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Kelly, Lisa K. "Thermal comfort on train journeys." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8445.
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This thesis presents a body of work conducted to determine thermal comfort on train journeys. Relatively little research has been conducted on trains in comparison with the vast body of work conducted within building environments. This thesis aimed to expand our knowledge of rail passenger thermal comfort throughout the journey; platform to destination. The train journey was separated into its component parts and analysed by conducting both laboratory and field experiments that either simulated or measured aspects of a train journey. Laboratory experiment 1 examined appropriate methods of data collection during train journeys. Participants (9 males and 9 females) were exposed to a simulated train environment three times and used a different data collection method on each occasion; a paper-based method, a voice recorder or a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). Results concluded that the three methods can be used interchangeably when recording thermal comfort data. Participants preferred the PDA over the other two methods because they felt it afforded them a level of privacy in addition to blending in with other rail passengers using similar technologies. The second laboratory experiment measured thermal comfort following a change of environment. Participants (12 males and 12 females) were exposed to three environmental conditions (warm, neutral and slightly cool) in a thermal chamber on three separate occasions. The exposure lasted 30 minutes, after which, participants entered a new environment that was the same on each occasion (slightly cool). Results showed that overshoots in sensation (beyond those predicted by the Predicted Mean Vote thermal comfort index PMV) are observed following downward steps (warmer to cooler) in environmental conditions. No overshoots were observed following the upward step (cooler to warmer) in environment, with sensations immediately reflecting the predicted steady-state values. Laboratory experiment 3 (22 males and 26 females) expanded the research conducted in laboratory experiment 2 by exposing participants to greater magnitudes of environmental change. In addition, sensation was measured after this change until steady-state was reached. Participants were exposed to four environmental conditions (cool to warm to neutral to cool or cool to cold to warm to cool) consecutively over a 2 hour period with 30 minutes spent in each location. Results demonstrated similar effects to those observed during laboratory experiment 2 with overshoots observed following downward steps in environmental conditions and none observed in the opposite direction. Sensations demonstrating overshoots gradually increased until steady-state was achieved after approximately 25 minutes. Field experiment 1 (12 males and 32 females) measured thermal comfort while boarding trains. Participants were taken on a short train journey and recorded sensations whilst on the platform and during boarding. Results showed that overshoots may also be observed following step up and step down in environments. It is hypothesised that change in air velocity is influential in this effect. Thermal comfort throughout a train journey was measured in field experiment 2. Participants (16 males and 16 females) reported on thermal comfort on the platform, during boarding and throughout a return train journey from Loughborough to London St Pancras. Results also demonstrated overshoots following upward transients indicating that there are factors in the field that do not occur in laboratory conditions. Subjective parameters reach steady-state after approximately 20 minutes and PMV accurately predicted sensations during the journey. Again, air velocities may have interacted with other variables resulting in the overshoots following upward steps in environmental conditions. Laboratory experiments 2 and 3 resulted in the creation of a model predicting sensation following a change of environment, PMVTRANS. When the model was compared with the field data, it could not accurately predict sensations observed during transients. It also could not predict the sensation overshoots observed following upward transients. A new model is now proposed, NEW PMVTRANS. This model shows greater correlation with actual sensation than PMV; however it does require further validation from field data. Research has shown that PMV is an accurate estimator of sensation within a train carriage and should be used by train designers to optimise the environmental conditions for passengers.
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Streblow, Rita [Verfasser]. "Thermal sensation and comfort model for inhomogeneous indoor environments / Rita Streblow." Aachen : Hochschulbibliothek der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1018222863/34.
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Žarko, Bojić. "Uticaj parametara mikroklime, buke i osvetljenja na toplotni komfor u radnoj sredini." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2018. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107508&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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U radu se proučava uticaj parametara mikroklime, buke i osvetljenjana toplotni osećaj i toplotni komfor u radnoj sredini. Između čovekai njegovog okruženja postoji stalna interakcija, koja može uzrokovatifiziološke poremećaje u organizmu. U okviru rada, prikazane suteorijske osnove parametara mikroklime, buke i osvetljenja, kao injihov teorijski uticaj na generisanje i razmentu toplotne energijeizmeđu čoveka i okoline. Rad obuhvata istraživanje međuzavisnostiproučavanih parametara, toplotnog osećaja i toplotnog komforačoveka na radnom mestu u poziciji stajanja.This paper examines the influence of the parameters of microclimate, noiseand lighting on the thermal sensation and thermal comfort in the workingenvironment. There is a constant interaction between a person and hisenvironment, which can cause physiological disorders in the organism. In theframework of this paper, the theoretical bases of the parameters ofmicroclimate, noise and lighting, as well as their theoretical influence on thegeneration and exchange of heat energy between person and environmentare presented. The paper encompasses research on the interdependence ofthe parameters studied for thermal sensation and the thermal comfort of aperson at the workplace in a standing position.
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Westerlund, T. (Tarja). "Thermal, circulatory, and neuromuscular responses to whole-body cryotherapy." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514290435.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine thermal (body temperature, thermal sensation and comfort ratings), circulatory (blood pressure, heart rate variability) and neuromuscular performance responses to whole-body cryotherapy (WBC, -110 °C).
Altogether 66 healthy subjects were exposed to WBC for two minutes. The acute and long-term changes were examined, when the subjects were exposed to WBC three times a week during three months.
Skin temperatures decreased very rapidly during WBC, but remained such a high level that there was no risk for frostbites. The effects on rectal temperature were minimal. Repeated exposures to WBC were mostly well tolerated and comfortable and the subjects became habituated at an early stage of trials. WBC increased both systolic (24 mmHg) and diastolic (5 mmHg) blood pressures temporarily. Adaptation of blood pressure was not found during three months. The acute cooling-related increase in high-frequency power of RR-intervals indicated an increase in cardiac parasympathetic modulation, but after repeated WBC the increase was attenuated. The repeated WBC exposure-related increase in resting low frequency power of RR-intervals resembles the response observed related to exercise training. There are signs of neuromuscular adaptation, especially in dynamic performance. A single WBC decreased flight time in drop-jump exercise, but after repeated WBC these changes were almost vanished. This adaptation was confirmed by the change of the activity of the agonist muscle, which increased more and the change of the activity of antagonist muscle, which increased less/did not change after repeated WBC indicating reduced co-contraction and thus, neuromuscular adaptation.
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Montanheiro, Fabiana Padilha [UNESP]. "Percepção térmica de idosos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138157.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
No panorama mundial o número de pessoas com 60 anos ou mais vem aumentando rapidamente. A grande maioria dos idosos que vive de forma independente deseja continuar seu estilo de vida atual, e para isso precisa de apoio extra e orientação para envelhecer com bem-estar e saúde. Essas condições incluem a convivência em ambientes agradáveis, inclusive em relação ao conforto térmico. Neste contexto, este trabalho avaliou a sensação térmica de idosos, comparando-a com os resultados do índice PMV (Voto Médio Estimado: Predicted Mean Vote) de Fanger. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de abordagem qualitativa (questionários) e quantitativa (medições com termômetros de bulbo seco, bulbo úmido e de globo), conforme a norma ISO 7730:2006; 2011, em três instituições que oferecem serviços de atividades específicas para a faixa populacional na cidade de Bauru (SP): o SESI (Serviço Social da Indústria), o SESC (Serviço Social do Comércio) e a AAPIBR (Associação dos aposentados, pensionistas e idosos de Bauru e Região). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as sensações térmicas reais (STR) relatadas pelos idosos (sensações subjetivas) são estatisticamente similares às calculadas pela equação do PMV (sensações analíticas) para três faixas desse índice: -1, 0 e 1.
In the global landscape, the number of people aged 60 and over is increasing rapidly. The vast majority of seniors who live independently wish to continue their current lifestyle, and for that they need extra support and guidance to grow old with wellness and health. These conditions include living in pleasant environments, including thermal comfort. In this context, this study evaluated the thermal sensation of the elderly, comparing it with the results from the PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) method (Fanger). An exploratory research with qualitative (questionnaires) and quantitative approach (measured with dry-bulb, wet-bulb and globe thermometers) was performed according to ISO 7730: 2006; 2011, in three institutions that offer specific activities services for the population group in the city of Bauru (São Paulo state): SESI (Industrial Social Services), SESC (Commercial Social Services) and AAPIBR (Association of retirees, pensioners and seniors of Bauru and region). The results showed that the actual thermal sensations (ATS) reported by the elderly (subjective sensations) are statistically similar to those calculated by the PMV equation (analytical sensations) on a threepoint scale: -1, 0 and 1.
MCA 162174
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Gerrett, Nicola. "Body mapping of perceptual responses to sweat and warm stimuli and their relation to physiological parameters." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/11000.
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Regional differences in sweat gland output, skin temperature and thermoreceptor distribution can account for variations in regional perceptions of temperature, thermal comfort and wetness sensation. Large cohorts of studies have assessed these perceptual responses during sedentary activity but the findings are typically applied to a multitude of conditions, including exercise. Increases in sweat gland output, redistribution of blood flow and changes in skin and core temperature are basic responses to exercise in most conditions and these ultimately influence our perceptual responses. The primary aim of this thesis is to determine factors that influence regional differences in thermal sensation, thermal comfort and wetness sensation during exercise in moderate to hot conditions. The secondary aim is to develop and understand an additional variable, galvanic skin conductance (GSC) that can be used to predict thermal comfort and wetness sensation. The aim of the first study (Chapter 4) was to determine the influence of exercise on thermal sensitivity and magnitude sensation of warmth to a hot-dry stimulus (thermal probe at 40°C) and assess if any gender-linked differences and/or regional differences exist. From the data, body maps indicating sensitivity were produced for both genders during rest and exercise. Females had more regional differences than males. Overall sensitivity was greatest at the head, then the torso and declined towards the extremities. The data showed that exercise did not cause a significant reduction in thermal sensitivity but magnitude estimation was significantly lower after exercise for males and selected locations in females. The cause of a reduced magnitude sensation is thought to be associated with exercise induced analgesia; a reduction in sensitivity due to exercise related increases in circulating hormones. As the literature suggests that thermal comfort in the heat is influenced by the presence of sweat, the next study and all proceeding studies were concerned with this concept. In Chapter 5, building on earlier studies performed in our laboratories, the influence of local skin wettedness (wlocal) on local thermal comfort and wetness sensation was investigated in a neutral dry condition (20.2 ± 0.5°C and 43.5 ± 4.5% RH) whilst walking (4.5 km∙hr-1). Regional differences in wlocal were manipulated using specialised clothing comprising permeable and impermeable material areas. Strong correlations existed between local thermal comfort and local wetness sensation with the various measured wlocal (r2>0.88, p<0.05 and r2>0.83, p<0.05, respectively). The thermal comfort limit was defined as the wlocal value at which the participants no longer felt comfortable. Regional comfort limits for wlocal were identified (in order of high-low sensitivity); lower back (0.40), upper legs (0.44), lower legs (0.45), abdomen (0.45), chest (0.55), upper back (0.56), upper arms (0.57) and lower arms (0.65). The maximum degree of discomfort and wetness sensation experienced during the investigation was kept deliberately low in an attempt to determine the threshold values. Therefore comfort scores and wetness scores rarely reached a state of uncomfortable or wet so the next step was to assess these relationships when sweat production is high and the sensations worsened. However, pilot testing indicated that a ceiling effect would occur for wlocal at high levels of sweat production whilst thermal discomfort increased indicating wlocal was not the determining parameter in that case. Thus an additional parameter was required. The chosen parameter was galvanic skin conductance (GSC) due to its alleged ability to monitor pre-secretory sweat gland activity, skin hydration and surface sweat. In Chapter 6, the reliability, reproducibility and validity of GSC were confirmed in a series of pilot tests. Moderate to strong correlations were found between GSC and regional sweat rate (RSR) (r2>0.60, p<0.05) and wlocal (r2>0.55, p<0.05). The literature suggests standardising GSC relative to a minimum and maximum GSC value; however uncertainties arise when attempting to achieve maximum GSC. Therefore a change from baseline (∆GSC) was chosen as the proposed method of standardisation for further use. Additional results (from Chapter 9) revealed that ∆GSC also reflects pre-secretory sweat gland activity as it increased prior to sweat being present on the skin surface and prior to an increase in RSR. In Chapter 9, also hydration of the stratum corneum was measured using a moisture meter and the results revealed that it has an upper limit; indicating maximal hydration. From this point of full skin saturation ∆GSC and RSR markedly increase though sensations did not. It was also found that ∆GSC is only influenced by surface sweat that is in direct contact with the electrode and is not influenced by sweat elsewhere on the skin surface between electrodes. Higher levels of thermal discomfort have rarely been explored and neither has its relationship with wlocal. The ability of ∆GSC and wlocal to predict local thermal comfort and wetness sensation were compared in two different conditions to elicit low and high sweat production. Unlike Chapter 5, the body sites were not manipulated to control wlocal but allowed to vary naturally over time. The test was carried out on males (Chapter 7) and females (Chapter 8) to compare any gender linked differences and the results suggest that females are more sensitive than males to the initial presence of sweat. For both genders, wlocal and ∆GSC are strong predictors of thermal comfort and wetness sensation. More importantly, wlocal can only be used to predict local thermal comfort in conditions of low sweat production or low levels of thermal discomfort. However, once sweat production increases and thermal discomfort worsens ΔGSC (and not wlocal) can predict thermal comfort. Due to low sweat production observed in females indicates that this is only relevant for females. It appears that epidermal hydration has an important role on influencing thermal comfort. Receptors influencing our perceptual responses are located in the epidermis and when sweat is produced and released onto the skin surface, this epidermis swells and the sensitivity of receptors are said to increase. wlocal indicates the amount of moisture present on the skin surface, yet ∆GSC indicates presecretory sweat gland activity and epidermal hydration where the receptors are located. This may explain why on numerous occasions thermal comfort had a stronger relationship with ∆GSC than wlocal. Where Chapter 5 indicated the true local comfort limits for each respective zone, Chapter 7 and 8 provided a global picture of how local regions interact and influence local thermal comfort across the body. When wlocal varies naturally, the torso areas naturally produce more sweat than the extremities and it seemed that these areas produce so much more sweat than the extremities that they dominate local thermal comfort across the whole body. This is referred to in this thesis as a model of segmental interaction. As with thermal comfort, wetness sensation had strong relationships with wlocal and ∆GSC. The results also revealed a strong relationship between wetness sensation and thermal comfort. In contrast to the widely supported claim, a drop in skin temperature is not required to stimulate a wetness sensation. The point at which we detect sweat and when it becomes uncomfortable occurs at different wlocal values across the body. Thermal comfort is shown to be influenced by sweat during exercise in moderate-to-hot conditions. As w has an upper limit the findings suggest that it cannot predict thermal comfort during high sweat rates. Galvanic skin conductance monitors the process of sweat production more closely and thus is a better predictor of thermal comfort during all conditions and particularly during high sweat production. The strong relationship between thermal comfort and wetness sensation confirm the role of sweat production on thermal comfort. Gender differences to perceptual responses were observed, with females generally being more sensitive to sweat and a warm thermal stimulus than males. Regional differences to sweat and a warm stimulus generally suggest that the torso area is more sensitive than the extremities. This is important not only for sports clothing design but also protective clothing at the work place.
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Gobo, João Paulo Assis. "Bioclimatologia subtropical e modelização do conforto humano: da escala local à regional." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-23022018-094537/.
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O objeto desta pesquisa consiste em avaliar e propor índices de conforto térmico humano por meio de variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais, em escala climática local e regional. Para tanto, parte-se da hipótese de que o estudo abrangente do conforto térmico humano em escala local, por meio de entrevistas e análise do tempo in-loco, forneceria subsídios para o desenvolvimento de um índice que transite até a escala regional do clima. Parte-se, então, de um método indutivo experimental (levantamento em campo de variáveis climáticas, individuais e subjetivas) onde foram feitas coletas em campo no período de agosto de 2015, janeiro e julho de 2016, com a aplicação de questionários à população simultâneos a coleta de dados meteorológicos. Os resultados do estudo apontaram para a determinação da influência das particularidades climáticas regionais no conforto e na sensação térmica das pessoas entrevistadas, por meio dos efeitos diretos do clima regional. Confirmou-se a existência da influência do sexo dos indivíduos em relação às suas respostas de sensação térmica, bem como a influência dos aspectos fisiológicos tais como o índice de massa corporal e a faixa etária, na preferência térmica dos destes entrevistados. O presente estudo também possibilitou a calibração das faixas interpretativas de conforto térmico de diferentes índices de conforto para a área de estudo. Foram propostos quatro índices de conforto humano com base nas variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais locais, sendo um índice exclusivo para a situação de verão, outro calculado para o inverno, um terceiro índice desenvolvido para ambas as situações sazonais (verão e inverno) e um quarto índice, também para ambas as situações sazonais, porém, tendo como variáveis de partida apenas a temperatura do ar, da umidade relativa do ar e da velocidade do vento. Por fim, foram avaliadas estatisticamente a abrangência espacial e a extrapolação da escala de análise dos resultados para um dos índices desenvolvidos, propondo a validação deste para a escala climática regional. Os resultados apresentados possibilitaram a avaliação do conforto humano, das variáveis ambientais, subjetivas e individuais, bem como o desenvolvimento de um índice adequado tanto para escala local quanto para a escala regional do clima, o que conferiu uma resposta conclusiva à hipótese central apresentada.This research aims to evaluate and propose human thermal comfort indexes using environmental, individual and subjective variables in the local and regional climatic scales. For that, the hypothesis tested is that the comprehensive study of human thermal comfort, by means of interviews and in-situ weather analysis, provides the basis for the development of an index suitable to be applied also in the regional climatic scale. The first step in the research consisted of an experimental inductive method of field data collection of climatic, individual and subjective variables. Data was collected in the periods of August 2015, January and July of 2016, with questionnaires being applied to the population simultaneously to the collection of meteorological data. Results point to the influence of regional climatic characteristics over the thermal comfort of interviewed individuals, through the direct effects of regional climatic conditions. The influence of gender in thermal comfort responses was confirmed, as well as physiological aspects such as Body Mass Index and age group, in the thermal preference of interviewed individuals. This study also made it possible to calibrate different human thermal comfort classes for the different comfort indexes used in the area of study. Four human thermal comfort indexes were proposed based on environmental, subjective and individual local variables. One index was calculated for Summer, another for Winter, and a third index was developed for both seasons. A fourth index was also calculated for both seasons but using only air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed as variables. Lastly, the spatial representativeness and scale extrapolation of the results for one of the developed models were evaluated statistically in order to propose its validation to the regional climatic scale. Results present the evaluation of human thermal comfort and environmental, subjective and individual variables, as well as the development of an index suitable for both local and regional climatic scales, which provided an appropriate answer to the central hypothesis presented.
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Prado, Monica Faria de Almeida. "Conforto térmico nos edifícios das indústrias de calçados de Jaú." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/102/102131/tde-28022013-104203/.
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Este trabalho aborda o desempenho térmico obtido em edifícios industriais do setor calçadista, perante a importância em obter condições ambientais favoráveis à execução das atividades através de uma arquitetura adequada ao contexto climático. Assim, o objetivo nesta pesquisa é avaliar as condições de conforto térmico oferecidas pelos edifícios das indústrias calçadistas do município de Jaú, um importante pólo industrial do setor no interior de São Paulo. Caracterizam-se as tipologias construtivas dos edifícios quanto à geometria, materiais e sistema de ventilação. As estratégias passivas para obtenção de conforto térmico nos galpões fabris são identificadas e avaliadas utilizando as recomendações presentes na NBR 15220. Para avaliar as condições de conforto térmico, foram medidas as variáveis ambientais, sendo que a temperatura foi analisada sob condições de aceitabilidade térmica, conforme estabelecido pela ASHRAE 55-2010. Para estimar a sensação térmica dos usuários, são utilizados os índices PMV e PPD. Também foi aplicado um questionário para verificar o nível de satisfação dos funcionários com o ambiente de trabalho. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos edifícios apresenta uma tipologia semelhante, com geometria retangular e ventilação realizada através de esquadrias nas fachadas. A ausência de diversas estratégias passivas resulta em um edifício com baixa inércia térmica e vulnerável às condições climáticas externas, sendo que em períodos quentes a temperatura interna foi superior a 30ºC, e em períodos frios inferior a 15ºC. A sensação térmica dos usuários na maior parte do período do expediente corresponde ao desconforto térmico para o calor, principalmente no período vespertino, sendo que a porcentagem de insatisfeitos ultrapassa 80%. Deste modo, há necessidade de otimizar a adoção de estratégias passivas, para proporcionar melhores condições térmicas de trabalho. Para isto, são indicadas soluções simples, que propiciam melhorias ao desempenho térmico dos edifícios, exemplificando: o uso de sistemas que possibilitem o resfriamento evaporativo e ampliação das áreas de aberturas destinadas à ventilação do edifício.This paper discusses the thermal performance obtained in industrial buildings in the footwear sector, given the importance of obtaining favorable environmental conditions for the execution of activities through an architecture suited to the climate context. Thus, the objective of this research is to evaluate the thermal comfort conditions provided by the buildings of the footwear industries of Jaú city, an important industrial pole. It is characterized the typologies of building\'s construction regarding its geometry, materials and ventilation system. The passive strategies for achieving thermal comfort in the factory sheds are identified and evaluated using the recommendations present in the NBR 15220. To evaluate the thermal comfort conditions it was measured the environmental variables, and the temperature was examined under conditions of thermal acceptability, as established by ASHRAE 55-2010. In order to estimate the thermal sensation of the users, the PMV and PPD indices were used. Also, a questionnaire was applied in order to check the level of employee satisfaction with the working environment. The results show that most of the buildings presents a typology similar with a rectangular geometry and ventilation obtained through frames at the facades. The absence of different passive strategies results in a building with a low thermal inertia and vulnerable to the external weather conditions, and in hot periods, the internal temperature was above 30°C, and during colder periods it was lower than 15°C. The thermal sensation of users in most of the period of the working shift matches the thermal discomfort to the heat, especially in the afternoon, and the percentage of discontentment exceeds 80%. This way, there is a need to optimize the adoption of passive strategies, to provide better thermal conditions of work. For this purpose, simple solutions that provide improvements to the thermal performance of buildings are given, examples: the use of systems which allows evaporative cooling and expansion of openings areas for the ventilation of the building.
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Abboud, Abou Jaoude Rachelle. "Développement d’une nouvelle approche d’évaluation du confort dans le contexte des véhicules électriques connectés." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM059.
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Le confort thermique des conducteurs et des passagers dans les compartiments de la voiture est un sujet qui redevient d’actualité avec l'électrification des véhicules. En fait, les systèmes de climatisation et de chauffage peuvent réduire l'autonomie des véhicules électriques jusqu'à 50% dans certaines conditions. D'autre part, les modèles de représentation des personnes les plus utilisés sont encore ceux qui considèrent une personne moyenne standard. De nombreuses études ont montré les limites de ces modèles dans la prévision du confort thermique de différentes populations dans des environnements complexes. Par conséquent, si un confort thermique personnel correspondant à une consommation minimale d’énergie du véhicule est requis, il convient d’accorder une attention particulière à la compréhension de l’individualisation du modèle thermo-physiologique et à l’identification des paramètres clés ayant le plus d’influence sur le confort thermique. Une procédure d’individualisation a été exposée suivi d’une validation expérimentale du modèle personnalisé. La prise en compte des caractéristiques individuelle améliore la prédiction du modèle de 20% en moyenneThermal comfort of drivers and passengers inside cars compartments is a subject bouncing back to the spotlight with the electrification of vehicles. In fact, air conditioning and heating systems can reduce the battery autonomy of electric vehicles by up to 50% under certain conditions. On the other hand, the most used thermo-physiological models nowadays are still those that consider a standard average person. Many studies showed the limitations of these models in predicting thermal comfort for different populations in complex environments. Therefore, if a personal thermal comfort at minimum vehicle energy consumption is required, a deep consideration should be given to the understanding of the individualization of the thermo-physiological model and to identifying key parameters that have the most influence on thermal comfort. An individualization procedure followed by an experimental validation of the customized model is presented. Considering individual characteristics was shown to improve the model by 20% on average
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Toma, Róbert. "Metodika pro testování prostředí v kabině osobního vozu s využitím tepelného manekýna a testovacích osob." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241679.
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In this thesis, there is processed design of test procedure for innovative HVAC system. This design was created in consecutive phases with use of thermal manikin Newton and climate chamber. Correlation between data from thermal manikin and tests subjects and possible design changes were evaluated after each phase. There are mentioned basics of human thermoregulation, factors which affect thermal comfort and ways in which is possible to measure and rate it with use of thermal comfort scales and comfort zones diagram. The thesis includes survey for testing thermal comfort and scales which are used to complete it. In the end, we mentioned some results alongside with our approach in evaluation of correlation between thermal manikin and test. There is also final design of test procedure for innovative HVAC system which would be used for its calibration and final functionality testing.
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Fojtlín, Miloš. "Assesment of the Thermal Environment in Vehicular Cabins." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-408012.
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Ľudia žijúci vo vyspelých krajinách trávia väčšinu svojho života vo vnútorných prostrediach budov alebo dopravných prostriedkov. Z tohto dôvodu, záujem o výskum kvality vnútorných prostredím rastie, pričom hlavný dôraz je kladený na oblasti výskumu ľudského zdravia, produktivity a komfortu. Jedným z faktorov ovplyvňujúci kvalitu prostredí je ich tepelný aspekt, ktorý je najčastejšie popísaný teplotou vzduchu, radiačnou teplotou, vlhkosťou vzduchu a rýchlosťou prúdenia vzdu-chu. Zatiaľ čo tieto parametre je možné riadiť systémom pre vykurovanie, vetranie a klimatizáciu nezávisle na počasí, takéto zariadenia sa podieľajú na vysokej spotrebe energie a značnej uhlíkovej stope. V prostediach kabín áut a dopravných prostriedkov je riadenie parametrov tepelného prostredia komplikované z dôvodu ich asymetrickej a časovo premenlivej povahy. Táto situácia je obzvlášť kritická vo vozidlách na elektrický pohon s vlastnou batériou, kde je energia na úpravu vnútornej mikroklímy čerpaná na úkor dojazdu vozidla. Pre uvedené dôvody sa hľadajú nové, en-ergeticky účinnejšie spôsoby pre úpravu tepelných prostredí a zabezpečenia tepelného komfortu. Jedným z potenciálnych riešení sú zariadenia dodávajúce človeku teplo alebo chlad lokálne, ako napríklad vyhrievané a vetrané sedadlá a sálavé panely. Vzhľadom na to, že experimentálny výskum vnútorných prostredí je náročný s ohľadom na čas a potrebné vybavenie, trendy výskumu vplyvov takýchto zariadení na človeka smerujú k optimalizačným úlohám vo virtuálnych prostrediach pomocou modelov ľudksej termofyziológie a tepelného pocitu/komfortu. Avšak pre spoľahlivé výsledky modelovania sú potrebné presné vstupné parametre definujúce prostredie, odev, vplyv povrchov v kontakte s človekom (napríklad sedadlá) a pôsobenie systémov na lokálnu úpravu mikroklímy. Cieľom tejto dizertačnej práce je vytvorenie metodológie na hodnotenie tepelných prostredí v kabínach automobilov s ohľadom na pozíciu v sede a využitím technológii na lokálnu úpravu tepelných prostredí. Jedným z požiadavkov na takúto metodológiu je jej aplikovateľnosť vo virtuálnych ale aj reálnych prostrediach. V prípade hodnotenia reálnych prostredí, cieľom je vytvorenie demonštrátora, ktorý by bol využiteľný ako spätná väzba pre riadenie systémov pre úpravu mikroklímy na základe požadovaného tepeleného pocitu. Validita uvedenej metodológie bola demonštrovaná v typických podmienkach kabín automobilov (5–41 °C) a poznatky z tejto práce sú prenesiteľné do širokého spektra inžinierkych aplikácii. V oblasti osobnej dopravy a pracovných prostredí s vyššou tepelnou záťažou je táto metóda užitočná pre identifikáciu možných zdrojov diskomfortu. Navyše je táto metóda vhodná i pre rýchlo rastúci segment elektrických vozidiel, kde je možné sledovať tok energie potrebnej na dosiahnutie určitej úrovne komfortu a riešenie optimalizačných úloh za účelom úspory energie a predĺženie dojazdu. Obdobné aplikácie možno nájsť i v budovách a prostrediach s podobnými charakteristikami.
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El, Kadri Mohamad. "Modèle thermo-neurophysiologique du corps humain pour l'étude du confort thermique en conditions climatiques hétérogènes et instationnaires." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS006.
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Dans ces travaux de thèse, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle de thermorégulation du corps humain basé sur la neurophysiologie et nommé Neuro Human Thermal Model (NHTM). Il est dédié à prédire les variables physiologiques dans des environnements instationnaires et hétérogènes. De plus, ce modèle est couplé au modèle de confort thermique de Zhang pour prédire la sensation et le niveau de confort thermique des occupants dans les espaces intérieurs. Le système passif du modèle NHTM est basé sur celui du modèle de Wissler. Ce système est couplé à un système actif basé sur les signaux des thermorécepteurs. Le système passif consiste en 21 cylindres représentants les segments du corps humain. Chaque élément est divisé en 21 couches dont 15 pour les tissus et 6 pour les vêtements. Puis, chaque couche est divisée en 12 secteurs angulaires. Le modèle NHTM calcule la production de chaleur par le métabolisme, le transfert de chaleur par conduction entre les tissus et les échanges de chaleur par convection et rayonnement entre le corps et l’environnement. Le système actif calcule les mécanismes physiologiques grâce aux signaux des thermorécepteurs cutanés et centraux. Ces signaux sont calculés par le modèle de Mekjavic et Morrisson qui ont développé également le modèle de frissonnement utilisé dans le modèle NHTM. Le débit sanguin cutané est calculé par le modèle de Kingma. Par manque de données expérimentales, le modèle de sudation est basé sur l’approche du signal d’erreur des températures cutanée et centrale. Une comparaison a été effectuée entre le modèle de sudation de Wissler et celui de Fiala et al. Au vu des résultats obtenus, ce dernier a été retenu. Le modèle NHTM est en capacité de pouvoir simuler plusieurs types de populations. Pour ce faire, une analyse de sensibilité a été effectuée, grâce à la méthode de Morris, sur les paramètres des systèmes passif et actif pour déterminer les paramètres les plus influents. Ensuite, afin d’optimiser le modèle NHTM, un algorithme génétique a été utilisé pour déterminer le vecteur des paramètres qui correspond à la population des expérimentations de Munir et al. Les résultats ainsi obtenus ont été comparés aux modèles développés par différents auteurs et ont montré que le modèle NHTM est le plus performant dans la très grande majorité des cas. Le modèle NHTM a été couplé au modèle de Zhang pour pouvoir calculer la sensation et le confort thermique. Le modèle de Zhang a été choisi pour sa capacité à calculer les sensations et les niveaux de confort thermique locaux qui correspondent aux segments du corps humain dans des environnements hétérogènes. Il est aussi capable de calculer ces réponses lors des transitions thermiques. Ce modèle effectue le calcul grâce aux sorties du modèle NHTM à savoir les températures cutanées et de l’œsophageIn this thesis, we have developed a new thermoregulation model of the human body based on neurophysiology called Neuro Human Thermal Model (NHTM). It is dedicated to predict physiological variables in asymmetric transient environments. In addition, it is coupled with Zhang’s thermal comfort model to predict the sensation and the thermal comfort of the occupants in indoor spaces.The passive system of the NHTM model is based on that of the Wissler model. This passive system is coupled to an active system based on the signals of thermoreceptors. The passive system is segmented into 21 cylinders which represent the segments of the human body. Each element is divided into 21 layers, in which 15 for tissues and 6 for clothing. Then, each layer is divided into 12 angular sectors. The NHTM model simulates the heat production by metabolism, heat transfer by conduction within the tissues and heat exchange by convection and radiation between the body and the surrounding. The active system simulates physiological mechanisms thanks to signals of central and peripheral thermoreceptors. These signals are calculated by the model of Mekjavic and Morrisson who also developed the shivering model. The skin blood flow is calculated by the Kingma model. We could not develop a sweating model based on the signals of thermoreceptors since experimental data are not available. A comparison was made between the sweating model of Wissler and that of Fiala et al. and the last one was chosen.The NHTM model is able to simulate several types of population. This was done by a sensitivity analysis carried out, using the Morris method, on the parameters of the passive and active systems to find the most influential parameters. Then, an optimization of the NHTM model was done to determine the vector of the parameters which corresponds to the subjects of the experiments of Munir et al. using a genetic algorithm. The obtained results were compared to the models developed by several authors and showed that the NHTM model is the most efficient in most cases.The NHTM model has been coupled to the Zhang model to assess the sensation and thermal comfort. Zhang's model was chosen for its ability to assess local sensations and thermal comfort levels in non-uniform transient environments. Zhang’s model performs the calculation using the NHTM model outputs, namely the skin and esophagus temperatures
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Gomes, Adriana Dias. "Relações entre preferências térmicas humanas no interior de edificações e as temperaturas externas: um estudo sobre o método adotado na norma AHSRAE 55-2004." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2007. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4621.
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Previous issue date: 2007-03-09Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Thermal comfort is specifically related to thermal behavior in response to both indoor and outdoor air temperature. Human thermal acceptability to climate changes and its effects depend on several aspects. It relies not only on local climatic conditions, but also on personal traits which can interfere seriously with thermal preferences as well as with someone s mental and physical performance. The combination of these factors determines the human thermal acceptability and the satisfaction degree in relation to a specific environment. The more those conditions vary, the higher the percentage of dissatisfied people with an environment is, due to personal requirements of each person. Thus, meeting those expectations of thermal comfort, considering people s needs and limitations, has been an important subject of studies in this field highlighting its importance when planning, designing, and constructing a building. Therefore, human thermal preferences and thermal sensations to hot and cold environments are essential information to various activity sectors because comfort and human performances depend directly on environmental thermal conditions. Since architecture, mainly buildings, is intended for humans, it can be said that it should satisfy its occupants, regarding local climate conditions. In order to have this, it s necessary to determine the comfort temperatures in which people develop better their work activities, optimizing their mental, physical, and intellectual well being. This research consists of a theoretical analytical study of the international large database, compiled by ASHRAE (1997), combining climate conditions with human thermal preferences and sensations. The methodology used by Richard De Dear (1997) in the RP-884 ASHRAE s project was the probit procedure using SAS software, release 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1999) to the optimum temperatures obtained, and linear regression to the acceptable comfort limits of the population studied. The comfort limits obtained demonstrate the ratio between occupants comfort temperature and the outdoor temperature, featuring fluctuations of 80% to 90% of thermal acceptability in well-ventilated buildings. The aim of this study is to interpret the method adopted by Richard De Dear (1997) and apply it to the data resulting from the large ASHRAE (2004) Database to understand how the comfort temperatures (optimum temperatures) and the thermal acceptability were obtained for a group of people under predetermined indoor thermal conditions in well- ventilated buildings. The Probit analysis indicates the optimum temperature is 25ºC approximated, exactly 0,5 probability responses, that is, 50% interviewees. In the face the obtained results, it s succeeded the Probit analysis applicability has a great efficacy method to binary variable probability study and determination, which points out two interesting situations to research
O termo conforto térmico abrange muitos fatores do comportamento térmico subjetivo na relação com o clima interno e externo. A aceitabilidade térmica do homem aos efeitos do clima depende de vários aspectos, não só das condições climáticas do local, mas também de fatores pessoais que podem interferir significativamente nas suas preferências térmicas, bem como no rendimento físico e mental do seu organismo. A interação destes dois grupos de fatores determina o grau de satisfação e aceitabilidade térmica do homem em relação a um determinado ambiente. Quanto maior a variação destas condições, maior será a porcentagem de insatisfeitos em um ambiente, devido às exigências pessoais de cada indivíduo. Assim, atender as expectativas do homem em relação ao conforto térmico, considerando suas necessidades e limitações, tem sido um dos focos de estudos nesta área, que destaca a importância do tema no planejamento, projeto e execução de edificações. As sensações e preferências térmicas humanas em relação ao calor e ao frio, portanto, constituem informação indispensável para inúmeros setores de atividades, pois o conforto e o desempenho humano dependem diretamente das condições térmicas dos ambientes. Sendo a arquitetura, em particular o edifício, feito para o homem, conclui-se que este deve atender satisfatoriamente ao usuário, dentro das condições climáticas locais. Para isto, é necessário conhecer as temperaturas de conforto sob as quais o homem melhor desenvolve suas atividades de trabalho, otimizando seu bem-estar físico, intelectual e mental. Esta pesquisa consiste em um estudo teórico analítico da ampla base internacional de dados, compilada pela ASHRAE (1997), relacionando condições climáticas do ar e sensações e preferências térmicas humanas. A metodologia utilizada por Richard De Dear (1997) no projeto ASHRAE RP-884 foi o procedimento probit no software SAS, versão 8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA, 1999) para as temperaturas preferidas obtidas, e de regressão linear para os limites de conforto aceitáveis pela população avaliada. Estes limites de conforto resultantes expressam a relação entre temperatura de conforto do usuário e temperatura externa do ar, apresentando variações de 80% e 90% de aceitabilidade térmica, em edifícios naturalmente ventilados. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é interpretar o método adotado por De Dear (1997) e aplicá-lo nos dados obtidos da ampla Base de Dados da ASHRAE (2004), como fim de entender como foram obtidas as temperaturas de conforto (temperaturas preferidas) e a aceitabilidade térmica de pessoas submetidas a determinadas condições térmicas internas, em ambientes naturalmente ventilados. Os resultados da análise Probit mostram que a temperatura preferida é aproximadamente 25ºC, a exatamente 0,5 de probabilidade de respostas, ou seja, 50% dos entrevistados. Diante dos resultados obtidos, verificou-se a aplicabilidade da análise Probit, como um método de grande eficácia para o estudo e a determinação de probabilidades de variáveis binárias, as quais apontam duas situações de interesse para a pesquisa
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Kabanshi, Alan. "Experimental study of an intermittent ventilation system in high occupancy spaces." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23754.
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Spaces with high occupancy density like classrooms are challenging to ventilate and use a lot of energy to maintain comfort. Usually, a compromise is made between low energy use and good Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ), of which poor IEQ has consequences for occupants’ health, productivity and comfort. Alternative strategies that incorporate elevated air speeds can reduce cooling energy demand and provide occupant’s comfort and productivity at higher operative temperatures. A ventilation strategy, Intermittent Air Jet Strategy (IAJS), which optimizes controlled intermittent airflow and creates non-uniform airflow and non-isothermal conditions, critical for sedentary operations at elevated temperatures, is proposed herein. The primary aim of the work was to investigate the potential of IAJS as a ventilation system in high occupancy spaces. Ventilation parameters such as air distribution, thermal comfort and indoor air quality are evaluated and the system is compared with a traditional system, specifically, mixing ventilation (MV). A 3-part research process was used: (1) Technical (objective) evaluation of IAJS in-comparison to MV and displacement ventilation (DV) systems. (2) An occupant response study to IAJS. (3) Estimation of the cooling effect under IAJS and its implications on energy use. All studies were conducted in controlled chambers. The results show that while MV and DV creates steady airflow conditions, IAJS has cyclic airflow profiles which results in a sinusoidal temperature profile around occupants. Air distribution capability of IAJS is similar to MV, both having a generic local air quality index in the occupied zone. On the other hand, the systems overall air change rate was higher than a MV. Thermal comfort results suggest that IAJS generates comfortable thermal climate at higher operative temperatures compared to MV. Occupant responses to IAJS show an improved thermal sensation, air quality perception and acceptability of indoor environment at higher temperatures as compared to MV. A comparative study to estimate the cooling effect of IAJS shows that upper HVAC setpoint can be increased from 2.3 – 4.5 oC for a neutral thermal sensation compared to a MV. This implies a substantial energy saving potential on the ventilation system. In general, IAJS showed a potential for use as a ventilation system in classrooms while promising energy savings.Lokaler där många människor vistas, som t.ex. klassrum, är ofta svåra att ventilera. Att upprätthålla en bra termisk komfort kräver en hög energianvändning. Vanligtvis blir det en kompromiss mellan låg energianvändning och bra kvalitet på inomhusmiljön (IEQ). Dålig IEQ får konsekvenser för människors hälsa, produktivitet och komfort. Alternativa ventilationsstrategier, som använder förhöjda lufthastigheter, kan minska kylbehovet och därmed energianvändningen. I denna avhandling utvärderas en ny ventilationsstrategi, Intermittenta luftstrålar (IAJS), där korta perioder med hög lufthastighet genererar en svalkande effekt, när rummets temperatur upplevs som för hög. Det primära syftet med arbetet var att undersöka potentialen hos IAJS som ett ventilationssystem för klassrum, där den termiska lasten ofta är hög. Strategin jämförs mot traditionella ventilationsprinciper som omblandande ventilation (MV) och deplacerande ventilation (DV). Parametrar som luftdistributionsindex, termisk komfort, luftkvalitet och energibesparing har utvärderats. Alla studier utfördes i klimatkammare. Resultaten visar att medan MV och DV skapar konstanta luftflödesförhållanden genererar IAJS cykliska hastighetsprofiler samt en sinusformad temperaturvariation i vistelsezonen. IAJS klarar att bibehålla ett bra termiskt klimat vid högre operativa temperaturer jämfört med MV. I en jämförelse med ett traditionellt HVAC-system visar beräkningar att dess börvärde kan höjas från 2.3 till 4.5 °C med bibehållen termisk komfort. Detta indikerar en avsevärd energibesparingspotential vid användande av IAJS.
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Huynh, Kien Khanh. "Human Thermal Comfort." MSSTATE, 2001. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-04092001-135104/.
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The purpose of this research is to investigate human comfort criteria under steady-state conditions as a function of ambient air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, level of activity, and clothing insulation. Since the current ASHRAE Standard 55-1994 is for sedentary activity, this study will consider relative humidity (20% to 65%), dry bulb temperature (73 oF to 82 oF), air velocity (30 fpm and 50 fpm), and sedentary-to-moderate activity. The mean radiant temperature will be taken to be the same as the ambient air temperature. The experimental results collected at the Kansas State University Environmental Test Chamber are compared with the Fanger (1982) thermal comfort model and with ASHRAE Standard 55-1994. The experimental study results agreed well with ASHARE Standard 55-1994 for 1-met activity level (sedentary), and the thermal comfort for 1-met activity level was predicted with reasonable accuracy by Fanger?s (1982) Model. For 2.3 met activity level, the experimental results did not agree with ASHRAE Standard 55-1994 or the Fanger Model predictions.
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Cakir, Cagri. "Assessing Thermal Comfort Conditions." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607936/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental design parameters on thermal comfort conditions in the METU Faculty of Architecture Building located
in Ankara.
The building had some problems in terms of indoor climatic conditions, both in winter and in summer. It was evident that some design parameters caused this undesirable situation. The study therefore focused on understanding and evaluating
the effects of design-dependent elements such as thermal mass, the size and orientation of windows, shading and vegetation on thermal comfort conditions in the case study building. While conducting this study, data loggers were used to record temperature and humidity data in predetermined rooms. Data was collected during certain periods in July, August, and September 2006.
The data collected was analyzed statistically and hypotheses were tested using ANOVA. This study showed that the effect of thermal mass was almost the same for the rooms investigated owing to the fact that the entire building had been constructed with concrete curtain walls. In terms of thermal performance the number and orientation of the exterior walls, orientation and size of windows, room heights and also sun shading with surrounding vegetation were most effective design parameters for the rooms investigated
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Qiao, Zhou. "Thermal comfort in vehicles." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17422.
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Kranz, Jürgen. "Intelligent automotive thermal comfort control." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1435.
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Mobility has become a substantial part in our society. Since we spend a lot of our available time on the road, we expect the automotive environment to provide similar comfort levels than residential buildings. Within this context, this research thesis especially focuses on automotive thermal comfort control. The automotive cabin is a very special environment, which is characterized by extreme inhomogeneity and overall transient behavior. Thermal comfort is a very vague and a very subjective term, which depends on physiological and psychological variables. Theories for thermal comfort in transient environments have not been fully established yet and researchers are still busy with its investigation. At present, automotive industry relies on extensive thermal comfort models, manikins and powerful simulation tools to assess and control thermal comfort. This thesis studies the application of artificial intelligence and proposes a blackbox approach which aims for extracting thermal comfort knowledge directly from human's interaction with the HVAC controls. This methodology avoids the use of human physiological and psychological thermal comfort models and does not require any a-priori knowledge. A novel comfort acquisition tool has been developed and has been integrated into a research vehicle in order to gather the required data for system learning. Data has been collected during spring, autumn and summer conditions in Southern Africa. Methods of data mining have been applied and an intelligent implementation using artificial neural networks has been proposed. The achieved results are promising and allow for about 87 perecent correct classification. It is concluded that methods of artificial intelligence perform well and are far superior compared to conventional approaches. These methods can be used as a powerful tool for the development process of vehicle air-conditioning controls and have great potential for time and cost reduction.
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Khodakarami, Jamal. "Achieving thermal comfort in Iranian hospitals." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445191.
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Abdulshukor, Abdulmalik Bin. "Human thermal comfort in tropical climates." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294561.
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Nikolopoulou, Maria-Heleni. "Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397141.
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Alhajj, Assaf Salim. "Innovative nanostructured textiles for thermal comfort." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I012.
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Au cours des dix dernières années, les nanostructures photoniques ont représenté un paradigme pour le contrôle des radiations thermiques, offrant un panel de propriétés passionnantes pour les applications énergétiques. En raison de leurs capacités à contrôler et à gérer les ondes électromagnétiques à l'échelle de la longueur d'onde dans l’infrarouge moyen (Mid-IR), les nanostructures photoniques ont démontré leur capacité à gérer les propriétés des radiations thermiques d'une manière radicalement différente des émetteurs thermiques conventionnels. Les progrès fondamentaux du contrôle du rayonnement thermique ont conduit à différentes applications dans le domaine de l'énergie, comme les dispositifs thermophotovoltaïques ou à travers le concept de refroidissement radiatif diurne pour diminuer passivement la température des installations terrestres. Récemment, un autre domaine d'application est apparu dans le contrôle du rayonnement thermique, avec l'introduction de nanostructures photoniques dans les textiles. Le but de la thèse est d’étudier différentes membranes photoniques passives qui modulent le rayonnement optique du corps humain dans l’IR moyen pour assurer la thermorégulation individuelle. Pour cela, nous avons étudié les propriétés optiques de membranes polymères, en fonction de leur structuration. Nous avons montré que la membrane photonique est capable de moduler l'amplitude de transmission de 28% au profit ou au dépend de l'absorption et de la réflexion. Nous avons déterminé le bilan thermique entre le corps humain et le milieu environnant à travers la membrane photonique, en tenant compte des mécanismes de rayonnement, de convection et de conduction. Nous avons trouvé que la température de la peau est supérieure de presque 2 °C lorsque le corps humain est revêtu d'une membrane photonique structurée. Cette étude a été réalisée à partir de calculs analytiques et de codes de simulation numérique par la méthode des éléments finis (FEM). L’étude numérique a été accompagnée par des expériences de fabrication en salle blanche à l’IEMN et de caractérisation par spectroscopie infra rouge (FTIR) à l’école d’ingénieur HEIFor the past ten years, photonic nanostructures have represented a paradigm for the control of thermal radiations, offering a panel of exciting properties for energy applications. Because of their abilities to control and manage electromagnetic waves at the Mid-Infrared (Mid-IR) wavelength scale, photonic nanostructures demonstrate their ability to manage thermal radiations properties in a way drastically different from conventional thermal emitters. The fundamental advances in controlling thermal radiation led to different applications in the energy domain, as thermo photovoltaic devices or through the concept of daytime radiative cooling to passively decrease the temperature of terrestrial structures. Recently, another field of application has appeared in the thermal radiation control, with the introduction of photonic nanostructures in textiles for personal thermoregulation. The goal of the thesis is to study different passive photonic membranes that modulate the human body optical radiations in the Mid-IR for personal thermoregulation. We have investigated the optical properties of different polymer membranes, considering the effect of their structuration. We showed that a photonic crystal membrane is able to modulate the transmission coefficient by 28% in benefit or deficit of both the absorption and reflection. We analyzed the thermal balance between the human body and the indoor environment through the photonic membrane, considering the radiation, convection and conduction mechanisms. We found that the temperature of the skin is almost 2°C higher when the human body is clothed with a structured membrane. The study was carried out on analytical calculations and numerical simulation with the help of the finite element method (FEM). The numerical study was supported by experiments in fabrication in the IEMN cleaning room and in characterization by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) at the HEI engineering school
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Heidari, Shahin. "Thermal comfort in Iranian courtyard housing." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10239/.
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This thesis investigated thermal comfort for naturally ventilated housing in Iran with special reference to Ilam. An important aim was to establish the neutral temperature and the acceptable range of environmental conditions for Dam people in their houses. The methodology used for this aIm was field studies. These studies were divided into two parts- one in the hot season and the other in the cool season. The results showed a good relationship between neutral temperature and mean indoor temperature and also between outdoor temperature and neutral temperature. The indoor comfort temperature (Tn), which is dependent on outdoor temperature (Tom), could be found from the following equation: Tn = 17.3 + 0.36 Tom The findings of the study revealed that the Ilam people could achieve comfort at higher indoor air temperatures compared with the recommendations by international standards like ISO 7730. The results also showed that passive systems as a main comfort strategy could be applied to housing design in Ilam. By using the results of this study, strategies to minimise housing energy consumption, not only for Ilam but also for other regions, which have similar climates and cultures to Ilam, can be proposed.
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Jamal, Goran A. "A quantitative study of thermal sensation in man." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1986. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4852/.
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Nasrollahi, Nazanin. "Thermal environments and occupant thermal comfort in Iranian office buildings." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.445202.
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Matthews, Jane. "Thermal comfort in the havelis of Jaisalmer." Thesis, University of East London, 2000. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/1252/.
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This thesis provides a detailed case study of the havelis of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. Jaisalmer was selected as the study area not only because of the abundance and richness of the havelis in this region, but also because of the extreme nature of the climate in and around the area. In addition, the haveli has the added advantage of being a high-density urban form; economically and ecologically significant in the context of India's rapidly expanding urban population and associated energy and environmental crisis. Environmental data was collected in and around two havelis within the fort, over a period of twelve months, focusing on the larger of the two monitored buildings, Hotel Suraj. In addition a short transverse comfort survey was conducted on the streets of Jaislamer, and subsequently evaluated in the wider context of accepted adaptive model comfort prediction equations. The results of the survey are applied to the assessment of the collected environmental data, in terms of predicted occupant thermal comfort. The relationship between indoor and outdoor temperature is examined in detail and an attempt made to develop indoor temperature prediction equations for each of four long term monitored zones in Hotel Suraj. With all results revealing mass as the governing factor for the modification of climate in the havelis, a substantial portion of this thesis is subsequently focused on developing methodologies for determining the decrement factor and time lag of indoor zones in relation to outdoors. A new finding is the impossibility of a shift in daily temperature cycle of more than 6 hours (or 0.25 of the cycle frequency). Considerable effort has been expended on the visual presentation of data for this study. This has involved the development of two stand-alone computer programs for the presentation of thermal data, included on the CD at the end of this thesis.
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Mallick, Fuad Hassan. "Thermal comfort for urban housing in Bangladesh." Thesis, Open University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239724.
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Kotopouleas, Alexis Georgios. "Thermal comfort conditions in airport terminal buildings." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/52665/.
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Airport terminals are characteristic for the large and open spaces with diverse and transient population. They are designed predominantly as indoor spaces while the overwhelming majority is people in transient conditions. Dressing code and activity, along with dwell time and overall expectations are differentiating factors for variations in thermal requirements between passengers and staff. The diversity of spaces and the heterogeneous functions across the different terminal zones further contribute to this differentiation, which results in thermal comfort conflicts and often in energy wastage. Understanding such conflicts and the comfort requirements can improve thermal comfort conditions while reducing the energy consumed for the conditioning of these energy-intensive buildings. Through extensive field surveys, the study investigated the thermal comfort conditions in three airport terminals of different size and typology. The seasonal surveys included extensive environmental monitoring across the different terminal areas and over 3,000 questionnaire-guided interviews with passengers, staff, well-wishers and other short stay visitors. The findings demonstrate a preference for a different thermal environment than the one experienced and that thermal neutrality lies at lower temperatures. The comfort requirements for passengers and staff are evaluated and shown to differ significantly. Neutral temperature for passengers is lower by 0.6 - 3.9 °C. In accordance with the neutrality discrepancies, passengers prefer cooler temperatures than staff by 0.4 - 2.0 °C. Employees have limited adaptive capacity that leads in a narrower comfort zone, whereas passengers consistently demonstrate higher tolerance of the thermal environment and a wider range of comfort temperatures. Furthermore, the findings highlight the complex nature of thermal comfort in airport terminals, where the desired thermal state for more than half the occupants is other than neutral and a multitude of design and operational characteristics influence the indoor environment.
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Kazkaz, Mohammad. "Compact Sensors for Evaluation the Thermal Comfort." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-364619.
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Teplota vzduchu je nejčastěji používaná k posouzení tepelného stavu vnitřního prostředí. Avšak teplota vzduchu sama o sobě, je v mnoha případech pro toto posouzení nedostatečná. Hlavním cílem disertační práce je vyhodnotit tepelný stav vnitřního prostředí a specifikovat parametry, které na něj mají vliv. Teplota vzduchu, střední radiantní teplota, rychlost vzduchu a vlhkost vzduchu jsou čtyři základní parametry, které určují tepelný stav vnitřního prostředí. Vzhledem k tomu, že tepelný stav prostředí závisí na mnoha aspektech, byly odvozeny veličiny, které zahrnují kombinovaný účinek několika nebo všech těchto parametrů k určení tepelného stavu prostředí. Jedná se např. o efektivní teplotu, teplotu kulového teploměru, operativní teplotu, ekvivalentní teplotu, PMV a PPD indexy... aj. V dnešní době existuje spousta vysoce přesných senzorů, které mohou zhodnotit tepelný stav vnitřního prostředí. Z důvodu jejich vysoké ceny jsou používané převážně pro účely výzkumu. Předkládaná práce se převážně soustředí na vývoj kompaktního deskového senzoru pro vyhodnocení tepelného stavu vnitřního prostředí. Zaměřuje se hlavně na nízkou cenu senzoru společně s dostatečnou přesností. K dosažení cíle této práce jsou provedeny následující postupy: • Analýza environmentálních faktorů ovlivňujících tepelný stav prostředí. • Studium dopadu teploty vzduchu, střední radiantní teploty a rychlosti proudění vzduchu na tepelné indexy: teplotu kulového teploměru a operativní teplotu. • Teoretické porovnání teploty kulového teploměru a operativní teploty. • Navržení, rozvoj a konstrukce nového deskového senzoru pro posouzení tepelného stavu vnitřního prostředí. • Navržení a konstrukce testovací komory pro porovnávání senzorů tepelného stavu prostředí. • Kalibrace zkonstruovaného senzoru měřením fyzikálních veličin charakterizujících tepelný stav prostředí. • Testy směrové závislosti vyvinutého deskového senzoru a porovnání s kulovým teploměrem v testovací komoře. • Srovnání teoretických řešení s provedenými měřeními v testovací komoře. Výsledkem této práce je vlastní teoretické srovnání teploty kulového teploměru a operativní teploty ve vybraném rozsahu teploty vzduchu, střední radiantní teploty a rychlosti vzduchu pro možnost hodnocení tepelného stavu vnitřního prostředí pomocí kulového teploměru. Hlavním výstupem je však navržení a zhotovení jednoduchého deskového senzoru, který by byl dostatečně přesný pro měření tepelného stavu prostředí. V rámci disertace byla postavena také testovací komora a bylo provedeno testování vyvinutého senzoru pomocí měřicího systému INNOVA.
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Kubaha, Kuskana. "Asymmetric radiant fields and human thermal comfort." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/13269.
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The main purpose of this thesis was to develop a first principles model for predicting human local thermal comfort responses to asymmetric radiation environments. The research deployed state-of-the-art computer simulation techniques to model in detail inhomogeneous short-wave and long-wave radiative heat exchanges of standing and sedentary humans. Detailed 3D human geometry models, simulation software incorporating advanced, voxelbased ray techniques and statistical regression analysis were used to accurately model human local geometry-related characteristics, i.e. projected area factors with respect to both direct and diffuse solar radiation, and view factors for individual parts of the human body. The local projected area factors with respect to direct short-wave radiation (fp,dir) were presented as functions of the solar azimuth angle (α) between 0° < α < 360° and the solar altitude (β) angles between -90° < β < +90°. In case of diffuse solar radiation from the isotropic sky the local human projected area factors (fp,dif) were modelled as a function of the ground albedo (Pg) ranging between 0 < Pg < 1. The functions were validated against available experimental data and showed good general agreement with projected area factors measured for both the human body as a whole and for local quantities. The view factors of individual body parts were modelled as functions of local projected area factors. This technique makes it possible to predict view factors between individual body parts and surrounding surfaces for almost any arbitrary geometrical configurations. Validation showed good agreement with available experimental data for both standing and sedentary humans. The detailed projected area factors and view factors developed were used in conjunction with the IESD-Fiala multi-node model of human heat transfer and thermal comfort to predict thermal responses of subjects exposed to various asymmetric radiation conditions. The extended model showed good agreement with available measured data obtained for frontal, lateral, horizontal and vertical thermal radiation asymmetries as well as for direct solar radiation. A new comfort model was developed using physiological parameters which predicts human local responses to asymmetric radiation in terms of percentage of dissatisfied due to local discomfort. Both local cold discomfort (LCD) and local warm discomfort (LWD) which are based on different physiological principles - were modelled as two separate responses. LCD was found to be a function of the sensitivity-weighted local skin temperature as related to the actual general thermal state of the human body described by the mean skin temperature. LWD was modelled as an exclusive function of local influences, i.e. the (sensitivity-weighted) local skin temperatures and the corresponding local setpoint values (referring to skin temperatures in a thermo-neutral environment of 30°C). The new model was verified and validated using various experiments in which the subjects were exposed to different types of asymmetric radiation conditions. The test showed good/acceptable level of agreement with measured data regarding the percentage of dissatisfied due to local discomfort, the location on the body where discomfort was perceived, as well as the dynamics of the local response (i.e. time dependence). The new comfort model was linked with a building simulation program to predict thermal comfort conditions in buildings. A computational procedure was developed to enable this in conjunction with ESP-r which is one of the most well known building simulation programs. The new link enables researchers to perform detailed thermal comfort analysis and occupant implications of the dynamic climate conditions in buildings with daily, monthly, seasonal and annual statistics, and facilitates to quantify the thermal comfort implications of different building designs and individual constructions.
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Ruponen, Mika Tapio. "Operation and thermal comfort provision using induction units." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507660.
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Salleh, Elias Bin. "Tropical urban outdoor environment and human thermal comfort." Thesis, Open University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387286.
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Federspiel, Clifford Conrad. "User-adaptable and minimum-power thermal comfort control." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/13223.
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Shi, Hongsen. "Building Energy Efficiency Improvement and Thermal Comfort Diagnosis." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555110595177379.
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Al-Shibami, Fuad Hamoud. "Thermal comfort and energy efficiency in Yemeni houses." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12842/.
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The question posed in this thesis is: by incorporate traditional architecture forms and design features, can new housing provide thermal comfort without the need for excessive use of air- conditioning as is the case in current new building methods and designs. There has been some evidence that the new type of housing being built in the hot areas in Yemen has inherently produced unacceptable comfort conditions resulting in a greater use of air conditioning while the traditional housing naturally provided more comfortable conditions and did not need to use air conditioning. This thesis investigated the effect of different building materials on both human comfort and energy consumption in domestic buildings in the Yemen with special reference to the City of Seiyun. The methodology used in this thesis was divided into two parts. The first part dealt with a questionnaire and building monitoring relating to the perceived thermal comfort inside three types of houses and the use of fans and/or air conditioning to maintain thermal comfort. Based on the results of this survey a computer model was calibrated and used to carry out a parametric study into the choice of building materials and architectural design to optimise the design of housing to minimise the use of air conditioning. The results of the survey indicated that occupants were more dissatisfied with their internal environment in housing constructed of concrete than in traditional housing and also they used a significant amount of air conditioning to maintain thermal comfort. The main conclusion to be drawn from this work was that it was possible to design new housing in such a way so as to reduce the demand for air conditioning and at the same time provide thermal comfort and inhabitant satisfaction with building appearance. Also one of the most effective design features was the use of a courtyard with a high thermal mass.
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黎浩然 and Ho-yin Albert Lai. "Artificial intelligence based thermal comfort control with CFD modelling." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122278X.
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Wu, Jiayi, and 吴佳诣. "Slope flows and thermal comfort for hospital natural ventilation." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45159105.
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Ahmed, Azni Zain. "Daylighting and shading for thermal comfort in Malaysian buildings." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323648.
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A study on the potential of daylighting as a source of indoor lighting in Malaysian buildings is described. Not much work has been done on daylighting in Malaysia, due to several factors. Firstly, local daylight data is unavailable and secondly, research in daylighting design is relatively new. This work is therefore aimed at providing a solid foundation in daylighting knowledge and to contribute towards the development of deSign tools and strategies for buildings in a hot, humid climate, in particular Malaysia. The work began with a survey of traditional and modern buildings to identify old and new daylighting techniques. From the daylighting point of view, recently built buildings in general, are not designed for the tropics. The bioclimatic approach was used to identify the passive strategies to keep Malaysian buildings thermally comfortable for the occupants. The Model Year Climate accurate hourly data for 8 climate parameters were produced by statistical analyses from a database of 21 years of meteorological data. A field study to determine the thermal comfort conditions of young persons in a normal working environment was also carried as part of the bioclimatic analyses. From the results of the three studies, a strategy was formulated to create a low-energy yet thermally comfortable building environment for the hot-humid region by integrating daylighting in the building design through the size of window openings and types of shading devices. The prevailing sky type in the Klang Valley was determined using solar irradiation and cloud cover data. The sky type was identified, and confirmed by four identification techniques, as predominantly intermediate. As daylight and solar irradiation share similar physical properties, hourly daylight data were modelled using solar irradiation data and luminous efficacy values. An artificial sky was designed and constructed to conduct daylighting experiments using architectural scale models. The correlation coefficient of the luminance produced by the sky simulator as compared to the intermediate sky luminance model was 0.996. This study focussed on sidelighting, which is the most common daylighting strategy in Malaysia. The daylighting performance of several window opening sizes ranging from 10% up to 40% window-to-wall ratio and several types of shading devices were investigated using the Daylight Factor Method. A suitable architectural scale model of a basic room with one removable wall, on which the fenestration systems were attached, was used for the investigations. The optimum window opening size was found to be 25% where daylight is enhanced and energy consumption for cooling load is reduced. The best shading device tested for buildings in the Malaysian climate was found to be a sloped shading device integrated with a horizontal light shelf. This device has the capability to reduce excess lighting while maintaining the required daylight levels in a normal working environment as recommended by the Malaysia Guidelines for Energy Efficiency in Buildings. The results of the daylighting performance of the fenestrations were used together with modelled exterior illuminance data to produce several daylighting design tools. Graphical tools produced to aid architects include iso-OF charts, isolux charts or daylight footprints while look-up tables and nomographs were produced for engineers. The NORMA algorithm was used to calculate the cooling loads of a simple building to demonstrate the possible energy savings as a result of applying the above daylighting strategies. It was found that at least 10% of energy could be saved by integrating daylighting in Malaysian buildings while maintaining acceptable indoor thermal comfort criteria for young Malaysians.
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Zingano, Bernard Wilson. "Effects of solar radiation on buildings and thermal comfort." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14151.
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This work was undertaken to investigate the perceived problem of Thermal Discomfort in Malawi. One observable effect of thermal discomfort was the amount of foreign exchange that was spent to import air conditioning devices. The purpose of the work was to find out, and quantify the problem of thermal discomfort and outline its effects to the people and country. In order to investigate the problem of thermal discomfort in depth in a place where the necessary data hardly existed a lot of work had to be done. The work has been outlined in four stages of research, analysis and documentation and these are as follows 1 Literature Review The subject of Thermal Comfort appears to be location specific, but the general principles are universal. In that context it was necessary to read widely on both historical and contemporary current work. The problem of thermal comfort in general was being discussed as early as 1758 and still remains a big area of research and discussion today. A considerable number of literature that specifically relate to the problem of thermal comfort in the tropics has been reviewed. The problem of scales for thermal comfort measurement has been discussed in detail. It is still not possible to quote a scale that is satisfactory. However, the recent approach of Adaptive Thermal Comfort Model seems to be closer to the answer than the others 2 Analysing Existing Relevant Information And Data In Malawi In the course of this work it was found out that quite a large amount of useful data existed in Malawi. However, this data was not standardised. Most of this data had to be cleaned and updated. Some of the old formulae are quoted in their original formats in order not to confuse the referencing. The data that exists in Malawi has been recorded on three types of instruments; namely the Gunn Bellum Spherical Pyranometer, the Camp Bell Stoke Sunshine Recorder and the Eppley Pyranometer. Most of the data was recorded using the Camp Bell Stokes Sunshine Recorder. The data recorded on the Gunn Bellum Spherical Pyranometer had to be related to that from the Camp Bell Stokes Sunshine Recorder. The former gave data that was more accurate as was found out when a comparison was made with data recorded on an Eppley Pyranometer. A paper on this subject was accepted for publication in the Renewable Energy Journal of WREN. Wind speeds, air temperatures, and humidity have been analysed to investigate the severity of thermal discomfort relative to locations in Malawi. This has resulted in the identification of three climatic zones. A tool for testing Thermal Discomfort severity of a location by calculating number Degree Days (D. d) if the altitude (AL) has been developed; as D. d = -575.994 In AL + 4226.6 3 Field Measurements In order to investigate some of the issues that came out of this work, it was felt simpler to conduct field measurements. For example it would have been possible to build typical experimental houses, and extract performance data on Thermal Comfort from these buildings. However, this approach would have been very expensive. On the other hand it was felt that it was possible to find in the field that were representative of typical buildings and could be prepared and tested to extract performance data for use in the work. The latter approach was adopted and has proved to be more realistic than the former. 4 Field Surveys There were certain areas where the only way to find information was not to conduct experiments but to conduct field conduct surveys. This was done once to find the Preferred Bath Water Temperature (PBWT) and deduce the Neutral Temperature Range for Malawi. This yielded very useful results. The first published paper on this work was in this area (copy of this publication is attached). The second area of field survey was to survey traditional buildings in seven selected districts stretching from latitude 9°S to 17°S; covering a terrestrial distance of over 1000 km; over altitudes from 52 to over 1600 metres above mean sea level (m. a. m. s. l). This again yielded very useful environmental data that explained why traditional buildings have certain structural elements as functions of the environment and the need to achieve Thermal Comfort. A number of useful equations have been developed. From that sub routine of this research of PBWT survey an equation was developed that related the bath temperature (h) to the air temperature (tab) as; tb =0.3772 tab + 36.4401. Part of this work was also published separately in 2001. From this equation the Thermal Comfort Temperature Range for Malawi was deduced as 22-27°C. From the survey of the traditional buildings, a number of structural elements were that are functions of Thermal Comfort were identified as derivatives of the desire to have Thermal Comfort in the buildings. A regression equation that can give values of irradiation of the locality in MJm 1 Day' was developed. Lastly the results have been extracted as recommendations directed at policy makers, and both Architects and Engineers to use this data and the results in their design work. It is also further recommended that the national buildings regulations could be updated and revised to incorporate some of the findings. It is strongly believed that some of the findings will be incorporated to update the two main Laws that regulate Public Health in Malawi. These are the Public Health Act; Cap. 34.01, and the Health and Safety at Work Act, 1977; of the Malawi Laws. All data that has been cleaned up or measured specifically for this work has been organised and tabulated into ready-to-use tables and are included.
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Ibrahim, Siti Halipah. "Thermal comfort in modern low-income housing in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400947.
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Ari, Seckin. "Intelligent modeling of individual thermal comfort and energy optimization." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Lai, Ho-yin Albert. "Artificial intelligence based thermal comfort control with CFD modelling /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21929555.
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Fiala, Dusan. "Dynamic simulation of human heat transfer and thermal comfort." Thesis, Online version, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.340123.
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Felgner, Felix. "Design of virtual airflow sensors for thermal comfort control." Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/992052807/04.
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Johansson, Emma. "The thermal comfort of the cockpit: A pilot's experience." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-203773.
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Saab takes great measures to ensure that the cockpit is a great working environment for the pilot. This paper aims to expand the knowledge of thermal comfort by assembling Saab’s atmosphere-, cabin and pilot-models. In order to ensure the viability of the assembled model, a qualitative study was performed with test pilots. The interviews were reduced to a few flight cases, which were tested in the assembled model to verify that the thermal discomforts that the pilots experience could be accurately predicted. Furthermore, a prediction of comfort, according to European standards, was implemented. From the interviews situations when the pilot feel discomfort could be identified, two flight cases situations and one ground case. The model simulate how the thermal environment affect the pilot, hence only the two flight cases could be analyzed. The result from the model shows the temperature in those body parts that the pilots have expressed are uncomfortable. Predicted Mean Vote, PMV, predicts comfort on a 6-degree scale, given environment parameters such as pressure and temperature. The Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied, PPD, describes the number of people, in percent, who are uncomfortable at a given PMV. These measures of comfort were used to compute the comfort in the different parts of the body. The model simulation agrees with the pilot’s experiences in some of the body parts, but not all of them. By taking the humidity into account the simulation result may be more accurate. The humidity increases the PPD value in case 2 when the humidity increases. Finally, in order to adopt the comfort analysis presented in this paper, the model had to be revised, and updated with increased detail.Saab gör stora satsningar för att säkerställa att cockpiten är en god arbetsplats för piloten. Den här rapporten syftar till att öka kunskapen om termisk komfort genom att kombinera Saabs atmosfärs-, kabin-, och pilotmodeller. För att kunna verifiera att den kombinerade modellen beskriver verkligheten genomfördes en kvalitativ studie med testpiloter. Intervjuerna reducerades till ett par flyg-scenarier, som sedan testades i den kombinerade modellen. Detta för att kunna verifiera att de upplevda obekvämligheterna kunde förutspås. Den kombinerade modellen utökades med en prediktion av bekvämligheten enligt Europeisk standard. Ur intervjuerna kunde situationer identifieras då piloterna känner termiskt obehag. Av dessa situationer är två flygfall och ett markfall, där piloten befinner sig utanför cockpit. Modellen simulerar hur piloten påverkas av den termiska miljön i kabin, på grund av detta kunde inte markfallet analyseras. Modellsimuleringen resulterade i figurer som visar temperaturen i kroppsdelar som piloterna har uttryck känns obehagliga. Predicted Mean Vote, PMV, förutspår komfort på en 6-gradig skala givet omgivningsparametrar så som tryck och temperatur. Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied, PPD, beskriver hur stor andel, i procent, som upplever obehag vid ett givet PMV. Dessa mått på komfort användes för att beräkna komforten i de olika kroppsdelarna. Modellsimuleringen av pilotkomforten stämmer överens med det piloterna nämnde till viss del. I vissa kroppsdelar stämmer det inte överens. Då modellen inte tar hänsyn till fuktighet vid beräkning av kroppstemperaturer kan detta vara en anledning till varför den inte stämmer helt. Fuktigheten påverkar PMV och PPD beräkningarna och i fall 2 visar det sig att PPD ökar med en ökad fuktighet. Slutligen, behöver modellens ses över, och detaljgraden ökas, för att den här rapportens metoder skall vara användbara vid tillverkningen av flygplan.
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Hodder, S. G. "Thermal comfort in vehicles : the effects of solar radiation." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2002. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6919.
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This thesis presents laboratory and field studies into the effects of solar radiation on the thermal comfort of vehicle occupants. Whilst, thermal comfort has been widely studied in built environments, there have been relatively few studies into thermal comfort in vehicles. Those studies that have been conducted have noted that the effect of solar radiation is considerable in these confined microclimates. The aim of this thesis was to provide baseline data for the effects of solar radiation on thermal sensation and determine how this information can be integrated to provide a method for the assessment of vehicle thermal comfort. This was achieved using a specially constructed whole body solar chamber in a series of four laboratory studies looking at different aspects of solar radiation on human thermal comfort and an extensive field trial conducted in Seville, Spain. The laboratory studies were as follows:- 1, The effect of the intensity of direct simulated solar radiation on human thermal responses. Eight male subjects were exposed to 4 different intensity solar radiation conditions. Physiological and psychological measurements were taken. It was established that a mean response to 200 Wm"2 of direct simulated solar radiation will give a thermal sensation shift of one positive scale point. 2, The effect of the spectral content of simulated solar radiation on human thermal responses. Eight male subjects were exposed to 4 different spectral radiation conditions, with the same total radiation intensity, 400 wm·2 • There was found to be no significant difference in the thermal sensation responses due to spectra. 3, The effects of glazing type on human thermal comfort responses. Eight male subjects were exposed to 4 different automotive glazings, with a fixed external solar radiation level of 1000 wm·2 • The spectral qualities of glazing can significantly effect human thermal comfort. The lower the transmission of visible radiation through the glazing, the lower the thermal sensation felt by subject in a neutral environment. 4, The effect of direct short wavelength and long wavelength radiation on human thermal comfort. Nine male subjects were exposed to short wavelength, long wavelength and combined short and long wavelength radiation. For the conditions investigated it was established that the addition of reradiation from internal components has an effect on thermal sensation when combined with direct solar radiation. However, it is not considered that it will be a major factor in a real world situation, as dashboards generally do not maintain high surface temperatures in vehicles without high air temperatures. Using the data collected in the laboratory studies a predictive model, PMV sotu, was developed which integrated directed solar radiation into an existing thermal comfort model (PMV) in the form of a factor, Rsolar· Rsolar is a correction factor for the addition of short wavelength radiation which converts actual measured solar radiation to a thermal sensation scale adjustment The PMV solar model was validated with other models in field trials conducted in Seville, Spain. Four male subjects, undertook a series of 32, one hour long experiments over 8 days, whilst travelling on a Spanish highway. Environmental, physiological and psychological measurements were taken throughout the experiments to provide data for validation of THE PMV solar model. The assessment of human thermal comfort in vehicles is complex. Variation in environmental parameters in terms of both spatial and temporal changes, make accurate prediction of thermal comfort difficult. However, the PMV solar model provides an improved level of prediction of the state of thermal comfort of the vehicle occupants, in environments which have a high solar radiation level over existing thermal indices.
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Guéritée, Julien. "Thermal comfort during and following water immersion in humans." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/thermal-comfort-during-and-following-water-immersion-in-humans(70468918-08d8-4d68-a584-35abe3ce2617).html.
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Water-based activities are often undertaken in cool water (15°C - 35°C), and can therefore result in thermal discomfort, which will affect the overall experience. In contrast with thermal comfort(TC) in air, very little research has been undertaken investigating TC in water. The studies presented in this thesis were designed to better understand the determinants of TC during and following immersion in cool water, at rest and during light physical activity.
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Efeoma, Meshack Oghenekaro. "The influence of clothing on adaptive thermal comfort : a study of the thermal comfort of office workers in hot humid conditions in Enugu, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25423.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate to what extent regulated office clothing affects the perception and adaptation of office workers to the thermal conditions surrounding their work environments, focusing on the city of Enugu in South Eastern Nigeria which has hot humid climatic conditions. Clothing, regarded as a second skin, allows us to adapt or adjust to the thermal conditions in our immediate surrounding environment. It also affects our perception of the thermal environment. In some offices however employees are expected to wear regulated clothing or uniforms, during the working day; for various corporate identity reasons. Field studies were undertaken in office spaces in Enugu involving the behavioural and environmental analysis of thermal comfort conditions in six typical case study office spaces, at the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) and Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC). The thesis adopted a mixed‐mode methodological process; combining a quantitative and qualitative approach to data collection and analysis. The field research analysis found that all office spaces analysed were in compliance with the adaptive thermal comfort component of the ASHRAE Standard 55‐2013. The results however did not comply with the adaptive thermal comfort of CEN/EN 15251‐2007. The thermal sensation component of the results suggests a neutral temperature of 28.80C, with 80% thermal satisfaction, in a comfort range of between 25.40C and 32.20C. The thermal comfort vote indicates that approximately 85% of office workers with flexible clothing policy were comfortable at that comfort range, whilst only 55% of workers who had to adhere to a strict uniform policy voted that they were comfortable. The key research findings were: Firstly, the field observations and semi-structured interviews undertaken indicated that the strict uniform policy of FRSC office workers contributed substantially to the limited adaptation of staff to their workspace thermal conditions. Also, of all the thermal variables recorded during the field survey, clothing insulation had the strongest correlations to the thermal sensation of participants in the survey compared to indoor operative temperature, outdoor air temperature, relative humidity or metabolic rate. Furthermore, it is possible for workers in naturally ventilated office buildings in the hot humid climate zone of Enugu to achieve thermal comfort in higher temperature conditions through clothing adaptation.
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Barakat, Magdi H. "Computation of indoor airflow for thermal comfort in residential buildings." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23308.
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Dullah, Abd Rahman. "Optimising the comfort in cricket helmet by thermal/moisture mapping." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570308.
Full textAbstract:
The importance of thermal comfort of a helmet related to heavy activities is considered to be the next to impact protection. Extensive research has been undertaken on the latter by introducing new materials/structures and computer simulations, including development of test standards. However, the helmet thermal comfort research is relatively limited. Therefore, there is a need to develop comprehensive testing methodology and numerical modelling to study the thermal comfort quantitatively. In this research programme, a novel test rig was developed by using microsensor technology to measure multi-point temperature and relative humidity (rH) inside a cricket helmet. The experimental tests were carried out on the limited ventilated and well ventilated cricket helmets at moderate and high ambient conditions in order to obtain the in-helmet micro climate thermal and moisture mappings. Results were presented in curve chart and contour plot formats, in which variations of the in-helmet temperature/rH and hot/wet spots could be clearly observed. Human subjective warmth and moisture sensations and comfort perception were also recorded and linked to the digital measurements of the in-helmet temperature and rH. Through such linkage, the equivalent sensation and perception indexes were established as tools to evaluate the predicted temperatures and rHs from the finite element (FE) parametric studies. Digital laser scanner was used to help the creation of 3D models of the head, helmet structure and air pocket and air channels' between the head and the helmet. The heat transfer and mass diffusion FE analyses showed reasonably good correlations of the in-helmet temperatures and rHs with the experimental results. Using validated computer models, parametric studies were carried out to cover various ventilation opening sizes, shapes and locations. The predicted in-helmet temperatures and rHs related to various ventilation opening configurations were processed to draw out the equivalent warmth/moisture sensation and comfort perception index scales. Such predicted scales were compared with the scales obtained from experimental measurements to judge whether the opening configuration is favourable to thermal comfort. The helmets with favourable opening configuration were subsequently subjected to impact modelling to evaluate their impact resistance. Finally, a helmet with optimised thermal comfort and necessary impact protection was recommended. This approach would assist the designing process of new types of helmet prior to prototype making or production. It is believed that the above approach will save a lot of man power and time and thus shorten the new product development cycle. The experimental methodology, finite element modelling and parametric study approach developed in this research programme can be used to study other types of helmet.