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Journal articles on the topic 'Semiconducting polymer blends'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 February 2025

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1

Kulatunga, Piumi, Nastaran Yousefi, and Simon Rondeau-Gagné. "Polyethylene and Semiconducting Polymer Blends for the Fabrication of Organic Field-Effect Transistors: Balancing Charge Transport and Stretchability." Chemosensors 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10060201.

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Polyethylene is amongst the most used polymers, finding a plethora of applications in our lives owing to its high impact resistance, non-corrosive nature, light weight, cost effectiveness, and easy processing into various shapes from different sizes. Despite these outstanding features, the commodity polymer has been underexplored in the field of organic electronics. This work focuses on the development of new polymer blends based on a low molecular weight linear polyethylene (LPE) derivative with a high-performance diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer. Physical blending of the polyethylene with semiconducting polymers was performed at ratios varying from 0 to 75 wt.%, and the resulting blends were carefully characterized to reveal their electronic and solid-state properties. The new polymer blends were also characterized to reveal the influence of polyethylene on the mechanical robustness and stretchability of the semiconducting polymer. Overall, the introduction of LPE was shown to have little to no effect on the solid-state properties of the materials, despite some influence on solid-state morphology through phase separation. Organic field-effect transistors prepared from the new blends showed good device characteristics, even at higher ratios of polyethylene, with an average mobility of 0.151 cm2 V−1 s−1 at a 25 wt.% blend ratio. The addition of polyethylene was shown to have a plasticizing effect on the semiconducting polymers, helping to reduce crack width upon strain and contributing to devices accommodating more strain without suffering from decreased performance. The new blends presented in this work provide a novel platform from which to access more mechanically robust organic electronics and show promising features for the utilization of polyethylene for the solution processing of advanced semiconducting materials toward novel soft electronics and sensors.

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2

McNutt, William W., Aristide Gumyusenge, Luke A. Galuska, Zhiyuan Qian, Jiazhi He, Xiaodan Gu, and Jianguo Mei. "N-Type Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2, no. 7 (June 10, 2020): 2644–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.0c00261.

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3

Yu, G., H. Nishino, A. J. Heeger, T. A. Chen, and R. D. Rieke. "Enhanced electroluminescence from semiconducting polymer blends." Synthetic Metals 72, no. 3 (June 1995): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(95)03282-7.

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4

Gong, X., W. Ma, J. C. Ostrowski, G. C. Bazan, D. Moses, and A. J. Heeger. "White Electrophosphorescence from Semiconducting Polymer Blends." Advanced Materials 16, no. 7 (April 5, 2004): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.200306230.

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5

Gumyusenge, Aristide, Dung T. Tran, Xuyi Luo, Gregory M. Pitch, Yan Zhao, Kaelon A. Jenkins, Tim J. Dunn, Alexander L. Ayzner, Brett M. Savoie, and Jianguo Mei. "Semiconducting polymer blends that exhibit stable charge transport at high temperatures." Science 362, no. 6419 (December 6, 2018): 1131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau0759.

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Although high-temperature operation (i.e., beyond 150°C) is of great interest for many electronics applications, achieving stable carrier mobilities for organic semiconductors at elevated temperatures is fundamentally challenging. We report a general strategy to make thermally stable high-temperature semiconducting polymer blends, composed of interpenetrating semicrystalline conjugated polymers and high glass-transition temperature insulating matrices. When properly engineered, such polymer blends display a temperature-insensitive charge transport behavior with hole mobility exceeding 2.0 cm2/V·s across a wide temperature range from room temperature up to 220°C in thin-film transistors.

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6

Stingelin, Natalie. "(Invited) Manipulating Photoexcitations of Flexible-Chain Polymer Semiconductors Via the Local Environment." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2023-01, no. 14 (August 28, 2023): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2023-01141347mtgabs.

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Semiconducting:ferroelectric blends are interesting as an optoelectronic system because the strong coulombic interactions in excitons may be reduced by an enhanced polar environment provided by the ferroelectric component. Here, we demonstrate variations in the photoluminescence and charge dynamics of photo-induced absorption with model blends of the archetypal semiconducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and ferroelectric commodity polymer poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF). This result suggests correlations between local polarity and photophysical processes of exciton dissociation and recombination, likely due to some degree of intermixing in specific blend ratios. Indeed, we see evidence of vitrification, i.e. glass formation, often leading to intermixing in these blends by varying the composition and molecular weight of the blend components. Furthermore, we will exploit the ferroelectric nano-domains, exhibited by the ter-polymer of PVDF, poly[(vinylidene fluoride‐co-trifluoro ethylene‐co-chlorotrifluoro ethylene)] [P(VDF-TrFE-CTFE)] to deliver fundamental insights into the required length scale of intermixing for photophysical processes.

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7

Mulderig, Andrew J., Yan Jin, Fei Yu, Jong Keum, Kunlun Hong, James F. Browning, Gregory Beaucage, Gregory S. Smith, and Vikram K. Kuppa. "Determination of active layer morphology in all-polymer photovoltaic cells." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717010457.

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This study investigates the structure of films spin-coated from blends of the semiconducting polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly{2,6-[4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene]-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)} (PCPDTBT). Such blends are of potential use in all-polymer solar cells in which both the acceptor and the donor material generate excitons to contribute to the photocurrent. Prompted by threefold performance gains seen in polymer/fullerene and polymer blend solar cells upon addition of pristine graphene, devices are prepared from P3HT/PCPDTBT blends both with and without graphene. This report focuses on the morphology of the active layer since this is of critical importance in determining performance. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is utilized to study this polymer blend with deuterated P3HT to provide contrast and permit the investigation of buried structure in neat and graphene-doped films. SANS reveals the presence of P3HT crystallites dispersed in an amorphous blend matrix of P3HT and PCPDTBT. The crystallites are approximately disc shaped and do not show any evidence of higher-order structure or aggregation. While the structure of the films does not change with the addition of graphene, there is a perceptible effect on the electronic properties and energy conversion efficiency in solar cells made from such films. Determination of the active layer morphology yields crucial insight into structure–property relationships in organic photovoltaic devices.

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8

Cleave, V., G. Yahioglu, P. Le Barny, D. H. Hwang, A. B. Holmes, R. H. Friend, and N. Tessler. "Transfer Processes in Semiconducting Polymer-Porphyrin Blends." Advanced Materials 13, no. 1 (January 2001): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200101)13:1<44::aid-adma44>3.0.co;2-#.

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9

Aliouat, Mouaad Yassine, Dmitriy Ksenzov, Stephanie Escoubas, Jörg Ackermann, Dominique Thiaudière, Cristian Mocuta, Mohamed Cherif Benoudia, David Duche, Olivier Thomas, and Souren Grigorian. "Direct Observations of the Structural Properties of Semiconducting Polymer: Fullerene Blends under Tensile Stretching." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 3092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143092.

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We describe the impact of tensile strains on the structural properties of thin films composed of PffBT4T-2OD π-conjugated polymer and PC71BM fullerenes coated on a stretchable substrate, based on a novel approach using in situ studies of flexible organic thin films. In situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) measurements were carried out to probe the ordering of polymers and to measure the strain of the polymer chains under uniaxial tensile tests. A maximum 10% tensile stretching was applied (i.e., beyond the relaxation threshold). Interestingly we found different behaviors upon stretching the polymer: fullerene blends with the modified polymer; fullerene blends with the 1,8-Diiodooctane (DIO) additive. Overall, the strain in the system was almost twice as low in the presence of additive. The inclusion of additive was found to help in stabilizing the system and, in particular, the π–π packing of the donor polymer chains.

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10

Jo, Sae Byeok, Wi Hyoung Lee, Longzhen Qiu, and Kilwon Cho. "Polymer blends with semiconducting nanowires for organic electronics." Journal of Materials Chemistry 22, no. 10 (2012): 4244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2jm16059e.

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11

Chou, Li-Hui, Yaena Na, Chung-Hyoi Park, Min Soo Park, Itaru Osaka, Felix Sunjoo Kim, and Cheng-Liang Liu. "Semiconducting small molecule/polymer blends for organic transistors." Polymer 191 (March 2020): 122208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122208.

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12

Zhao, Yan, Xikang Zhao, Michael Roders, Ge Qu, Ying Diao, Alexander L. Ayzner, and Jianguo Mei. "Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends for Efficient Charge Transport." Chemistry of Materials 27, no. 20 (October 15, 2015): 7164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b03349.

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13

Lu, Guanghao, Riccardo Di Pietro, Lisa Sophie Kölln, Iyad Nasrallah, Ling Zhou, Sonya Mollinger, Scott Himmelberger, Norbert Koch, Alberto Salleo, and Dieter Neher. "Dual-Characteristic Transistors Based on Semiconducting Polymer Blends." Advanced Electronic Materials 2, no. 10 (August 2, 2016): 1600267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201600267.

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14

Zhao, Xikang, Guobiao Xue, Ge Qu, Vani Singhania, Yan Zhao, Kamal Butrouna, Aristide Gumyusenge, et al. "Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends: Influence of Side Chains of Matrix Polymers." Macromolecules 50, no. 16 (August 10, 2017): 6202–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01354.

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15

Hajduk, Barbara, Paweł Jarka, Tomasz Tański, Henryk Bednarski, Henryk Janeczek, Paweł Gnida, and Mateusz Fijalkowski. "An Investigation of the Thermal Transitions and Physical Properties of Semiconducting PDPP4T:PDBPyBT Blend Films." Materials 15, no. 23 (November 25, 2022): 8392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238392.

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This work focuses on the study of thermal and physical properties of thin polymer films based on mixtures of semiconductor polymers. The materials selected for research were poly [2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2′;5′,2″;5″,2′′′-quater-thiophen-5,5′′′-diyl)]—PDPP4T, a p-type semiconducting polymer, and poly(2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,6-di(pyridin-2-yl)-pyrrolo [3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-alt-2,2′-bithiophene)—PDBPyBT, a high-mobility n-type polymer. The article describes the influence of the mutual participation of materials on the structure, physical properties and thermal transitions of PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blends. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the phase diagram for PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blend films, constructed on the basis of variable-temperature spectroscopic ellipsometry and differential scanning calorimetry. Both techniques are complementary to each other, and the obtained results overlap to a large extent. Our research shows that these polymers can be mixed in various proportions to form single-phase mixtures with several thermal transitions, three of which with the lowest characteristic temperatures can be identified as glass transitions. In addition, the RMS roughness value of the PDPP4T:PDBPyBT blended films was lower than that of the pure materials.

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16

Pitsalidis, C., A. M. Pappa, S. Hunter, A. Laskarakis, T. Kaimakamis, M. M. Payne, J. E. Anthony, T. D. Anthopoulos, and S. Logothetidis. "High mobility transistors based on electrospray-printed small-molecule/polymer semiconducting blends." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 16 (2016): 3499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc00238b.

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17

Yan, Qian-Yu, Yu-Wei Shia, Dong-Yue Guo, and Wen-Ya Lee. "Shear-Enhanced Stretchable Polymer Semiconducting Blends for Polymer-based Field-Effect Transistors." Macromolecular Research 28, no. 7 (June 2020): 660–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13233-020-8126-9.

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18

Lee, Jung Hun, Young Hun Lee, Yeon Hee Ha, Jaehyuk Kwon, Seungmoon Pyo, Yun-Hi Kim, and Wi Hyoung Lee. "Semiconducting/insulating polymer blends with dual phase separation for organic field-effect transistors." RSC Advances 7, no. 13 (2017): 7526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra27953h.

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19

Shiga, Tohru, Akane Okada, and Toshio Kurauchi. "Electroviscoelastic effect of polymer blends consisting of silicone elastomer and semiconducting polymer particles." Macromolecules 26, no. 25 (December 1993): 6958–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00077a038.

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20

Zhao, Xikang, Yan Zhao, Qu Ge, Kamal Butrouna, Ying Diao, Kenneth R. Graham, and Jianguo Mei. "Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends: The Influence of Conjugation-Break Spacer Length in Matrix Polymers." Macromolecules 49, no. 7 (March 18, 2016): 2601–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00050.

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21

Selivanova, Mariia, Ching-Heng Chuang, Blandine Billet, Aleena Malik, Peng Xiang, Eric Landry, Yu-Cheng Chiu, and Simon Rondeau-Gagné. "Morphology and Electronic Properties of Semiconducting Polymer and Branched Polyethylene Blends." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 11, no. 13 (March 11, 2019): 12723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b22746.

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22

Liu, Xueliang, Sven Huettner, Zhuxia Rong, Michael Sommer, and Richard H. Friend. "Solvent Additive Control of Morphology and Crystallization in Semiconducting Polymer Blends." Advanced Materials 24, no. 5 (November 23, 2011): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201103097.

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23

Bae, Insung, Sun Kak Hwang, Richard Hahnkee Kim, Seok Ju Kang, and Cheolmin Park. "Wafer-Scale Arrays of Nonvolatile Polymer Memories with Microprinted Semiconducting Small Molecule/Polymer Blends." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 5, no. 21 (October 22, 2013): 10696–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am402852y.

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24

Gumyusenge, Aristide, Xuyi Luo, Hongyi Zhang, Gregory M. Pitch, Alexander L. Ayzner, and Jianguo Mei. "Isoindigo-Based Binary Polymer Blends for Solution-Processing of Semiconducting Nanofiber Networks." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 1, no. 7 (June 17, 2019): 1778–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b00321.

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25

Cates, Nichole C., Roman Gysel, Jeremy E. P. Dahl, Alan Sellinger, and Michael D. McGehee. "Effects of Intercalation on the Hole Mobility of Amorphous Semiconducting Polymer Blends." Chemistry of Materials 22, no. 11 (June 8, 2010): 3543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm1008619.

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26

Zhao, Yan, Xikang Zhao, Michael Roders, Aristide Gumyusenge, Alexander L. Ayzner, and Jianguo Mei. "Melt-Processing of Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends for High Performance Organic Transistors." Advanced Materials 29, no. 6 (December 5, 2016): 1605056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201605056.

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27

Selivanova, Mariia, Matthew J. Coady, Julia Pignanelli, Michael U. Ocheje, Kory Schlingman, Aleena Malik, Michaela Prado, and Simon Rondeau-Gagné. "Crack propagation and electronic properties of semiconducting polymer and siloxane-urea copolymer blends." Flexible and Printed Electronics 5, no. 3 (July 14, 2020): 035001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab97be.

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28

Castro, Fernando A., Carlos F. O. Graeff, Jakob Heier, and Roland Hany. "Interface morphology snapshots of vertically segregated thin films of semiconducting polymer/polystyrene blends." Polymer 48, no. 8 (April 2007): 2380–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.02.059.

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29

McNeill, Christopher R., Kamal Asadi, Benjamin Watts, Paul W. M. Blom, and Dago M. de Leeuw. "Structure of Phase-Separated Ferroelectric/Semiconducting Polymer Blends for Organic Non-volatile Memories." Small 6, no. 4 (February 22, 2010): 508–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.200901719.

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30

Michels, Jasper J., Albert J. J. M. van Breemen, Khurram Usman, and Gerwin H. Gelinck. "Liquid phase demixing in ferroelectric/semiconducting polymer blends: An experimental and theoretical study." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 49, no. 17 (June 8, 2011): 1255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.22289.

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31

Benmouna, A., R. Benmouna, M. R. Bockstaller, and I. F. Hakem. "Self-Organization Schemes towards Thermodynamic Stable Bulk Heterojunction Morphologies: A Perspective on Future Fabrication Strategies of Polymer Photovoltaic Architectures." Advances in Physical Chemistry 2013 (April 16, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/948189.

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Research efforts to improve our understanding of electronic polymers are developing fast because of their promising advantages over silicon in photovoltaic solar cells. A major challenge in the development of polymer photovoltaic devices is the viable fabrication strategies of stable bulk heterojunction architecture that will retain functionality during the expected lifetime of the device. Block copolymer self-assembly strategies have attracted particular attention as a scalable means toward thermodynamically stable microstructures that combine the ideal geometrical characteristics of a bulk heterojunction with the fortuitous combination of properties of the constituent blocks. Two primary routes that have been proposed in the literature involve the coassembly of block copolymers in which one domain is a hole conductor with the electron-conducting filler (such as fullerene derivatives) or the self-assembly of block copolymers in which the respective blocks function as hole and electron conductor. Either way has proven difficult because of the combination of synthetic challenges as well as the missing understanding of the complex governing parameters that control structure formation in semiconducting block copolymer blends. This paper summarizes important findings relating to structure formation of block copolymer and block copolymer/nanoparticle blend assembly that should provide a foundation for the future design of block copolymer-based photovoltaic systems.

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32

Alexeev, A., J. Loos, and M. M. Koetse. "Nanoscale electrical characterization of semiconducting polymer blends by conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM)." Ultramicroscopy 106, no. 3 (February 2006): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2005.07.003.

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33

Jung, Soon-Won, Jae Bon Koo, Chan Woo Park, Bock Soon Na, Ji-Young Oh, and Sang Seok Lee. "Flexible Organic Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated on Polydimethylsiloxane Elastomer Substrates." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15, no. 10 (October 1, 2015): 7513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2015.11137.

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In this study, we fabricated flexible organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) on a polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) elastomer substrate using blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and amorphous conjugated polymer poly(9,9- dioctylfuorene-co-bithiophene) (F8T2) as the gate dielectric and semiconducting layer, respectively. All the processes were performed at elastomer-compatible temperatures of below 100 °C. We confirmed the basic properties of the P(VDF-TrFE):PMMA blend film on the PDMS substrate, and the characteristics of the fabricated flexible OTFTs were also evaluated. A subthreshold voltage swing of 2.5 V/decade, an Ion/Ioff ratio greater than 105, field-effect mobility of 1.2×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1, and a 10−11 A gate leakage current were obtained. These characteristics did not degrade at a bending radius of 1 cm. For the OTFTs, the endurable maximum strain without degradation in the field-effect mobility of the PDMS elastomers was approximately 2%.

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34

List, E. J. W., J. Partee, J. Shinar, C. Gadermaier, G. Leising, and W. Graupner. "Excitation energy migration in highly emissive semiconducting polymer blends probed by photoluminescence detected magnetic resonance." Synthetic Metals 116, no. 1-3 (January 2001): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(00)00483-5.

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35

Gumyusenge, Aristide, Xikang Zhao, Yan Zhao, and Jianguo Mei. "Attaining Melt Processing of Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends at 130 °C via Side-Chain Engineering." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 5 (January 24, 2018): 4904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b19847.

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36

He, Zhengran, Dawen Li, Dale K. Hensley, Adam J. Rondinone, and Jihua Chen. "Switching phase separation mode by varying the hydrophobicity of polymer additives in solution-processed semiconducting small-molecule/polymer blends." Applied Physics Letters 103, no. 11 (September 9, 2013): 113301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4820588.

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37

Castro, Fernando A., Carlos F. O. Graeff, Jakob Heier, and Roland Hany. "Corrigendum to “Interface morphology snapshots of vertically segregated thin films of semiconducting polymer/polystyrene blends” [Polymer 48 (2007) 2380–2386]." Polymer 48, no. 11 (May 2007): 3377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2007.03.061.

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38

Zhong, Hongliang, Jeremy Smith, Stephan Rossbauer, Andrew J. P. White, Thomas D. Anthopoulos, and Martin Heeney. "Air-Stable and High-Mobility n-Channel Organic Transistors Based on Small-Molecule/Polymer Semiconducting Blends." Advanced Materials 24, no. 24 (May 18, 2012): 3205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200859.

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39

Xue, Guobiao, Yan Zhao, Xikang Zhao, Hanying Li, and Jianguo Mei. "Zone-Annealing-Assisted Solvent-Free Processing of Complementary Semiconducting Polymer Blends for Organic Field-Effect Transistors." Advanced Electronic Materials 4, no. 1 (December 4, 2017): 1700414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700414.

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40

Gao, Chun Yan, Mingyuan Pei, Hyoung Jin Choi, and Hoichang Yang. "Semiconducting Polymer Blends: Spontaneous Phase Separation of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)s with Different Regioregularity for a Stretchable Semiconducting Film (Adv. Funct. Mater. 35/2019)." Advanced Functional Materials 29, no. 35 (August 2019): 1970244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201970244.

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41

Jukes, Paul C., Sasha Y. Heriot, James S. Sharp, and Richard A. L. Jones. "Time-Resolved Light Scattering Studies of Phase Separation in Thin Film Semiconducting Polymer Blends during Spin-Coating." Macromolecules 38, no. 6 (March 2005): 2030–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0477145.

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42

Castro, Fernando A., Hadjar Benmansour, Jacques-E. Moser, Carlos F. O. Graeff, Frank Nüesch, and Roland Hany. "Photoinduced hole-transfer in semiconducting polymer/low-bandgap cyanine dye blends: evidence for unit charge separation quantum yield." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 11, no. 39 (2009): 8886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b909512h.

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43

Blachowicz, Tomasz, Nonsikelelo Sheron Mpofu, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Measuring Physical and Chemical Properties of Single Nanofibers for Energy Applications—Possibilities and Limits." Nanoenergy Advances 4, no. 4 (October 9, 2024): 300–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nanoenergyadv4040018.

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Nanofibers can be produced by various techniques, such as a broad range of electrospinning techniques to produce nanofiber mats from different polymers or polymer blends, often filled with metallic or semiconducting nanoparticles or by different nanotechnological bottom-up or top-down methods. They are important parts of a wide variety of energy applications, such as batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaics, or hydrogen storage materials. Usually, their physical or chemical parameters are measured by averaging over a fiber bundle or a part of a nanofiber mat. Here, we report the possibility of measuring the different physical and chemical properties of single nanofibers and nanowires. Such measurements of single nanofiber properties are more complicated than investigations of fiber bundles or whole nanofiber mats and, thus, are less often found in the literature. After a fast increase in such investigations between 2001 and 2009, the numbers of respective studies are now stagnating. This review thus aims to make the different possibilities more visible to a broader scientific audience by providing several examples based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and other broadly available techniques. The focus of this review is on technologies that reveal more information than the pure surface morphology of nanofibers or nanowires, such as mechanical properties or wettability, porosity, or electrical conductivity.

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44

Wu, Longfei, Feng Luo, Larry Lüer, Beatriz Romero, Jose Manuel Otón, Qi Zhang, Ruidong Xia, and Juan Cabanillas-Gonzalez. "Quantifying the efficiency of förster-assisted optical gain in semiconducting polymer blends by excitation wavelength selective amplified spontaneous emission." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 54, no. 22 (August 10, 2016): 2311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.24141.

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Yu, Kilho, Byoungwook Park, Geunjin Kim, Chang-Hyun Kim, Sungjun Park, Jehan Kim, Suhyun Jung, et al. "Optically transparent semiconducting polymer nanonetwork for flexible and transparent electronics." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 50 (November 22, 2016): 14261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1606947113.

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Simultaneously achieving high optical transparency and excellent charge mobility in semiconducting polymers has presented a challenge for the application of these materials in future “flexible” and “transparent” electronics (FTEs). Here, by blending only a small amount (∼15 wt %) of a diketopyrrolopyrrole-based semiconducting polymer (DPP2T) into an inert polystyrene (PS) matrix, we introduce a polymer blend system that demonstrates both high field-effect transistor (FET) mobility and excellent optical transparency that approaches 100%. We discover that in a PS matrix, DPP2T forms a web-like, continuously connected nanonetwork that spreads throughout the thin film and provides highly efficient 2D charge pathways through extended intrachain conjugation. The remarkable physical properties achieved using our approach enable us to develop prototype high-performance FTE devices, including colorless all-polymer FET arrays and fully transparent FET-integrated polymer light-emitting diodes.

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Qian, Kun, Rui Qiao, Sheng Chen, Hang Luo, and Dou Zhang. "Enhanced permittivity in polymer blends via tailoring the orderliness of semiconductive liquid crystalline polymers and intermolecular interactions." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 25 (2020): 8440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc00766h.

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The dielectric properties of PVDF blend films with P-type triphenylene discotic side-chain liquid crystalline polymers (TD-SCLCPs) are dependent on the orderliness of TD-SCLCPs and the compatibility between polymer matrix and TD-SCLCPs.

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Ou, Jiemei, Huijun Tan, Zhong Chen, and Xudong Chen. "FRET-Based Semiconducting Polymer Dots for pH Sensing." Sensors 19, no. 6 (March 25, 2019): 1455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19061455.

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Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based polymer dots (Pdots), fabricated by semiconducting polymers and exhibiting excellent properties, have attracted much interest in the last decade, however, full polymer-dot-based pH sensors are seldom systematically exploited by researchers. In this work, we constructed a kind of blend polymer dot, utilizing poly[(9,9-dihexyl-9H-fluorene-2,7-vinylene)-co-(1-methoxy-4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2,5-phenylenevinylene)] (PFV) as the donor, poly[2,5-bis(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (BDMO-PPV) as the acceptor, and polysytrene graft EO functionalized with carboxy (PS-PEG-COOH) to generate surface carboxyl groups. This type of Pdot, based on the FRET process, was quite sensitive to pH value changes, especially low pH environments. When the pH value decreases down to 2 or 1, the fluorescence spectrum of Pdots-20% exhibit spectral and intensity changes at the same time, and fluorescence lifetime changes as well, which enables pH sensing applications. The sharpening of the emission peak at ~524 nm, along with the weakening and blue shifts of the emission band at ~573 nm, imply that the efficiency of the energy transfer between PFV and BDMO-PPV inside the Pdots-20% decreased due to polymer chain conformational changes. The time-resolved fluorescence measurements supported this suggestion. Pdots constructed by this strategy have great potential in many applications, such as industrial wastewater detection, in vitro and intracellular pH measurement, and DNA amplification and detection.

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Zhao, Baofeng, Zhicai He, Xiaoping Cheng, Donghuan Qin, Min Yun, Meijuan Wang, Xiaodong Huang, Jianguo Wu, Hongbin Wu, and Yong Cao. "Flexible polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 8.7%." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 26 (2014): 5077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3tc32520b.

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Here we demonstrate flexible polymer solar cells with a record high power conversion efficiency of 8.7% and a very high specific power of 400 W kg⁻¹, by depositing a physical blend of a conjugated semiconducting polymer and a fullerene derivative on a highly flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate.

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Park, Byoungwook, Hongkyu Kang, Yeon Hee Ha, Jehan Kim, Jong‐Hoon Lee, Kilho Yu, Sooncheol Kwon, et al. "Direct Observation of Confinement Effects of Semiconducting Polymers in Polymer Blend Electronic Systems." Advanced Science 8, no. 14 (May 14, 2021): 2100332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/advs.202100332.

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Serrano-Garcia, William, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Sylvia W. Thomas. "Electrospinning Technique for Fabrication of Coaxial Nanofibers of Semiconductive Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235073.

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In this work, the electrospinning technique is used to fabricate a polymer-polymer coaxial structure nanofiber from the p-type regioregular polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and the n-type conjugated ladder polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) of orthogonal solvents. Generally, the fabrication of polymeric coaxial nanostructures tends to be troublesome. Using the electrospinning technique, P3HT was successfully used as the core, and the BBL as the shell, thus conceptually forming a p-n junction that is cylindrical in form with diameters in a range from 280 nm to 2.8 µm. The UV–VIS of P3HT/PS blend solution showed no evidence of separation or precipitation, while the combined solutions of P3HT/PS and BBL were heterogeneous. TEM images show a well-formed coaxial structure that is normally not expected due to rapid reaction and solidification when mixed in vials in response to orthogonal solubility. For this reason, extruding it by using electrostatic forces promoted a quick elongation of the polymers while forming a concise interface. Single nanofiber electrical characterization demonstrated the conductivity of the coaxial surface of ~1.4 × 10−4 S/m. Furthermore, electrospinning has proven to be a viable method for the fabrication of pure semiconducting coaxial nanofibers that can lead to the desired fabrication of fiber-based electronic devices.

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