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ADOM-BAMFI, GIDEON, DANIEL OPOKU, and BENJAMIN KOMMEY. "WELCOMING THE SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRY IN GHANA: CHALLENGES AND RECOMMENDATIONS – A CASE STUDY." Journal of Engineering Studies and Research 26, no. 4 (January 8, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29081/jesr.v26i4.232.
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The Semiconductor Industry is one industry that has been driving technological innovations for decades since its birth in the USA. Semiconductors form the building blocks of a wide array of consumer, medical and industrial electronics. The growth of many economies in the world can be attributed to the growth in the semiconductor industry in such countries. The global semiconductor industry consists of companies in the USA, South Korea, Taiwan, China, and the European Union. However, the semiconductor industry has no presence in the African region, in Ghana to be specific. This work investigates some challenges associated with the establishment of the semiconductor industry in Ghana, including challenges from basic research and development to manufacturing and marketing. The paper also highlights some recommendations which are key in laying the foundation for the entry of the industry in Ghana, including the provision of tax incentives, training of personnel, etc.
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Burneckytė, Miglė, and Asta Vasiliauskaitė. "GLOBAL CHIP SUPPLY ENSUREMENT DURING THE SHORT PERIOD." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 14 (December 23, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2022.17785.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the global chip supply chain. Shortage of electronic components was first noticed in car factories, and then in the entire electronics industry. The US, Taiwan and China are the largest markets for semiconductor manufacturers, which are no longer able to meet the everincreasing demand for chips. Lack of production capacity is mostly felt by consumers of final products. Ensuring a steady supply of chips is an important task for major manufacturers. In order to ensure the supply of chips, it is important to establish criteria by which semiconductor manufacturing countries can be arranged. The ranking will help identify the countries that are worth investing the most in the short term. The European Union, the United States and major telecommunications companies will invest billions of dollars in 2022 to replenish the market. The article analyzes the criteria for investing in chipproducing countries. The main focus of this analysis is the chip supply chain. Each of the analyzed countries has at least one stage of chip production: design, manufacturing or assembly. Data analyzed: gross domestic product, net exports, price of one dollar in relation to the national currency, monthly average wages, Oxford COVID-19 government response severity index and semiconductor export volume. These criteria allow us to rank countries from the most attractive to the least attractive for investment. The TOPSIS method was chosen for ranking, but comparative data analysis and analysis of scientific literature and other sources of information were also applied. Method principle, formulas and application – to be described. It was determined which country is the most favorable for short-term investments, taking into account the given criteria.
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Gracia, Manuel, and María J. Paz. "Network position, export patterns and competitiveness: Evidence from the European automotive industry." Competition & Change 21, no. 2 (February 12, 2017): 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024529417692331.
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The organizational characteristics of production in the European automotive industry have favoured a high degree of fragmentation and productive mobility. This article analyses the differing national positions of automotive producing countries and their export patterns – particularly their export reorientation to extra-European Union markets following the collapse of regional demand in the European automotive industry. Based on the methodologies of Mahutga and Piana, our position analysis arrives at two main conclusions: (i) the countries best positioned in the European regional automotive production network are precisely those that have experienced a greater increase in extra-European Union exports, thus reducing their dependence on regional European demand; (ii) the increase in extra-European Union exports (mainly of final goods) is linked to increased regional fragmentation of production in the automotive industry. We conclude that the governance of this fragmentation process is a key determinant of extra-European Union export competitiveness.
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González-Serrano, María Huertas, Josep Crespo-Hervás, Carlos Pérez-Campos, and Ferran Calabuig. "Entrepreneurial ecosystems for developing the sports industry in European Union countries." Journal of Business Research 136 (November 2021): 667–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.07.060.
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Cunningham, James A., and Albert N. Link. "Fostering university-industry R&D collaborations in European Union countries." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 11, no. 4 (May 7, 2014): 849–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0317-4.
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Nagy, Benedek. "The Restructuring of the European Pharmaceutical Industry between 2000 and 2018." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.14.
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To meet the requirements of global competition, the European Union (EU) places particular emphasis on the development of knowledge‑intensive, innovative industries. The pharmaceutical industry, as a high‑tech manufacturing subsection, has a long tradition in Europe. However, the distribution of pharmaceutical industry employment and value added is not even within the Union, and its temporal dynamics is also different.
In the present paper, I examine the change of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry within the Union using country groups. I compare the development of pharmaceutical industry employment in the period between 2000 and 2018 in three country groups. I use a simple decomposition method to separate the effects of sector growth and labor productivity change on the change of pharmaceutical employment to find out how similarly this industry evolved in the different country groups. The analysis shows that while in the 12 original, i.e., pre–2004, member states (Core EU), employment slightly increased alongside a considerable increase in value added, the nine post‑socialist countries (PS9) achieved slightly greater value added expansion combined with substantial employment growth. Meanwhile, the four Visegrád countries (V4) achieved a value added growth similar to the PS9, but an even greater employment growth. This indicates that the part of the pharmaceutical industry operating with higher labor productivity is concentrating in the Core EU countries, while in the less developed post‑socialist countries, the part of the pharmaceutical industry with lower labor productivity is developing.
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Colfer, Barry. "The European Trade Union Confederation." socio.hu 9, Special Issue (June 16, 2020): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2019en.9.
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The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) represents some 45 million trade union members from eighty-nine national trade union confederations and ten European Industry Federations from thirty-nine countries. In 2019, ETUC entered its forty-sixth year and marked its fourteenth quadrennial Congress in Vienna where delegates intervened to shape the work plan and direction of the organisation for the coming four years and to elect a new Executive Committee. This article takes stock of ETUC’s background and primary activities and considers whether ETUC enhances the power and influence of its members, despite the challenging environment in which trade unions in Europe reside in the 21st century. In so doing, the article assesses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the organisation, which remains the largest civil society organisation in Europe.
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KHRIDOCHKIN, Andriy. "Features of legal support of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union." Scientific Bulletin of Flight Academy. Section: Economics, Management and Law 6 (2022): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33251/2707-8620-2022-6-131-137.
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Abstract. The article deals with the peculiarities of public administration in the field of intellectual property and the conceptual foundations of its procedures in the countries of the European Union. The conceptual foundations of the formation and development of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union are revealed. The pluralism of approaches to determining public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the European Union countries is analyzed. The legal framework of public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is presented. A modern analysis of the legislation of the European Union for the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, including: copyright and related rights; protection of rights to inventions; utility models; industrial designs; brands; geographical indications; branded names; plant varieties; layout of semiconductor products; commercial secrecy; as well as legislation on civil law and customs ways to protect intellectual property rights in the European Union, the practice of application. It is established that in the national legal systems of European countries the regulation of public relations in the field of intellectual property is given considerable attention. At the same time, neither universal international treaties nor national legal regulation in the field of intellectual property can ensure the effectiveness of legal protection of the results of intellectual creative activity. The acts of the European Communities on Public Administration in the field of intellectual property are analyzed. The process of improving public administration procedures in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union is analyzed and the legal framework of this process is presented. The conclusion was made on the relevance of the study of problems of public administration in the field of intellectual property in the countries of the European Union. Key words: European Union, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property Right, Procedure, Public Administration, Community Court, European Communities, Intellectual Property Sphere.
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Bajan, Bartłomiej, and Aldona Mrówczyńska-Kamińska. "Supply of Materials to the Agribusiness Sector of European Union Countries." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 20(35), no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2020.20.1.2.
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The purpose of this paper was to assess the prevailing relationships in the supply structure of the agribusiness sector in European Union countries over the years. The study focused on 25 European Union countries (Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta were excluded) to address the changes in the supply structures of agriculture and food industries, the two major components of agribusiness. The study was of a dynamic nature. Although the study period was 2000–2014, this paper only presents the figures for the first and the last year, i.e. 2000 and 2014. The main focus was on drawing conclusions on the trends observed which proved to be relatively stable in the years covered. The input–output analysis was used by aggregating the sectors of the economy for a better transparency of the inference process. As shown by this study, EU countries at higher development levels witness a decline in the share of the chemical industry in the mix of goods and services supplied to agriculture. Conversely, less developed countries saw that ratio increase. Also, the share of goods supplied to agriculture from the fuel and energy sectors goes up in most EU countries. As regards the food industry, this study observed high shares of agriculture, services and self-supply in the supply structure of EU countries. This analysis extends the existing knowledge on the relationships in the structure of materials supplied to the agribusiness because in addition to agriculture itself (which was addressed by similar studies found in literature) it takes account of the food industry. Moreover, based on long-term observations, it endeavors to capture the prevailing relationships in several countries at a time.
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Hoła, B., and M. Szóstak. "Analysis of the State of the Accident Rate in the Construction Industry in European Union Countries." Archives of Civil Engineering 61, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0033.
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The article presents an analysis and evaluation of the accident rate in selected European Union countries. On the basis of available statistical data, the analysis of accidents in various sectors of the European Union economy was carried out. Afterwards, a ranking of countries regarding accidents in the construction industry was developed. For the selected representative countries, analysis of changes in the indicators which characterize the accident rate during the period between 2008 and 2012 was carried out. Conclusions resulting from the conducted research were formulated.
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Katunar, Jana, Vinko Zaninović, and Hrvoje Katunar. "MACROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF WINE PRODUCTION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." Ekonomska misao i praksa 30, no. 1 (June 2021): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17818/emip/2021/1.2.
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This paper focuses on the determinants of wine production in the European wine industry. In the last two decades, the European wine industry has undergone many changes due to the entry of new countries into the world wine market. Although increasing competitiveness became the priority of the European Common Agricultural Policy, wine production and consumption in the EU have decreased in the last two decades, and therefore the aim of this research is to analyse and identify the macroeconomic determinants of wine production, i.e. what factors besides the price influence wine production in selected EU countries and in how they can be controlled. Empirical research was conducted using data for EU member states traditionally engaged in wine production. Panel data on wine production, wine consumption, average wine price, wine imports, wine exports and EU support to the wine sector were collected from secondary sources for 15 wine-producing EU countries and for the period 2009-2018. We estimated the econometric model using pooled OLS, as diagnostic tests indicated that this estimator was the best fit for our data. Our results suggest that domestic demand and domestic (EU) subsidies are the main drivers of wine production. To keep up with New World wine producers, even more emphasis should be placed on promoting the wine drinking culture.
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Kulov, A. R. "SUBSIDIZING OF INVESTMENTS IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 7 (July 2019): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/197-82.
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Khairunnisa, Meyfitha Dea. "Ekspor Sampah Uni Eropa ke Indonesia sebagai Bentuk Eco-Imperialism." Transformasi Global 8, no. 2 (December 22, 2021): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtg.2021.008.02.3.
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Environmental policy has become an important aspect in reviewing environmental issues in international relations. The European Union is a regional institution that has been very active in international environmental cooperation. However, at the same time the European Union is one of the largest waste exporters to countries in Asia, including Indonesia. Waste export is a free trade mechanism that allows developed countries to send waste to developing countries to be processed as industry materials. This then becomes contradictory to the commitment of the European Union in promoting environmentally friendly policies and policies for the export of waste are considered as a form of eco-imperialism. This article discusses how the waste export policy by the European Union has become a form of ecological colonization for Indonesia as a waste recipient. Keywords: waste export; eco-imperialism; environmental policy
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Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona, and Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka. "CHANGES IN LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN THE AGRIBUSINESS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Oeconomia 17, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspe.2018.17.1.10.
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The main aim of the paper is to identify the changes in labour productivity in the agribusiness and to define its relationship to labour productivity in the entire national economy of the EU countries. Labour productivity is expressed as gross value added per employee in agribusiness as a whole and its three zones (I – industries manufacturing means of production and services for agriculture and the food industry, II – agriculture, III – food industry). The analysis concerns selected years from 1995 to 2010, which are the most recent available data. The gross value added in agribusiness were calculated by means of the formula suggested by Woś in 1979. As it results from the analyses, despite favorable changes, the productivity of labour in the agribusiness in the new EU Member States remains at a lower level than in most of the EU-15 countries. The main reason behind the differences in the levels of agribusiness labour productivity is a surplus of the labor force in the agriculture in the most EU-12 countries. Moreover, the EU-15 countries especially from Western and Northern Europe demonstrate smaller differences between the labour productivity in agribusiness and other sectors of the national economy.
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KOWALSKA, DOROTA, and ANDRZEJ GUGOŁEK. "European badger." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 01 (2019): 6185–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6185.
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The European badger (Meles meles) is the largest member of the mustelid family (Mustelidae) found in Poland. It lives almost all over Eurasia, except northern areas of the former Soviet Union and the Scandinavian countries. The European badger most often inhabits densely wooded areas. It feeds on both animal and plant foods, and is classified as a carnivore. Badger skins are not fully used in the fur industry They are usually used for production of skin rugs and accessories, such as hunting bags.
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KOWALSKA, DOROTA, and ANDRZEJ GUGOŁEK. "European badger." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 75, no. 02 (2019): 6189–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6189.
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The European badger (Meles meles) is the largest member of the mustelid family (Mustelidae) found in Poland. It lives almost all over Eurasia, except northern areas of the former Soviet Union and the Scandinavian countries. The European badger most often inhabits densely wooded areas. It feeds on both animal and plant foods, and is classified as a carnivore. Badger skins are not fully used in the fur industry They are usually used for production of skin rugs and accessories, such as hunting bags.
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BÓRAWSKI, PIOTR, MARIIA KUPTSOVA, ANDRII SLIS, and RAFAŁ WYSZOMIERSKI. "SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS MARKET IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." sj-economics scientific journal 31, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v31i4.77.
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Biogas is an alternative renewable energy source in Europe. The feedstock (biomass) for biogas can be waste from various industries. There are two methods of biogas generation that allow processing of organic waste into an accessible energy resource: thermal and chemical. This article also discusses the environmental aspects of using biogas as a safe source for the environment. From an economic point of view, the large-scale implementation of the biogas industry was achieved by highly developed countries, such as Germany and the United Kingdom. Unfortunately, this technology is not available in all countries. The direction of biogas production is considered very promising and over time a significant increase in biogas plants is expected.
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Nuszkiewicz, Krzysztof. "STATE AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN SELECTED COUNTRIES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION." sj-economics scientific journal 22, no. 3 (October 31, 2016): 406–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58246/sjeconomics.v22i3.304.
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The article presents the significance of renewable energy sources in selected countries of the European Community. These include the power of water, geothermal heat, sunlight, wind and biomass. Supporting the development of renewable energy resources has become an important objective of the European Union. Development of renewable energy resources use in the European Union has been given a priority status, both in political declarations as well as, most importantly, in the specific programmes implementation. Development of renewable energy industry is justified by a number of social, economic as well as ecological benefits.
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Mrówczyńska-Kamińska, Aldona, and Agnieszka Baer-Nawrocka. "CREATING AND ALLOCATING THE SUPPLY OF AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTS IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development 49, no. 3 (October 12, 2018): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2018.00431.
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The main purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of agriculture and food industry in creating and allocating the supply of agri-food products in European Union countries. The years covered by the analysis were 1995 and 2010. As demonstrated, there are differences in the contribution of imports to the supply of agricultural products among EU countries. Low shares of imports are particularly characteristic of the new member states, which is indicative of weaker connections with the European and global agribusinesses in comparison with EU-15 countries. On the other hand, the proportion between volumes of agri-food products allocated to intermediate and final demand confirm that the agricultural sector is primarily a supplier of raw materials in most EU countries. In turn, the main role of the food industry is to satisfy the final demand and provide the population with food products.
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Petrović, Gordana, Darjan Karabašević, Svetlana Vukotić, and Vuk Mirčetić. "An overview of the tourism economic effect in the European Union Member states." Turizam 24, no. 4 (2020): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/turizam24-26469.
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Tourism has a notable role in the economies of many countries, and particularly in the countries of the European Union, which are still one of the world's most recognized and visited tourist destinations. The paper aims to analyze the impact of the tourism industry on the economy of the European Union. In this context, the paper is based on research and literature review, in particular, statistics data of Eurostat and the World Travel and Tourism Council. The results achieved by the tourism industry are reflected through certain economic indicators: GDP, employment rate, income, the balance of payments, turnover and consumption. The research area is one of the most visited tourist destinations in the world, which generates significant tourist turnover and justifies the status of an extremely important determinant of economic development. The well managed tourism industry complements other economic activities and increases the income of each EU Member State, and the tourism industry has direct and indirect, positive and negative economic effects.
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Garbelli, Maria. "Economic Turbulence in the Iron Kitchenware Industry in Italy." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 31 (November 30, 2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n31p58.
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Companies in turbulent economies are required to face several difficulties, mainly related to the specific features of an extremely volatile environment. Although a similar, hypercompetitive context can be considered a global condition today, it is not perceived in the same way worldwide. Thus, international development could be the best method for exporting to different locations and getting the best opportunities to survive in this unstable environment. Italy is one of the European Union countries affected the most by turbulence and the financial crisis with a loss of competitiveness compared to other countries in the Union. The economic system has changed considerably, rising the bankruptcy cases and lowering reported earnings. This paper claims to give an overview of the Italian situation inside the European Community as Italy is recognized as one of the most industrialized areas of northern Italy; the province of Brescia is home of one of the two Italian districts devoted to the iron kitchenware industry—an industry in which Italy held a leading position worldwide for a long time. Ten years after the financial crisis, and supported by exports flows analysis, we evaluate the Italian competitive position in this industry compared to that of the country’s European competitors. Export data (inside and outside the European Union) in three years (2007, 2010, and 2014) show Italy’s leading global role in this industry but also the negative effect of the crisis on the country, witnessed by the strong rise of other competitors.
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WOLNIAK, Radosław. "Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry management systems in European union countries." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no. 142 (2020): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.142.3.
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WOLNIAK, Radosław. "Quantitative relations between the implementation of industry management systems in European Union countries." Scientific Papers of Silesian University of Technology. Organization and Management Series 2020, no. 145 (2020): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29119/1641-3466.2020.145.47.
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Tutak, Magdalena, Jarosław Brodny, Dominika Siwiec, Robert Ulewicz, and Peter Bindzár. "Studying the Level of Sustainable Energy Development of the European Union Countries and Their Similarity Based on the Economic and Demographic Potential." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 16, 2020): 6643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246643.
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The concept of sustainable economic development takes into account economic, social and environmental aspects and strives to achieve balance between them. One of the basic areas where it is required to revalue the current views on sustainable development is energy. The growing public awareness of environmental protection forces changes in this industry. Despite the global nature of this problem, its solution is perceived differently in various regions of the world. The unquestionable leader in introducing the idea of sustainable development economy is the European Union, where the energy sector is of key importance for the effectiveness of this process. In order to assess the sustainable energy development of the European Union countries, studies were conducted based on 13 selected indicators characterizing this sector in terms of energy, economy and environment. In order to assess the specificity of the European Union countries, these indicators were additionally compared to the gross domestic product value and the number of inhabitants of individual countries. For these cases, multi-criteria analyses were carried out using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. It allowed the authors to rank the European Union countries in terms of their adaptation to a sustainable energy economy. Based on the determined values of indicators versus the gross domestic product and the number of inhabitants of the countries in question, these countries were also divided into similar groups with the use of the Kohonen artificial neural networks. These groups can pursue a common energy policy in the field of sustainable development. The aim of the research was to present a new approach to the assessment of sustainable energy development of the European Union countries. The extensive ratio analysis (13 indicators of the sustainable energy development), including the economic and demographic potential of individual countries, and the use of modern tools made it possible to acquire new knowledge in the field of sustainable energy development in the European Union countries. The results should be utilized for more effective sustainable energy development of the European Union countries.
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Ferasso, Marcos, Lydia Bares, Daniel Ogachi, and Miguel Blanco. "Economic and Sustainability Inequalities and Water Consumption of European Union Countries." Water 13, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 2696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192696.
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Water scarcity is becoming a global concern for many reasons as its consumption increases. This research aimed to analyze sustainability inequalities in the water consumption of EU countries. Descriptive statistics using data for four AQUASTAT periods (2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017), and quotients for the AQUASTAT 2017 period, were calculated using a proposed econometric model. The main results were that countries with high GPD and population showed high water stress and total water withdrawal. Countries with lower industry-value-added-to-GDP quotients were among those with higher industrial water use efficiency, while low water-services-use-efficiency quotients were associated with high services value added to GDP. Suggestions for policymakers are provided and formula application guidelines for regional-level comparisons are described.
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Juchniewicz, Małgorzata. "LEVEL AND EFFICIENCY OF USING PRODUCTION RESOURCES FOOD INDUSTRY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXIV, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9879.
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The research problem presented in the article concerned the diversification of the level and effectiveness of the use of production resources in the food industry in the EU countries. Production resources were determined on the basis of the number of entities and employees in food producing enterprises. The effectiveness of their use was also measured by calculating the productivity indicators. In the article, the partial productivity was calculated on the basis of the value of sold production per one employee and one economic entity. Changes in the production resources of the food industry in the EU countries and the efficiency of their use were determined in 2005, 2010 and 2019. The results of the research indicate that the largest production resources and production volume of the food industry were found in Germany, France, Italy and Spain. In terms of employment, Poland played a significant role. The efficiency of the use of factors of production, measured by productivity indicators, was the highest in Ireland, Denmark and the Netherlands. On this basis, it can be concluded that regardless of the adopted measure of productivity, these countries make the best use of their production resources. By far the lowest levels of productivity in the food industry were recorded in Bulgaria and Romania.
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Ljevak Lebeda, Ivana, Kornelija Mlinarević, and Jasna Horvat. "Atypical forms of work and business in the creative industry of the European Union." Zbornik Veleučilišta u Rijeci 9, no. 1 (2021): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31784/zvr.9.1.2.
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Starting from the insight into atypical forms of work as well as new / alternative business models specific to the creative industry (CI) sectors of the European Union, the paper researches self-employment in the creative industry and volunteering as a prerequisite for self-employment. The creative industry is considered as industry of economically developed countries as well as the prototype industry, whose “recipes” are multiplied in underdeveloped countries and thus materialized for mass distribution. The methodology of the work applied three different groups of methods adapted to hypotheses. The first hypothesis states that EU research indicates business constraints / characteristics in the creative industry. In order to test this hypothesis by meta-analysis of the collected sources, key business constraints in the creative industry were separated, and then atypical forms of work emerged from them. The second hypothesis was tested by descriptive and bivariate statistical analysis of secondary data. It is about analyzing secondary data in a newly formed file constructed for the purposes of this research. The file combines secondary sources of data on cultural statistics (European Union) and GII - Global Innovation Indices (WIPO), which were used to test the hypothesis that self-employment as an atypical form of work in culture is related to the level of the Global Innovation Index (GII).
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Maćkowiak, Henryk. "The Goods Structure of Trade between Polish Regions and the European Union (1)." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 16, no. 16 (January 1, 2011): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-011-0014-9.
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The Goods Structure of Trade between Polish Regions and the European Union (1) The goal of this article is to present the structure of trade between Polish regions (voivodships) and the European Union. The research is a dynamic analysis making it possible to compare the time before and after the expansion of the European Union. The timeframe of the discussed issues relates to 1999-2007. Attention is paid to the scale and diversified nature of the changes to the goods structure of export and import activities undertaken by Polish voivodships to (from) the European Union. The analysis is preceded by the characteristics of the European Union's role in trade of specific regions. Finally, the degree of intra-industry specialization is evaluated as is the trend in changes to the trade between Polish regions and European Union countries.
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Sezer, Şerife, and Mahmut Masca. "An Analysis of Intra-Industry Trade with Some Selected European Union Countries in the Turkish Manufacturing Industry." Bulgarian Journal of International Economics and Politics 1, no. 2 (June 20, 2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.37075/bjiep.2021.2.03.
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This study aims to analyse intra-industry trade in the manufacturing industry sector with the EU countries, where Turkey has the most trade. The period of the study is 2000-2020. The countries examined are Germany, France, Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Poland, Belgium-Luxembourg, Sweden, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, the Czech Republic, Portugal, Austria, Ireland, Denmark, and the UK. In the analysis, the Grubel Lloyd index was used, which is one of the widely applied static measurement methods in the literature. The study discusses intra-industry trade of manufacturing industry products according to the 3rd revision of the Standard International Trade Classification. According to the analysis results, when Turkey’s foreign trade is evaluated on a sectoral basis, it has been observed that high intra-industry trade is realized in product groups with low added value. Another result obtained is that intra-industry trade with the UK, Germany, France, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania reached high values. Keywords: Intra-industry Trade, Manufacturing Industry, Grubel Lloyd Index JEL: B17, F0, F5, F11, F14
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Mahmutefendic, Tahir. "The Eu Enlargement. How to be Like the Irish and not the Greek?" ECONOMICS 7, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eoik-2019-0021.
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Abstract Apart from the former EFTA members (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and a few former republics of the Soviet Union (Bjelorussia, Moldova and Ukraina) the countries of the Western Balkans are the only European states outside of the European Union. They are very keen to join the Union. The Balkans have always been the poorest part of Europe. The appeal of the wealthy European Union is apparent. Access to the largest market in the world, investment, modern technologies and generous regional funds give a hope that by joining the EU the Western Balkans countries will join the rich club. At the moment performance of the Western Balkan countries does not guarantee that they will become rich by joining the European Union. Their current production and trade structure makes it likely that the Western Balkan countries will be locked in inter-industry trade in which they will export products of low and medium technological and developmental level and import products of high technological and developmental level. This might lead to divergence rather than convergence between them and the European Union. In other to overcome this problem the Western Balkan countries need to conduct radical reforms in the public sector, fiscal policy, industrial trade and investment policy. They also need to tackle corruption, simplify administrative procedure, strenghten property rights and the lawful state. All this with the aim to change economic structure and shift from achievements of the second and third to fourth technological revolution. Only if these reforms are successfuly implemented the Western Balkan countries can hope to avoid the Greek scenario and possibly experience the Irish scenario.
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Lapinskienė, Giedrė, Kęstutis Peleckis, and Marijus Radavičius. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Journal of Business Economics and Management 16, no. 6 (December 24, 2015): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2015.1112830.
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The paper analyses the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between greenhouse gases and main aspects of economic development based on the panel data of 20 countries of the EU, including the data of three Baltic States, in the period 1995–2011. The fixed effect panel model was used as a framework for the analysis. The commonly used models confirmed the presence of the inverse U-shaped relationship. The novel contribution of this paper is that the factor referring to the global financial crisis was tested in expanded EKC model. Higher energy taxes, primary production of nuclear heat and R&D decrease the level of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The size of agriculture, industry and construction, as well as the primary production of solid fuels have a positive sign, which means that a higher value of these indicators is associated with a higher level of GHG. This implies that the analysed set of factors can be applied to adjust the EKC trend in the region and might be useful for the climate change policy adjustment.
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Aytaç, Ayhan, and Murat Korkmaz. "An Analysis of the World Paper Industry with a Focus on Europe and Trade Perspective." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 32, no. 2 (April 13, 2022): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sues-2022-0007.
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Abstract The pulp and paper manufacturing industry is currently facing sweeping changes due to the fact that supply and demand are dominated by different global players. These changes have significant effects not only on the paper and pulp production of countries but also on world economies thanks to the high level of trade between countries around the world. Based on the historical development of paper, our study examines today’s production around the world economies, shows the latest commercial trends in the paper and pulp trade, and makes a prediction on the effects of the data belonging to this sector on the trade of countries through using panel regression models. According to our results, we determined a significant relationship between the total world paper and cardboard production in Turkey and the European Union and the amount of pulp. On the other hand, a partial relationship was found between the European Union and Turkey’s paper production. In addition, we concluded that the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production was the factor causing the total paper production in the European Union and Turkey. In other words, we have established as a result of the analysis that as the amount of pulp used in paper and cardboard production increases, paper and cardboard production also increases at the same rate.
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Jurgelevičius, Artūras. "Social economic risk analysis of Lithuania in the context of European Union countries." Buhalterinės apskaitos teorija ir praktika, no. 15A (July 9, 2014): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/batp.2014.15a.9.
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Social economic risk factors of country risk assessment of Lithuania have been analysed in the article. Recent economic downturn caused and sharpened a number of economic and social problems. Poor economic recovery, high rate of unemployment, social and economic inequality, not flexible and dynamic structure of industry might be considered as factors which will limit the economic growth and prosperity in the country for upcoming decade. Analysis has suggested that Lithuania has reached 72% of European Union economic level. In order to achieve the average of European Union’s countries economic level Lithuania has to gain more than 4% of growth of GDP rate annually. In the context of regional deep recession or country’s dependency on European market, it seems impossible to achieve this goal in 2030 if other variables have not change. Analysis of Lithuanian industry and export structure suggested that Lithuania mainly produce low value added goods and this has not changed for the last decade. It was identified that Lithuania is experiencing high level of social exclusion which negatively affect the development of the country. Social economic trends might do high pressure on state budget demanding increase taxes tariffs and expand tax base in the country.
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Sukawati, Maheswara Perbawa. "European Union Policy on Artificial Intelligence Related to Cyber Crime." Hang Tuah Law Journal 4, no. 1 (August 4, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30649/htlj.v4i1.169.
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<p>Abstract: </p><p><em>Artificial Intelligence is one of the sector in Revolution Industry 4.0 that become serious topic to discuss in every countries in the world including the European Union itself. They believe that Artificial Intelligence can make the good benefit for the society, however the using of Artificial Intelligence usually make a negative impact for the society therefore the European Union made some Policy about the Artificial Intelligence to support about the Revolution Industry 4.0. The Policy about Artificial Intelligence have the purpose to regulate about using Artificial Intelligence in European Union basically for the members, everything about Artificial Intelligence have the relation with the Technology that have been develop nevertheless everything about technology, internet, computer, and data have already regulated in Convention on Cyber Crime Budapest 2001 therefore everything about Artificial Intelligence including the Policy of Artificial Intelligence in European Union have to related with the Convention on Cyber Crime.</em></p>
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Şengel, Ümit, and Mustafa Kenan Erkan. "Financial Policies of European Union Countries Regarding the Tourism Industry in COVID-19 Process." Journal of Business Research - Turk 13, no. 1 (March 28, 2021): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2021.1124.
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Behun, Marcel, Beata Gavurova, Andrea Tkacova, and Anna Kotaskova. "THE IMPACT OF THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY ON THE ECONOMIC CYCLE OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." Journal of Competitiveness 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 23–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.7441/joc.2018.01.02.
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Bojnec, Štefan, and Imre Fertő. "Forestry industry trade by degree of wood processing in the enlarged European Union countries." Forest Policy and Economics 40 (March 2014): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.11.009.
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Jonek-Kowalska, Izabela. "State aid and competitiveness of the hard coal mining industry in the European Union." Equilibrium 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil.2015.004.
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The hard coal mining industry in the European Union (EU) is in decline, mostly due to a lack of price competitiveness. It is maintained, to a great extent, by state aid; the key objective of the industry’s existence is to provide energy security and guarantee employment in the mining regions. In Poland, the hard coal mining industry is currently undergoing a serious crisis that threatens the two largest mining enterprises with bankruptcy. In addition, due to the European Union’s restrictions concerning the circumstances of granting state aid, these enterprises cannot count on the financial support for the repair restructuring that they used on a large scale until 2011. Therefore, in this article, the main objective is to determine the influence of state aid on the competitiveness of the hard coal mining industry in 12 countries of the EU, including Poland in specific. In order to achieve the stated objective, the article is divided into three parts. The first part consists of a literature review, and legal regulations that are related to state aid for the hard coal mining industry in the EU are presented. The second part identifies the amount of state aid for the mining industry in the examined countries. Next, the economic effects of state aid for hard coal mining in the European Union are examined. The third assesses the financial results of 24 Polish hard coal mines.
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Gajdemski, Paweł, Ewelina Gaweł, Krzysztof Gardziej, Bartosz Kluczyński, Mateusz Orłowski, and Kahreena Hortizuela. "Timber Production Market in Poland and Selected EU Countries – Current Status and Future Challanges." Management Systems in Production Engineering 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 37–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mspe-06-01-2016.
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Abstract The paper discusses the issue of the development of timber production market and timber industry in Poland and selected EU countries. The potential of forest resources in Poland against the background of other European countries is presented, as well as selected aspects exerting impact on the development processes of the sector of production. Particular attention is paid to the structure of ownership of forests in Poland and selected countries of the European Union. The structure of the use of means for research and development is analyzed with particular focus on those branches which allocate the biggest amounts for such purposes. Technological trends in the timber industry in Poland is described. Finally the prospects in the development of timber industry in the near future are discussed.
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Lytvynchuk, Anna. "Environmental aspects of agricultural policies of the European Union countries." University Economic Bulletin, no. 50 (August 31, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2021-50-136-144.
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At present, the state of the economy of the agricultural sector in many countries of the world, including in the countries of the European Union (EU), inherent in developed industry, has led to the transition to a new environmentally oriented agricultural policy. An important role is assigned to state support of agricultural producers, through subsidies, preferential credit policy, and in some countries, the complete abolition of taxation of entrepreneurial activity in rural areas, which confirms the relevance and national economic significance of the article. In domestic agroeconomic science and practice, there is no scientific concept of state participation in the process of bringing the agricultural sector out of the crisis. Research objectives – consider the development policy of the agricultural sector of the EU countries; study the level of state support for agricultural producers. The purpose of the work is to consider the degree of development of the agricultural policy of the EU countries in the context of ensuring food security. The methods and methodology of the research were general scientific, particular methods of cognition, including the historical and logical, the method of observation and comparison. Shows the main approaches to state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial sector at the level of the European Union as a whole and in the context of member countries; characteristic features and principles that determine the success and integrity of a unified agricultural policy; factors contributing to the productivity of agricultural land; agro-ecological requirements restricting the import of genetically modified products; the main tasks in the development of a new policy of the agrarian sector of the economy; priority directions of regulation of measures to support agricultural producers, integrated development of rural areas, increasing the competitiveness of the EU agricultural sector. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that this study will allow the state bodies of Belarus to better understand how it is necessary to form an agricultural policy in the context of ensuring food security.
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Santillán-Salgado, Roberto. "Banking concentration in the European Union during the last fifteen years." Panoeconomicus 58, no. 2 (2011): 245–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan1102245s.
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The increase in the concentration of the banking industry across European Union countries during the last fifteen years can be explained in terms of: a) global factors, like the comprehensive adoption of technological innovations, the intensification of competition that has resulted from the deregulation of the financial sector and, more recently, as a consequence of the government interventions and forced acquisitions prompted by the 2007-2009 financial crisis; and, b) factors that have been specific to the E.U., in particular, the structural changes that took place in the region as a result of the creation of the Single Financial Market (1993) and the introduction of the euro (1999). This work analyzes the concentration process of the banking industry in the E.U. during the last fifteen years giving preeminence to the strategic choices made by the region?s commercial banks. It also reports the most visible E.U. banks? M&As and government interventions that resulted from the 2007-2009 financial crisis, make a preliminary evaluation of the outcomes, and suggests possible future trends for the banking industry in the region.
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Martínez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada, Martina Vidovic, and Anca M. Voicu. "Are the Central East European Countries Pollution Havens?" Journal of Environment & Development 26, no. 1 (September 30, 2016): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496516670196.
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The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between environmental stringency and intra–European Union (EU) trade flows. Two main hypotheses are tested. First, we test whether the stringency of a country's environmental regulations may result in pollution havens. Second, we test whether the results differ by industry and by the EU membership tenure (EU-15 vs. the newly added Central East European Countries). An augmented gravity model is estimated using panel data for 21 countries during the period from 1999 to 2013 for the full sample and also separately for the Central East European Countries and the EU-15 members. Our results show weak support for the pollution haven hypothesis for some dirty industries, mainly for net exports from western EU countries to the rest. Instead, support for the “Porter hypothesis” is found for trade in clean goods.
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Belascu, Lucian, Alexandra Horobet, Georgiana Vrinceanu, and Consuela Popescu. "Performance Dissimilarities in European Union Manufacturing: The Effect of Ownership and Technological Intensity." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 18, 2021): 10407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810407.
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Our paper addresses the relevance of a set of continuous and categorical variables that describe industry characteristics to differences in performance between foreign versus locally owned companies in industries with dissimilar levels of technological intensity. Including data on manufacturing sector performance from 20 European Union member countries and covering the 2009–2016 period, we used the random forests methodology to identify the best predictors of EU manufacturing industries’ a priori classification based on two main attributes: ownership (foreign versus local) and technological intensity. We found that EU foreign-owned businesses dominate locally owned ones in terms of size, which gives them an edge in obtaining higher profits, cash flow and investments and coping with higher personnel costs. Furthermore, ownership is a more important differentiator of performance at the industry level than the industry’s technological level. The performance of foreign-owned high-tech manufacturing industry units across the EU is the most heterogeneous compared to the other four categories, indicating particularities linked to technological level, ownership, and even location. Our findings suggest that multinational enterprises in high-tech industries transfer to eastern EU countries’ activities and processes with lower technological intensity and higher labour intensity, but also that locally owned businesses, even within high-tech industries, have lower technological levels.
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Montalbán-Domingo, Laura, Madeleine Aguilar-Morocho, Tatiana García-Segura, and Eugenio Pellicer. "Study of Social and Environmental Needs for the Selection of Sustainable Criteria in the Procurement of Public Works." Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 19, 2020): 7756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187756.
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Fostering sustainability in the construction industry has been claimed; however, important barriers are hindering its implementation in public procurement. The main reason is the lack of knowledge about what sustainability criteria should be included and the high level of subjectivity in the definition of their level of importance. Both aspects should be addressed depending on the specific context of each country. Therefore, the aim of this research focused on identifying the sustainability shortcomings that exist in each European Union country in order to determine the level of importance of each sustainability category. Five environmental categories and eight social categories were established, and, to assess the sustainability performance of the 28 European countries, 42 national indicators were selected and the Promethee method was undertaken to rank the countries. Finally, through a cluster analysis, two groups of countries were identified. The first group consisted of the most economically developed European Union countries. These countries need to focus mainly on the environmental performance. However, the second group needs to make an effort in social sustainability at the same time, which controls their environmental performance. This research provides guidance on the decision-making with regard to the inclusion of sustainability in public procurement of the construction industry.
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Łapińska, Justyna, Grzegorz Kądzielawski, and Radosław Dziuba. "Country-Specific Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Clothing and Footwear between Poland and European Union Countries." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 27, no. 4(136) (August 31, 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1816.
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The present study investigated the country-specific determinants of intra-industry trade between Poland and its European Union trading partners in clothing and footwear during the time period 2004–2017. The econometric model for panel data was used to identify the factors determining bilateral intra-industry trade with EU countries. The research findings show that the size of the trading partners' economies has a positive impact on the development of intra-industry trade in clothing and footwear. The size of the country, measured by the size of its GDP, is equated with the size of the market and the possibilities of selling differentiated products in it. The geographical distance separating the trading countries turned out to be a factor limiting the development of intra-industry trade. An unfavourable effect on the intensity of intra-industry trade is also the degree of imbalance in trade between trade partners. The study confirmed that the direction of the impact of all determinants of intra-industry trade identified is consistent with the predictions of the theory.
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Belova, E. "FILM INDUSTRY AS BRANCH OF CREATIVE ECONOMY OF SPAIN AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XXI CENTURY." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 1 (March 28, 2016): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2016-1-101-107.
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The creative industries have one of the highest rates of the development in the modern economy. Researchers consider that these industries contain potential for the socio-economic development of countries and cities. The article examines the contribution of the creative industry to the economy of European Union countries. The research contains metodology of the selection and the analysis of key indicators of the cinema industry development of Spain (as one of the leader countries in the world in this field). The result of the work represents the classification of autonomous communities of Spain according to the development of local industry.
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Rachwał, Tomasz, Krzysztof Wiedermann, and Wioletta Kilar. "Rola przemysłu w gospodarce układów regionalnych Unii Europejskiej." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 14 (January 1, 2009): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.14.4.
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The aim of the paper is to present the role of industrial activity in the economy of European Union regional systems, with a special reference to Poland, measured by the employment rate and gross added value. Defining the range of influence of regional industry should allow us to define the places of accumulation of new development advantages, which is important from the perspective of the development of these areas. To assess the recent changes in the space of European industry in regional systems, a dynamic analysis of the discussed processes was carried out, covering the period of economic transformation of the Central and Eastern Europe countries and their integration with the European Union. To analyze the function of industry in the development of knowledge-based economy, the authors identified the relationship between the amount of investment in industry and the potential employees in research and development activities. The authors also attempt to assess the suitability of various measures of industrial development to determine their role in regional economic systems in the conditions of intensifying processes of globalization and European integration.
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Bošković, Gorica, and Ana Stojković. "Industrial Policy As The European Union Competitiveness Factor On The Global Market." Economic Themes 52, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2014-0019.
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Abstract The union of the most developed European countries and their heavy industry based economies after the World War II, seemed like the only answer to USA’s and Japan’s powerful economies. At the same time, it was the only chance for Europe to become competitive in the global market. That was achieved through various forms of economic communities, formed in Europe in the second half of XX century. Since the 1992. Maastricht Treaty, they are known as the European Union. European Union industrial policy had the same priorities since the very beginning – to make Europe the leader of global economy, through investments in knowledge and high-tech inovation. However, that still hasn’t happened and considering all the economical and political crisis shaking the Union lately, chances are it can hardly happen at all. Reasons are numerous and different, both inside and outside the Union. The implicit question being posed here is have the most developed world countries and their economies reached their peak and can the EU achieve further growth on the supersaturated global market? This paper investigates the role of industrial policy as one of the key factors for solution to many problems in the past as well as in the future of the EU, which would make this economic and political community of European countries much more competitive on the global market.
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Pavolová, Henrieta, Katarína Čulková, Zuzana Šimková, Andrea Seňová, and Dušan Kudelas. "Contribution of Mining Industry in Chosen EU Countries to the Sustainability Issues." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074177.
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In recent years, the mining industry has achieved an important position in the national economy due to its increasing productivity. However, since 2000, there have been signs of a slowdown, resulting from the national and local conditions of the mining industry. It is for these reasons that we have concluded that this type of industry must be assessed not only from the economic but also from the national and regional sectors, because the performance of the mining industry is directly affected by the value of mineral deposits and the structure of other industries. The present paper aims to analyze the development of the mining industry in Slovakia, in comparison with similar development in chosen European Union countries. Slovakia has been considered as a country with mineral resources and mineral-based products representing an important part of Slovakia’s foreign trade, with the significant imported mineral resources including mainly mineral fuels and ore raw materials. The development of the mining industry is assessed from the economics through the growth rate of gross domestic product (GDP) and through the national aspect through the rate of growth of the national economy. The aspects are evaluated by the multi-criteria method Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), with which we evaluated the country with the best mining industry development. The results of detailed quantitative analyses of the selected indicators for mining industry development for individual European Union countries show a fluctuating trend during the observed period, which is characterized by development disparities. Such results can be used to determine raw material policies in the relevant countries.
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Juhász, Tímea, Botond Kálmán, Arnold Tóth, and Annamária Horváth. "Digital competence development in a few countries of the European Union." Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 178–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2022-0010.
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Abstract The first computers were made as early as in the 20th century, but the rapid development of digitalisation took place in the 21st century. Nowadays, Industry 4.0 has created a network connection between man and machines. Without computers and the Internet, the world is unthinkable. Digitalisation is pervading every part of our lives. Whether at work or in our leisure activities, digitalisation and the use of digital tools are present. The digital revolution was started by computers and is now an indispensable our lives, for example with the internet, mobile phones, cloud solutions and self-driving cars. It's no coincidence that digital competence is no longer an expectation, but an obligation for employers and employees alike. Several studies have undertaken to define digital skills; however, we can talk about a rather complex competence. The current study examines the question in the dimension of the European Union from a multitude of aspects. The authors use the DESI index and EU statistics on this topic to find correlations between digital potential, use of tools and the exploitation of opportunities offered by digitalisation in thirteen countries. The authors primarily examined the impact of the level of digital infrastructure and the frequency of Internet use on digital skills. It is outlined from statistics that Scandinavian countries have a leading role in the digital competition. Nevertheless, our results throw light on the individual level that digital skills forcefully improve during browsing on the internet, and practical activities have a significant role in development, which the authors named PMP.