Relevant bibliographies by topics / Semi-arid zone

Academic literature on the topic 'Semi-arid zone'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Semi-arid zone"

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Jawad, Thaer K., Osama T. Al-Taai, and Yaseen K. Al-timimi. "Evaluation of Drought Characteristics in Iraq using SC-PDSI." Science Journal of University of Zakho 6, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.3.511.

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Evaluation of drought characteristics in Iraq by analysis annual growing season of Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) for three climatic zones using run theory method. The efficiency of SC-PDSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Rainfall Departure from the mean (RD) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert) for the period 1981-2015, were derived from Climatic Research Unit (CRU). The spatial interpolation techniques in ArcGIS package has been used, to cover the whole extent of country and extracting the zones. Statistical methods were applied to compute the probability of drought events at every zone. The results showed the years 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2009 experienced droughts in all zones except the desert zone where was experienced severe drought in 2012, while the years 1982 and 1988 experienced received precipitation above-average in all zones. The values of standard deviation of precipitation were compared with precipitation anomalies for each zone, the drier seasons are (2007-2008) and (1998-1999) in all Zones. The wetter seasons are (1987-1988) in Arid and Semi-Arid and Steppes zone, (1994-1995) and (1997-1998) are wetter seasons in Desert zone. Using run theory, the steppes zone have experienced more severe droughts than other zones evaluated in this study and the most susceptible areas to dry spell are steppes and Arid and Semi-Arid Zones during study period. While the desert zone experienced less droughts.
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Jawad, Thaer K., Osama T. Al-Taai, and Yaseen K. Al-Timimi. "Evaluation of Drought Characteristics in Iraq using SC-PDSI." Science Journal of University of Zakho 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2018.6.4.547.

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Evaluation of drought characteristics in Iraq by analysis annual growing season of Self-Calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) for three climatic zones using run theory method. The efficiency of SC-PDSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Rainfall Departure from the mean (RD) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert) for the period 1981-2015, were derived from Climatic Research Unit (CRU). The spatial interpolation techniques in ArcGIS package has been used, to cover the whole extent of country and extracting the zones. Statistical methods were applied to compute the probability of drought events at every zone. The results showed the years 1999, 2000, 2008 and 2009 experienced droughts in all zones except the desert zone where was experienced severe drought in 2012, while the years 1982 and 1988 experienced received precipitation above-average in all zones. The values of standard deviation of precipitation were compared with precipitation anomalies for each zone, the drier seasons are (2007-2008) and (1998-1999) in all Zones. The wetter seasons are (1987-1988) in Arid and Semi-Arid and Steppes zone, (1994-1995) and (1997-1998) are wetter seasons in Desert zone. Using run theory, the steppes zone have experienced more severe droughts than other zones evaluated in this study and the most susceptible areas to dry spell are steppes and Arid and Semi-Arid Zones during study period. While the desert zone experienced less droughts.
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KOBATAKE, Shigeki, and M. O. NYADAWA. "Runoff Characteristics in semi-Arid Zone." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 41 (1997): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.41.215.

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Paul, Ranjit Kumar, and P. S. Birthal. "Investigating rainfall trend over India using the wavelet technique." Journal of Water and Climate Change 7, no. 2 (November 4, 2015): 353–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2015.079.

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In this paper, using the wavelet technique we analysed rainfall behaviour in the country across different agro-climatic zones over a century. Findings indicate that at the national level there is no significant trend in rainfall in the long run, but there are pockets of change in the rainfall pattern. There was a significant increase in the rainfall in the arid zone, whereas in the humid, semi-arid tropics and semi-arid temperate zones the trend was downward but insignificant. The behaviour of rainfall was different during this period. Except in the arid zone, we find a similar trend in other zones – increasing initially, tapering off in the middle and then declining but with some difference in time intervals. In the arid zone, the behaviour of rainfall had been erratic. In the short run, the direction of change in trend remains the same as in the long run but the change is statistically significant.
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Musa, Abuelgasim I. I., Mitsuru Tsubo, Shaoxiu Ma, Yasunori Kurosaki, Yasuomi Ibaraki, and Imad-Eldin A. Ali-Babiker. "Evaluation of WRF Cumulus Parameterization Schemes for the Hot Climate of Sudan Emphasizing Crop Growing Seasons." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040572.

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High spatiotemporal resolution climate data are essential for climate-related impact studies. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is widely used to downscale climate data for different regions with regional-specific physics configurations. This study aimed to identify robust configurations of the WRF model, especially cumulus parameterization schemes, for different climatic zones of Sudan. We focused on wet season (June–September) rainfall and dry season (November–February) temperature, which are determinants of summer crop and irrigated wheat yields, respectively. Downscaling experiments were carried out to compare the following schemes: Betts–Miller–Janjic (BMJ), improved Kain–Fritch (KFT), modified Tiedtke (TDK), and Grell–Freitas (GF). Results revealed that the BMJ performed better for wet season rainfall in the hyper-arid and arid zones; KFT performed better for rainfall in July and August in the semi-arid zone where most summer crops are cultivated. For dry season temperature, the BMJ and TDK outperformed the other schemes in all three zones, except that the GF performed best for the minimum temperature in December and January in the arid zone, where irrigated wheat is produced, and in the semi-arid zone. Specific parameterization schemes therefore need to be selected for specific seasons and climatic zones of Sudan.
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Palmer, Carol. "Ethnobotanical investigation of semi-arid zone crop husbandry." Levant 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/007589191790212360.

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de la Paix Mupenzi, Jean, Lanhai Li, Jiwen Ge, Jean Ngamije, Verenyam Achal, Gabriel Habiyaremye, and Jean de Dieu Habumugisha. "Water losses in arid and semi-arid zone: Evaporation, evapotranspiration and seepage." Journal of Mountain Science 9, no. 2 (March 21, 2012): 256–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11629-012-2186-z.

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H. HAFTOM, A. HAFTU, K. GOITOM, and H. MESERET. "Agroclimatic zonation of Tigray region of Ethiopia based on aridity index and traditional agro-climatic zones." Journal of Agrometeorology 21, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v21i2.229.

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The aim of this study was to identify the agroclimatic zones of Tigray region based on aridity index and traditional agroclimatic zone using 37-year (1981-2017) spatial climate data downloaded for Tigray region from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) for rainfall and from Enhancing National Climate Services (ENACTS) data for temperature. Arc map 10.3 was used for mapping of all climatic variables and zonation of agro-climatic zones. Potential evapotranspiration (PET) was computed based on Hargreaves formula and the aridity index was computed. Besides, the digital elevation model was downloaded from ASTER data. The aridity map of Tigray divided into three index zones (0.03-0.2, 0.2–0.5 and 0.5–0.65) and five traditional agro-climate zones (<1500,1500-2000,2000- 2500, 2500-3000, >3000 m.a.s.l.) were overlaid, which divided entire region of Tigray into fifteen agroclimatic zones. Hot semi-arid, warm semi-arid, tepid semi-arid and hot arid were the dominant zones in the region.
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Zhu, Ping, Wei Cao, Lin Huang, Tong Xiao, and Jun Zhai. "The Impacts of Human Activities on Ecosystems within China’s Nature Reserves." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 23, 2019): 6629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236629.

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Protected areas (PAs) provide refuges for threatened species and are considered to be the most important approach to biodiversity conservation. Besides climate change, increasing human population is the biggest threat to biodiversity and habitats in PAs. In this paper, the temporal and spatial variations of land cover changes (LCC), vegetation fraction (VFC), and net primary productivity (NPP) were studied to present the ecosystem dynamics of habitats in 6 different types of national nature reserves (NNRs) in 8 climate zones in China. Furthermore, we used Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light datasets and the human disturbance (HD) index estimated from LCC to quantify the living and developing human pressures within the NNRs in the period 2000–2013. The results showed that (1) the living human activities of NNRs increased apparently in the humid warm-temperate zone, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, mid-temperate semi-arid zone, and mid-temperate humid zone, with the highest increase of nighttime light observed in inland wetlands; (2) the developing human activities in NNRs indicated by the HD index were higher in the humid warm-temperate zone and mid-temperate semi-arid zone as a result of increasing areas of agricultural and built activities, and lower in the sub-tropics due to improved conservation of forest ecosystems; (3) the relationship between HD and VFC suggests that ecosystems in most NNRs of south-subtropics, mid-temperate arid zone and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were predominantly impacted by climate change. However, HDs were the prevalent factor of ecosystem dynamics in most NNRs of north-subtropics, mid-temperate semi-arid and humid zones.
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MONDAL, S. S. "Moisture availability and its application in evaluating agriculture potential in semi-arid region." MAUSAM 42, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i1.2845.

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The States of Punjab and. Haryana generally belong to part of arid and semi-arid regions of India. An Index known as Moisture Availability Index (MAI) has been used to demarcate it into different agroclimatic zones. The four zones Identified were named Very Low Potential (VLP) Low Potential (LP) Moderate Potential (MP) and High Potential (HP) zones. The zone V.LP had the lowest crop potential area where crops are possible in only 20.30% of the years A short duration rainfed crop of 10-12 weeks duration may be grown from zone LP while in area MP the crop growing potential is slightly more. From agricultural point of view area HP appears best suited with minimum risk. Crop prospects at one station In each zone at various risk levels have also been discussed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Semi-arid zone"

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Joshi, Bhaskar. "Estimation of diffuse vadose zone soil-water flux in a semi-arid region." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23996.pdf.

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Ramadan, Mohamad Fahmy A. "Interactive urban form design of local climate scale in hot semi-arid zone." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15120/.

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Jardine, Angela Beth. "Aqueous Phase Tracers of Chemical Weathering in a Semi-arid Mountain Critical Zone." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144594.

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Chemical weathering reactions are important for the physical, chemical, and biological development of the critical zone. We present findings from aqueous phase chemical analyses of surface and soil pore waters during a 15 month study in a small semi-arid mountain catchment of the Santa Catalina Mountain Critical Zone Observatory. Stream water geochemical solutes are sourced to two distinct locations - fractured bedrock baseflow stores and soil quickflow stores. Solid phase observations of albite, anorthite, and K-feldspar transformation to Ca-montmorillonite and kaolinite are supported by stream water saturation states calculated via a PHREEQC geochemical model. While differences in mineral assemblages, soil depths, and horizonation suggest greater weathering in schist versus granite lithologies and in hillslope divergent versus convergent zones, soil pore water solute ratio analysis does not readily distinguish these differences. However, preliminary investigation of aqueous rare earth elements suggests detectable lithologic and landscape positional differences warranting focus for future research efforts.
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Mulengera, Matthew Kagorobha. "Soil loss prediction in the semi-arid tropical savanna zone : a tool for soil conservation planning in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318175.

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Harrington, Rhidian. "The effects of artificial watering points on the distribution and abundance of avifauna in an arid and semi-arid mallee environment." Connect to this title online, 2002. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/2874.

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The role of artificial watering points in the avifaunal dynamics of the semi-arid mallee woodlands of southeast Australia was examined. Species richness and abundance were monitored throughout the year at different distances from water to determine how birds were distributed around water points and how this changed in relation to environmental factors such as climate. Vegetation attributes were also measured to determine which factors explained patterns in the avifauna with distance from water, and also to allow a description of the vegetation in relation to the water points. Water points were monitored throughout the year to determine which species were utilising them, under which environmental circumstances and for what purposes. Knowledge of the water utilisation behaviour of individual bird species allowed some explanation of their distribution patterns, as well as an ability to predict the likely effects of water point closure on those bird species. The closure of two water points during the study allowed an assessment of the immediate effects of water point closure on avifauna (For complete abstract open document)
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Zapata-Rios, Xavier, Paul D. Brooks, Peter A. Troch, Jennifer McIntosh, and Craig Rasmussen. "Influence of climate variability on water partitioning and effective energy and mass transfer in a semi-arid critical zone." COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/617370.

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The critical zone (CZ) is the heterogeneous, near-surface layer of the planet that regulates life-sustaining resources. Previous research has demonstrated that a quantification of the influxes of effective energy and mass transfer (EEMT) to the CZ can predict its structure and function. In this study, we quantify how climate variability in the last 3 decades (1984–2012) has affected water availability and the temporal trends in EEMT. This study takes place in the 1200 km2 upper Jemez River basin in northern New Mexico. The analysis of climate, water availability, and EEMT was based on records from two high-elevation SNOTEL stations, PRISM data, catchment-scale discharge, and satellite-derived net primary productivity (MODIS). Results from this study indicated a decreasing trend in water availability, a reduction in forest productivity (4 g C m−2 per 10 mm of reduction in precipitation), and decreasing EEMT (1.2–1.3 MJ m2 decade−1). Although we do not know the timescales of CZ change, these results suggest an upward migration of CZ/ecosystem structure on the order of 100 m decade−1, and that decadal-scale differences in EEMT are similar to the differences between convergent/hydrologically subsidized and planar/divergent landscapes, which have been shown to be very different in vegetation and CZ structure.
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Daamen, Carl Christopher. "Evaporation from sandy soils beneath crops in the semi-arid zone : a study of the use of microlysimeters and numerical simulation." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357138.

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Bouragba, Latifa. "Etude de la recharge artificielle des nappes en zone semi-aride : application au bassin du Souss-Maroc." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA2046.

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La plaine du Souss est délimitée au nord par le Haut-Atlas, au sud par l’Anti-Atlas et à l’estpar le massif cristallin de Siroua. Les principales formations géologiques sont des marnocalcaireset conglomérats assez perméables, les calcaires du Turonien qui leur sont sousjacentset le lit fossile de l’oued Souss composé d’alluvions sablo-graveleuses trèsperméables.La nappe du Souss est la plus importante du sud du Maroc, elle est très exploitée par unsecteur agricole exportateur, la surexploitation de la nappe s’est traduite par une baissecontinue des niveaux. Depuis 1970, les prélèvements dépassent de loin les ressourcesrenouvelables de la nappe (déficit : 185 Mm3 en 1976, 358 Mm3 en 1998, 228 Mm3 en 2003).Le barrage d’Aoulouz est principalement destiné à la recharge artificielle de la nappe par deslâchers d’eaux stockées pendant les périodes pluvieuses. En zone semi-aride, une estimationprécise de la recharge est souvent délicate, la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la recharge étantgénéralement forte et les processus variés.Ce travail a permis de mieux caractériser l’impact de la recharge sur la nappe et d’évaluer letemps de séjour et le renouvellement des eaux souterraines.L’évolution de la piézométrie à la suite des lâchers d’eau à partir du barrage Aoulouz montredes remontées locales du niveau piézométrique sur la haute plaine, environ 85% des eauxlâchées à partir du barrage d’Aoulouz s’infiltrent 80 km entre Aoulouz et Taroudant.Toutefois, le niveau général de la nappe continue de baisser.Le faciès géochimique est principalement bicarbonaté calcique (dissolution des carbonates), etpar endroits sulfaté calcique (évaporites au pied du Haut-Atlas). Les eaux de surface ont unfaciès bicarbonaté calcique et magnésien acquis lors de leur circulation sur des calcaires et desdolomies.[...]
The Souss valley is bounded to the North by the High Atlas, to the South by the Anti-Atlasand to the East by the Siroua crystalline massif. The main geological formations arecalcareous marls of the Plio-Quaternary, the Turonian limestones that underlie them, and thefossil bed of River Souss formed by sands, sandstones and gravels from high permeabilityalluvium.The Souss aquifer is the most significant aquifer in southern Morocco, highly exploited by anagricultural exporting activity. Groundwater overexploitation induced a decreases ofpiezometric heads. Since 1970, water demand far exceeds renewable groundwater resources(balance defecit: 185 Mm3 in 1976, 358 Mm3 in 1998, and 228 Mm3 in 2003).The mean role of the Aoulouz dam is the artificial recharge of the Souss plain by release ofwater stored during rainy periods in the plain.In semi-arid areas, estimating recharge is often difficult, the spatial and temporal variabilitiesof recharge are generally high, and processes are varied.This work has enabled to characterize the impact of artificial recharge and to estimate therenewal of water in the aquifer.Water releases from Aoulouz dam has permitted an increase of the piezometric level on thehigh plain, about 85% of the water released are unfiltered in the first 80 Km between Aoulouzand Taroudant cities. However, the general water level decline goes on.The geochemical facies is mainly calcium bicarbonate type (dissolution of limestone), andlocally calcium sulphate type (evaporites of the High Atlas). Surface waters are a calcium andmagnesium bicarbonate types, acquired during their flow through limestones and dolomitesoutcrops.[...]
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Chebbi, Wafa. "Caractérisation des échanges d'eau et d'énergie dans une oliveraie pluviale en zone aride : modélisation et intégration des données de télédétection." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30111.

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L'olivier est un agrosystème pérenne clé pour l'économie du pourtour méditerranéen avec des pratiques culturales contrastées (sec épars/irrigué intensive, co-planté...). Connu pour ses mécanismes d'adaptations au stress hydrique et sa capacité de survivre durant de longues périodes à conditions limitantes en eau de sol, l'oléiculture pluviale est dominante dans cette zone, notamment en Tunisie et l'écartement entre les arbres est une fonction de la distribution de la pluviométrie (un nombre important de pieds à l'hectare au Nord (6 m) et des oliveraies très éparses au Sud (25 m)) assurant un volume de sol exploré par les racines supposé être suffisant pour satisfaire les besoins en eau des oliviers. Il est cependant soumis à une forte pression climatique du fait des sécheresses récurrentes dont la fréquence et l'intensité risquent de s'accentuer dans les décennies qui viennent. La réponse de ces couverts épars, où l'eau est un facteur limitant, à ces changements climatiques est méconnue. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à améliorer notre connaissance des processus physiques régissant le cycle hydrologique et le développement de la végétation dans une oliveraie pluviale au centre de la Tunisie. L'objectif de cette thèse est double : i/tester la vulnérabilité de ces oliveraies éparses face aux conditions extrêmes futures et ii/proposer des solutions aux agriculteurs à court (par exemple l'irrigation localisée de complément) et à long termes (notamment la diminution des écartements entre les arbres ou l'extension des périmètres irrigués). Pour répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons besoin de bien caractériser le fonctionnement thermo-hydrique des oliviers, d'identifier la possibilité de suivre leur état hydrique actuel et de prédire leurs réponses à des conditions hydriques futures plus sévères. Dans un premier temps, un protocole expérimental dédié qui comprend des mesures par la méthode de fluctuations turbulentes et la méthode de flux de sève a été mis en place. Les données collectées qui renseignent sur les échanges d'énergie et de matière au sein du continuum sol-plante-atmosphère, ont été analysées et leur cohérence a été vérifiée à travers une étude des différentes composantes des bilans hydrique et énergétique à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. En plus de mesures directes, des mesures de proxidétection ont été sélectionnées afin d'analyser l'apport de cet outil puissant. Des relations entre les indices de stress hydrique estimés (par exemple l'écart entre la transpiration réelle et potentielle) et les indicateurs de proxidétection (la température de surface et le photochemical reflectance index) ont été donc établies pour détecter les seuils critiques au-delà des quels un apport en eau devient indispensable pour la survie de la plante. Dans un second temps, un modèle d'échanges sol-plante-atmosphère ISBA a été calé et validé en s'appuyant sur l'important jeu de données observé pour reproduire le fonctionnement des oliviers. Cette étude souligne que le caractère épars des oliviers est néanmoins un défi pour l'application de ces outils car la fraction de couverture de végétation (moins de 7 % pour notre site de Nasrallah) est telle que la surface est dominée par le fonctionnement du sol nu. Des ajustements ont été donc proposés voire apportés aux méthodes utilisées pour les adapter à ce faible taux de couvert végétal. La base de données utilisée pour cette étude est publiée sous le DOI : 10.6096/MISTRALS-SICMED.1479
The olive tree is a key perennial agrosystem for the economy of the Mediterranean basin with contrasting farming practices (rainfed sparse/intensive irrigated, co-planted ...). Known for its mechanisms of adaptation to water stress and its ability to survive for long periods under soil water limiting conditions, rainfed olive cultivation is dominant in this area, especially in Tunisia and the spacing between trees is a function of the distribution of the precipitation (from high density of plantation in the North (6 m) to very sparse in the South (25 m)) ensuring a volume of soil explored by the roots that is assumed to be enough to satisfy the water needs of the olive trees. However, it is subject to severe climatic pressure due to widespread dry spells, for which the frequency and intensity is likely to increase in the coming decades. The response of these sparse covers, where water is a limiting factor, to these climatic changes is unrecognized. In this context, this work aims to improve the current understanding of the physical processes governing the hydrological cycle and the development of vegetation in rainfed groves in central Tunisia. There is a twofold purpose: I / to test the vulnerability of these sparse olive groves to future conditions and ii / to make a decision support to farmers for the short (i.e., localized supplementary irrigation) and in the long term (in particular a decrease of the spacing between trees or the extension of irrigated area). To meet these goals, it is necessary to characterize the thermo-hydric functioning of olive trees, to identify the possibility of monitoring their current water status and to predict their responses to more severe future water conditions. As a first step, a dedicated experimental set up that includes eddy covariance and sap flow measurements has been installed. The collected data, which provide information on the exchange of energy and matter within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, were analyzed and their consistency was verified through a study of the different components of the water and energy balances at different spatial and time scales. In addition to direct measurements, proxidetection measurements are available and allow investigating the benefit of this powerful tool. Relationships between the estimated water stress indices (e.g., the difference between actual and potential transpiration) and the proxidetection indicators (surface temperature and photochemical reflectance index) were therefore established to detect critical thresholds beyond which a water supply becomes essential for the survival of the plant. In a second step, a soil-plant-atmosphere ISBA exchange model was calibrated and validated based on the large data set observed to reproduce the functioning of olive trees. This study emphasizes that the sparse nature of olive trees is nevertheless a challenge for the application of these tools because the fraction of vegetation cover (less than 7% for our Nasrallah site) is such that the surface is dominated by the bare soil functioning. Adjustments have therefore been proposed or even applied to these methods to adapt them to this low fraction vegetation cover. The database used in this study is published under the DOI: 10.6096/MISTRALS-SICMED.1479
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Ibrahim, Ali Hano Abdelnasir. "Assessment of Impacts of Changes in Land Use Patterns on Land Degradation/Desertification in the Semi- arid Zone of White Nile State, Sudan, by Means of Remote Sensing and GIS." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-157627.

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In Sudan, land degradation/desertification (LDD) has devastated large areas and consequently, it includes social, economic, and environmental aspects. LDD results from various factors, including climatic variation and human activities. Probably the LU practices and their changes have contributed to an increase of LDD in that area. Remote sensing technology has become unique and developed tool for providing temporal and spatial information for the LDD research and other environmental aspects. Determination of LDD and its relationship to land use pattern change (LUC) at spatiotemporal scale is rare, critical issue, and is one of the recommended research in semi-arid regions of Sudan. The study was carried out to derive accurate and improved spatiotemporal information: to assess the status of land LDD of vegetation and soil, to assess and model influences of the LUC on LDD, and moreover to analyse the synergistic factors that have caused the land use change and/or LDD in semi- arid zone of Elgeteina Locality in While Nile State, Sudan during the last 36 years, using appropriate remote sensing (RS) and GIS technology. The study used four-cloud free images of different sensors (MSS 1973, TM 1986, ASTER 2009 and TM 2010). The imageries were Geo-referenced and radiometrically corrected by using ENVI-FLAASH software. Then subsets of the study area were taken, ranging from 1600-2000 Km2. The study applied the new approach of integration between vegetation and soil indices and in situ data to assess the LDD. Comparison between pixel based image analysis (PBIA) and latterly approach of object based image analysis (OBIA) was done by selecting the best one for mapping LUC and LDD accurately. The change detection - matrix was applied to estimate the spatiotemporal of changes in land use and land degradation. Moreover, correlation and model approach was employed for fusing the climatic, socioeconomic and remote sensing data to determine the relationships between the different factors and to analyse the reasons for the LUC and LDD as well as for modelling LU effects on LDD. The study revealed that: The changes in land use patterns (RA, FWL and FML) took place in 1973 – 86 – 2009, and affecting thoroughly different patterns of the vegetation cover. Likewise the LUC affected soil degradation which led to the movement of sand dunes in 1973 – 2009. The agricultural activity is the dominant and has more effect on LDD particularly on the vegetation cover degradation. The population growth and the socioeconomic status of local people are the main indirect human inducing factors responsible for LUC and/or LDD. SARVI is slightly more efficient than NDVI, SAVI, ND4-25 and ND42-57, for detecting the vegetation status in semi-arid area, therefore the study selected it for the assessment. GSI proved highly efficient in determining the different types of soil degradation, and in producing the map of top soil grain size, which assisted in the assessment of land degradation and desertification. OBIA-fuzzy logic classification performed better than the PBIA- hybrid classification for assessing LU patterns impact on LDD. The study recommends to: replication of this study by using different imagery with high resolutions and sophisticated software, such as eCognition and Feature Analyst (FA) for increasing the validity and accuracy of the assessment and modelling of LU patterns and LDD status in dry land is important in the Sudan
Im Sudan hat Land Degradation/ Desertifikation (LDD) weite Gegenden verwüstet, wobei hierbei soziale, wirtschaftliche und Umweltaspekte eine Rolle spielen. LDD wird von verschiedenen Faktoren ausgelöst, darunter Klimavariationen und menschliche Aktivitäten. Wahrscheinlich haben Landnutzungspraktiken und ihre Änderungen zu erhöhter LDD in der untersuchten Gegend beigetragen. Fernerkundungstechnologien sind sehr gute und weit entwickelte Werkzeuge um zeitliche und räumliche Informationen zur Erforschung von LDD und anderen Umweltaspekten zu ermitteln. Die Bestimmung von LDD und ihre Beziehung zur Änderung von Landnutzungsmustern (LUC) im raum-zeitlichen Maßstab ist bislang noch selten erforscht und ist ein Forschungsbereich, der für die semi-ariden Regionen des Sudan empfohlen wird. Die Studie wurde durchgeführt, um genaue und verbesserte raum-zeitliche Informationen zu gewinnen: um den Status der LDD von Vegetation und Boden zu bewerten, um den Einfluss des Landnutzungswandels auf LDD zu beurteilen und zu analysieren, und außerdem um die synergetischen Faktoren die den Landnutzungswandel und/oder LDD verursacht haben zu analysieren. Dabei wurde die semi-ariden Zone des Elgeteina Gebietes im Staat Weisser Nil (Sudan) während der vergangenen 36 Jahren unter Verwendung von geeigneter Fernerkundungs- und GIS-Technologie untersucht. Für die Studie wurden vier wolkenfreie Bilder von verschiedenen Sensoren (MSS 1973, TM 1986, ASTER 2009 and TM 2010) verwendet. Die Bilder wurden georeferenziert und radiometrische korrigiert, wobei die ENVI-FLAASH Software verwendet wurde. Anschließend wurden Teilgebiete des Untersuchungsgebietes mit einer Größe zwischen 1.600 und 2.000 Km2 ausgewählt. In der Studie fand der neue Ansatz der Integration von Vegetation und Boden Indizes und in-situ Daten Verwendung, um LDD zu bewerten. Ein Vergleich von pixel-basierter Bildanalyse (PBIA) und einem Ansatz von objekt-basierter Bildanalyse (OBIA) wurde durchgeführt, um die beste Methode der Kartierung von LUC und LDD ermitteln. Veränderungsmatrizen wurden eingesetzt, um räumlich-zeitlichen Änderungen der Landnutzung und Land Degradation abzuschätzen. Außerdem wurde ein Korrelation- und Modellierungs-Ansatz eingesetzt, um die klimatischen, sozioökonomischen und Fernerkundungsdaten zu verschmelzen und das Verhältnis zwischen den unterschiedlichen Faktoren zu bestimmen und um die Gründe für LUC und LDD zu analysieren aber auch um die Auswirkungen der Landnutzung auf LDD zu modellieren. Die Studie hat folgendes gezeigt: Die Änderungen der Landnutzungsmuster (RA, FWL and FML) fand in 1973 – 86 – 2009 statt und betraf sehr unterschiedliche Vegetationsmuster. Ebenso hatte die LUC Auswirkungen auf die Bodendegradation, was zu einer Verschiebung von Sanddünen im Zeitraum 1973-2009 führte. Landwirtschaft dominiert und hat starke Auswirkungen auf LDD, insbesondere auf die Degradation der Vegetationsbedeckung. Die Bevölkerungszunahme und der sozioökonomische Status der lokalen Bevölkerung sind die wesentlichen indirekten menschlichen Faktoren die verantwortlich für LUC und/oder LDD sind. SARVI ist etwas effizienter als NDVI, SAVI, ND4-25 und ND42-57, um den Zustand der Vegetation in semi-ariden Gebieten zu bestimmen, deshalb wurde dieser für die Studie ausgewählt. Es stellte sich heraus, dass der GSI hoch-effizient war, sowohl bei der Bestimmung der unterschiedlichen Typen von Bodendegradation als auch bei der Erstellung von Karten der obersten Bodenkorngröße, die bei der Bewertung der Landdegradation und Desertifikation half. OBIA-Fuzzy Logic Classification arbeitete dabei etwas genauer und effizienter als die PBIA-Hybrid Classification, um die Auswirkungen der Landnutzungsmuster auf LDD zu beurteilen. Als Fortsetzung der durchgeführten Arbeiten empfiehlt sich eine nochmalige Durchführung der Studie wobei anderes, hochaufgelöstes Bildmaterial und anspruchsvolle Software, wie eCognition und Feature Analyst (FA) verwendet werden sollten, um die Gültigkeit und Genauigkeit der Bewertungen und Modellierung des LU und LDD Status von Trockenland im Sudan zu beurteilen
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Books on the topic "Semi-arid zone"

1

Mortimore, Michael. A review of mixed farming systems in the semi-arid zone of sub-Saharan Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Livestock Economics Division, International Livestock Centre for Africa, 1991.

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Olomola, Ade. Choice and productivity effects of animal traction technology in the semi-arid zone of Northern Nigeria. Arlington, VA: Winrock International, 1998.

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Pender, J. Impact of tsetse control on land use in the semi-arid zone of Zimbabwe: Phase I : classification of land use by remote sensing imagery. Chatham, England: Natural Resources Institute, 1995.

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Eren, T. Agroforestry in arid and semi-arid zones.. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1985.

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Pender, J. Impact of tsetse control on land use in the semi-arid zone of Zimbabwe: Phase 2 - Analysis of land use change by remote sensing imagery. Chatham Maritime: Natural Resources Institute, 1997.

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Boers, Th M. Rainwater harvesting in arid and semi-arid zones. Wageningen, The Netherlands: International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement, 1994.

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National, Symposium on Bio-Energy for Arid &. Semi-Arid Zones (1985 Udaipur India). Bio-energy for arid and semi-arid zones. Udaipur: Himanshu Publications, 1987.

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Gintzburger, Gustave. Rangelands of the arid and semi-arid zones in Uzbekistan. Montpellier, France: CIRAD, 2003.

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W, Lloyd J., ed. Water resources of hard rock aquifers in arid and semi-arid zones. Paris: Unesco Pub., 1999.

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Iran) WATARID International Conference (2nd 2009 Yazd. Control and management of water in arid and semi-arid zones: 2nd International Conference WATARID. Paris: Hermann, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Semi-arid zone"

1

Burrows, Neil D. "Feral Animals in the Semi-arid and Arid Regions of Australia: Origins, Impacts and Control." In On the Ecology of Australia’s Arid Zone, 331–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93943-8_13.

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Nyambiya, I. "Potential Blue Zone Status of the Dryland Area of Buhera District in Zimbabwe: Development of a Hypothesis." In Climate Change Adaptations in Dryland Agriculture in Semi-Arid Areas, 215–31. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7861-5_15.

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Jayaraman, Rajesh, and Lakshumanan Chokkalingam. "Correlation Between Land Surface Temperature and Vegetation Cover of Nagapattinam Coastal Zone, Tamil Nadu, Using Geospatial Techniques." In Groundwater Resources Development and Planning in the Semi-Arid Region, 221–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68124-1_12.

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Arivazhagan, S., A. Karthi, M. Kirubakaran, and V. T. Mubasheer. "Change Detection Analysis and Delineation of Artificial Groundwater Recharge Suitability Zone for Dindigul Block Using Geoinformatics Techniques." In Groundwater Resources Development and Planning in the Semi-Arid Region, 407–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68124-1_21.

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Ma, Yulu. "Analysis of Measures for Preventing Desertification in Inner Mongolia in China." In Interlocal Adaptations to Climate Change in East and Southeast Asia, 157–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81207-2_18.

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AbstractSince the early 1990s, with the economic development and population growth, desertification has increasingly attracted the attention of governments, international organizations, and scientists around the world. The evaluation of desertification has become a new interest in land science research. Inner Mongolia is a largely deserted province in China, with the deserted land covering 640,000 km2; 91.16%, 41.4%, and 41.0% of the desertification was caused by wind erosion, water erosion, and saline desertification, respectively. Desertification is so disastrous that it can cause additional ecological problems (Liu and Wang 2006; Ye 2008). The causes of desertification in Inner Mongolia can be classified into human and natural causes. Regarding human causes, irrational irrigation methods are the main causes, mainly due to the pressure of population growth, overgrazing (Fig. C8.1), the expansion of dry land reclamation (Fig. C8.2), woodcutting, and the harvesting of Chinese herbal medicine (Fig. C8.3). Regarding natural causes, climate change and the geographical environment are the main issues. Within Inner Mongolia, the arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid arid regions deep in the hinterland of the continent and far away from the ocean comprise the most arid and fragile environmental zone, which lies in the same latitude as areas with the lowest precipitation and highest evaporation. In the past 40 years, precipitation has shown a decreasing trend in parts of the arid, semi-arid, and sub-humid arid regions of Inner Mongolia, whereas the temperature in other areas has shown an increasing trend. These changes in the climate have led to an increase in evaporative power and contributed to soil salinization, which have exacerbated desertification to a certain extent.
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Bonou, Alice, Tobias Wünscher, Anselme Adéniyi Adégbidi, and Adama Diaw. "Impact of Floods on Farmers’ Livelihoods in the Semi-arid Zone of Benin." In Strategies for Building Resilience against Climate and Ecosystem Changes in Sub-Saharan Africa, 59–77. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4796-1_4.

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Gophen, Moshe. "Water Utilization in Semi-Arid Zone, The Hula Valley (Israel): Pollutant Removal, Agriculture and Ecotourism Management." In Water in the Middle East and in North Africa, 207–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10866-6_18.

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Mohairi, Kanak N., Omprakash Madguni, and Chaitanya B. Pande. "Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zone Mapping for Development of Semi-Arid Region Through AHP and GIS Techniques." In Climate Change Impact on Groundwater Resources, 373–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04707-7_20.

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Snoussi, Manel, Mohamed Hamdi, and Jamila Tarhouni. "Analyses of Complex Rainfall Change Using Non Parametric Trend Tests in Semi Arid Zone-Case Study: Center of Tunisia." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions, 993–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70548-4_287.

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Echogdali, Fatima Zahra, Rosine Basseu Kpan, Mohammed Ouchchen, Mouna Id-Belqas, Bouchra Dadi, Mustapha Ikirri, Mohamed Abioui, and Said Boutaleb. "Spatial Prediction of Flood Frequency Analysis in a Semi-Arid Zone: A Case Study from the Seyad Basin (Guelmim Region, Morocco)." In Geospatial Technology for Landscape and Environmental Management, 49–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7373-3_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Semi-arid zone"

1

Ali, Liaqat, and Zulfiqar Zafar. "Construction on Expansive Soils in Semi Arid Zone." In GeoHunan International Conference 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/47633(412)34.

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Mohammed, Omar Adil, and Khamis Naba Sayl. "Determination of Groundwater Potential Zone in Arid and Semi-Arid Regions: A review." In 2020 13th International Conference on Developments in eSystems Engineering (DeSE). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dese51703.2020.9450782.

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Lv, Chunyan, Zhenrong Yu, and Yunzhe Cao. "Research on land degradation in arid and semi-arid zone: a case of Hebei Province." In Remote Sensing, edited by Manfred Ehlers and Ulrich Michel. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.690132.

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AL-Hasani, Ban, Mawada Abdellatif, Iacopo Carnacina, Clare Harris, and Salah Zubaidi. "CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING IN THE MIDDLE EAST FOR AGRICULTURE USE: A REVIEW STUDY." In The SLIIT International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2022. Faculty of Engineering, SLIIT, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54389/yayu2142.

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In arid and semi-arid regions, rainwater harvesting represents an important alternate source of water supply around the globe. The middle east is an integrally dry zone and due to climate change, it has experienced a severe drought for the last decade that made the situation worse. Many countries are suffering from awful water crises due to increasing water demand for agriculture and rapid urbanization. Therefore, unconventional water supply resources practices such as using rainwater harvesting for agricultural purposes can be possibly used to tackle water scarcity. Numerous researchers have established different criteria and methods to identify suitable sites selection techniques for rainwater harvesting (RWH). The main objective of this study was to determine the most commonly effective methods and techniques that have been practiced in the middle-east region to summarize the best methods for rainwater harvesting site selection. These effective common methods of multi-criteria analysis (MCA) were discussed accordingly in this review paper and based on the previous studies the best applicable method was the integration between (MCA) method and the GIS technique. The study employed a method of gathering and recording the main criteria and techniques which were established in the last thirty years. It compared and categorized the main methodologies from previous studies and practices from international organizations and scientific research and identified the most common characteristics and sets of criteria suitable for use in arid and semi-arid regions. The techniques were diverse based on biophysical criteria to methods including socio-economic criteria, precisely in the last two decades. The most effective and significant criteria for suitable site selection of RWH in the arid and semi-arid regions found are: land use/land cover, slope, type of soil, rainfall intensity, streams distant and the cost. The success of RWH selection sites tended to increase when these criteria are measured and based on these criteria. KEYWORDS: RWH Selection Suitability, Arid and semi-arid zones, Middle East, Agriculture, GIS, Multi-criteria analysis.
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Zhao, Lulu, Qian Fang, Yaniv Olshansky, Robert A. Root, Angela Sun, Hanlie Hong, and Jon Chorover. "CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF SOIL AND ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION IN A SEMI-ARID HIGH-ELEVATION CRITICAL ZONE OBSERVATORY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323799.

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Gandhi, Niketa, Leisa J. Armstrong, and Manisha Nandawadekar. "Application of data mining techniques for predicting rice crop yield in semi-arid climatic zone of India." In 2017 IEEE Technological Innovations in ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tiar.2017.8273697.

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Guizani, Monia, and Samira Maatallah. "Evaluation of New Cultivars of Plum (Prunus salicina) under Deficit Irrigation in a Semi-Arid Zone of Tunisia." In LAFOBA2. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022016002.

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Wan, Jiamin, Tetsu Tokunaga, Wenming Dong, Kenneth Williams, Chad Hobson, Yongman Kim, Mark E. Conrad, Markus Bill, Philip E. Long, and Susan S. Hubbard. "RELATIVE CARBON FLUXES FROM SOIL, DEEP VADOSE ZONE AND GROUNDWATER TO ATMOSPHERE AND RIVER OF A SEMI-ARID FLOODPLAIN IN COLORADO." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287166.

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Aneke, Frank Ikechukwu, and Mohamed Mostafa Hassan. "Unsaturated CBR design approach of flexible pavement." In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1005.

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Subgrades in arid and semi-arid regions are often subjected to seasonal moisture variations that trigger volume change. To account for moisture changes in a vadose zone during pavement design, matric suction (ψ_m) is unavoidably required. In that context, ψ_m inclusion in CBR design becomes imperative. This study presents two CBR design approaches of flexible pavement, i.e. the conventional CBR design, and unsaturated CBR design methods. To compare these design approaches, subgrade soils were selected and a series of suction tests, CBR, and unsaturated CBR tests were performed to obtain the CBR design values of the subgrade materials. The results illustrate a linear relationship between suction and CBR values of the subgrades. The test results, further revealed that the unsaturated CBR design values are 2 to 2.5 times greater than the conventional CBR values. Based on the experimental results, the design analysis confirmed that the unsaturated CBR design approach is more conservative and rational compare to the conventional CBR design method.
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Belgibaev, Muhit. "EOLOLOGY A NEW DIRECTION OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOECOLOGY." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1687.978-5-317-06490-7/108-112.

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The article considers a new scientific direction - eolology, which studies the causes and regularities of the processes of subaerial transport (detachment, transportation and accumulation) of aeolian material of natural and anthropogenic origin, as well as the relationship between the soil cover, troposphere and ocean. In the global system of salt transfer, a regularity is observed: the salts involved in the cycle enter the arid zone in the base by hydrochemical means (surface and underground runoff), are carried out by the eolian; they enter the humid one by the aeolian route and fall out with precipitation, and are carried out by the hydrochemical route, which is confirmed by quantitative estimates of the compiled salt balance. Eolology is of particular importance for the desert and semi-desert zone: with sandy, gypsum, clay, rubble and salt marshes.
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Reports on the topic "Semi-arid zone"

1

Markus Flury, James B. Harsh, Fred Zhang, Glendon W. Gee, Earl D. Mattson, and Peter C. L. LONG-TERM COLLOID MOBILIZATION AND COLLOID-FACILITATED TRANSPORT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN A SEMI-ARID VADOSE ZONE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1060990.

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Bonfil, David J., Daniel S. Long, and Yafit Cohen. Remote Sensing of Crop Physiological Parameters for Improved Nitrogen Management in Semi-Arid Wheat Production Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696531.bard.

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To reduce financial risk and N losses to the environment, fertilization methods are needed that improve NUE and increase the quality of wheat. In the literature, ample attention is given to grid-based and zone-based soil testing to determine the soil N available early in the growing season. Plus, information is available on in-season N topdressing applications as a means of improving GPC. However, the vast majority of research has focused on wheat that is grown under N limiting conditions in sub-humid regions and irrigated fields. Less attention has been given to wheat in dryland that is water limited. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine accuracy in determining GPC of HRSW in Israel and SWWW in Oregon using on-combine optical sensors under field conditions; (2) develop a quantitative relationship between image spectral reflectance and effective crop physiological parameters; (3) develop an operational precision N management procedure that combines variable-rate N recommendations at planting as derived from maps of grain yield, GPC, and test weight; and at mid-season as derived from quantitative relationships, remote sensing, and the DSS; and (4) address the economic and technology-transfer aspects of producers’ needs. Results from the research suggest that optical sensing and the DSS can be used for estimating the N status of dryland wheat and deciding whether additional N is needed to improve GPC. Significant findings include: 1. In-line NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be used to rapidly and accurately (SEP <5.0 mg g⁻¹) measure GPC of a grain stream conveyed by an auger. 2. On-combine NIR spectroscopy can be used to accurately estimate (R² < 0.88) grain test weight across fields. 3. Precision N management based on N removal increases GPC, grain yield, and profitability in rainfed wheat. 4. Hyperspectral SI and partial least squares (PLS) models have excellent potential for estimation of biomass, and water and N contents of wheat. 5. A novel heading index can be used to monitor spike emergence of wheat with classification accuracy between 53 and 83%. 6. Index MCARI/MTVI2 promises to improve remote sensing of wheat N status where water- not soil N fertility, is the main driver of plant growth. Important features include: (a) computable from commercial aerospace imagery that include the red edge waveband, (b) sensitive to Chl and resistant to variation in crop biomass, and (c) accommodates variation in soil reflectance. Findings #1 and #2 above enable growers to further implement an efficient, low cost PNM approach using commercially available on-combine optical sensors. Finding #3 suggests that profit opportunities may exist from PNM based on information from on-combine sensing and aerospace remote sensing. Finding #4, with its emphasis on data retrieval and accuracy, enhances the potential usefulness of a DSS as a tool for field crop management. Finding #5 enables land managers to use a DSS to ascertain at mid-season whether a wheat crop should be harvested for grain or forage. Finding #6a expands potential commercial opportunities of MS imagery and thus has special importance to a majority of aerospace imaging firms specializing in the acquisition and utilization of these data. Finding #6b on index MCARI/MVTI2 has great potential to expand use of ground-based sensing and in-season N management to millions of hectares of land in semiarid environments where water- not N, is the main determinant of grain yield. Finding #6c demonstrates that MCARI/MTVI2 may alleviate the requirement of multiple N-rich reference strips to account for soil differences within farm fields. This simplicity will be less demanding of grower resources, promising substantially greater acceptance of sensing technologies for in-season N management.
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Heitman, Joshua L., Alon Ben-Gal, Thomas J. Sauer, Nurit Agam, and John Havlin. Separating Components of Evapotranspiration to Improve Efficiency in Vineyard Water Management. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7594386.bard.

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Vineyards are found on six of seven continents, producing a crop of high economic value with much historic and cultural significance. Because of the wide range of conditions under which grapes are grown, management approaches are highly varied and must be adapted to local climatic constraints. Research has been conducted in the traditionally prominent grape growing regions of Europe, Australia, and the western USA, but far less information is available to guide production under more extreme growing conditions. The overarching goal of this project was to improve understanding of vineyard water management related to the critical inter-row zone. Experiments were conducted in moist temperate (North Carolina, USA) and arid (Negev, Israel) regions in order to address inter-row water use under high and low water availability conditions. Specific objectives were to: i) calibrate and verify a modeling technique to identify components of evapotranspiration (ET) in temperate and semiarid vineyard systems, ii) evaluate and refine strategies for excess water removal in vineyards for moist temperate regions of the Southeastern USA, and iii) evaluate and refine strategies for water conservation in vineyards for semi-arid regions of Israel. Several new measurement and modeling techniques were adapted and assessed in order to partition ET between favorable transpiration by the grapes and potentially detrimental water use within the vineyard inter-row. A micro Bowen ratio measurement system was developed to quantify ET from inter-rows. The approach was successful at the NC site, providing strong correlation with standard measurement approaches and adding capability for continuous, non-destructive measurement within a relatively small footprint. The environmental conditions in the Negev site were found to limit the applicability of the technique. Technical issues are yet to be solved to make this technique sufficiently robust. The HYDRUS 2D/3D modeling package was also adapted using data obtained in a series of intense field campaigns at the Negev site. The adapted model was able to account for spatial variation in surface boundary conditions, created by diurnal canopy shading, in order to accurately calculate the contribution of interrow evaporation (E) as a component of system ET. Experiments evaluated common practices in the southeastern USA: inter-row cover crops purported to reduce water availability and thereby favorably reduce grapevine vegetative growth; and southern Israel: drip irrigation applied to produce a high value crop with maximum water use efficiency. Results from the NC site indicated that water use by the cover crop contributed a significant portion of vineyard ET (up to 93% in May), but that with ample rainfall typical to the region, cover crop water use did little to limit water availability for the grape vines. A potential consequence, however, was elevated below canopy humidity owing to the increased inter-row evapotranspiration associated with the cover crops. This creates increased potential for fungal disease occurrence, which is a common problem in the region. Analysis from the Negev site reveals that, on average, E accounts for about10% of the total vineyard ET in an isolated dripirrigated vineyard. The proportion of ET contributed by E increased from May until just before harvest in July, which could be explained primarily by changes in weather conditions. While non-productive water loss as E is relatively small, experiments indicate that further improvements in irrigation efficiency may be possible by considering diurnal shading effects on below canopy potential ET. Overall, research provided both scientific and practical outcomes including new measurement and modeling techniques, and new insights for humid and arid vineyard systems. Research techniques developed through the project will be useful for other agricultural systems, and the successful synergistic cooperation amongst the research team offers opportunity for future collaboration.
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