Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Semiarid rivers'

Arid and semiarid river systems in Western Queensland, Australia, are characterized by the unpredictable and highly variable nature of their hydrological regimes as a result of the episodic nature of rain events in the region. These dryland rivers typically experience episodic floods and extremely low or no flow periods. During low or no flow periods, water persists only in relatively wide and deep sections of the river channels, which are called 'waterholes'. These isolated waterholes serve as refugia for aquatic species during protracted intervals between floods. In such discontinuous riverine habitat, dispersal of freshwater species may be achieved only during wet seasons, when water is flowing in rivers and the nearby floodplains. Obligate aquatic species occur in habitats that represent discrete sites surrounded by inhospitable terrestrial landscapes. Thus, movements are very much limited by the physical nature and arrangement of the riverine system. In addition, the distribution of a species may be also largely dependent on historical events. Landscape and river courses continually change over geological time, often leaving distinct phylogenetic 'signatures', useful in reconciling species' biology with population connectivity and earth history. The main aim of this study was to resolve the relative importance of contemporary and historical processes in structuring populations of two freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. To address this aim, a comparative approach was taken in analysing patterns of genetic variation of two freshwater invertebrates: a snail (Notopala sublineata) and a prawn (Macrobrachium australiense). Mitochondrial sequences were used for both the species. In addition, allozyme and microsatellites markers were employed for N. sublineata. These species have similar distributions in Western Queensland region, although N. sublineata appears to be extinct in some catchments. M. australiense is thought to have good dispersal abilities due to a planktonic larval phase in its life cycle and good swimming capabilities, whereas N. sublineata is thought to have limited dispersal abilities, because of its benthic behaviour and because this species is viviparous. It was hypothesised that these freshwater invertebrates, would display high levels of genetic structure in populations, because physical barriers represented by terrestrial inhospitable habitat, are likely to impede gene flow between populations inhabiting isolated river pools. Genetic data for the two species targeted in this study supported this hypothesis, indicating strong population subdivision at all spatial scales investigated (i.e. between and within catchments). This suggests that contemporary dispersal between isolated waterholes is relatively restricted, despite the potential good dispersal abilities of one of the species. It was hypothesised that levels of gene flow between populations of aquatic species were higher during the Quaternary (likely movements of individuals across catchment boundaries) and that they have been isolated relatively recently. There is evidence that historically gene flow was occurring between populations, suggesting that episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was likelier in the past. Episodic historical movements of aquatic fauna were facilitated by higher patterns of river connectivity as a result of the climate changes of the Pleistocene. Because the two species targeted in this study exhibit analogous spatial patterns of evolutionary subdivision it is likely that they have a shared biogeographic history. The unpredictable flow regime of rivers in Western Queensland is likely to have considerable effects on the genetic diversity of aquatic populations. First, if populations of obligate freshwater organisms inhabiting less persistent waterholes are more likely to experience periodic bottlenecks than those inhabiting more persistent ones, they would be expected to have lower levels of genetic diversity. Second, if populations inhabiting less persistent waterholes periodically undergo local extinction with subsequent recolonisation, there should be higher levels of genetic differentiation among them, due to the founder effects, than among those populations inhabiting more persistent waterholes. Contrary to the first prediction, the observed levels of genetic diversity in both N. sublineata and M. australiense were high in both more persistent and less persistent waterholes. There was no tendency for genetic diversity to be lower in less persistent than in more persistent waterholes. However, when Cooper waterholes were ranked in order of persistence, positive correlation between water persistence time in waterholes and genetic diversity was detected in N. sublineata but not in M. australiense. Contrary to the second prediction, highly significant genetic differentiation was found among populations from both less persistent and more persistent waterholes. This indicates that not only populations from less persistent but also those from more persistent waterholes were very dissimilar genetically. This study demonstrated the importance of both contemporary and historical processes in shaping the population structure of obligate freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. It has indicated that contemporary movements of freshwater species generally are extremely limited across the region, whereas episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was possible during the Pleistocene, due to different patterns of river connectivity.

Arid and semiarid river systems in Western Queensland, Australia, are characterized by the unpredictable and highly variable nature of their hydrological regimes as a result of the episodic nature of rain events in the region. These dryland rivers typically experience episodic floods and extremely low or no flow periods. During low or no flow periods, water persists only in relatively wide and deep sections of the river channels, which are called 'waterholes'. These isolated waterholes serve as refugia for aquatic species during protracted intervals between floods. In such discontinuous riverine habitat, dispersal of freshwater species may be achieved only during wet seasons, when water is flowing in rivers and the nearby floodplains. Obligate aquatic species occur in habitats that represent discrete sites surrounded by inhospitable terrestrial landscapes. Thus, movements are very much limited by the physical nature and arrangement of the riverine system. In addition, the distribution of a species may be also largely dependent on historical events. Landscape and river courses continually change over geological time, often leaving distinct phylogenetic 'signatures', useful in reconciling species' biology with population connectivity and earth history. The main aim of this study was to resolve the relative importance of contemporary and historical processes in structuring populations of two freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. To address this aim, a comparative approach was taken in analysing patterns of genetic variation of two freshwater invertebrates: a snail (Notopala sublineata) and a prawn (Macrobrachium australiense). Mitochondrial sequences were used for both the species. In addition, allozyme and microsatellites markers were employed for N. sublineata. These species have similar distributions in Western Queensland region, although N. sublineata appears to be extinct in some catchments. M. australiense is thought to have good dispersal abilities due to a planktonic larval phase in its life cycle and good swimming capabilities, whereas N. sublineata is thought to have limited dispersal abilities, because of its benthic behaviour and because this species is viviparous. It was hypothesised that these freshwater invertebrates, would display high levels of genetic structure in populations, because physical barriers represented by terrestrial inhospitable habitat, are likely to impede gene flow between populations inhabiting isolated river pools. Genetic data for the two species targeted in this study supported this hypothesis, indicating strong population subdivision at all spatial scales investigated (i.e. between and within catchments). This suggests that contemporary dispersal between isolated waterholes is relatively restricted, despite the potential good dispersal abilities of one of the species. It was hypothesised that levels of gene flow between populations of aquatic species were higher during the Quaternary (likely movements of individuals across catchment boundaries) and that they have been isolated relatively recently. There is evidence that historically gene flow was occurring between populations, suggesting that episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was likelier in the past. Episodic historical movements of aquatic fauna were facilitated by higher patterns of river connectivity as a result of the climate changes of the Pleistocene. Because the two species targeted in this study exhibit analogous spatial patterns of evolutionary subdivision it is likely that they have a shared biogeographic history. The unpredictable flow regime of rivers in Western Queensland is likely to have considerable effects on the genetic diversity of aquatic populations. First, if populations of obligate freshwater organisms inhabiting less persistent waterholes are more likely to experience periodic bottlenecks than those inhabiting more persistent ones, they would be expected to have lower levels of genetic diversity. Second, if populations inhabiting less persistent waterholes periodically undergo local extinction with subsequent recolonisation, there should be higher levels of genetic differentiation among them, due to the founder effects, than among those populations inhabiting more persistent waterholes. Contrary to the first prediction, the observed levels of genetic diversity in both N. sublineata and M. australiense were high in both more persistent and less persistent waterholes. There was no tendency for genetic diversity to be lower in less persistent than in more persistent waterholes. However, when Cooper waterholes were ranked in order of persistence, positive correlation between water persistence time in waterholes and genetic diversity was detected in N. sublineata but not in M. australiense. Contrary to the second prediction, highly significant genetic differentiation was found among populations from both less persistent and more persistent waterholes. This indicates that not only populations from less persistent but also those from more persistent waterholes were very dissimilar genetically. This study demonstrated the importance of both contemporary and historical processes in shaping the population structure of obligate freshwater species in Western Queensland river systems. It has indicated that contemporary movements of freshwater species generally are extremely limited across the region, whereas episodic dispersal across catchment boundaries was possible during the Pleistocene, due to different patterns of river connectivity.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
The thesis addresses sustainability of groundwater utilization in arid and semiarid regions of Namibia. Recharge in this hydrogeological setting occurs as discrete events to aquifers that are bounded in extent. Case studies involving fractured hardrock and alluvial aquifers with aquifer-ephemeral river interaction were considered. The nature of recharge to arid region bounded aquifers was explored. In arid region aquifers, roundwater storage is depleted during extended dry periods due to pumping and natural discharge. Steady state conditions are rarely achieved. With lowering of the water table, evapotranspiration is reduced thus decreasing aquifer discharge. However, depletion of ephemeral river flow is the primary source of water to boreholes. Physical constraints such as river bed and aquifer hydraulic properties set a limit to the degree of natural replenishment possible during flow events. An approach to assessing sustainable yield of a fractured rock aquifer associated with ephemeral river flow is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. Limited data required the simulation results to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. The aquifer’s gain in storage is estimated through numerical simulation. It provides a basis for groundwater scheme management that rely on limited data in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. Aspects related to ephemeral river flow and groundwater recharge to strip alluvial aquifers was addressed in the second case study. The processes controlling infiltration, significance of surface water and groundwater losses, and possible artificial recharge options were investigated through numerical simulation. It was concluded that recharge processes in arid alluvial aquifers differ significantly from those in humid systems. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater resources require artificial augmentation of aquifer recharge due to constrains in natural infiltration rates. The study provides a reference for sustainable management of alluvial aquifer systems in similar regions. It is seen from the study that high rates of groundwater exploitation deplete surface water resources needed downstream while failure to capture surface flow during flood events cause loss of potential recharge. It is concluded that as water demand in Namibia increases, basin wide combined surface water and groundwater resource evaluation and management have become a necessity.

Riparian ecosystems are valued for ecosystem services which have impacts on the well-being of humans and the environment. Anthropogenic disturbances along rivers in arid and semiarid regions have altered historical flow regimes and compromised their integrity. Many rivers are hydroecologically deteriorated, have diminished native riparian forests, and are pressured for their water supplies. My first study is founded on the premise that river restoration has increased exponentially with little documentation on effectiveness. We designed a conference to discuss lessons learned from past restoration activities to benefit future efforts. Participants, including scientists, managers, and practitioners, agreed that creating measureable objectives with subsequent monitoring is essential for quantifying success and employing adaptive management. Attendees stated that current projects are local and have limited funding and time, whereas future efforts must have longer funding cycles, larger timeframes, should contribute to regional goals, and address factors responsible for ecological decline. Bridging gaps among science, management, and policy in the 21st century is a key component to success. My second study focused on the benefits of long-term monitoring of local riparian restoration. Many efforts include revegetation components to re-establish native cottonwood-willow communities, but do not address how high-density establishment impacts vegetation dynamics and sustainability. Over five years, we documented significantly higher growth rates, lower mortality, and higher cover in cottonwood compared to non-native tamarisk. Cottonwood height, diameter at breast height, growth rates, and foliar volumes were reduced at higher densities. Herbaceous species decreased every year but native shrubs volunteered after two years resulting in a reduction of overall plant diversity from 2007-2009 with a slight increase from 2009-2011.My third study focused on improving basin-scale evapotranspiration (ET), a large component of the water budget, to better inform water resource allocation. My research suggests that multiple models are required for basin-scale ET estimates due to vegetation variability across water-limitation gradients. We created two empirical models using remote sensing, a multiplicative riparian ET model (r²=0.92) using MODIS nighttime land surface temperature (LST(n)) and enhanced vegetation index, and an upland ET model (r²=0.77) using multiple linear regression replacing LST(n) with a precipitation input.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
The interaction between surface water and groundwater is a dynamic process in time and space influenced by factors such as soil moisture, hydrodynamic properties, geomorphology, storage and runoff. The quantification and modeling of the processes related to this dynamic constitute prerequisites for the effective water resources management, given that this interaction affects water availability, especially in semi-arid regions. Before this problem, this study aimed to simulate hydrological processes flow transmission between river and groundwater in basins characterized by distinct lithologies, inserted in the Brazilian semiarid region by generating a semi distributed and flexible hydrological model. Two distinct basins of Cearà semiarid region were monitored and used for application of the model developed. A watershed located in sedimentary structure with large underground water reserves (SÃo Jose watershed in the sedimentary basin of Araripe - South of CearÃ) and the other one inserted into the crystalline environment and characterized by water scarcity (Patos-CariÃs-Iguatu subbasin - Jaguaribe river stretch in the Central-South region of CearÃ). The monitoring of these areas between 2010 and 2014 enabled the generation of data and the choice of 10 events from each watershed monitored to evaluate the dynamic river-aquifer. In the evaluation of the data obtained by the monitoring observed aquifer recharges when large volumes precipitates occur in short periods of time. The high temporal spacing difficult the generation of large flows and the rising water levels of the alluvial aquifer. The proposed model was developed considering the three main processes of river-aquifer interaction: full wave propagation, vertical infiltration and groundwater flow. The simulations of the events showed that conductance of the riverbed and effective porosity are the most sensitive parameters of the model. Variations of these parameters allowed the reduction of flood peaks and consequently increases in the aquifer hydraulic loads. However, the simulations showed an underestimation of the hydraulic loads of the aquifer. For the surface discharges were obtained low efficiency ratios (-16.73 to -3.43) for short-term events and small magnitude. Already for long term events and high magnitude, the Nash and Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient performed between 0 and 1 (0.35 to 0.49), indicating a good behavior of the models used. However, for these events the average absolute error between the measured and the simulated loads remained high. The model needs to be adjusted to better define the dynamics of the river-aquifer interaction. A greater number of simulations in both watersheds, with the available events could indicate better where adjustments must be made. The possibility of application of MIRAS model in different lithological means and different spatial scales of semi-arid regions was not possible due to the inability to simulate the model for MHSJ. Thus, one must understands the failure to formulate an alternative and possibly improve the model. Because the use of this tool is the best option for resolving problems and decision making.
A interaÃÃo entre Ãgua superficial e subterrÃnea à um processo dinÃmico no tempo e no espaÃo influenciado por fatores como umidade do solo, propriedades hidrodinÃmicas, geomorfologia, armazenamento e escoamento superficial. A quantificaÃÃo e a modelagem dos processos relacionados a essa dinÃmica constituem-se prÃ-requisitos para a gestÃo eficiente de bacias hidrogrÃficas, haja vista que essa interaÃÃo afeta a disponibilidade hÃdrica, principalmente em regiÃes semiÃridas. Diante dessa problemÃtica, este estudo objetivou simular processos hidrolÃgicos de transmissÃo de fluxo entre rio e aquÃfero em bacias hidrogrÃficas caracterizadas por litologias distintas, inseridas na regiÃo semiÃrida brasileira, atravÃs da geraÃÃo de um modelo hidrolÃgico semidistribuÃdo e flexÃvel. Duas bacias hidrogrÃficas distintas da regiÃo semiÃrida cearense foram monitoradas e utilizadas para aplicaÃÃo do modelo desenvolvido. Uma microbacia localizada em meio sedimentar com grandes reservas hÃdricas subterrÃneas (microbacia hidrogrÃfica do SÃo Josà na bacia sedimentar do Araripe â Sul do CearÃ) e a outra inserida no meio cristalino e caracterizada por escassez hÃdrica (bacia hidrogrÃfica Patos-CariÃs-Iguatu â trecho do rio Jaguaribe na regiÃo Centro-Sul do CearÃ). O monitoramento dessas Ãreas entre 2010 e 2014 possibilitou a geraÃÃo de dados e a escolha de 10 eventos de cada bacia monitorada para avaliaÃÃo da dinÃmica rio-aquÃfero. Na avaliaÃÃo dos dados obtidos pelo monitoramento observou-se recargas aquÃferas quando grandes volumes precipitados ocorrem em curtos espaÃos de tempo. O elevado espaÃamento temporal dificultaram a geraÃÃo de grandes vazÃes e a elevaÃÃo dos nÃveis freÃticos do aquÃfero aluvionar. O modelo proposto foi elaborado considerando os trÃs principais processos da interaÃÃo rio-aquÃfero: propagaÃÃo de onda de cheia, infiltraÃÃo vertical e fluxo subterrÃneo. As simulaÃÃes dos eventos mostraram que condutÃncia do leito do rio e porosidade efetiva sÃo os parÃmetros mais sensÃveis do modelo. VariaÃÃes desses parÃmetros possibilitaram a reduÃÃo dos picos de cheia e consequentemente acrÃscimos nas cargas hidrÃulicas aquÃferas. No entanto, as simulaÃÃes realizadas apresentaram subestimativas das cargas hidrÃulicas do aquÃfero. Para as descargas superficiais obteve-se baixos coeficientes de eficiÃncia (-16,73 a -3,43) para eventos de curta duraÃÃo e pequena magnitude. Jà para eventos de longa duraÃÃo e elevada magnitude, o coeficiente de eficiÃncia de Nash e Sutcliffe apresentou-se entre 0 e 1 (0,35 a 0,49), indicando um bom comportamento dos modelos utilizados. No entanto, para esses eventos o erro mÃdio absoluto entre as cargas medidas e as simuladas continuaram elevados. O modelo precisa de ajustes para definir melhor a dinÃmica da interaÃÃo rio-aquÃfero. Um nÃmero maior de simulaÃÃes nas duas bacias hidrogrÃficas, com os eventos disponÃveis poderia indicar melhor onde devem ser feitos os ajustes. A possibilidade de aplicaÃÃo do modelo MIRAS em diferentes meios litolÃgicos e escalas espaciais distintas de regiÃes semiÃridas nÃo fora possÃvel devido à impossibilidade de simular o modelo para a MHSJ. Dessa forma, precisa-se entender as falhas para formular uma alternativa e, possivelmente, melhorar o modelo. Pois, o uso dessa ferramenta à a melhor opÃÃo para a resoluÃÃo de problemas e tomada de decisÃo.

In this research, I describe the use of false rings to reconstruct local histories of seasonal drought in riparian ecosystems in semiarid regions. In tree-ring analysis, false rings are boundary-like features often formed as a response to drought within the growing season. Drought can be a common feature in hydrologic regimes of dryland rivers but in recent decades drought has been intensifying due to climate change and increasing water use by cities, agriculture and industry. Identifying when and where water availability has decreased along the river course is critical for understanding, and therefore managing, these generally endangered ecosystems. The higher density of trees compared to instrumental data make them ideal candidates for reconstructing site-specific drought patterns.The first part of this dissertation is an observational study conducted on the San Pedro River in southeastern Arizona during 2002. I used dendrometer data and local hydrological data to show that a period of negligible radial growth in cottonwood during the middle of the growing season coincided with a channel drying event. Tree-ring core samples confirmed that false-rings had formed in each of the instrumented trees. The second part of this dissertation is an experimental study designed to evaluate the effect of different levels of water stress on false-ring formation in cottonwood and willow. I showed that experimental decreases in water availability for periods as short as ten days were enough to induce false-ring formation in willow. Longer periods of reduced water availability were generally required to induce false-ring formation in cottonwood. In the final part of this dissertation, I reconstructed false-ring occurrence in Fremont cottonwoods at three sites along the San Pedro River. I infer from false-ring frequencies that the severity of summer drought has been increasing over the last four to six decades but that the drought severity varies along a hydrological gradient. Overall, the findings in this body of research confirm that false rings in riparian tree species can be used as indicators of seasonal drought and underscore the importance of identifying site-specific responses to reduced water availability along the riparian corridor.

FundaÃÃo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
The basin SÃo Nicolau river is located in north Piauà and crosses the territory in EW flowing to Sambito tributary of the Poti. Encompasses five municipalities of the state covering an area of 5.389.8 km2 and has been intensely busy with many uses generating sometimes degradational effects. The area has great importance about maintenance of water resources in this region besides forming ruiniform landscapes in semiarid area. Given the above, the objective was to make the environmental analysis the basin area especially considering the use of this water resource, and verify which state conservationist she presents and how enables the development of wide variety of activities. For this, we used the Physical Conservation Diagnosis (FCD), proceeding to the literature survey and mapping, geoprocessing and analysis of the parameters that make up the end of the DFC descriptive formula such as: Vegetation Cover Index (VCI), in two periods, Climate Index (CI) Rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), Average Slope (DM) and drainage density (DD). The diagnostic result was expressed in the descriptive formula which showed the level of degradation/ preservation in the bowl is located. It is observed that there was a decreased risk of physical degradation in sectors A and B in the time interval between 1989 and 2010, in contrast, there was increased risk in C sector, which presented index of 10,54 in 1989 and 10,92 in 2010. However, the basin that showed the highest rate of degradation was the C sector. The lifting of fÃsicoambientais characteristics together with the results of the analysis of the forms of use and cover the basin contributed to the understanding of the results achieved. Thus, it is observed that the levels of degradation of the basin does not have quite pronounced, even because they have been reduced over the years, however it was not what happened in sector C which had major changes in terms of investments, infrastructure and activities at the same time interval. With this, it is necessary to conduct proper planning throughout the basin, especially in the C sector where the level of degradation was considerably increased in recent years. The shift in the use of resources and application of measures of active management on a larger scale would allow more appropriate management and development facing the sustainability of the region.
A Bacia HidrogrÃfica do rio SÃo Nicolau està localizada no Norte do Piauà e cruza o territÃrio no sentido E-W atà desaguar no rio Sambito afluente do Poti. Engloba cinco municÃpios do Estado perfazendo uma Ãrea de 5.389,8 km2 e vem sendo intensamente ocupada com os mais diversos usos gerando, por vezes, efeitos degradacionais. A Ãrea possui grande importÃncia no que tange a manutenÃÃo dos recursos hÃdricos nessa regiÃo alÃm de formar paisagens ruiniformes no domÃnio semiÃrido. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se realizar a anÃlise ambiental na bacia considerando principalmente a Ãrea de aproveitamento desse recurso hÃdrico, verificando o estado conservacionista que ela apresenta e de que maneira possibilita o desenvolvimento de grande variedade de atividades. Para tanto, utilizou-se da metodologia do Diagnostico FÃsico Conservacionista (DFC) procedendo com o levantamento bibliogrÃfico e cartogrÃfico, tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento e anÃlise dos parÃmetros que compÃem a fÃrmula descritiva final do DFC tais como: Ãndice de Cobertura Vegetal (ICV), em dois perÃodos, Ãndice ClimÃtico (IC), Erosividade da Chuva (R), Erodibilidade dos Solos (K), Declividade MÃdia (DM) e Densidade de Drenagem (DD). O resultado do diagnÃstico foi expresso na fÃrmula descritiva a qual mostrou o nÃvel de degradaÃÃo/conservaÃÃo em que se encontra a bacia. Observa-se que houve uma diminuiÃÃo do risco de degradaÃÃo fÃsica nos setores A e B no intervalo de tempo analisado entre 1989 e 2010, em contrapartida, houve aumento do risco no setor C, o qual apresentou Ãndice de 10,54 em 1989 e de 10,92 em 2010. Contudo, a regiÃo da bacia que apresentou o maior Ãndice de degradaÃÃo foi o setor A. O levantamento das caracterÃsticas ambientais juntamente com os resultados da anÃlise das formas de uso e cobertura da bacia contribuÃram para a compreensÃo dos resultados alcanÃados. Assim, observa-se que os nÃveis de degradaÃÃo da bacia nÃo se apresentam bastante acentuados, inclusive pelo fato de terem sofrido uma diminuiÃÃo com o passar dos anos, contudo nÃo foi o que ocorreu no setor C o qual teve maiores modificaÃÃes em termos de investimentos, atividades e infraestrutura no mesmo intervalo de tempo. Com isso, se faz necessÃrio a realizaÃÃo do adequado planejamento em toda a bacia, de modo especial, no setor C onde apresentou aumento do nÃvel de degradaÃÃo nos Ãltimos anos. A reorientaÃÃo na utilizaÃÃo dos recursos e aplicaÃÃo de medidas de gestÃo atuantes numa escala maior possibilitaria um manejo mais apropriado e um desenvolvimento voltado a sustentabilidade da regiÃo.

nÃo hÃ
The disorderly growth of the capital of PiauÃ, marked mainly by housing occupancy on the banks of river Poti and the existence of clandestine connections of raw sewage in rainwater drainage pipes, has contributed significantly to the pollution of the waters of the river basin of the ParnaÃba River (semiarid region Brazil). This research consists of making water quality measuring campaigns in Poti river and sewage released that, via gallery rainwater, focusing on a river stretch of 36.8 km long, located in the city of Teresina / PI, as well as mathematical modeling of water quality of the river based on WHAT-UFMG platform. The research is presented as the first study involving modeling of water quality in a water body of the state of PiauÃ. Modeled components were: dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and thermotolerant coliform (TC). The results of field measurements indicated TC parameter discontinuities with respect to CONAMA Resolution n 357/2005. The calibration of the decay coefficients for each parameter resulting in deviations between measured and modeled data of up to 20%, which shows that the QUALUFMG can be used as a basis for predicting the quality of water in rivers located in semiarid regions. The calibrated model was also compared to field data from the literature. Finally, simulations were performed for different flow scenarios (Q10, Q90 and Q7,10), with consistent results and that can be used for the management of water resources in the state of PiauÃ.
O crescimento desordenado da capital piauiense, marcado sobretudo pela ocupaÃÃo habitacional Ãs margens do rio Poti e pela existÃncia de ligaÃÃes clandestinas de esgoto bruto nas tubulaÃÃes de drenagem pluvial, tem contribuÃdo significativamente para a poluiÃÃo das Ãguas da bacia hidrogrÃfica do rio ParnaÃba (regiÃo semiÃrida do Brasil). A presente pesquisa consiste na realizaÃÃo de campanhas de mediÃÃo da qualidade da Ãgua no rio Poti e dos esgotos lanÃados no mesmo, via galeria de Ãguas pluviais, com foco em um trecho do rio de 36,8 km de extensÃo, localizado na cidade de Teresina/PI, bem como na modelagem matemÃtica da qualidade da Ãgua deste rio com base na plataforma QUAL-UFMG. A pesquisa apresenta-se como o primeiro estudo envolvendo modelagem da qualidade da Ãgua em um corpo hÃdrico do estado do PiauÃ. Os componentes modelados foram: oxigÃnio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquÃmica de oxigÃnio (DBO) e coliformes termotolerantes (CT). Os resultados das mediÃÃes de campo indicaram desconformidades do parÃmetro CT com relaÃÃo à ResoluÃÃo CONAMA n 357/2005. A calibraÃÃo dos coeficientes de decaimento para cada parÃmetro resultou em desvios entre dados medidos e modelados de atà 20%, o que mostra que o QUAL-UFMG pode ser utilizado como base para prediÃÃo da qualidade da Ãgua em rios localizados em regiÃes semiÃridas. O modelo calibrado tambÃm foi comparado a dados de campo obtidos na literatura. Finalmente, foram realizadas simulaÃÃes para diferentes cenÃrios de vazÃo (Q10, Q90 e Q7,10), apresentando resultados coerentes e que podem ser utilizados para a gestÃo dos recursos hÃdricos do estado do PiauÃ.

The poorest region of Brazil, the Northeast is prone to devastating multi-annual droughts, an inherent part of its geography. The Brazilian state attributes the poverty of the Northeast to the semiarid landscape and a supposed water deficit. The state defends a water diversion project on the biggest river of the region that is rejected by the local population and civil society organizations, as a definitive solution for the water deficit of a section of the semiarid landscape. Based on a large volume of secondary data, primary data collected through open interviews with key informant and participant observation in sections of the semiarid landscape in the state of Ceará, this thesis argues that the problem of the Northeast is not water deficit. Some of the poorest areas of Brazil, in both Northeast and North regions, are abundant in water resources. Droughts have been used as an excuse to intervene in the landscape while drought oriented policies have for a long time divided and sub-divided the region, contributing to the alienation of other structural problems. Poverty and inequality are the most serious problems of the Northeast, inside and outside the limits of the semiarid landscape, just like in the other four regions of Brazil. The São Francisco river integration project (SFIP) reproduces the drought combat discourse and hide the economical intentions of the project. Surrounded by contradictions and certain disregard for Brazil’s Constitution the governmental project benefits from the alienation of the other regions of the Northeastern reality and of the indifference of the National Congress to the conflict. The SFIP analyzed as an example of the historical relationship of interdependence between the central government and the local elite.

nÃo hÃ
This research highlights the advisability of adopting the Basin as a parameter for territorial planning in the semiarid region, in face of the vicissitudes of climate and regional interest to promote environmental development. It demonstrates the importance of the state since its emergence in modernity and highlights the institutionalization of power since then, contributing to the improvement of the institutional environment throughout its territory. The core idea developed is that the state is endowed with power, being responsible for disciplining of subjects of interest to the community, amongst them water or water resources, it is required to pay attention to regional differences existing Âin its territory, in particular the semiarid, and to promote government actions benefiting everyone equally without distinction. The methodology used was through a literature review of the legal framework devoted to the structure of water and / or water resources and watersheds, comparing that information with historical records around the approach to public policies carried out during periods of drought and with socioeconomic criteria guiding public policy or government policies in these geographic areas. ÂThe informations of the territories citizenship of CearÃ, as to notice the various conceptual dimensions of these geographic areas, watershed territory and citizenship. Finally, the analysis of how the dimensions of the territory of citizenship can (inter) relate to the watershed territorial unit , giving them affinities, similarities and differences aiming to a comparative study of their equivalences in promoting sustainable development, according to indexes from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. From this comparison chart, it is possible to show that the basin should be the unit for implementation of territorial planning in the semiarid.
O trabalho pÃe em evidÃncia a conveniÃncia de adotar a Bacia HidrogrÃfica como parÃmetro de planejamento territorial na regiÃo semiÃrida, ante as vicissitudes climÃticas e o interesse regional de promover o desenvolvimento socioambiental. Demonstra a importÃncia do Estado desde seu surgimento na modernidade e realÃa a institucionalizaÃÃo do Poder a partir de entÃo, contribuindo para o aperfeiÃoamento desse ambiente institucional em todo o seu territÃrio. A ideia central desenvolvida à que sendo o Estado dotado de Poder, competindo-lhe o disciplinamento dos assuntos de interesse da coletividade, dentre eles a Ãgua ou recursos hÃdricos, compete-lhe atentar para as diferenÃas regionais existentes em seu territÃrio, em particular o semiÃrido, promovendo aÃÃes governamentais que beneficiem a todos indistintamente. A metodologia utilizada se deu por meio de levantamento bibliogrÃfico sobre o Estado e o ambiente institucional brasileiro, bem como do arcabouÃo jurÃdico devotado ao regime das Ãguas ou recursos hÃdricos e bacias hidrogrÃficas, confrontando essas informaÃÃes com os registros histÃricos em torno da abordagem das polÃticas pÃblicas realizadas nos perÃodos de estiagens e com os critÃrios socioeconÃmicos orientadores dessas polÃticas ou das polÃticas de governo nesses espaÃos geogrÃficos. Tais registros demonstram que, no CearÃ, cujo territÃrio à abrangido pelo semiÃrido em quase totalidade, onde a Ãgua possui significativo valor econÃmico e social, como se observa com o Rio Jaguaribe, e seu percurso permite verificar algumas dimensÃes conceituais desses espaÃos geogrÃficos, dentre eles a territorialidade, a bacia hidrogrÃfica à ignorada como parÃmetro territorial para seu desenvolvimento socioambiental. De sorte que, sendo o Estado do Cearà localizado no semiÃrido e sazonalmente exposto Ãs estiagens, a bacia hidrogrÃfica deveria ser a unidade territorial preponderante para implementaÃÃo do planejamento territorial, conciliando o desiderato legal de ser a unidade territorial para a polÃtica de recursos hÃdricos e inter-relacionando com outras unidades administrativas

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
A presente pesquisa aborda a contextualizaÃÃo geoambiental da sub-bacia hidrogrÃfica do rio Figueiredo, como um subsÃdio ao planejamento ambiental. Tem-se como principal objetivo realizar uma anÃlise ambiental integrada da sub-bacia, destacando a capacidade de suporte dos seus recursos naturais e as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo. Assim, a pesquisa se estruturou em trÃs etapas principais. A primeira està voltada à pesquisa documental, bem como ao levantamento de dados secundÃrios da Ãrea de estudo. A segunda diz respeito ao levantamento da base geocartogrÃfica e de imagens de satÃlites. A terceira se volta à parte prÃtica atravÃs dos trabalhos de campo, interpretaÃÃo das imagens de satÃlites e produÃÃo cartogrÃfica. Como principais resultados, verificou-se que a sub-bacia possui os seguintes sistemas ambientais: planÃcies fluviais e Ãreas de inundaÃÃo sazonal, depressÃo sertaneja, que se divide nos sertÃes de Alto Santo, Iracema/Potiretama, Pereiro/ErerÃ, cristas residuais, maciÃo residual do Pereiro e patamares da chapada do Apodi. Esta sub-bacia apresenta processos de degradaÃÃo ambiental e riscos de desertificaÃÃo, pois possui condiÃÃes climÃticas semiÃridas e atividades humanas que comprometem a capacidade de suporte dos seus recursos naturais, entre elas a pecuÃria, a agricultura e o extrativismo vegetal, cujas tÃcnicas de utilizaÃÃo sÃo inadequadas. Neste contexto, o reconhecimento das potencialidades e limitaÃÃes naturais da bacia à de suma importÃncia para as diretrizes ambientais.
This research approaches the issue of integrated studies as an aid to environmental planning, having as the case study the sub-basin of the Rio Figueiredo. This river is one of the main tributaries of the Jaguaribe drainage basin, located in the eastern portion of the state of Ceara, Brazil. It has as its main objective to conduct an environmental analysis of the integrated sub-basin, highlighting the carrying capacity of its natural resources and ways to use and occupation, with a view to supporting environmental planning. For this purpose, its specific objectives are: to identify the environmental systems and types of use and occupation of their natural resources to investigate the main environmental problems in the sub-basin set, relating the causes and consequences; make a list of the floristic composition of the environmental systems aiming to realize the environmental degradation from the loss of biodiversity. This research was structured in three main stages. The first one is focused on documentary research, as well as the collection of complementary data on the study area. The second concerns the collecting of the geocartographic base data and satellite images. The third will discuss a practical field work through the interpretation of satellite images and cartographic production. The main results showed that the sub-basin has four environmental systems: fluvial plains and areas of seasonal flooding, depression hinterland, which is divided in the backlands of Alto Santo, Iracema/Potiretama, Pereiro/ErerÃ, residual ridges, Pereiro residual massive and the heights of the Apodi plateau. This sub-basin presents processes of environmental degradation and desertification risk, because it has semi-arid climatic conditions and human activities that compromise the carrying capacity of its natural resources, including livestock, agriculture and extraction plant, whose techniques are unsuitable for use. In this context, the recognition of the potential and limitations of the natural area is of great importance to the environmental guidelines.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um estudo integrado das condiÃÃes e dinÃmicas ambientais da Bacia HidrogrÃfica do rio Mucambinho, procurando diagnosticar os principais impactos ambientais, as potencialidades naturais e a capacidade de carga daquele ecossistema, propondo em seguida um conjunto de medidas ambientais sustentÃveis. A Bacia està inserida nos municÃpios da regiÃo norte do Estado do CearÃ, sÃo eles: Meruoca, AlcÃntaras, Sobral e CoreaÃ. Suas nascentes localizam-se na Serra da Meruoca, especificamente no municÃpio de Meruoca e desÃguam no rio AcaraÃ, em Sobral. A bacia ocupa uma Ãrea de aproximadamente 100 kmÂ. A metodologia foi desenvolvida em trÃs etapas: revisÃo bibliogrÃfica, atividades de campo e de gabinete. Nesse estudo, a bacia foi caracterizada atravÃs da anÃlise dos atributos do sistema geoambiental (geologia, geomorfologia, clima, recursos hÃdricos, solos, vegetaÃÃo e fauna), aspectos sÃcioeconÃmicos e as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo da terra. Foi feita ainda a anÃlise hidroclimÃtica e a setorizaÃÃo do rio Mucambinho. ApÃs a divisÃo da bacia em setores, identificaram-se os sistemas ambientais de acordo com a metodologia geossistÃmica proposta por Bertrand (1969), cujas unidades foram representadas no mapeamento dos sistemas ambientais em escala de 1:90.000. Essa abordagem permitiu que, no diagnÃstico de recursos naturais ou sobre avaliaÃÃo da qualidade ambiental, fosse considerado um conjunto de atributos, incluindo, assim, a interpretaÃÃo dos aspectos fÃsicos, biolÃgicos e humanos, possibilitando a elaboraÃÃo de propostas para um planejamento do uso e manejo dos recursos naturais. AlÃm disso, classificaram-se estes sistemas em ambientes estÃveis, instÃveis ou intergrades de acordo com a EcodinÃmica de Tricart (1977). Assim, foi possÃvel definir os principais impactos sÃcio-ambientais: desmatamentos, queimadas, assoreamento dos mananciais hÃdricos, voÃoroca e ravinas, diminuiÃÃo da flora e da fauna, perca da fertilidade natural dos solos, dentre outros. Finalmente, apÃs essa anÃlise integrada, apresenta-se uma sÃrie de medidas ambientais sustentÃveis que possa contribuir para a minimizaÃÃo dos impactos e para a preservaÃÃo da qualidade ambiental da Bacia HidrogrÃfica do rio Mucambinho
The objective of this work is to carry out an integrated study about environmental conditions and dynamics, the nature potentially and the supportiveness capacity of this ecosystem, proposing later, a collection of sustainable environmental measures. The Rio Mucambinho water basin is inserted in four cities of Cearaâs North region, such as Meruoca, AlcÃntaras, Sobral and CoreaÃ. The basin occupy an area of 100kmÂ, its sources located in Meruoca district, specifically in Meruocaâs Moutain and to flow into the Acaraà river, located in Sobral city. The methodology was developed in three stages: theoretical foundation, field surveys and office activities. In this study, the basin was characterized though of analysis of the geoenvironmental systems attributes (geology, geomorphology, climate, water resources, soils, vegetation and animalâs species), socioeconomics aspects and the forms of the land occupations and uses. It was made still the hidroclimatical analysis with a Mucambinho river division. Later this separation it was identified the environmentals systems of the basin according to the geosystemic methodology proposal by Bertrand (1969), whose units has been represents on the mapping of environmental systems with scale 1.90.000. In addiction, it was classified the systems in: stable, unstable or intergrades according to ecodynamic of Tricart (1977). This integrated approach allowed that in the nature resources diagnosis, environmental quality assessment, it was considered the attributes collection, including so, the interpretation of humans, biologics and physics aspects. Therefore, it was possible to elaborate proposals for planning of the use and handling of the nature resources, and to define the main socioenvironmental impacts: deforestation, bonfires, changes of water resources, erosive processes, loss vegetation and animals, lost fertility of soils, among others. Finally, with this integrated analysis presented some sustainable environmental measures than can contributes for minimize the impacts and to improve the preservation of environmental quality of the Mucambinho water basin

A atualidade à marcada por uma forte exploraÃÃo aos recursos naturais sendo que o resultado da sobre-exploraÃÃo à refletido imediatamente na paisagem. Os ambientes aquÃticos sÃo um dos sistemas que rapidamente respondem as modificaÃÃes instauradas sobre o seu meio, dessa forma, as bacias hidrogrÃficas apresentam-se como Ãreas excelentes para estudos de diagnÃstico, pois podem indicar transformaÃÃes ocorridas em escala espacial e temporal como foi realizado por Gorayeb (2008) e Lima (2012). Foi nesse sentido que se desenvolveu um estudo na bacia de drenagem do aÃude Forquilha, localizada no setor noroeste do estado do CearÃ, regiÃo semiÃrida do estado entre as coordenadas 40Â06â51ââ de longitude oeste e 3Â45â39ââ de latitude sul. A bacia de drenagem do aÃude Forquilha abrange uma Ãrea de 191,83 Km2 e està inserida dentro do municÃpio Forquilha, no distrito de mesmo nome, distante 220 km de Fortaleza. AlÃm do aÃude Forquilha existem na Ãrea outros reservatÃrios de pequeno porte como o aÃude Pocinhos e o Juazeiro. O trabalho teve como objetivo a efetivaÃÃo de uma anÃlise geoecolÃgica, baseada no estudo das paisagens, visando à obtenÃÃo de um diagnÃstico do estado dos recursos naturais. Metodologicamente, utilizou-se da Geoecologia das Paisagens que visa à investigaÃÃo do meio natural atravÃs de um enfoque sistÃmico, desta forma, fundamentando-se principalmente nos trabalhos de Rodriguez; Silva; Cavalcanti (2004); Rodriguez, Silva (2002) e Rodriguez, Silva, Leal (2011). Para isso, realizou-se um levantamento bibliogrÃfico e cartogrÃfico; elaboraram-se mapas temÃticos da bacia na escala de 1:80000 atravÃs das tÃcnicas de geoprocessamento com apoio de produtos cartogrÃficos como a Folha SA.24-X-D-IV Sobral na escala de 1:100.000 (1972) alÃm de imagens de satÃlite Landsat 5 e 8 (2009/2014) que tambÃm serviram como suporte as prÃticas de campo. Com a efetivaÃÃo da anÃlise paisagÃstica, obteve-se a caracterizaÃÃo e a classificaÃÃo da paisagem identificando cinco unidades na bacia onde se apontou suas potencialidades e limitaÃÃes. Com o diagnÃstico, pode-se afirmar que a paisagem da bacia do aÃude Forquilha encontra-se descaracterizada de seus aspectos naturais com processos acelerados de degradaÃÃo, pois identificaram-se diversos impactos negativos na Ãrea como o desmatamento, a degradaÃÃo dos solos e a poluiÃÃo do aÃude Forquilha que apresentou eutrofizaÃÃo na maior parte do ano de acordo com as anÃlises realizadas. Por fim, constatou-se que o uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo na Ãrea vÃm sendo realizado de forma irregular o que indica a necessidade de se propor aÃÃes educativas junto à populaÃÃo e aos ÃrgÃos administrativos responsÃveis pela gestÃo da bacia a fim de viabilizar o uso sustentÃvel dos recursos naturais.
Nowadays has been marked by a strong exploration for natural resources and the result of overexploitation is reflected immediately in the landscape. The aquatic environments are one of the systems that respond quickly to changes brought about it thus the hidrografic basins are presented as excellent areas for studies of diagnostic as they may indicate transformations in spatial and temporal scale as done by Gorayeb (2008) and Lima (2012). It was developed in this sense a study on the river drainage basin the Forquilha dam, located northwest of Cearà semiarid region of the state in the coordinates 40Â06'51 '' west longitude and 3Â45'39 '' south latitude. The river drainage basin Forquilha dam covers an area of 191, 83 km2 and is inserted into the Forquilha municipality in the district of the same name, 220km far from Fortaleza. In addition to the Forquilha dam exist in the area other small reservoirs as the Pocinhos dam and Juazeiro dam. The study aimed to the realization of a geoecological analysis, based on the study of landscapes, in order to obtain a diagnosis of the state of natural resources. Methodologically, it was used the Geoecology of Landscapes that aims to research the natural environment through a systemic approach in this way, basing it primarily on studies of Rodriguez; Silva; Cavalcanti (2004); Rodriguez; Silva (2002) and Rodriguez; Silva; Leal (2011). For this, there was a literature and mapping research; it was prepared thematic maps of the basin in the scale of 1: 80,000 by using geoprocessing techniques with the support of cartographic products as SA.24-XD-IV Sobral leaf on a scale of 1: 100,000 (1984) as well as Landsat 5 satellite images and 8 (2009/2014) which also served to support the practical field. With the conclusion of landscape analysis, obtained the characterization and the landscape classification identifying five units in the basin where they pointed their potentialities and limitations. With the diagnosis, it can be said that the landscape of Forquilha dam basin is uncharacteristic of their natural aspects with accelerated processes of degradation for many negative impacts such as deforestation in the area has been identified, soil degradation and pollution on the Forquilha Weir and eutrophication presented most of the year according to the analyzes. Finally, it was found that the use and occupation of land in the area have been held irregularly indicating the need to propose educational activities among the population and the administrative agencies responsible for basin management in order to enable the sustainable use of natural resources.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
Este estudo objetivou a compreensÃo sobre as tÃticas reprodutivas do ciclÃdeo endÃmico da regiÃo semiÃrida, Cichlasoma orientale, de forma a se melhor entender a estratÃgia reprodutiva desta espÃcie para sua manutenÃÃo em um ambiente com grandes variaÃÃes hidrolÃgicas do semiÃrido brasileiro. O presente trabalho foi dividido em trÃs capÃtulos. O primeiro capÃtulo teve como enfoque a realizaÃÃo da descriÃÃo macro e microscÃpica, e definiÃÃo dos estÃgios de maturaÃÃo ovariana e o grau de desenvolvimento dos ovÃcitos da espÃcie. No segundo capÃtulo foram descritas caracterÃsticas da histÃria de vida de C. orientale, tais como estrutura populacional, razÃo sexual, perÃodo reprodutivo, tipo de desova e tamanho da maturidade sexual. No terceiro e Ãltimo capÃtulo, foram analisadas as diferentes tÃticas reprodutivas relacionadas à sobrevivÃncia da prole da espÃcie, tais como: presenÃa de cuidado parental, tamanho corporal, fecundidade, tamanho do oÃcito e padrÃo de desova. As coletas de material biolÃgico ocorreram mensalmente de agosto de 2011 a julho de 2013 no aÃude Caxitorà e no rio Curu, ambos os pontos localizados na bacia do rio Curu, regiÃo semiÃrida do Nordeste brasileiro. Os resultados indicaram que as cÃlulas germinativas dos ovÃrios de C. orientale apresentam cinco fases de desenvolvimento e os ovÃrios e testÃculos apresentam quatro estÃgios de maturaÃÃo. A espÃcie apresenta desova mÃltipla devido à presenÃa de diferentes fases de desenvolvimento de ovÃcitos em um ovÃrio maduro. GÃnadas maduras foram registradas ao longo de todo o ano, com um pico de atividade reprodutiva durante o perÃodo chuvoso da regiÃo. A razÃo sexual da espÃcie difere de 1:1, porÃm essa diferenÃa ocorre apenas nas maiores classes de tamanho, nas quais ocorre a prevalÃncia de machos. Os tamanhos obtidos para maturidade da espÃcie foram pequenos (fÃmeas = 4,04 cm, machos = 4,33 cm). A fecundidade baseada no grupo de ovÃcitos mais desenvolvidos variou de 254 a 3389 (mÃdia = 2052  849), aumentando proporcionalmente ao comprimento padrÃo da fÃmea. Os ovÃcitos mais desenvolvidos apresentaram diÃmetro mÃximo de 1,8 mm. Estas informaÃÃes caracterizam a espÃcie como apresentando fecundidade baixa e tamanhos de ovÃcitos grandes, o que associado com o cuidado biparental e a desova mÃltipla exercidos pela espÃcie indica que ela realiza um alto investimento em capacidade de sobrevivÃncia da prole, em detrimento da quantidade de prole gerada. As tÃticas reprodutivas realizadas por C. orientale na bacia do rio Curu indicam que esta espÃcie à pertencente da guilda estratÃgia do equilÃbrio com algumas modificaÃÃes que estÃo associadas à adaptaÃÃo a um ambiente de grande variaÃÃo hÃdrica ao longo do ano.
This study aimed at understanding the reproductive tactics of endemic cichlid the semiarid region, Cichlasoma orientale, in order to better understand the reproductive strategies of this kind to be held in an environment with large hydrological variations of the Brazilian semiarid region. This study was divided into three chapters. The first chapter was to focus on achievement of macro and microscopic description and definition of ovarian maturation stages and the degree of development of the kind of oocytes. In the second chapter were described characteristics of the life history of C. orientale, such as population structure, sex ratio, reproductive period, spawning type and size at sexual maturity. In the third and final chapter, we analyzed the different reproductive tactics related to the survival of offspring of species, such as the presence of parental care, body size, fecundity, oocyte size and pattern of spawning. The biological material samples were collected monthly from August 2011 to July 2013 in dam Caxitorà and Curu river, both points located in the basin of the river Curu, semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. The results indicated that the germ cells of C. orientale ovaries present five stages of development and the ovaries and testes have four maturity stages. The species is a multiple spawner due to the presence of different stages of development of oocytes in a mature ovary. Mature gonads were recorded throughout the year, with a peak of reproductive activity during the rainy season in the region. The sex ratio of the species differs from 1: 1, but this difference occurs only in the largest size classes, in which occurs the prevalence of males. Sizes obtained for species of maturity were small (females = 4.04 cm, males = 4.33 cm). The fertility based on the most developed oocytes group ranged 254-3389 (average = 2052  849), increasing in proportion to the standard of female length. The most developed oocytes had a maximum diameter of 1.8 mm. This information characterize the species as having low fertility and sizes of large oocytes, which associated with parental brood care, and the multiple spawning exercised by the species indicates that it conducts high investment in offspring survival skills, rather than the quantity of generated offspring . Reproductive tactics made by C. orientale in the basin of Curu river indicate that this species is owned Guild balance strategy with some modifications that are associated with adaptation to a large water change of environment throughout the year.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
A hidrologia do semiÃrido à bastante diferente da hidrologia de regiÃes Ãmidas e Ãridas. Compreender a hidrologia sob o clima atual e futuro, bem como sob a influÃncia do uso e ocupaÃÃo da terra, à essencial para a gestÃo e planejamento dos recursos hÃdricos. O mecanismo de interaÃÃo rio-aquÃfero reflete indiretamente no conhecimento da recarga das Ãguas subterrÃneas, sendo, portanto, um prÃ-requisito para uma gestÃo eficiente e sustentÃvel do recurso hÃdrico subterrÃneo. O modelo Dryrios foi desenvolvido para simular a dinÃmica rio-aquÃfero em regiÃes Ãridas e semiÃridas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a dinÃmica de fluxo rio-aquÃfero na Bacia HidrogrÃfica Patos/ CariÃs/ Iguatu, localizada na RegiÃo Centro-Sul do Estado do CearÃ, utilizando o modelo Dryrios. Nesse trabalho realizou-se o monitoramento de trÃs poÃos localizados na Ãrea de estudo, no perÃodo de 2010 a 2013. As vazÃes do rio foram monitoradas pela CPRM. Com informaÃÃes de variÃveis hidrolÃgicas obtidas foram realizadas trÃs parametrizaÃÃes. Considerando sete eventos hidrolÃgicos observados, realizou-se uma anÃlise de sensibilidade, utilizando o Erro (E) como parÃmetro de anÃlise. Simultaneamente realizou-se a calibraÃÃo do modelo, considerando os parÃmetros mais sensÃveis, utilizando na anÃlise o coeficiente de eficiÃncia NASH (COE), reduzindo incertezas do processo de parametrizaÃÃo do modelo. Em seguida realizou-se simulaÃÃes dos sete eventos hidrolÃgicos buscando a validaÃÃo do modelo, utilizando o E e o COE na anÃlise dos resultados obtidos de vazÃes do rio e cargas hidrÃulicas do aquÃfero. Na anÃlise tambÃm comparou-se os valores calculados e observados dos volumes transportados por evento e dos picos mÃximos de vazÃo. Os resultados mostraram que apenas dois parÃmetros apresentaram sensibilidade, condutividade hidrÃulica saturada e sucÃÃo na frente de molhamento. Na calibraÃÃo do modelo, nÃo constatou-se melhoras aceitÃveis. ApÃs as calibraÃÃes do modelo, o melhor COE para as vazÃes foi de 36%, um valor aceitÃvel. Em todas as calibraÃÃes as cargas hidrÃulicas do aquÃfero nÃo apresentaram COE's aceitÃveis. Assim, a utilizaÃÃo do Dryrios pela sociedade civil e instituiÃÃes gestoras de recursos hÃdricos nÃo representa bem a realidade, inviabilizando a tomada de decisÃes, especialmente em se tratando de Ãguas subterrÃneas.
The hydrology of semiarid region is quite different from the hydrology of humid and arid regions. Understanding the hydrology under current and future climate, as well as under the influence of the use and occupation of land, is essential for the management and planning of water resources. The interaction mechanism river-aquifer indirectly reflects the knowledge of the groundwater recharge, thus being a prerequisite for the efficient and sustainable management of the groundwater resource. The Dryrios model was developed to simulate the dynamics of river-aquifer in arid and semiarid regions. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of river-aquifer flow in the Basin Patos / Carius / Iguatu, located in the South Central region of the state of CearÃ, using Dryrios model. In this work we carried out the three monitoring wells located in the study area in the period 2010-2013. Flows River were monitored by CPRM. With information on hydrological variables obtained three parameterizations were performed. Considering seven observed hydrological events, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the Error (E) as a parameter for analysis. Simultaneously there was the calibration of the model, considering the most sensitive parameters, using the analysis the coefficient of efficiency NASH (COE), reducing the uncertainties of the model parameterization process. Then took place the seven hydrological simulations events aiming to validate the model using E and the COE in the analysis of the results of flow of the river and the aquifer hydraulic loads. The analysis also compared the calculated and observed values of the volumes transported by the event and the maximum peak flows. The results showed that only two parameters had sensitivity saturated hydraulic conductivity and wetting front suction. To calibrate the model, it was found not acceptable improvements. After the calibration of the model, the COE for better flow rates was 36%, an acceptable value. In all calibrations hydraulic loads of the aquifer showed no COE's acceptable. Thus, the use of Dryrios civil society and water resources management institutions did not represent reality, preventing decisionmaking, especially when it comes to groundwater.

LANDIM, Rafael Bezerra Tavares Vasques. Uso do modelo Dryrios na simulação de trocas hídricas entre um trecho do Rio Jaguaribe e o Aquífero Aluvionar na Bacia Hidrográfica Patos / Cariús / Iguatu - Ceará. 2014. 99 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia Agrícola)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014.
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The hydrology of semiarid region is quite different from the hydrology of humid and arid regions. Understanding the hydrology under current and future climate, as well as under the influence of the use and occupation of land, is essential for the management and planning of water resources. The interaction mechanism river-aquifer indirectly reflects the knowledge of the groundwater recharge, thus being a prerequisite for the efficient and sustainable management of the groundwater resource. The Dryrios model was developed to simulate the dynamics of river-aquifer in arid and semiarid regions. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of river-aquifer flow in the Basin Patos / Carius / Iguatu, located in the South Central region of the state of Ceará, using Dryrios model. In this work we carried out the three monitoring wells located in the study area in the period 2010-2013. Flows River were monitored by CPRM. With information on hydrological variables obtained three parameterizations were performed. Considering seven observed hydrological events, we carried out a sensitivity analysis using the Error (E) as a parameter for analysis. Simultaneously there was the calibration of the model, considering the most sensitive parameters, using the analysis the coefficient of efficiency NASH (COE), reducing the uncertainties of the model parameterization process. Then took place the seven hydrological simulations events aiming to validate the model using E and the COE in the analysis of the results of flow of the river and the aquifer hydraulic loads. The analysis also compared the calculated and observed values of the volumes transported by the event and the maximum peak flows. The results showed that only two parameters had sensitivity saturated hydraulic conductivity and wetting front suction. To calibrate the model, it was found not acceptable improvements. After the calibration of the model, the COE for better flow rates was 36%, an acceptable value. In all calibrations hydraulic loads of the aquifer showed no COE's acceptable. Thus, the use of Dryrios civil society and water resources management institutions did not represent reality, preventing decisionmaking, especially when it comes to groundwater.
A hidrologia do semiárido é bastante diferente da hidrologia de regiões úmidas e áridas. Compreender a hidrologia sob o clima atual e futuro, bem como sob a influência do uso e ocupação da terra, é essencial para a gestão e planejamento dos recursos hídricos. O mecanismo de interação rio-aquífero reflete indiretamente no conhecimento da recarga das águas subterrâneas, sendo, portanto, um pré-requisito para uma gestão eficiente e sustentável do recurso hídrico subterrâneo. O modelo Dryrios foi desenvolvido para simular a dinâmica rio-aquífero em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica de fluxo rio-aquífero na Bacia Hidrográfica Patos/ Cariús/ Iguatu, localizada na Região Centro-Sul do Estado do Ceará, utilizando o modelo Dryrios. Nesse trabalho realizou-se o monitoramento de três poços localizados na área de estudo, no período de 2010 a 2013. As vazões do rio foram monitoradas pela CPRM. Com informações de variáveis hidrológicas obtidas foram realizadas três parametrizações. Considerando sete eventos hidrológicos observados, realizou-se uma análise de sensibilidade, utilizando o Erro (E) como parâmetro de análise. Simultaneamente realizou-se a calibração do modelo, considerando os parâmetros mais sensíveis, utilizando na análise o coeficiente de eficiência NASH (COE), reduzindo incertezas do processo de parametrização do modelo. Em seguida realizou-se simulações dos sete eventos hidrológicos buscando a validação do modelo, utilizando o E e o COE na análise dos resultados obtidos de vazões do rio e cargas hidráulicas do aquífero. Na análise também comparou-se os valores calculados e observados dos volumes transportados por evento e dos picos máximos de vazão. Os resultados mostraram que apenas dois parâmetros apresentaram sensibilidade, condutividade hidráulica saturada e sucção na frente de molhamento. Na calibração do modelo, não constatou-se melhoras aceitáveis. Após as calibrações do modelo, o melhor COE para as vazões foi de 36%, um valor aceitável. Em todas as calibrações as cargas hidráulicas do aquífero não apresentaram COE's aceitáveis. Assim, a utilização do Dryrios pela sociedade civil e instituições gestoras de recursos hídricos não representa bem a realidade, inviabilizando a tomada de decisões, especialmente em se tratando de águas subterrâneas.

This paper presents an adaptation of the classical model of Streeter-Phelps modeling of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in the basin of the Upper Jaguaribe (25,000 km2), State of Ceara, Brazil. The adaptation of the model consisted of the numerical solution of differential equations Streeter-Phelps, considering the effect of incremental flows and sewage releases over the sections, as well as the variability of the sections of rivers and tributaries. For model calibration, including the adjustment of reaeration coefficients (K2) and removal of BOD (Kd), we used the data of the Plan of Management of Waters of the Rio Jaguaribe Basin. Calibration results showed that this simplified model represented well the balance between DO and BOD in a large semi-arid basin, with a good fit for both parameters. For OD, the average deviation was 8.44% and 6.04% by the end and beginning of the rainy season, respectively. As for BOD, the deviations were 18.51% and 30.43% for the two seasons, respectively. In both periods, the OD remained within the standards for Class 2 of Resolution CONAMA 357/2005 throughout the stretch and the BOD breached this limit on a short stretch near the city of Taua. With the already calibrated model were simulated three scenarios: a large full, using as reference flow Q10 of a historical series of Jaguaribe; drought, using the Q50 of the series; and implementation of a WWTP with 80% removal of BOD in all seats. The simulations showed consistent results and that serve as a basis for management of water resources of the study area.
Este trabalho apresenta uma adaptaÃÃo do modelo clÃssico de Streeter-Phelps para modelagem de OxigÃnio Dissolvido (OD) e Demanda BioquÃmica de OxigÃnio (DBO) na bacia do Alto Jaguaribe (Ãrea de 25.000 km2), Estado do CearÃ, Brasil. A adaptaÃÃo do modelo consistiu na resoluÃÃo numÃrica das equaÃÃes diferenciais de Streeter-Phelps, considerando o efeito de vazÃes incrementais e lanÃamentos de esgoto ao longo dos trechos, assim como a variabilidade das seÃÃes dos rios e tributÃrios. Para calibraÃÃo do modelo, incluindo o ajuste dos coeficientes de reaeraÃÃo (K2) e remoÃÃo de DBO (Kd), foram utilizados os dados do Plano de Gerenciamento das Ãguas da Bacia do Rio Jaguaribe. Os resultados da calibraÃÃo mostraram que esse modelo simplificado representou bem o balanÃo entre OD e DBO em uma grande bacia semiÃrida, apresentando um bom ajuste para os dois parÃmetros. Para OD, o desvio mÃdio foi de 8,44% e 6,04% para o fim e inÃcio da estaÃÃo chuvosa, respectivamente. Jà para DBO, os desvios foram de 18,51% e 30,43% para as duas estaÃÃes, respectivamente. Nos dois perÃodos, o OD manteve-se dentro dos padrÃes para Classe 2 da resoluÃÃo CONAMA 357/2005 em todo o trecho e a DBO infringiu este limite em um pequeno trecho prÃximo à cidade de TauÃ. Com o modelo jà calibrado, foram simulados trÃs cenÃrios: uma grande cheia, utilizando como vazÃo de referÃncia o Q10 de uma sÃrie histÃrica do Jaguaribe; estiagem, utilizando o Q50 da sÃrie histÃrica; e, implantaÃÃo de uma ETE com remoÃÃo de 80% de DBO em todas as sedes. As simulaÃÃes apresentaram resultados coerentes e que servem como base para o gerenciamento dos recursos hÃdricos da bacia estudada.

PITOMBEIRA, Sheila Cavalcante; FREIRE, George Satander Sá. A bacia hidrográfica como estratégia de planejamento territorial para o desenvolvimento sustentável do semiárido: a Bacia do Rio Jaguaribe, Ceará - Brasil. 218 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2015.
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This research highlights the advisability of adopting the Basin as a parameter for territorial planning in the semiarid region, in face of the vicissitudes of climate and regional interest to promote environmental development. It demonstrates the importance of the state since its emergence in modernity and highlights the institutionalization of power since then, contributing to the improvement of the institutional environment throughout its territory. The core idea developed is that the state is endowed with power, being responsible for disciplining of subjects of interest to the community, amongst them water or water resources, it is required to pay attention to regional differences existing in its territory, in particular the semiarid, and to promote government actions benefiting everyone equally without distinction. The methodology used was through a literature review of the legal framework devoted to the structure of water and / or water resources and watersheds, comparing that information with historical records around the approach to public policies carried out during periods of drought and with socioeconomic criteria guiding public policy or government policies in these geographic areas. The informations of the territories citizenship of Ceará, as to notice the various conceptual dimensions of these geographic areas, watershed territory and citizenship. Finally, the analysis of how the dimensions of the territory of citizenship can (inter) relate to the watershed territorial unit , giving them affinities, similarities and differences aiming to a comparative study of their equivalences in promoting sustainable development, according to indexes from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. From this comparison chart, it is possible to show that the basin should be the unit for implementation of territorial planning in the semiarid.
O trabalho põe em evidência a conveniência de adotar a Bacia Hidrográfica como parâmetro de planejamento territorial na região semiárida, ante as vicissitudes climáticas e o interesse regional de promover o desenvolvimento socioambiental. Demonstra a importância do Estado desde seu surgimento na modernidade e realça a institucionalização do Poder a partir de então, contribuindo para o aperfeiçoamento desse ambiente institucional em todo o seu território. A ideia central desenvolvida é que sendo o Estado dotado de Poder, competindo-lhe o disciplinamento dos assuntos de interesse da coletividade, dentre eles a água ou recursos hídricos, compete-lhe atentar para as diferenças regionais existentes em seu território, em particular o semiárido, promovendo ações governamentais que beneficiem a todos indistintamente. A metodologia utilizada se deu por meio de levantamento bibliográfico sobre o Estado e o ambiente institucional brasileiro, bem como do arcabouço jurídico devotado ao regime das águas ou recursos hídricos e bacias hidrográficas, confrontando essas informações com os registros históricos em torno da abordagem das políticas públicas realizadas nos períodos de estiagens e com os critérios socioeconômicos orientadores dessas políticas ou das políticas de governo nesses espaços geográficos. Tais registros demonstram que, no Ceará, cujo território é abrangido pelo semiárido em quase totalidade, onde a água possui significativo valor econômico e social, como se observa com o Rio Jaguaribe, e seu percurso permite verificar algumas dimensões conceituais desses espaços geográficos, dentre eles a territorialidade, a bacia hidrográfica é ignorada como parâmetro territorial para seu desenvolvimento socioambiental. De sorte que, sendo o Estado do Ceará localizado no semiárido e sazonalmente exposto às estiagens, a bacia hidrográfica deveria ser a unidade territorial preponderante para implementação do planejamento territorial, conciliando o desiderato legal de ser a unidade territorial para a política de recursos hídricos e inter-relacionando com outras unidades administrativa.

A região Nordeste, primeira a ser ocupada após a chegada dos portugueses no Brasil no século XVI, possui 53% do seu território sob regime do clima semiárido. Nesse espaço, onde vivem 12 milhões de pessoas, as crises causadas por escassez de água, apontadas como barreiras ao desenvolvimento, são conhecidas há mais de um século, causaram perdas agrícolas, migrações e mortes. A região, de conhecida variabilidade climática, é ainda uma das mais vulneráveis do globo às mudanças climáticas. Até o fim desse século, previsões indicam que a temperatura pode subir 4 C em relação à era pré-industrial, com forte impacto sobre os recursos hídricos e desertificação. Diante desse cenário, medidas que oferecem às populações locais condições de se adaptarem se fazem urgentes. Proposto há mais de um século como solução dos problemas trazidos pela escassez de água no semiárido, a transposição do rio São Francisco passou a ser implantada a partir de 2007 sob nome oficial de Projeto de Integração do rio São Francisco com as Bacias Hidrográficas do Nordeste Setentrional (PISF). Trata-se da maior obra de infraestrutura hídrica do país, projetada para transferir 26,4 m3/s por dois eixos principais, Norte e Leste, o volume transportado pelos canais é destinado principalmente ao consumo humano e dessedentação animal. Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de analisar o Eixo Leste do PISF como potencial medida de adaptação às mudanças climáticas. A estratégia de investigação aplicada nesse trabalho interdisciplinar se enquadra na pesquisa qualitativa, apoia-se em documentos, imagens, entrevistas não estruturadas e visitas de campo. A pesquisa conclui que a distribuição de água feita pelo Eixo Leste do PISF não contribui para que as populações mais vulneráveis do semiárido se adaptem às mudanças climáticas, mas que o projeto tem potencial para se converter em tal medida.
The Brazilian Northeast region, the first to be occupied after the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century, has 53% of its territory under a semi-arid climate regime. This space is home to 12 million people, it has been hit by crises caused by water shortages, which are understood as barriers to development. Known by its climatic variability, the semiarid portion of the Northeast is one of the world\'s most vulnerable region to climate change. By the end of this century, predictions indicate that temperature could rise by 4 C as compared to the pre- industrial time, with a strong impact on water resources and desertification. Given this scenario, it is urgent to discuss measures that offer the local population conditions to adapt. Proposed more than a century ago as a solution to the problems brought about by the water scarcity in the semiarid, the project to divert Brazil\'s Sao Francisco river began to be implemented in 2007 under the official name of the São Francisco River Integration Project with the Northern Northeast Hydro Basins (PISF). It is the largest water infrastructure project in the country, designed to transfer 26.4 m3/s through two main axes, Northern and Eastern. The volume transported by the channels is mainly intended for human and animal consumption. This dissertation aims to analyze the Eastern Axis of the PISF of the Northeast of Brazil as a potential adaptation to climate change measure. The research strategy applied in this interdisciplinary work fits the qualitative research, relies on documents, images, unstructured interviews and field visits. The research concludes that the distribution of water by the Eastern Axis of the PISF does not contribute to the adaptation of most vulnerable populations in the semiarid region, but that PISF has the potential to convert to that such measure.

La vallée de la Komadougou Yobé constitue un site privilégié de recharge de l'aquifère quaternaire du bassin du lac Tchad. Depuis les années 1980, le développement des cultures de rente (p. ex. poivron) a conduit à un doublement des surfaces irriguées (1995-2005) dans sa partie aval. Afin de quantifier la recharge supplémentaire induite, une modélisation des flux hydriques verticaux dans la zone non-saturée (0-8 m) a été engagée. La première étape, objet de ce travail de thèse, consiste à décrire l'organisation spatiale et les propriétés hydrodynamiques des corps sédimentaires constitutifs de l'alluvium.Des forages à travers les formations superficielles mettent en évidence des alternances sable-sable argileux dans la totalité de la zone non-saturée, conséquence des migrations du lit mineur de la Komadougou Yobé. Le calcul de la corrélation entre les forages indique une forte analogie avec les hétérogénéités identifiées en surface à partir de données de télédétection (Landsat 7 binarisée). Ces données sont donc utilisées pour l'apprentissage de statistiques multipoints représentatives des hétérogénéités et un modèle géologique 3D de l'alluvium est généré via l'algorithme snesim.Des suivis neutroniques de l'humidité le long de plusieurs profils caractéristiques des différentes unités sédimentaires associées à ce modèle sont réalisés pour des conditions de flux contrôlées en surface. A partir de simulations numériques 1D, des jeux de paramètres hydrodynamiques permettant de reproduire les humidités mesurées sont déterminés par une approche de type Monte-Carlo. Des densités de probabilité intégrant l'incertitude sur les mesures sont obtenues pour les paramètres de Mualem - van Genuchten décrivant les courbes de rétention et de conductivité hydraulique des sédiments.Une procédure 1D-distribuée est utilisée pour simuler les écoulements non-saturés verticaux au sein de plusieurs réalisations du modèle géologique et pour différents jeux de paramètres hydrodynamiques probables. La recharge diffuse calculée se montre particulièrement sensible au paramètre de pression d'entrée d'air attribué aux dépôts superficiels, siège des principales interactions sol-plante-atmosphère, ainsi qu'aux contrastes verticaux de conductivité hydraulique
The downstream part of the Komadugu Yobe River is an important recharge area for the Lake Chad Quaternary aquifer. Since the 1980s, cash crop development (e.g. sweet pepper) has led to the doubling (1995-2005) of irrigated surfaces in the vicinity of the river. A modeling approach of vertical water fluxes through the vadose zone (0-8 m) was designed to quantify the related increase in groundwater recharge. The first step, which is the main topic of this PhD thesis, consisted in describing both spatial arrangement and hydrodynamic properties of the sedimentary bodies that make up the alluvium.Boreholes in surficial deposits highlighted sandy to clayey alternations within the whole unsaturated zone; this was interpreted as the result of frequent migrations of the River channel. Spatial correlation between bore logs showed strong similarities with heterogeneities depicted on ground by means of remote sensing data (binarized Landsat 7 image). This data were therefore used to train multiple-point statistics representative of heterogeneities, and a 3D geological model was generated through the snesim algorithm.For each representative sedimentary unit, soil moisture under controlled hydraulic surface conditions was monitored by vertical neutron probe soundings. Using 1D numerical simulations, different data sets of hydrodynamic properties that reproduced moisture measurements were determined by a Monte-Carlo approach. Probability density functions including measurement uncertainties were deduced for the Mualem - van Genuchten parameters which describe both retention and hydraulic conductivity curves.A 1D-distributed procedure was applied for modeling vertical flows in the unsaturated zone within several geological model realizations with different probable sets of hydrodynamics parameters. The simulated diffuse recharge was shown to be particularly sensitive to two main parameters: air-entry pressure linked to superficial deposits, where soil-plant-atmosphere interactions do occur, and vertical hydraulic conductivity contrasts within the alluvium

The reduction in the supply of good quality water of environmental quality has caused signs about the importance of the protection of the surface water supply and underground. In this sense, the emergence of measures to control and control the use of water resources in various parts of the world has forced a major debate, namely: who is responsible for water governance? In this context, the present research deals with the pillars of water governance in Brazil, and, specifically, in the São Francisco river basin, with the general objective of analyzing the impact of the application of the National Water Resources Policy in that basin and its Consequent refusal in the territory. In the first moment a bibliographical survey of authors dealing with the subject and official documents on water governance in the national territory and in the research area, such as Development Plans, Executive Plans, international, national and regional regulatory frameworks, As well as its application in the hydrographic unit. The survey of primary data in the field consolidated the empirical discussion of the subject, when the elements of governance that are in conflict for the appropriation of land and water are verified. These aspects helped to a theoretical-methodological reflection on the water governance in Brazil and its impacts in the territory of the São Francisco basin, interacting with authors specialized in the subject and of several areas of knowledge, addressing three fundamental aspects, namely: a) The river basin as the preferred unit of water planning and management; B) Principles and Fundamentals of water governance in Brazil and the São Francisco River; and c) The granting of resources as an instrument of selective access to water resources. In addition, it is observed that the use of water by all segments of users has caused unequal and asymmetric access to this resource through the reservation and authorization through grant and collection by the National Water Agency when using the reference flow Of the river basin, and its impact on the territory and governance of the São Francisco waters.
La reducción del suministro de agua de buena calidad ambiental ha causado señales acerca de la importancia de la protección de la superficie y las aguas subterráneas de suministro de fuentes. En este sentido, las medidas de emergencia como el mando y control de la utilización de los recursos hídricos en muchas partes del mundo ha obligado a un debate importante, que es: ¿quién es el responsable de la gestión del agua? En este contexto, esta investigación trata sobre pilares de gobernabilidad del agua en Brasil, y, en concreto, en la cuenca del río, con el objetivo general de analizar el impacto de la aplicación de la Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos de la cuenca y su consecuente rebote en el territorio. En un primer momento se convirtió en una literatura de autores que tratan el tema y los documentos oficiales existentes en la gobernabilidad del agua en el país y en el ámbito de la investigación, ya que los planes de desarrollo, planes maestros, los marcos regulatorios internacionales, nacionales y regionales, así como su aplicación en la unidad hidrográfica. La recolección de datos primarios en el campo consolidado discusión empírica de los temas que se tratan en la realización de los elementos de gobernabilidad que están en conflicto sobre la propiedad de la tierra y el agua. Estos aspectos contribuyeron a una reflexión teórica y metodológica sobre la gobernabilidad del agua en Brasil y su impacto en el territorio de la cuenca del São Francisco, interactuando con autores expertos en la materia y las diferentes áreas de conocimiento, frente a tres aspectos principales, a saber: a) la cuenca hidrográfica como la unidad preferida de la planificación y la gestión del agua; b) Principios y fundamentos de la gestión del agua en Brasil y San Francisco y c) la concesión de recursos como herramienta de acceso selectivo de los recursos hídricos. Por otra parte, se observa que el uso de agua por todos los segmentos de usuarios, ha provocado un acceso desigual y asimétrica a esta función a través de la reserva y la autorización a través de subvenciones y recogida por la Agencia Nacional del Agua cuando se utiliza el flujo de referencia cuencas, y su impacto en el territorio y la gestión de las aguas de Santo Francisco.
A redução da oferta de água em bom estado de qualidade ambiental tem causado sinalizações acerca da importância da proteção dos mananciais de abastecimento superficiais e subterrâneos. Neste sentido, a emergência de medidas quanto ao comando e controle do uso dos recursos hídricos em diversas partes do mundo tem forçado a um debate importante, qual seja: de quem é a responsabilidade sobre a governança da água? Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa trata dos pilares da governança das águas no Brasil, e, de modo específico, na bacia do rio São Francisco, com o objetivo geral de analisar o impacto da aplicação da Política Nacional dos Recursos Hídricos na referida bacia e seu consequente rebatimento no território. No primeiro momento fez-se um levantamento bibliográfico de autores que tratam do tema e de documentos oficiais vigentes acerca da governança da água no território nacional e na área de investigação, como Planos de Desenvolvimento, Planos Diretores, marcos regulatórios internacionais, nacionais e regionais, bem como sua aplicação na unidade hidrográfica. O levantamento de dados primários em campo consolidou a discussão empírica da temática abordada, quando da constatação de elementos da governança que se encontram em conflito pela apropriação da terra e da água. Esses aspectos auxiliaram a uma reflexão teórico-metodológica sobre a governança das águas no Brasil e seus impactos no território da bacia do São Francisco, interagindo com autores especializados no tema e de diversas áreas do conhecimento, abordando três aspectos fundamentais, a saber: a) A bacia hidrográfica como unidade preferencial de planejamento e gestão das águas; b) Princípios e Fundamentos de governança das águas no Brasil e no rio São Francisco e c) A outorga dos recursos como instrumento de acesso seletivo dos recursos hídricos. Além disso, observa-se que, a utilização das águas por todos os segmentos de usuários, tem provocado um acesso desigual e assimétrico a este recurso por meio da reserva e autorização via outorga e cobrança pela Agência Nacional de Águas quando utiliza a vazão de referência da bacia hidrográfica, e seu impacto no território e na governança das águas do São Francisco.
São Cristóvão, SE