exchange technique in measuring the solvent content of thin films.
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Aguado, Luis, María Fernández-Cahill, Francisco J. Román, Iván Blanco, and Javier de Echegaray. "Evaluative and Psychophysiological Responses to Short Film Clips of Different Emotional Content." Journal of Psychophysiology 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000180.
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Abstract. The study presents self-report and psychophysiological data obtained in response to short film clips representing scenes related to different emotions. This was done in order to obtain evidence on the structure of positive and negative affective states following a combined dimensional/categorical approach to emotion and based on responses to stimuli that are more realistic than the static pictures usually employed in the study of emotion. Affective ratings and self-report measures showed a differential structure of the response to positive and negative films (Experiment 1). While all negative films were rated as low in valence and high in arousal, positive films were differentiated into arousing (happy and pleasure contents) and de-arousing (relax contents) categories. A more complex pattern emerged in Experiment 2, using two psychophysiological measures that are differentially sensitive to the main affective dimensions of valence and arousal, skin conductance response (SCR) and facial electromyography (fEMG). First, high arousal positive and negative films produced larger skin conductance responses. Second, fEMG measures showed differentiated response patterns within the positive and negative film categories. Within the positive category, happy and relaxing films had opposed effects, with happy films increasing and relax films decreasing activity over the zygomaticus muscle region. In the case of negative films, only those eliciting disgust produced a differentiated pattern of fEMG activity characterized by large corrugator responses and a modest increase of zygomatic responses. These results are discussed in relation to the adequacy of the dimensional and categorical approaches to emotion, the usefulness of combining subjective and psychophysiological measures, and the advantages of using realistic, dynamic stimuli for the study of emotion.
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Augustia, Venitalitya A. S., Yuni Kusumastuti, and Sang Kompiang Wirawan. "Pectin Based Edible Film for Cinnamaldehyde Delivery System: Effect of Calcium Chloride Content on the Physical Characteristics of the Films." Materials Science Forum 998 (June 2020): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.998.266.
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The cinnamon essential oil has antibacterial characteristic and sensitive to light and oxygen [1]. Due to its benefits from cinnamaldehyde, this compound has already used for antibacterial agent injected in polymer film [2]. Films are usually made from natural polymers as their main materials such as pectin. This research observed the influence of calcium chloride addition (0; 0.01; 0.02; and 0.03 g/mL solution) in the physical characteristics of pectin based edible films using the immersion method. The results indicated that calcium chloride content did not effect significantly. On the other hand, increasing calcium chloride content increased the water sorption of phosphate buffer saline solution and 0.03 g/mL of calcium chloride offered the lowest water sorption. Addition of cinnamaldehyde affected the surface morphology of the film and gave the crystal structure on the surface.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Sensitive content (film)"
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Chia-WeiLin and 林佳葦. "Titanium Nitride Thin Film as an Electrode Material for Back-contact and monolithic Dye-sensitized Solar Cell." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74842205472304409365.
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碩士國立成功大學
光電科學與工程學系
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In this study, we demonstrated a novel method to fabricate porous titanium nitrite (TiN) thin film as electrode material for the application of back-contact dye-sensitized solar cells (BC-DSCs) and monolithic dye-sensitized solar cells (mDSCs), delivering energy conversion efficiencies of 4.53 % and 2.47 %, respectively. Meanwhile, we also presented the non-TCO back-contact DSCs (non-TCO BC-DSCs). In this case, the fabrication cost of DSCs could be greatly reduced because the FTO glasses were all replaced by TiN conductive film. The non-TCO BC-DSCs yielded a conversion efficiency of 2.66%.
Books on the topic "Sensitive content (film)"
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Billheimer, John. Hitchcock and the Censors. University Press of Kentucky, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813177427.001.0001.
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The Motion Picture Production Code controlled the content and final cut on all films made and distributed in the US from 1934 to 1968. Code officials protected sensitive ears from the standard four-letter words as well as a few five-letter words like tramp and six-letter words like cripes. They also scrubbed ‘excessively lustful’ kissing from the screen, and ensured that no criminal went unpunished. Censors demanded an average of twenty changes, ranging from trivial to mind-boggling, on each of Alfred Hitchcock’s films during his most productive years. No production escaped these changes, which rarely improved the finished film. Code reviewers dictated the ending of’ Rebecca, shortened the shower scene in’ Psycho, absolved Cary Grant of guilt in’ Suspicion, edited Cole Porter’s lyrics in’ Stage Fright, and decided which shades should be drawn in’ Rear Window. Nevertheless, Hitchcock still managed to push the boundaries of sex and violence permitted in films by charming (and occasionally tricking) the censors and by swapping off bits of dialogue, plot points, and individual shots (some of which had been deliberately inserted as trading chips) to protect cherished scenes and images. The director’s priorities in dealing with the censors highlight both his theories of suspense and the single-mindedness of Code officials. Hitchcock and the Censors’ traces the forces that led to the Production Code and describes Hitchcock’s interactions with Code officials on a film-by-film basis as he fought to protect his creations, bargaining with Code reviewers and sidestepping censorship to produce a lifetime of memorable films.
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Lehman, Frank. Hollywood Harmony. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190606398.001.0001.
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Film music represents one of the few remaining underexplored frontiers for the field of music theory. Discovering its inner workings from a theoretical perspective is imperative if we wish to understand its tremendous effects on the ears (and eyes) of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Hollywood Harmony applies for the first time the tools of contemporary music theory and analysis to this corpus in a thorough and systematic way. In order to help readers appreciate how film music works, this study enlists a number critical apparatuses, ranging from abstract theoretical description to psychological models and sensitive close reading. It argues that matters of musical structure in film are matters of musical meaning, and pitch relations are inherently expressive, always somehow collaborating with visuals and narrative. One harmonic idiom, pantriadic chromaticism, plays an especially important role in the “Hollywood Sound,” and much of this study is dedicated to understanding its aesthetic and expressive content—of which the elicitation of a feeling of wonder is paramount. For better understanding of this tonal practice on a rigorous level, the transformational tools of neo-Riemannian theory are introduced and applied in an accessible and novel way. Neo-Riemannian theory emphasizes musical change and gesture over fixed objects or structures, and by recognizing the innate spatiality of musical experience in extended-tonal settings, it serves as an excellent lens through which to inspect film music. The works of a diverse assortment of composers are examined, with particular attention given to recent “New Hollywood” scoring practices.
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Wilson, Emma. The Reclining Nude. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781789620245.001.0001.
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The figure of a woman reclining, in repose, displayed, abandoned, fallen, asleep, or dreaming, returns in the work of women filmmakers and photographers in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Filmmakers Agnès Varda and Catherine Breillat, and American photographer working in Paris, Nan Goldin, return to the paintings of Titian, Velázquez, Goya, Courbet, and others, re-imagining, and re-purposing, their images of female beauty, display, (auto)eroticism, and intimacy. This book, a sensuous evocation of these feminist works, claims a female-identified pleasure in looking. The artists explored align images of repose and sensuality with other images of horizontality and proneness, of strong emotional content, images of erotic involvement, of vulnerability, of bodily contortion, of listlessness, grief, and depression. The reclining nude is for all three artists a starting point for a reflection on the relation of film, projections, and still photography, to painting, and a sustained re-imagining of the meanings conjured through serial returns to a particular pose. This book claims that the image of the reclining nude is compelling, for female-identified artists – and for all allied in feeling and picturing femininity – in the sensitive, ethically adventurous, politically complex feminist issues it engages. The reclining nude is an image of passivity, of submission, of hedonism. It allows thought about passivity as pleasure, about depression and grief figured posturally, about indolence as a form of resistance and anarchy. Through this image, female-identified artists have claimed freedom to offer new focus on these extremes of emotion. They are re-imagining horizontality.
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Sklar, Larry A., ed. Flow Cytometry for Biotechnology. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195183146.001.0001.
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Flow cytometry is a sensitive and quantitative platform for the measurement of particle fluorescence. In flow cytometry, the particles in a sample flow in single file through a focused laser beam at rates of hundreds to thousands of particles per second. During the time each particle is in the laser beam, on the order of ten microseconds, one or more fluorescent dyes associated with that particle are excited. The fluorescence emitted from each particle is collected through a microscope objective, spectrally filtered, and detected with photomultiplier tubes. Flow cytometry is uniquely capable of the precise and quantitative molecular analysis of genomic sequence information, interactions between purified biomolecules and cellular function. Combined with automated sample handling for increased sample throughput, these features make flow cytometry a versatile platform with applications at many stages of drug discovery. Traditionally, the particles studied are cells, especially blood cells; flow cytometry is used extensively in immunology. This volume shows how flow cytometry is integrated into modern biotechnology, dealing with issues of throughput, content, sensitivity, and high throughput informatics with applications in genomics, proteomics and protein-protein interactions, drug discovery, vaccine development, plant and reproductive biology, pharmacology and toxicology, cell-cell interactions and protein engineering.
Book chapters on the topic "Sensitive content (film)"
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Caro-González, A., A. Serra, X. Albala, C. E. Borges, D. Casado-Mansilla, J. Colobrans, E. Iñigo, J. Millard, A. Mugarra-Elorriaga, and Renata Petrevska Nechkoska. "The Three MuskEUteers." In Contributions to Management Science, 3–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11065-8_1.
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AbstractUnder the inspiring and aspiring title: Paving the way for pushing and pursuing a “one for all, all for one” triple transition: social, green, and digital: The Three MuskEUteers, a group of remarkable co-authors and contributors have developed radically new forward-looking visions, principles, approaches, and action recommendations for an attuned indivisible social, green, and digital transition.The triple transition is aimed at helping humanity gather around a life-sustaining purpose, as opposed to life-destroying one in terms of wars of all kinds (military, economic, political, etc.); nature decay and wreckage (carbon footprint, plastic pollution, soil poisoning, etc.); human alienation (favelas, homeless persons, refugee camps, child malnutrition, poverty, exclusion of any kind); and geographic imbalances with empty rural spaces and overcrowded megacities (creating difficult access of rural and/or remote population to care, health, and other essential services; difficulty of urban population to contact with natural environments).The work highlights the urgent need to speed up a third social transition (Within this social transition dimension we understand the socio-cultural scope as any social shift implies a cultural transition and vice versa, with its very deep implications.), in addition to the green and digital transitions more widely recognised by the international community. Innovation, or a European industry-led twin transition aiming for climate neutrality and digital leadership, cannot be supported without a firm, responsive, responsible social and environmental engagement. Neither is it possible to tackle a JUST triple transition which is not firmly rooted in worthwhile human development, underpinned by the Sustainable Development Goals. And none of these transitions can go separately and/or isolated; they all need to intertwine around the notion of (more, firmer, and determined) just transition.European society is presented as a huge “co-laboratory” for this “all for one, one for all” boundaryless triple transition to respond to the urgent radical changes demanded by humanity and by the planet. The chapter proposes a radically new vision to pursue a non-explored transformative way to ideate, design, develop, and deliver science, innovation, and collaboration through experimentation and learning, and throughout multi-stakeholder engagement from the n-helix spectrum. It proposes systemic innovation tactics for the “how” (green, techno-digital), for the strategic “what” (green, social), for the purposeful “why” (green, social), and for the operational “how best” (green, social, techno-digital) within the governing principles of eco-centric society. This encompasses: Courageous goal-aligned alternatives, as a shift to new (yet ancient) principles of eco-centric rather than ego-centric behaviour. The adoption of a “complex system mind-set” to build up dynamic, context-sensitive, and holistic approaches to co-design mission and purpose-driven actions, outcomes, outputs, and no-harm impacts. The ignition of the transformative capacity of all forms of collaboration (international, interdisciplinary, intersectoral, intergenerational, inter-institutional, inter-genders) vs hierarchy as alternative governance and distribution models to overcome the unjust and unsustainable biased status quo within evolving, adaptable, flexible, and transformational n-helix ecosystems. The Three MuskEUteers, deeply anchored in European values (human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, and human rights), will pave the way and drive humanity towards the achievement of the ambitious, but achievable, targets of the United Nations 2030 Global Agenda, the Sustainable Development Goals.Europe can be the initiator of co-laboratory experiments where social change drives the “all for one, one for all” dream into transforming this three-prong transition into possible real good ecosystems working.
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Milam, Erika Lorraine. "A Dangerous Medium." In Creatures of Cain, 190–203. Princeton University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691181882.003.0012.
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This chapter examines how Hollywood depictions of violence on screen, almost always performed by men, perpetuated popular conceptions of human nature as inherently brutal. They also served as a focal point for the concerns of parents, psychologists, and educators about the potential effects of violence in the media on sensitive viewers like children or adults with emotional disturbances. Renewed debates over what constituted “appropriate” content on television and in the theaters quickly followed. Some parents, meanwhile, argued that violence was an inevitable aspect of modern life and therefore children should be taught to understand and deal with it. Film provided one means of doing so. A great many more (or at least a more vocal subset) insisted that through a steady consumption of shoot-'em-up westerns and other tales of revenge and mayhem, innocent children could turn into troubled youths. Of all the concerns parents and teachers raised about the subtle lessons children would learn through violence in film and on television, two repeatedly recur: that the line between criminality and justice was nebulous, and that all men had the potential for violent action when subjected to great pressure.
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Atkinson, Martin E. "Radiological anatomy of the oral cavity." In Anatomy for Dental Students. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199234462.003.0040.
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The radiographs most frequently taken in general dental practice are of the teeth and their immidiate supporting tissues for detection of dental caries or assessment of bone loss in periodontal disease. Intraoral radiographs are taken by placing the X-ray-sensitive film or receptor in the mouth close to the teeth being investigated. Extraoral radiographs use larger films or receptors positioned externally and produce a view of the entire dentition and its supporting structures on a single film; they are used to ascertain the state of development of the dentitions prior to orthodontic treatment, for example. Dental panoramic tomographs (DPTs) are the most frequent extraoral radiographs. A radiograph is a negative photographic record. Dense structures such as bone are designated as radio-opaque; they absorb some X-rays and appear white on radiographs. More X-rays pass through less dense radiolucent structures such as air-filled cavities which show up as black areas. The contrast between different tissues of the structures which the X-ray beam passes through is determined by their radiodensity which, in turn, is largely due to their content of metallic elements. Calcium and iron are the prevalent heavy metals in the body. Calcium is combined with phosphate to form hydroxyapatite crystals in bones and mineralized tissues in teeth. Iron is present in haemoglobin in blood, but only large concentrations of blood, such as those found within the heart chambers, show up on X-rays. In sequence from densest to most lucent, the radiodensity of the dental and periodontal tissues are: enamel, dentine, cementum, compact bone, cancellous bone, demineralized carious enamel and dentine, dental soft tissues such as pulp and periodontal ligament, and air; gold and silver–mercury amalgam metallic restorative materials are even denser than enamel. A radiograph is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional situation. The orientation of anatomical structures relative to the X-ray beam is a major factor determining their appearance on the film. For example, a beam travelling through the long axis of a radiodense structure will produce a whiter image on the film than one passing through its shorter axis because more X-rays are absorbed; the structure will also have a different shape.
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Lehtisalo, Anneli. "The Private Life of the Prime Minister? Politics, Drama and Documentary in Pääministeri and Palme." In Nordic Genre Film, 119–30. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748693184.003.0009.
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Palme and Pääministeri can be considered exceptional films in their respective national contexts. Politics and public figures have not been a typical subject for contemporary feature films in Sweden or in Finland, although similar topics have thrived in Anglo-American media culture. Films like The Deal (UK, 2003), Looking for Fidel (USA, Brazil, 2004), The Queen (UK, France, Italy, 2006) and Margaret (UK, 2009) have depicted the political past and present by portraying the experiences or actions of known politicians in different generic modes, such as documentary dramas, documentaries and fictional biographical films. The film Palme differentiates itself in the Swedish context with its extremely controversial main character and sensitive topic. In Finland, as well, politicians have rarely been depicted in recent years. The documentary drama Pääministeri exemplifies such Finnish films. Although the docudramatic mode was not unprecedented in Finland, Pääministeri exemplified a new, international trend in television production by depicting a dramatised account of a living person and a relatively recent political incident.
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Boussada, Rihab, Mohamed Elhoucine Elhdhili, Balkis Hamdane, and Leila Azouz Saidane. "Privacy Preserving in the Modern Era." In Advances in Information Security, Privacy, and Ethics, 1–24. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5250-9.ch001.
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The development of data communication technologies promotes large-scale sensitive data collection and transmission in various application areas. The sensitivity and criticism of the exchanged data raise several privacy issues. A lack of privacy may cause moral and emotional damage and discrimination. It can even create an unequal society. To fill this gap, a better understanding of privacy concept and its requirements is required. This chapter presents a comprehensive survey of privacy-preserving in the modern era. It deals with this concept of privacy-preserving from all perspectives, classifying its requirements into content-oriented and context-oriented ones. Based on the taxonomy, privacy attacks are described, and approaches and mechanisms for privacy protection are reviewed. A future research direction about privacy preserving in various fields is finally exposed.
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Blencoe, K. A., and J. A. Williams. "The contact of rough surfaces carrying pressure sensitive boundary layers." In Thinning Films and Tribological Interfaces, Proceedings of the 26th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology, 45–56. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8922(00)80111-x.
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Kang, Yowei, and Kenneth C. C. Yang. "Privacy Concerns in the VR and AR Applications in Creative Cultural Industries." In Managerial Challenges and Social Impacts of Virtual and Augmented Reality, 142–64. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2874-7.ch009.
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Creative culture industry refers to industries that combine the creation, distribution, production, and commercialization of creative contents in advertising, design, film & video, interactive leisure software, music, publishing, and television and radio. This chapter focuses on the museum sub-sector of the creative cultural industries. These sub-sectors have eagerly embraced digital technologies to promote cultural heritage by transforming their archaeological finds into more immersive creative and cultural contents. However, the pervasive nature of mobile technologies and the heavy reliance on consumers' locational information have caused rising privacy concerns among consumers. This chapter employed a text mining study to explore how potential privacy infringement, as one of the most observable social impacts of mobile-based and location-sensitive AR and VR technologies, is discussed in major media outlets around the world. Discussions and implications conclude the chapter.
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Pellegrino, Giuseppina. "Rhetoric, Practice, and Context-Sensitivity in Sociotechnical Action." In Issues and Trends in Technology and Human Interaction, 172–93. IGI Global, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-268-8.ch008.
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Sociotechnical action, as interpreted in this article, comprises a wide array of elements which shape technological artefacts as socio-material and linguistic devices. Concepts grounded in different theoretical streams are used to account for the ambiguous and multiple process of technology construction. Categories of ‘interpretative flexibility’, ‘inscription’, work-around’, ‘misunderstanding’, are reviewed and used in this account. Starting from the implementation of an intranet-based Knowledge Management System in a 100 staff British firm, different courses of action in technology implementation and appropriation are analysed. Interpretations performed by different actors can rise misunderstanding, failure and innovation in processes of negotiation and are strongly oriented by power issues. The gap between rhetoric of public discourse and practice situated in specific organizational contexts is argued to be crucial in framing expectations and patterns of sociotechnical action. Ambiguity and multiplicity of the Knowledge Management System studied (the Compass) illustrate how the mutual constitution of the social and the technical makes technology a ‘context sensitive’ artefact.
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Cugler, Daniel Cintra, and Claudia Bauzer Medeiros. "Adaptive Acquisition of VGI to Fill Out Gaps in Biological Observation Metadata." In Advances in Geospatial Technologies, 271–90. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2446-5.ch014.
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Biological observation databases store data on species observations, being used in many kinds of research. Such observations are often queried and/or correlated primarily using metadata parameters (e.g., spatial queries on metadata concerning regions where observations were performed). However, metadata are often missing - either blank attributes, or lack of metadata records - which hampers the use of the observations databases. Filling these gaps is challenging because metadata requirements change as researchers acquire new knowledge about their problems. Related work is limited because it does not take this knowledge evolution into consideration. This chapter presents an approach to acquire missing metadata records, which fully supports dynamic on-the-fly evolution of metadata requirements. As proof of concept, we implemented a configurable software platform to collect data from “human sensors” and other sensors. Among its many dynamic characteristics, it allows deployment of context-sensitive forms to be filled by volunteers, according to a location and a research target.
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Yadav, Brijesh Kumar, and Abhijeet Singh. "Analyzing the Influence of Customer Relationship Management on Firm Performance." In Operations and Service Management, 1590–622. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3909-4.ch072.
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Today, companies have come to realize that customers are the foundation of a business and effective relationship management is indispensable for the success of an organisation. Hence, one of the most important objectives of a company is to satisfy its customers as they are the backbone and keep a business running. Moreover, it is being witnessed that customer's needs and buying behaviour have changed considerably. In order to meet ever changing demands, organisations need to adopt customer oriented marketing strategies to gain competitive advantage. Since customers nowadays are becoming more price sensitive and shift loyalty frequently in terms of selecting products and services of any company, it has become very difficult to retain them. As a result, emphasis on long term relationships with customers has gained momentum in businesses. The goal of the present study is to expand the study of customer relationship management (CRM) by investigating the association of dimensions of CRM and organizational performance. The study extends customer relationship management to the hotel industry context. It explores a set of CRM dimensions or constructs that are important for implementing CRM in hotel industry in Indian perspective.
Conference papers on the topic "Sensitive content (film)"
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Dienemann, Lara L., Anil Saigal, and Michael A. Zimmerman. "Low-Cost Measurement Technique of Poisson’s Ratio of Thin, Solvent-Sensitive Polymer Membranes." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11655.
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Abstract This paper investigates a low-cost testing procedure that measures Poisson’s ratio of thin membranes whose properties may be affected by traditional speckle patterns which are solvent-based. The shear modulus, a key indicator of how materials will fail — especially for thin membranes subjected to interfacial stresses — is a function of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, which can be determined by tensile testing. The precision of using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) to measure Poisson’s ratio coupled with a solvent-free speckle pattern of fused silica on polyimide film specimen is investigated. DIC processes for thin membranes are currently under development. As such, spraying a conventional speckle pattern may be unfeasible for thin polymer membranes whose properties are a function of solvent content. Experimental factors’ effects, such as vibration and area to which DIC is applied, were also studied in a design of experiments. It was determined that using fused silica as a solvent-free speckle pattern, as opposed to a traditional solvent pattern, does not significantly affect the measurements of Poisson’s Ratio of the polyimide film. Furthermore, it was found that the experimental factors noted above can play a significant role in fused silica-speckled Poisson’s ratio specimen.
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Hou, Changjun, Jiale Dong, Yan Xu, Danqun Huo, Yike Tang, and Jun Yang. "Preparation and Characterization of Pt/WO3 Nano-Film and Its Hydrogen-Sensing Properties." In 2008 Second International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/micronano2008-70010.
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Tungsten trioxide is an n-type semiconductor, which has been extensively used for the development of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors. The hydrogen gas sensing performance of platinum (Pt) catalyst activated WO3 thin films were investigated here. All of the Pt/WO3 films membranes are sensitive to hydrogen gas and the sample by sol-gel and DC reactive magnetron sputtering methods. X-ray diffraction results indicate that the tungsten trioxide is cubic crystal, and the AFM analysis shows molecular structures of the samples are tetrahedron. It means the four consecutive quadrilateral forms we observed in the 9nmx9nm molecular structure are scattergram of tungsten-ions and oxide-ions on 106 sides in WO2.9 structure cell, and the lost one oxide-ion resulted in the transition of WO3 to WO2.9. With anneal temperature rising, the membranous poriness decreasing. The higher crystal degree is, the lower gasochromic efficiency is. The change of combining environment and content of O−2 ions in colorized / decolorized state WOx films was observed in XPS analysis of Pt/WO3 film, the peak shape had changed greatly. As a result, the explanation to this phenomenon is available here according to XPS chemical shift of electric potential model theory.
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Larsen, Erik, Douglas Cairns, John Mandell, and Daniel Samborsky. "Investigation of a Two-Stage Injection Process to Reduce the Effects of In-Plane Resin Flow." In ASME 2002 Wind Energy Symposium. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wind2002-26.
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This paper is a discussion of a manufacturing technique that reduces dependency on in-plane resin flow, allowing greatly reduced injection times, increased injected resin volume per port (reducing the number of ports required), and allows relatively higher fiber volume content. This method uses a two-stage injection process. The first stage injects resin into a vacuum evacuated “pool” outside of the plane of the fabric. Pressure is then applied outside of a flexible film, forcing resin into the fabric in the thickness direction. Since resin is not required to flow in the plane of the fabric, relatively high volumetric flow rates are possible during the injection stage. The hydrostatic pressure on the flexible film results in part-to-part and spatially consistent high volume content. This process has also shown to be less sensitive to fabric and manufacturing inconsistencies than traditional two-sided mold RTM, and has been used to successfully manufacture parts using difficult-to-RTM materials such as bonded fabrics. Drawbacks of this process include increased mold and process complexities, poor surface finish on one side of the part, and increased complexity of process tuning.
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Wheeler, Daniel J., Tigran Garabekyan, Roberto Lugo, Jenni M. Buckley, Marielena Lotz, Jeffrey C. Lotz, and C. Benjamin Ma. "Biomechanical Comparison of Open Transosseous Versus Arthroscopic Suture Anchor Repair of the Subscapularis Tendon." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193161.
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There has been interest in improving arthroscopic subscapularis repairs due to their popularity and efficacy when compared to open subscapularis repairs. However, previous biomechanical analyses of rotator cuff repairs have typically focused on the supraspinatus tendon [1–5]. Testing repair techniques in the subscapularis tendon requires the modification of previously established biomechanical testing methods. Most rotator cuff tendon tests have utilized axial loading on supraspinatus and infraspinatus tendons [1–4]. Most subscapularis tendons are torn with forced external rotation of the shoulder. Axial loading of the subscapularis tendon would not be representative of the injury mechanism. Additionally, past rotator cuff studies have employed a variety of techniques for clamping tendons, including freezing clamps and soft tissue grips. Such methods offer insufficient fixation for tendons that have high muscle content, such as the subscapularis. Several studies have focused on the repair’s ability to restore the appropriate healing environment at insertion footprint. These investigations have used either digitizers or pressure-sensitive film to measure contact area [5–7]. However, there are questions concerning the repeatability and accuracy of the results provided by these techniques. The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical performance of open, transosseous fixation with that of the arthroscopic, suture anchor technique for subscapularis repair, while making three specific improvements to current testing methods. It sought to: 1) apply physiologically accurate loads to the subscapularis using cyclic, external rotation, 2) identify an effective method of clamping tendons with high muscle content, such as the subscapularis, and 3) introduce a novel, tactile pressure measurement system that measures contact pressure and area in real-time.
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Radmehr, Ahmad, Arash Hosseinian Ahangarnejad, Yu Pan, SayedMohammad Hosseini, Ali Tajaddini, and Mehdi Ahmadian. "Wheel-Rail Contact Patch Geometry Measurement and Shape Analysis Under Various Loading Conditions." In 2020 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2020-8042.
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Abstract This study evaluates the wheel-rail contact patch geometry of the VT-FRA roller rig, designed and commissioned at the Virginia Tech’s Railway Technologies Laboratory (RTL). Contact patch measurements are crucial for better analyzing the underlying factors that affect the wheel-rail interface (WRI) contact mechanics and dynamics. One of the challenges is in determining the size and pressure distribution at the contact patch, under various conditions. Although past studies have attempted to reach a method that can be used to make such measurements, more research is needed in reaching a practical and consistent method. This is particularly true for making the measurements under dynamic conditions. The use of pressure sensitive films was considered as the means for contact patch measurements on the VT-FRA rig, however, the thickness of the film influences the contact patch area and shape. This paper provides the results of the measurements with films with different range of pressure sensitivities. Three types of pressure-sensitive films are used under static conditions. The films are placed in between the wheel and roller in exact positions to enable comparing the test results for various wheel loads. The contact patch measured by the most sensitive film, which reacts to pressures as low as 0.5 MPa, provides the most accurate outline for the contact patch, although it does not provide the highest resolution for the pressure distribution. The other pressure-sensitive films that are used have a higher pressure range, with minimums of 49.0 MPa and 127.6 MPa. The relationship between the size of the contact patch and average contact pressure is evaluated as a function of the wheel load. The results indicate that with increasing wheel load, the size of the contact patch changes minimally, with the average pressure increasing in a nearly linear relationship to the wheel load as expected.
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Borders, Kevin, Xin Zhao, and Atul Prakash. "Securing sensitive content in a view-only file system." In the ACM workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1179509.1179515.
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Liang, Q., X. Wang, A. S. Barve, and A. Narain. "Effects of Gravity and Surface Tension and Interfacial-Waves and Heat-Transfer Rates in Internal Condensing Flows." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47472.
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The paper presents accurate numerical solutions of the full 2D governing equations for steady and unsteady laminar/laminar internal condensing flows. The chosen geometry allows for film condensation on the bottom wall of a tilted (from vertical to horizontal) channel. It is found that it is important to know whether the exit conditions are constrained or unconstrained because incompressible vapor flows occur only for exit conditions that are unconstrained. For the incompressible vapor flow situations, a method for computationally obtaining the stable steady/quasi-steady solutions is given here and the resulting solutions are shown to be in good agreement with some relevant experimental data for horizontal channels. These solutions are shown to be sensitive to the frequency-content and strength of ever-present minuscule transverse vibrations of the condensing surface. The effects of noise-sensitivity, gravity (terrestrial to zero-gravity), and surface tension on the attainability of stable steady/quasi-steady solutions, structure of superposed waves, and heat-transfer rates are discussed. It is shown that significant enhancement in wave-energy and heat-transfer rates are possible by designing the condensing surface noise to be in resonance with the intrinsic waves.
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Itoh, Shintaro, Takumi Mizuno, Yusuke Norizuki, Kenji Fukuzawa, and Hedong Zhang. "Simultaneous Measurements of Friction Forces and Contact Areas During Shearing of Nanometer-Thick Liquid Lubricant Films." In ASME/STLE 2012 International Joint Tribology Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2012-61154.
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Nanometer-thick liquid lubricant films are useful for the lubrication of miniaturized mechanical systems, such as hard disk drives or microelectromechanical systems. However, there are no established methods for measuring the mechanical properties of such thin films, which can be an obstacle to the optimal design of lubrication systems. We previously developed a highly sensitive method for measuring shear forces, which we called the fiber-wobbling method (FWM). In the FWM, we used a ball-ended optical fiber to probe shear and we measured the friction force acting on the probe tip by detecting the deflection of the fiber. By this means we succeeded in measuring friction forces in nanometer-thick liquid lubricant films. However, we could not evaluate the mechanical properties of the films quantitatively because the contact area between the probe tip and lubricant film was unknown. Here, we developed a method for measuring the contact area during shearing of nanometer-thick liquid lubricant films in the FWM.
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Cheruparambil, Kumar R., Bakhtier Farouk, Joseph E. Yehoda, and Nelson A. Macken. "Thermal Conductivity Measurement of CVD Diamond Films Using a Modified Thermal Comparator Method." In ASME 1999 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1999-1109.
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Abstract Results from an experimental study on the rapid measurement of thermal conductivity of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) diamond films are presented. The classical thermal comparator method has been used successfully for the measurement of thermal conductivity of bulk materials having high values of thermal resistance. Using samples of known thermal conductivity, a calibration curve is prepared. With this calibration curve, the comparator can be used to determine thermal conductivity of unknown samples. We have significantly modified and extended this technique for the measurement of materials with very low thermal resistance, i.e., CVD films with high thermal conductivity. In addition to the heated probe, the modified comparator employs a thermo-electric cooling element to increase conductive heat transfer through the film. The thermal conductivity measurements are sensitive to many other factors such as the thermal contact resistances, anisotropic material properties, surrounding air currents and temperature, and ambient humidity. A comprehensive numerical model was also developed to simulate the heat transfer process for the modified comparator. The simulations were used to develop a ‘numerical’ calibration curve that agreed well with the calibration curve obtained from our measurements. The modified method has been found to successfully measure the thermal conductivity of CVD diamond films.
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Shakir, Sehar, and Hafiz M. Abd-ur-Rehman. "Enhancement in Photovoltaic Performance of Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Using Cu and Cu:Ag Co-Doped TiO2 Photoanode." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59477.
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Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are low cost solar cells offering big room for improvements in its photovoltaic performance by maneuvering semiconductor properties, dye adsorption, electrolyte stability etc. For the first time, we have co-doped TiO2 with silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) to enhance both charge collection and light absorption as well as reduce recombinations for DSSCs. For high solar cell efficiency 3wt% Cu and 3wt% Cu:Ag doped TiO2 nps were successfully prepared for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs). Modified photoanode was prepared using surface adsorbed N719 dye on doctor blade coated TiO2, Cu:TiO2 and Cu:Ag:TiO2 thin films. It was observed that optimum doping concentration of Cu and silver was 3wt% each. DSSCs with Cu:Ag:TiO2 thin film showed higher conversion efficiency under full sunlight illumination when compared to DSSCs assembled using Cu:TiO2 and undoped TiO2. The obtained efficiencies for DSSCs with undoped TiO2, Cu:TiO2 and Cu:Ag:TiO2 photoanodes were 2%, 2.7% and 4.5% respectively. Solar cells assembled with Cu only doped TiO2 electrode when compared with cells assembled using pristine TiO2, showed an increase in Voc while Jsc was decreased Furthermore, cells doped with both Ag and Cu showed enhancement in both Voc and Jsc. The enhancement in cell performance has been discussed in context of morphology, crystal phase, presence of bonds etc. in nanoparticles. Considering overall better performance, Cu:Ag doped TiO2 photoanodes can be considered as potential photoanodes in DSSCs.
Reports on the topic "Sensitive content (film)"
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan, and Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Hovav, Ran, Peggy Ozias-Akins, and Scott A. Jackson. The genetics of pod-filling in peanut under water-limiting conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597923.bard.
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Pod-filling, an important yield-determining stage is strongly influenced by water stress. This is particularly true for peanut (Arachishypogaea), wherein pods are developed underground and are directly affected by the water condition. Pod-filling in peanut has a significant genetic component as well, since genotypes are considerably varied in their pod-fill (PF) and seed-fill (SF) potential. The goals of this research were to: Examine the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Detect global changes in mRNA and metabolites levels that accompany PF and SF. Explore the response of the duplicate peanut pod transcriptome to drought stress. Study how entire duplicated PF regulatory processes are networked within a polyploid organism. Discover locus-specific SNP markers and map pod quality traits under different environments. The research included genotypes and segregating populations from Israel and US that are varied in PF, SF and their tolerance to water deficit. Initially, an extensive field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of genotype, irrigation, and genotype X irrigation on PF and SF. Significant irrigation and genotypic effect was observed for the two main PF related traits, "seed ratio" and "dead-end ratio", demonstrating that reduction in irrigation directly influences the developing pods as a result of low water potential. Although the Irrigation × Genotype interaction was not statistically significant, one genotype (line 53) was found to be more sensitive to low irrigation treatments. Two RNAseq studies were simultaneously conducted in IL and the USA to characterize expression changes that accompany shell ("source") and seed ("sink") biogenesis in peanut. Both studies showed that SF and PF processes are very dynamic and undergo very rapid change in the accumulation of RNA, nutrients, and oil. Some genotypes differ in transcript accumulation rates, which can explain their difference in SF and PF potential; like cvHanoch that was found to be more enriched than line 53 in processes involving the generation of metabolites and energy at the beginning of seed development. Interestingly, an opposite situation was found in pericarp development, wherein rapid cell wall maturation processes were up-regulated in line 53. Although no significant effect was found for the irrigation level on seed transcriptome in general, and particularly on subgenomic assignment (that was found almost comparable to a 1:1 for A- and B- subgenomes), more specific homoeologous expression changes associated with particular biosynthesis pathways were found. For example, some significant A- and B- biases were observed in particular parts of the oil related gene expression network and several candidate genes with potential influence on oil content and SF were further examined. Substation achievement of the current program was the development and application of new SNP detection and mapping methods for peanut. Two major efforts on this direction were performed. In IL, a GBS approach was developed to map pod quality traits on Hanoch X 53 F2/F3 generations. Although the GBS approach was found to be less effective for our genetic system, it still succeeded to find significant mapping locations for several traits like testa color (linkage A10), number of seeds/pods (A5) and pod wart resistance (B7). In the USA, a SNP array was developed and applied for peanut, which is based on whole genome re-sequencing of 20 genotypes. This chip was used to map pod quality related traits in a Tifrunner x NC3033 RIL population. It was phenotyped for three years, including a new x-ray method to phenotype seed-fill and seed density. The total map size was 1229.7 cM with 1320 markers assigned. Based on this linkage map, 21 QTLs were identified for the traits 16/64 weight, kernel percentage, seed and pod weight, double pod and pod area. Collectively, this research serves as the first fundamental effort in peanut for understanding the PF and SF components, as a whole, and as influenced by the irrigation level. Results of the proposed study will also generate information and materials that will benefit peanut breeding by facilitating selection for reduced linkage drag during introgression of disease resistance traits into elite cultivars. BARD Report - Project4540 Page 2 of 10
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Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,