Journal articles: 'Semiochemicals'

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Evenden, Maya L., and Peter J. Silk. "The influence of Canadian research on semiochemical-based management of forest insect pests in Canada." Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (June 11, 2015): S170—S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.17.

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AbstractInsects use semiochemicals to mediate important behaviours such as mating, oviposition, and foraging for resources. Chemical ecology research aims to identify these message-bearing chemicals and develop synthetic copies of semiochemicals for use in integrated pest management (IPM). There has been, and continues to be, an extensive research effort to understand the chemical ecology of various insects considered to be pests of forests in Canada. Canadian chemical ecology research has had an impact on IPM of forest insect pests in Canada and around the world. Canadian researchers have been involved in the identification of semiochemicals used by forest insects and the development and implementation of semiochemical-based management tactics for forest pest management. Semiochemicals have been incorporated into forest pest management for a variety of insect taxa primarily as tools to monitor and control forest insect pests in Canada. The goals of the current review are to: (1) highlight research conducted on semiochemical-based management of forest pests in Canada; (2) discuss the current and potential uses of semiochemicals in IPM of forest pests in Canada; and (3) evaluate potential areas for increased research and implementation of semiochemicals into the management of forest pests in Canada.

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Kirk, William D. J., Willem Jan de Kogel, Elisabeth H. Koschier, and David A. J. Teulon. "Semiochemicals for Thrips and Their Use in Pest Management." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-022020-081531.

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Thrips (Thysanoptera) are small insects that can cause huge problems in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry through feeding and the transmission of plant viruses. They produce a rich chemical diversity of pheromones and allomones and also respond to a broad range of semiochemicals from plants. These semiochemicals offer many opportunities to develop new approaches to pest management. Aggregation pheromones and plant-derived semiochemicals are already available in commercial products. We review these semiochemicals and consider how we can move away from using them mainly for monitoring to using them for control. We still know very little about the behavioral responses of thrips to semiochemicals, and we show that research in this area is needed to improve the use of semiochemicals in pest management. We also propose that thrips should be used as a model system for semiochemically mediated behaviors of small insects that have limited ability to fly upwind.

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Kirk, William D. J., Willem Jan de Kogel, Elisabeth H. Koschier, and David A. J. Teulon. "Semiochemicals for Thrips and Their Use in Pest Management." Annual Review of Entomology 66, no. 1 (January 7, 2021): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-022020-081531.

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Thrips (Thysanoptera) are small insects that can cause huge problems in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry through feeding and the transmission of plant viruses. They produce a rich chemical diversity of pheromones and allomones and also respond to a broad range of semiochemicals from plants. These semiochemicals offer many opportunities to develop new approaches to pest management. Aggregation pheromones and plant-derived semiochemicals are already available in commercial products. We review these semiochemicals and consider how we can move away from using them mainly for monitoring to using them for control. We still know very little about the behavioral responses of thrips to semiochemicals, and we show that research in this area is needed to improve the use of semiochemicals in pest management. We also propose that thrips should be used as a model system for semiochemically mediated behaviors of small insects that have limited ability to fly upwind.

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Sharma, Anamika, Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi, and Gadi V. P. Reddy. "A Review of Interactions between Insect Biological Control Agents and Semiochemicals." Insects 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120439.

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Biological control agents and semiochemicals have become essential parts of the integrated pest management of insect pests over recent years, as the incorporation of semiochemicals with natural enemies and entomopathogenic microbials has gained significance. The potential of insect pheromones to attract natural enemies has mainly been established under laboratory conditions, while semiochemicals from plants have been used to attract and retain natural enemies in field conditions using strategies such as trap crops and the push–pull mechanism. The best-known semiochemicals are those used for parasitoids–insect pest–plant host systems. Semiochemicals can also aid in the successful dispersal of entomopathogenic microbials. The use of semiochemicals to disseminate microbial pathogens is still at the initial stage, especially for bacterial and viral entomopathogens. Future studies should focus on the integration of semiochemicals into management strategies for insects, for which several semiochemical compounds have already been studied. More effective formulations of microbial agents, such as granular formulations of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), along with bio-degradable trap materials, could improve this strategy. Furthermore, more studies to evaluate species-specific tactics may be needed, especially where more than one key pest is present.

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Radadiya, Ashish, and John A. Pickett. "Characterizing human odorant signals: insights from insect semiochemistry and in silico modelling." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1800 (April 20, 2020): 20190263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0263.

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Interactions relating to human chemical signalling, although widely acknowledged, are relatively poorly characterized chemically, except for human axillary odour. However, the extensive chemical ecology of insects, involving countless pheromone and other semiochemical identifications, may offer insights into overcoming problems of characterizing human-derived semiochemicals more widely. Current techniques for acquiring insect semiochemicals are discussed, particularly in relation to the need for samples to relate, as closely as possible, to the ecological situation in which they are naturally deployed. Analysis is facilitated by chromatography coupled to electrophysiological preparations from the olfactory organs of insects in vivo . This is not feasible with human olfaction, but there are now potential approaches using molecular genetically reconstructed olfactory preparations already in use with insect systems. There are specific insights of value for characterizing human semiochemicals from advanced studies on semiochemicals of haematophagous insects, which include those involving human hosts, in addition to wider studies on farm and companion animals. The characterization of the precise molecular properties recognized in olfaction could lead to new advances in analogue design and a range of novel semiochemicals for human benefit. There are insights from successful synthetic biology studies on insect semiochemicals using novel biosynthetic precursors. Already, wider opportunities in olfaction emerging from in silico studies, involving a range of theoretical and computational approaches to molecular design and understanding olfactory systems at the molecular level, are showing promise for studying human semiochemistry. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘ Olfactory communication in humans ’.

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Mweresa, Collins K., W. R. Mukabana, J. J. A. van Loon, M. Dicke, and W. Takken. "Use of semiochemicals for surveillance and control of hematophagous insects." Chemoecology 30, no. 6 (June 23, 2020): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00049-020-00317-1.

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Abstract Reliance on broad-spectrum insecticides and chemotherapeutic agents to control hematophagous insect vectors, and their related diseases is threatened by increasing insecticide and drug resistance, respectively. Thus, development of novel, alternative, complementary and effective technologies for surveillance and control of such insects is strongly encouraged. Semiochemicals are increasingly developed for monitoring and intervention of insect crop pests, but this has not been adequately addressed for hematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides an insight in the application of semiochemicals for control of hematophagous insects. Here, we provide specific information regarding the isolation and identification of semiochemical compounds, optimization approaches, detection, perception and discrimination by the insect olfactory system. Navigation of insects along wind-borne odor plumes is discussed and methods of odor application in field situations are reviewed. Finally, we discuss prospects and future challenges for the application of semiochemical-based tools with emphasis on mosquitoes. The acquired knowledge can guide development of more effective components of integrated vector management, safeguard against emerging resistance of insects to existing insecticides and reduce the burden of vector-borne diseases.

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Fischer, Andreas, Yerin Lee, T'ea Dong, and Gerhard Gries. "Know your foe: synanthropic spiders are deterred by semiochemicals of European fire ants." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 5 (May 2021): 210279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210279.

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Many ants prey on spiders, suggesting that web-building spiders may avoid micro-locations near ant colonies or frequented by foraging ants. Here we tested the hypothesis that ant-derived semiochemicals deter synanthropic spiders. To generate stimuli, we exposed filter paper for 12 h to workers of European fire ants, Myrmica rubra, black garden ants, Lasius niger, or western carpenter ants, Camponotus modoc , and then offered select urban spiders in three-chamber olfactometer bioassays a choice between ant-exposed filter paper and unexposed control filter paper. Semiochemical deposits of M. rubra , but not of L. niger or C. modoc , had a significant deterrent effect on subadults of the false black widow, Steatoda grossa, the black widow, Latrodectus hesperus , and the hobo spider, Eratigena agrestis, as well as a moderate (but statistically not significant) deterrent effect on the cross spider, Araneus diadematus . The deterrent effect caused by semiochemical deposits of M. rubra may be attributable to the aggressive nature and efficient foraging of M. rubra in its invaded North American range, exerting selection pressure on community members to recognize M. rubra semiochemicals and to avoid micro-locations occupied by M. rubra .

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Gillette, Nancy E., and Christopher J. Fettig. "Semiochemicals for bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) management in western North America: where do we go from here?" Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.61.

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AbstractThis paper is intended as an assessment of the state of knowledge and development of semiochemical methods for control of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in western North America and as a roadmap for future research and development in this field. It is based on a keynote presentation given at the symposium Managing Bark and Ambrosia Beetles with Semiochemicals, held in 2018 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, at the Joint Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, the Entomological Society of Canada, and the Entomological Society of British Columbia. We describe currently available active ingredients, formulations, and release devices. Furthermore, we describe the most urgently needed new products and techniques, and constraints to their further development. Finally, we speculate about opportunities afforded by new advances in microbial synthesis of semiochemicals, streamlining of regulatory processing, and aerial application using unmanned aerial vehicles.

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Batallas, Ronald E., and Maya L. Evenden. "Fermented or Floral? Developing a Generalized Food Bait Lure to Monitor Cutworm and Armyworm Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Field Crops." Insects 14, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14020106.

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Cutworms and armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are a pest complex in North America that cause sporadic damage in field crops on the Canadian Prairies; however, no methods have been developed to reliably monitor population densities. Food-based semiochemicals attract both sexes of adult moths and could be used to monitor multiple species with a single lure in a single trap. Here, we focus on enhancing the attractiveness of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol (AAMB) lures to redbacked cutworm (Euxoa ochrogaster) (RBC) and other noctuid pests. Experiments conducted in canola and wheat fields tested AAMB lures at different release rates, from different devices and in combination with other semiochemicals. High-release lures captured more females in canola, while low-release lures captured more males in wheat. Thus, crop volatiles may influence response to lures. Semiochemicals embedded in an inert matrix caught more RBC moths than semiochemicals released from Nalgene or polyethylene dispensers did. More RBC females were attracted to AAMB lures with 2-methyl-1-propanol than phenylacetaldehyde. Fermented volatiles appear to be a more reliable attractant than floral volatiles for these species. RBC moth antennae produced significant responses to all doses of phenylacetaldehyde tested in electroantennogram assays, but only to higher doses of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol. Physiological state of the RBC moths also influenced responsiveness to the tested semiochemical. Feeding status did not influence the antennal response to acetic acid and phenylacetaldehyde in either sex, but it increased the response to 3-methyl-1-butanol in females when fed. AAMB lures should be further developed to monitor RBC moths and other noctuid pests in field crops.

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Gaffke, Alexander M., Hans T. Alborn, Tom L. Dudley, and Dan W. Bean. "Using Chemical Ecology to Enhance Weed Biological Control." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080695.

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In agricultural systems, chemical ecology and the use of semiochemicals have become critical components of integrated pest management. The categories of semiochemicals that have been used include sex pheromones, aggregation pheromones, and plant volatile compounds used as attractants as well as repellents. In contrast, semiochemicals are rarely utilized for management of insects used in weed biological control. Here, we advocate for the benefit of chemical ecology principles in the implementation of weed biocontrol by describing successful utilization of semiochemicals for release, monitoring and manipulation of weed biocontrol agent populations. The potential for more widespread adoption and successful implementation of semiochemicals justifies multidisciplinary collaborations and increased research on how semiochemicals and chemical ecology can enhance weed biocontrol programs.

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Darathi, Deori, and Kalita Santa. "Volatile Mediated Plant-Insect Interactions: A Review." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.033.

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Semiochemicals are organic compounds (volatile and non-volatile) that allow organisms to communicate with one another. Plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one such kind of semiochemical which helps insects to localize their vital resources and a potential mate. This review highlights the ecological importance of such VOCs in the widely diverse interactions between plants and insects. Additionally, this review provides an overview of the function that plant and insect associated microbial communities play in shaping such volatile mediated interactions. Understanding volatile semiochemical-mediated interactions between plants and insects, as well as the role of accompanying microorganisms in structuring such interactions, will be crucial for designing ecologically sustainable insect pest management solutions.

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Weeks, E. N. I., J. G. Logan, S. A. Gezan, C. M. Woodcock, M. A. Birkett, J. A. Pickett, and M. M. Cameron. "A bioassay for studying behavioural responses of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) to bed bug-derived volatiles." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 1 (January 27, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485309990599.

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AbstractThe common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), has recently re-emerged in increasing numbers, distribution and intensity of infestation in many countries. Current control relies on the application of residual pesticides; but, due to the development of insecticide resistance, there is a need for new tools and techniques. Semiochemicals (behaviour and physiology modifying chemicals) could be exploited for management of bed bugs. However, in order to identify semiochemicals that can be utilised in monitoring or control, a suitable olfactometer is needed that enables the study of the responses of bed bugs to volatile chemicals. Previous studies have used olfactometers that do not separate olfactory responses from responses to physical contact. In this study, a still-air olfactometer was used to measure behavioural responses to different bed bug-derived volatiles presented in an odour pot. Bed bugs were significantly more likely to visit the area above the odour pot first, and more frequently, in the presence of volatiles from bed bug-exposed paper but not in the presence of volatiles from conspecific bed bugs. Bed bug activity was found to be dependent on the presence of the volatiles from bed bug-exposed paper, the time during the scotophase and the sex of the insect being tested. The still-air olfactometer could be used to test putative semiochemicals, which would allow an understanding of their behavioural role in bed bug ecology. Ultimately, this could lead to the identification of new semiochemical tools for bed bug monitoring and control.

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Tremblay, Émilie D., Troy Kimoto, Jean A. Bérubé, and Guillaume J. Bilodeau. "High-Throughput Sequencing to Investigate Phytopathogenic Fungal Propagules Caught in Baited Insect Traps." Journal of Fungi 5, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof5010015.

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Studying the means of dispersal of plant pathogens is crucial to better understand the dynamic interactions involved in plant infections. On one hand, entomologists rely mostly on both traditional molecular methods and morphological characteristics, to identify pests. On the other hand, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) is becoming the go-to avenue for scientists studying phytopathogens. These organisms sometimes infect plants, together with insects. Considering the growing number of exotic insect introductions in Canada, forest pest-management efforts would benefit from the development of a high-throughput strategy to investigate the phytopathogenic fungal and oomycete species interacting with wood-boring insects. We recycled formerly discarded preservative fluids from the Canadian Food Inspection Agency annual survey using insect traps and analysed more than one hundred samples originating from across Canada. Using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) HTS technology and fusion primers, we performed metabarcoding to screen unwanted fungi and oomycetes species, including Phytophthora spp. Community profiling was conducted on the four different wood-boring, insect-attracting semiochemicals; although the preservative (contained ethanol) also attracted other insects. Phytopathogenic fungi (e.g., Leptographium spp. and Meria laricis in the pine sawyer semiochemical) and oomycetes (mainly Peronospora spp. and Pythium aff. hypogynum in the General Longhorn semiochemical), solely associated with one of the four types of semiochemicals, were detected. This project demonstrated that the insect traps’ semiochemical microbiome represents a new and powerful matrix for screening phytopathogens. Compared to traditional diagnostic techniques, the fluids allowed for a faster and higher throughput assessment of the biodiversity contained within. Additionally, minimal modifications to this approach would allow it to be used in other phytopathology fields.

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Cui, Guangchao, Xiang Zhou, Qian Wang, Kai Zhang, Lei Qin, and Jixing Guo. "The Sequence Characteristics and Binding Properties of the Odorant-Binding Protein 2 of Euplatypus parallelus to Semiochemicals." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 15, 2023): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021714.

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Euplatypus parallelus is one of the dominant rubber bark beetle species in Hainan’s rubber-planting area. Semiochemicals, including the volatiles found in rubber trees and aggregation pheromones, play an important role in the search for suitable host plants. To examine the possible functional role of highly expressed odorant-binding protein 2 of Euplatypus parallelus (EparOBP2) in the semiochemical recognition process, we cloned and analyzed the cDNA sequence of EparOBP2. The results showed that EparOBP2 contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 393 bp that encodes 130 amino acids, including a 21-amino-acid residue signal peptide at the N-terminus. The matured EparOBP2 protein consists of seven α-helices, creating an open binding pocket and three disulfide bridges. The results of the fluorescence binding assay showed that EparOBP2 had high binding ability with α-pinene and myrcene. The docking results confirmed that the interactions of α-pinene and myrcene with EparOBP2 were primarily achieved through hydrophobic interactions. This study provides evidence that EparOBP2 may be involved in the chemoreception of semiochemicals and that it can successfully contribute to the integrated management of E. parallelus.

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Sullivan, Brian T., Mark J. Dalusky, David Wakarchuk, and C. Wayne Berisford. "Field Evaluations of Potential Aggregation Inhibitors for the Southern Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Entomological Science 42, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.2.139.

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Semiochemicals that inhibit the response of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, to its aggregation pheromone have been used with varying degrees of success to protect individual trees from attack and to stop infestation growth. However, semiochemical disruptants have not experienced wide use in management of D. frontalis, due in part to the normally prohibitive expense associated with treatments using verbenone and 4-allylanisole, the two EPA-registered semiochemicals for this species. Therefore, we conducted some initial trap-based screenings of candidate compounds with the aim of discovering alternative inhibitory semiochemicals for use in management of D. frontalis. In separate experiments in Mississippi and Georgia, baits containing either 2-phenylethanol or myrtenol significantly reduced attraction of one or both sexes of D. frontalis to traps baited with a standard attractant (i.e., the D. frontalis aggregation pheromone frontalin and the host monoterpene alpha-pinene). In combination, the two compounds caused a 92% decrease in total beetle response to the standard attractant, although this reduction was not significantly greater than that produced by 2-phenylethanol alone. In one test, a blend of nonhost volatiles (1-hexanol, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, hexanal, and nonanal) significantly reduced attraction of male D. frontalis, but these observations were not duplicated in a second test. Another combination of candidate inhibitors (the nonhost blend plus guaiacol and benzaldehyde) also significantly inhibited response of male beetles. At the specific doses used in our tests, we failed to observe reduction in D. frontalis attraction by the following compounds presented singly: benzaldehyde, guaiacol, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (3,2-MCH), myrtenal, and verbenone.

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Bohman, Bjorn, Ryan D. Phillips, Gavin Flematti, Rod Peakall, and Russell A. Barrow. "Sharing of Pyrazine Semiochemicals between Genera of Sexually Deceptive Orchids." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 6 (June 2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800605.

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It has recently been discovered that novel di-, tri- and tetra- substituted pyrazines are semiochemicals in Drakaea, an orchid genus that secures pollination by the sexual deception of male thynnine wasps. We examined if similar pyrazines were also present in the distantly related Caladenia barbarossa, a sexually deceptive orchid that is also pollinated by a thynnine wasp. Here we report for the first time the occurrence of two pyrazines, (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate (1) and 3-(3-methylbutyl)-2,5-dimethylpyrazine (2) in the orchid genus Caladenia. The former is known as a semiochemical involved in pollinator attraction in Drakaea livida. This convergence of floral odour between distantly related plants provides an exciting opportunity to understand the evolution and molecular basis of this sophisticated chemical mimicry.

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Woszczyło, Martyna, Tadeusz Jezierski, Antoni Szumny, Wojciech Niżański, and Michał Dzięcioł. "The Role of Urine in Semiochemical Communication between Females and Males of Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) during Estrus." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112112.

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This study aimed to assess the mechanisms of semiochemical signal detection in dogs. In the first experiment, five males were exposed to volatile semiochemicals emitted by a live female in estrus and the female’s urine sample collected during estrus. The odor of canine food and clean air were used as controls. In the second experiment, 25 males could directly sniff and lick the urine samples from females in estrus, from females in anestrus, from males and from humans, placed in a lineup. Sniffing, licking and salivation, as well as keeping dogs at different distances from the source of odor, were recorded in both experiments. Experiment 1 showed that food odor was sniffed by males longer than estrous urine. Volatile semiochemicals from females in estrus evoked interest in males but without visual cues did not cause overt symptoms of sexual arousal. In Experiment 2, the estrous urine evoked interest in males and provoked significantly longer sniffing. Licking accompanied by salivation was observed in all instances only during direct contact with estrous urine. The results suggest a complex character of detection of female reproductive status, in which both volatile and nonvolatile compounds emitted by females and present in female urine are involved.

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Ishida, Yuko, Wataru Tsuchiya, Takeshi Fujii, Zui Fujimoto, Mitsuhiro Miyazawa, Jun Ishibashi, Shigeru Matsuyama, Yukio Ishikawa, and Toshimasa Yamazaki. "Niemann–Pick type C2 protein mediating chemical communication in the worker ant." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 10 (February 24, 2014): 3847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1323928111.

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Ants are eusocial insects that are found in most regions of the world. Within its caste, worker ants are responsible for various tasks that are required for colony maintenance. In their chemical communication, α-helical carrier proteins, odorant-binding proteins, and chemosensory proteins, which accumulate in the sensillum lymph in the antennae, play essential roles in transferring hydrophobic semiochemicals to chemosensory receptors. It has been hypothesized that semiochemicals are recognized by α-helical carrier proteins. The number of these proteins, however, is not sufficient to interact with a large number of semiochemicals estimated from chemosensory receptor genes. Here we shed light on this conundrum by identifying a Niemann–Pick type C2 (NPC2) protein from the antenna of the worker Japanese carpenter ant, Camponotus japonicus (CjapNPC2). CjapNPC2 accumulated in the sensillum cavity in the basiconic sensillum. The ligand-binding pocket of CjapNPC2 was composed of a flexible β-structure that allowed it to bind to a wide range of potential semiochemicals. Some of the semiochemicals elicited electrophysiolgical responses in the worker antenna. In vertebrates, NPC2 acts as an essential carrier protein for cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes to other cellular organelles. However, the ants have evolved an NPC2 with a malleable ligand-binding pocket as a moderately selective carrier protein in the sensillum cavity of the basiconic sensillum. CjapNPC2 might be able to deliver various hydrophobic semiochemicals to chemosensory receptor neurons and plays crucial roles in chemical communication required to perform the worker ant tasks.

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Bohman, Björn, Alyssa M. Weinstein, Raimondas Mozuraitis, Gavin R. Flematti, and Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson. "Identification of (Z)-8-Heptadecene and n-Pentadecane as Electrophysiologically Active Compounds in Ophrys insectifera and Its Argogorytes Pollinator." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21020620.

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Sexually deceptive orchids typically depend on specific insect species for pollination, which are lured by sex pheromone mimicry. European Ophrys orchids often exploit specific species of wasps or bees with carboxylic acid derivatives. Here, we identify the specific semiochemicals present in O. insectifera, and in females of one of its pollinator species, Argogorytes fargeii. Headspace volatile samples and solvent extracts were analysed by GC-MS and semiochemicals were structurally elucidated by microderivatisation experiments and synthesis. (Z)-8-Heptadecene and n-pentadecane were confirmed as present in both O. insectifera and A. fargeii female extracts, with both compounds being found to be electrophysiologically active to pollinators. The identified semiochemicals were compared with previously identified Ophrys pollinator attractants, such as (Z)-9 and (Z)-12-C27-C29 alkenes in O. sphegodes and (Z)-9-octadecenal, octadecanal, ethyl linoleate and ethyl oleate in O. speculum, to provide further insights into the biosynthesis of semiochemicals in this genus. We propose that all these currently identified Ophrys semiochemicals can be formed biosynthetically from the same activated carboxylic acid precursors, after a sequence of elongation and decarbonylation reactions in O. sphegodes and O. speculum, while in O. insectifera, possibly by decarbonylation without preceding elongation.

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Castillo, Lucía, and Carmen Rossini. "Bignoniaceae Metabolites as Semiochemicals." Molecules 15, no. 10 (October 14, 2010): 7090–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules15107090.

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TAKAHASHI, Shozo. "Semiochemicals in Insect Behavior." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 65, no. 8 (1991): 1234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.65.1234.

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KUWAHARA, Shigefumi. "Synthetic Studies on Semiochemicals." Nippon Nōgeikagaku Kaishi 70, no. 11 (1996): 1249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.70.1249.

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Pickett, John A. "Semiochemicals for aphid control." Journal of Biological Education 23, no. 3 (September 1989): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00219266.1989.9655065.

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Metcalf, Robert L. "Ultramicrochemistry of insect semiochemicals." Mikrochimica Acta 129, no. 3-4 (September 1998): 167–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01244738.

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Oliver, James E., Rolland M. Waters, and Dawn J. Harrison. "Semiochemicals via epoxide inversion." Journal of Chemical Ecology 22, no. 2 (February 1996): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02055099.

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Burger, B. V., W. G. B. Petersen, B. T. Ewig, J. Neuhaus, G. D. Tribe, H. S. C. Spies, and W. J. G. Burger. "Semiochemicals of the Scarabaeinae." Journal of Chromatography A 1186, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.041.

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Hillman, J. R. "Semiochemicals: foresight and hindsight." Pesticide Science 54, no. 3 (November 1998): 296–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(1998110)54:3<296::aid-ps806>3.0.co;2-z.

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Why, Adena M., and William E. Walton. "Oviposition Behavior of Culex tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) Responding to Semiochemicals Associated with the Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Cyprinodontiformes: Poecilliidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 2 (November 19, 2019): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz204.

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Abstract Considerable previous research has focused on predator-associated semiochemicals and how they affect mosquito oviposition behavior. However, most of this work has been done without taking into consideration either the natural density of the predators or how other semiochemicals in aquatic environments might affect the responses of gravid mosquitoes. The influence of mosquitofish density, source water (tap vs pond), presence of freshly laid egg rafts, and removal of a putative source of semiochemicals (bacteria) on oviposition by Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) was studied in laboratory bioassays. Culex tarsalis females were deterred from laying egg rafts on water that contained semiochemicals associated with Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard), but this deterrence was not strongly associated with the density of fish used to condition aged tap water. The number of egg rafts laid onto Gambusia-exudate water made with either tap water (density < 1 fish per liter) or pond water was typically ≥ 50% of that onto water that did not house mosquitofish. Gravid mosquitoes tested individually did not reduce oviposition onto Gambusia-exudate water as compared to controls. Likewise, oviposition by females with ablated wings did not differ significantly between Gambusia-exudate water and controls. Oviposition onto filter-sterilized Gambusia-exudate water was reduced relative to unfiltered water, suggesting that semiochemicals deterring egg-laying were still present after bacteria were removed. Taken together, these findings suggest that the responses of gravid Cx. tarsalis to chemicals from habitats containing mosquitofish are complex and the origin of the semiochemicals present in the Gambusia-exudate water needs to be elucidated.

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Pickett, John A., Michael A. Birkett, Christine M. Woodcock, and Jing-Jiang Zhou. "Scents and sex: Insect pheromones." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102028.

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Pheromones are chemical signals (semiochemicals) that act between members of the same species, sex pheromones being the signals that facilitate sexual reproduction. Many organisms use such semiochemicals, but it is insects to which the main research attention has been directed. This article will therefore concentrate on the insect sex pheromones.

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Bienboire-Frosini, Cécile, Rajesh Durairaj, Paolo Pelosi, and Patrick Pageat. "The Major Cat Allergen Fel d 1 Binds Steroid and Fatty Acid Semiochemicals: A Combined In Silico and In Vitro Study." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4 (February 18, 2020): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041365.

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The major cat allergen Fel d 1 is a tetrameric glycoprotein of the secretoglobin superfamily. Structural aspects and allergenic properties of this protein have been investigated, but its physiological function remains unclear. Fel d 1 is assumed to bind lipids and steroids like the mouse androgen-binding protein, which is involved in chemical communication, either as a semiochemical carrier or a semiochemical itself. This study focused on the binding activity of a recombinant model of Fel d 1 (rFel d 1) towards semiochemical analogs, i.e., fatty acids and steroids, using both in silico calculations and fluorescence measurements. In silico analyses were first adopted to model the interactions of potential ligands, which were then tested in binding assays using the fluorescent reporter N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine. Good ligands were fatty acids, such as the lauric, oleic, linoleic, and myristic fatty acids, as well as steroids like androstenone, pregnenolone, and progesterone, that were predicted by in silico molecular models to bind into the central and surface cavities of rFel d 1, respectively. The lowest dissociation constants were shown by lauric acid (2.6 µM) and androstenone (2.4 µM). The specific affinity of rFel d 1 to semiochemicals supports a function of the protein in cat’s chemical communication, and highlights a putative role of secretoglobins in protein semiochemistry.

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Borden, J. H., L. J. Chong, and B. S. Lindgren. "REDUNDANCY IN THE SEMIOCHEMICAL MESSAGE REQUIRED TO INDUCE ATTACK ON LODGEPOLE PINES BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 122, no. 5 (October 1990): 769–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent122769-9.

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AbstractBaited tree experiments confirmed the hypothesis that frontalin is a multifunctional pheromone that can induce the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to aggregate on and mass-attack lodgepole pine, Pinus conforta var. latifolia Engelmann. A re-examination was undertaken of the role of four known semiochemicals, myrcene, trans-verbenol, exo-brevicomin, and frontalin, tested as tree baits alone (with the exception of myrcene) and in all possible combinations. There was considerable redundancy evident in the semiochemical signal. For example, myrcene + frontalin and trans-verbenol + exo-brevicomin induced attack on baited trees at similar levels of intensity. The results suggest that beetles of either sex could initiate a mass attack. During the most attractive phase of host colonization, redundancy in the semiochemical signal could act as a fail-safe mechanism to ensure perception of and response to odors from an attacked tree. In addition the standard, commercial, tree bait containing myrcene, trans-verbenol, and exo-brevicomin might be modified by deleting myrcene, making a more acceptable and cost-effective operational bait.

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Egonyu, James P., John Baguma, Luis C. Martínez, Hari Priwiratama, Sevgan Subramanian, Chrysantus M. Tanga, Jacob P. Anankware, Nanna Roos, and Saliou Niassy. "Global Advances on Insect Pest Management Research in Oil Palm." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 6, 2022): 16288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316288.

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Here, we review the advances in research on management of key oil palm insect pests globally, including defoliators, leaf/fruit scrapers, borers and sap feeders. The common oil palm pest management methods include synthetic insecticides, biopesticides, semiochemical lures, cultural practices, and integrated approaches. However, effectiveness, affordability, availability and impact of these methods on human and environmental health vary considerably based on the target insect and geographical location. The use of quarantine regulations to prevent the spread of invasive pests has also been applied with remarkable results. There are notable research advances in semiochemicals, bioacoustic detectors, nanotechnology, insect growth regulators, and entomophagy for better management of oil palm pests. We suggest the following research areas for improving effectiveness of oil palm pest management interventions: (i) exploration of semiochemical attractants for the majority of pests with no previous semiochemical work, and their integration in attract-and-kill devices laced with pathogenic microbes; (ii) expanding the application of digital sensing, predictive modeling and nano-technology in pest control strategies; (iii) developing effective technologies for mass trapping of edible insect pests for food or feed, especially among communities with a tradition of entomophagy; and (iv) strengthening regulatory frameworks for the management of quarantine oil palm insect pests.

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Calcagnile, Matteo, Salvatore Maurizio Tredici, Adelfia Talà, and Pietro Alifano. "Bacterial Semiochemicals and Transkingdom Interactions with Insects and Plants." Insects 10, no. 12 (December 8, 2019): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120441.

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A peculiar feature of all living beings is their capability to communicate. With the discovery of the quorum sensing phenomenon in bioluminescent bacteria in the late 1960s, it became clear that intraspecies and interspecies communications and social behaviors also occur in simple microorganisms such as bacteria. However, at that time, it was difficult to imagine how such small organisms—invisible to the naked eye—could influence the behavior and wellbeing of the larger, more complex and visible organisms they colonize. Now that we know this information, the challenge is to identify the myriad of bacterial chemical signals and communication networks that regulate the life of what can be defined, in a whole, as a meta-organism. In this review, we described the transkingdom crosstalk between bacteria, insects, and plants from an ecological perspective, providing some paradigmatic examples. Second, we reviewed what is known about the genetic and biochemical bases of the bacterial chemical communication with other organisms and how explore the semiochemical potential of a bacterium can be explored. Finally, we illustrated how bacterial semiochemicals managing the transkingdom communication may be exploited from a biotechnological point of view.

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KUWAHARA, Shigefumi. "Synthesis of Some Insect Semiochemicals." Journal of Pesticide Science 25, no. 4 (2000): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1584/jpestics.25.451.

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Nyasembe, Vincent O., and Baldwyn Torto. "Volatile phytochemicals as mosquito semiochemicals." Phytochemistry Letters 8 (May 2014): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytol.2013.10.003.

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Vet, Louise E. M., and Alex W. Groenewold. "Semiochemicals and learning in parasitoids." Journal of Chemical Ecology 16, no. 11 (November 1990): 3119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00979615.

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Norin, Torbjörn. "Semiochemicals for insect pest management." Pure and Applied Chemistry 79, no. 12 (January 1, 2007): 2129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200779122129.

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Methods for crop protection based on semiochemicals show advantages over methods based on conventional insecticides. Applications of semiochemicals for insect pest management have, however, been limited. Some recent studies carried out in an interdisciplinary research program by five research groups in Sweden are presented. In spite of the chemodiversity in nature, it is striking that many simple and common compounds are important as chemical signals. This paper focuses on some examples of such simple signals, which are now used for monitoring and suppression of pest insects.

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Agelopoulos, Nicky, Michael A. Birkett, Alastair J. Hick, Anthony M. Hooper, John A. Pickett, Eleanor M. Pow, Lesley E. Smart, Diane W. M. Smiley, Lester J. Wadhams, and Christine M. Woodcock. "Exploiting semiochemicals in insect control." Pesticide Science 55, no. 3 (March 1999): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9063(199903)55:3<225::aid-ps887>3.0.co;2-7.

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Weatherston, Iain, and Albert K. Minks. "Regulation of semiochemicals ? global aspects." Integrated Pest Management Reviews 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00140330.

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Mori, Kenji. "Semiochemicals – Synthesis, Stereochemistry, and Bioactivity." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 1998, no. 8 (August 1998): 1479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0690(199808)1998:8<1479::aid-ejoc1479>3.0.co;2-#.

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Hansen, E. Matthew, A. Steven Munson, David Wakarchuk, Darren C. Blackford, Andrew D. Graves, S. Sky Stephens, and Jason E. Moan. "Advances in Semiochemical Repellents to Mitigate Host Mortality From the Spruce Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 5 (June 25, 2019): 2253–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz172.

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AbstractWe tested 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (MCH) and novel semiochemicals as potential spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) repellents over multiple years in Utah and Colorado trapping bioassays. MCH is a known spruce beetle repellent and our testing revealed Acer kairomone blend (AKB) and isophorone plus sulcatone as repellents. We subsequently tested these semiochemicals for area and single tree protection to prevent spruce beetle attacks at locations in Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, and Alaska. Individual tree protection trials found MCH–AKB provided significant protection against spruce beetle attacks in the southern Rocky Mountains but not in Alaska. Adding sulcatone or doubling MCH–AKB pouches did not further enhance protection. A degree of protection was extended to spruce at least 10 m distant from the repellents, including in Alaska. Tree diameter was not a significant covariate among treated trees but was positively correlated with the probability of infestation for surrounding spruce. In area protection trials, spruce in control plots were 2.4 times more likely to be in a higher severity attack class compared with spruce in plots treated with MCH–AKB pouches deployed at 30 sets per hectare. Tree diameter had a significant, positive relationship to the probability of infestation. We found MCH–AKB to offer a high degree of protection against beetle attack in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae) (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) (Pinales: Pinaceae), especially for single tree protection (66% of control trees were strip- or mass-attacked compared with 6% of repellent-treated trees). AKB requires registration and labeling, however, before this economical and environmentally benign semiochemical can be used operationally.

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Groba, H. F., and M. K. Castelo. "Host gut microorganisms’ cues mediate orientation behaviour in the larva of the parasitoidMallophora ruficauda." Bulletin of Entomological Research 106, no. 1 (November 2, 2015): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485315000838.

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AbstractThe robber flyMallophora ruficaudais one of the most important apicultural pests in the Pampas region of Argentina. This species is a parasitoid of scarab beetle larvae. Females lay eggs away from the host, and the larvae perform active search behaviour towardCyclocephala signaticollisthird instar larvae, parasitoid's preferred host. This behaviour is mediated by host-related chemical cues produced in hosts’ fermentation chamber. Also,C. signaticollislarvae are attracted to fermentation chamber extracts. As scarab larvae have microbe-rich fermentation chamber, it has been suggested that microorganisms could be involved in the production of these semiochemicals. The aims of this work were first to ascertain the presence of microorganisms in the fermentation chamber ofC. signaticollislarvae and second to determine the role of microorganisms in the orientation response of parasitoid and host larvae. We found that microorganisms-freeC. signaticollislarvae showed deterioration in their development and did not produce the attractive semiochemicals. Therefore, we isolated fermentation chamber microorganisms of host larvae by means of different cultures media, and then, assayed different microorganisms’ stimuli by binary choice tests. We were able to isolate microorganisms and determine thatM. ruficaudalarvae are attracted to semiochemicals from protein degradation in the fermentation chamber. However,C. signaticollislarvae were not attracted to any semiochemicals associated with microorganisms’ activity in the fermentation chamber. Although we were unable to elucidate the exact role of gut microorganisms in host behaviour, we discuss their relevance in parasitoid host-seeking behaviour and host conspecific interaction inM. ruficauda–C. signaticollissystem.

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Blassioli-Moraes, Maria Carolina, Miguel Borges, Mirian Fernandes Furtado Michereff, Diego Martins Magalhães, and Raúl Alberto Laumann. "Semiochemicals from plants and insects on the foraging behavior of Platygastridae egg parasitoids." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, no. 5 (May 2016): 454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000500005.

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Abstract: The objective of this review was to summarize the current information about semiochemicals with potential to be applied in insect pest management in agroecosystems. One of the great challenges to Neotropical agriculture is to reduce the indiscriminate use of pesticides, which can be minimized by using semiochemicals, a tool that can be applied in the field to manage pests and their natural enemies. In addition, small lipophilic molecules from insects and from the secondary metabolism of plants play a fundamental role in the chemical communication of different species that are present in important crops.

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Palanichamy, S., T. Boopathi, and S. Uma. "Development of a semiochemical-based trapping technique for efficient control of Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Canadian Entomologist 153, no. 5 (July 12, 2021): 616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2021.30.

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AbstractThe banana stem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important economic insect pest of bananas throughout the world. In this study, several important volatile substances were analysed to develop a semiochemical-based trapping technique for the control of O. longicollis. Electroantennogram responses of both sexes were associated with electroantennogram-active compounds (1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, cis-3-Nonen-1-ol, methyl jasmonate, and terpenoids such as (–)-linalool, (+)-(1R)-α-pinene, (–)-(1S)-α-pinene, and 1,8-cineole) and then were analysed using a Y-tube olfactometer. The results revealed that only methyl jasmonate and 1-hexanol elicited strong behavioural responses in O. longicollis. These two semiochemicals and the host plant extract were evaluated individually and in a mixture for their efficiencies in attracting O. longicollis in order to develop a semiochemical-based trapping technique. The methyl jasmonate + host plant extract and 1-hexanol + host plant extract mixtures captured more weevils (> 3.5 times) than the host plant extract alone did in both high- and low-altitude regions. The captured weevils were female-dominated, with a mean sex ratio of 1:1.29 (males:females). This is the first report on the use of methyl jasmonate or 1-hexanol and the host plant extract as a potential attractant in mass trapping and managing O. longicollis.

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Mordue Luntz, A. J. "Arthropod semiochemicals: mosquitoes, midges and sealice." Biochemical Society Transactions 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0310128.

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Signalling chemicals play an essential role in arthropod life cycles. They provide the means whereby mates, host and oviposition sites are located and recognized. The identification of such semiochemicals (sex pheromones, host location and habitat-related cues) in mosquitoes, midgesand sealice of farmed salmon is revealing ways in which such devastating pests may be monitored and controlled by behavioural means using push–pull strategies to manipulate the pests away from hosts and into traps.

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Buchinger, T. J., W. Li, and N. S. Johnson. "Bile Salts as Semiochemicals in Fish." Chemical Senses 39, no. 8 (August 23, 2014): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bju039.

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Turczel, Gábor, Ervin Kovács, Gabriella Merza, Philip Coish, Paul T. Anastas, and Robert Tuba. "Synthesis of Semiochemicals via Olefin Metathesis." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, no. 1 (November 29, 2018): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b05224.

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Ritter, F. J. "Applied research on semiochemicals at T.N.O." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 21, no. 1-2 (September 1988): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90135-1.

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Pakyari, Hajar, Arefeh Pilefroshha, Abbas Arbab, and Annie Enkegaard. "Mealybug avoidance responses to ladybird semiochemicals." Biocontrol Science and Technology 29, no. 1 (September 22, 2018): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2018.1525485.

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Oliver, Thomas H., Alla Mashanova, Simon R. Leather, James M. Cook, and Vincent A. A. Jansen. "Ant semiochemicals limit apterous aphid dispersal." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1629 (October 10, 2007): 3127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1251.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Semiochemicals'

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