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Journal articles on the topic 'Semi-aquatic mammal'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Wang, Lidong, Shengyang Zhou, Tianshu Lyu, Lupeng Shi, Yuehuan Dong, Shangbin He, and Honghai Zhang. "Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals the Genomic Basis of Semi-Aquatic Adaptation in American Mink (Neovison vison)." Animals 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182385.

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Although the American mink is extremely dependent on water and has evolved a range of aquatic characteristics, its structural adaptation to water is still less obvious than that of other typical semi-aquatic mammals, such as otters. Therefore, many scholars consider it not to be a semi-aquatic mammal. In order to make the point that minks are semi-aquatic mammals more convincing, we provide evidence at the micro (genome)-level. In particular, we used the genomes of the American mink and 13 mammalian species to reconstruct their evolutionary history, identified genes that affect aquatic adaptation, and examined the evolution of aquatic adaptation. By analyzing unique gene families, the expansion and contraction of gene families, and positive selection genes, we found that the American mink genome has evolved specifically for aquatic adaptation. In particular, we found that the main adaptive characteristics of the American mink include the external structural characteristics of bone and hair development, as well as the internal physiological characteristics of immunity, olfaction, coagulation, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. We also observed that the genomic characteristics of the American mink are similar to those of other aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals. This not only provides solid genomic evidence for the idea that minks are semi-aquatic mammals, but also leads to a clearer understanding of semi-aquatic species. At the same time, this study also provides a reference for the protection and utilization of the American mink.

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2

Balčiauskas, Linas, Jos Stratford, Andrius Kučas, and Laima Balčiauskienė. "Factors Affecting Roadkills of Semi-Aquatic Mammals." Biology 11, no. 5 (May 13, 2022): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050748.

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We previously showed that registration efforts and traffic intensity explain 90% of variation in mammal roadkill numbers, 70% of variation in the numbers of recorded species and 40% of diversity variation. Here we analyze semiaquatic mammal roadkill in Lithuania in 2002–2021, relating these to the monitoring effort. From 39,936 analyzed roadkill, the European beaver (Castor fiber) was registered 60 times, American mink (Neovison vison) 26 times, otter (Lutra lutra) 22 times and muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) 3 times. The average roadkill indexes were 0.000065, 0.00076, 0.00061 and 0.00010 ind./km/day, and the extrapolated annual roadkill for the country was 44–357, 36–456, 49–464 and 89–144 individuals, respectively. Beaver roadkill numbers correlated with the registration effort and traffic intensity, otter roadkill with registration effort only and mink with hunting bag (number of hunted individuals per year). Roadkill was not always related to proximity to water, with 38–54% of roadkill occurring over 200 m from the nearest water source. With American mink and muskrat being invasive species in the EU and otter protected in many countries, it is valuable to enhance the registrations of their roadkill (using targeted efforts by drivers, hunters or other citizen scientists) to obtain the extrapolated amount of roadkill and to use this knowledge in species management.

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3

Grant, Robyn A., Vicki Breakell, and Tony J. Prescott. "Whisker touch sensing guides locomotion in small, quadrupedal mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (June 13, 2018): 20180592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0592.

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All small mammals have prominent facial whiskers that they employ as tactile sensors to guide navigation and foraging in complex habitats. Nocturnal, arboreal mammals tend to have the longest and most densely packed whiskers, and semi-aquatic mammals have the most sensitive. Here we present evidence to indicate that many small mammals use their whiskers to tactually guide safe foot positioning. Specifically, in 11, small, non-flying mammal species, we demonstrate that forepaw placement always falls within the ground contact zone of the whisker field and that forepaw width is always smaller than whisker span. We also demonstrate commonalities of whisker scanning movements (whisking) and elements of active control, associated with increasing contact with objects of interest, across multiple small mammal species that have previously only been shown in common laboratory animals. Overall, we propose that guiding locomotion, alongside environment exploration, is a common function of whisker touch sensing in small, quadrupedal mammals.

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Harrington, Lauren A., Graeme C. Hays, Laura Fasola, Andrew L. Harrington, David Righton, and David W. Macdonald. "Dive performance in a small-bodied, semi-aquatic mammal in the wild." Journal of Mammalogy 93, no. 1 (February 16, 2012): 198–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/10-mamm-a-351.1.

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5

Igea, Javier, Pere Aymerich, Angel Fernández-González, Jorge González-Esteban, Asunción Gómez, Rocío Alonso, Joaquim Gosálbez, and Jose Castresana. "Phylogeography and postglacial expansion of the endangered semi-aquatic mammal Galemys pyrenaicus." BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 1 (2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-115.

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6

Fish, F. E., and R. V. Baudinette. "Energetics of locomotion by the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster): a comparison of swimming and running in a semi-aquatic mammal." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 4 (February 15, 1999): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.4.353.

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Semi-aquatic mammals occupy a precarious evolutionary position, having to function in both aquatic and terrestrial environments without specializing in locomotor performance in either environment. To examine possible energetic constraints on semi-aquatic mammals, we compared rates of oxygen consumption for the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) using different locomotor behaviors: swimming and running. Aquatic locomotion was investigated as animals swam in a water flume at several speeds, whereas water rats were run on a treadmill to measure metabolic effort during terrestrial locomotion. Water rats swam at the surface using alternate pelvic paddling and locomoted on the treadmill using gaits that included walk, trot and half-bound. Water rats were able to run at twice their maximum swimming velocity. Swimming metabolic rate increased with velocity in a pattern similar to the ‘humps’ and ‘hollows’ for wave drag experienced by bodies moving at the water surface. Metabolic rate increased linearly during running. Over equivalent velocities, the metabolic rate for running was 13–40 % greater than for swimming. The minimum cost of transport for swimming (2.61 J N-1 m-1) was equivalent to values for other semi-aquatic mammals. The lowest cost for running (2.08 J N-1 m-1) was 20 % lower than for swimming. When compared with specialists at the extremes of the terrestrial-aquatic continuum, the energetic costs of locomoting either in water or on land were high for the semi-aquatic Hydromys chrysogaster. However, the relative costs for H. chrysogaster were lower than when an aquatic specialist attempts to move on land or a terrestrial specialist attempts to swim.

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7

Biffi, Marjorie, Pascal Laffaille, and Laëtitia Buisson. "Local habitat preferences of a semi-aquatic mammal, the Pyrenean desman Galemys pyrenaicus." Mammalia 84, no. 1 (December 18, 2019): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0035.

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Abstract To date, the large-scale distribution of the endangered Pyrenean desman, Galemys pyrenaicus, has been related to various abiotic factors (e.g. riverbed and riverbank characteristics, hydrology, topography, climate). However, none could fully explain the recent observed range contraction of the species, suggesting the influence of other drivers. In this study, the potential effect of some unexplored variables on the Pyrenean desman presence was investigated at the local scale (i.e. stream reaches) in the French Pyrenees. They described not only the riverbed, riverbanks, water chemistry, topography and pedology but also the presence of potential interacting species. Generalised linear models were implemented to select the best drivers of the Pyrenean desman presence. Our results stressed the relevance of considering human impacts at the riverbed scale, river narrowing and water chemistry to explain the local distribution of the Pyrenean desman. The presence of two potential competitors, the Eurasian water shrew Neomys fodiens and the dipper Cinclus cinclus, was also highly correlated to the species presence in stream reaches. This suggests that all three species may use the same resources within streams, which could be a potential source of competitive interactions. This study not only highlights the importance of maintaining the riverbed integrity for the Pyrenean desman but also stresses the need to assess the extent to which biotic interactions may affect its distribution in order to understand its current decline.

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8

Ivlev, Yu F., K. A. Makhotkina, and M. V. Rutkovskaya. "Fur structure and grooming in the semi-aquatic mammal Russian desman (Desmana moschata L.)." Doklady Biological Sciences 458, no. 1 (September 2014): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s001249661405010x.

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9

Wenting, Elke, Henk Siepel, and Patrick A. Jansen. "Stoichiometric variation within and between a terrestrial herbivorous and a semi-aquatic carnivorous mammal." Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 62 (December 2020): 126622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126622.

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10

Lee, Do-Hun, Moo-Seung Lee, Young-Chae Kim, Il Ryong Kim, Hye Kwon Kim, Dae Gwin Jeong, Jung Ro Lee, and Ji Hyung Kim. "Complete mitochondrial genome of the invasive semi-aquatic mammal, nutria Myocastor coypus (Rodentia; Myocastoridae)." Conservation Genetics Resources 10, no. 4 (September 27, 2017): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-017-0877-z.

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11

Padgett-Stewart, Ticha M., Taylor M. Wilcox, Kellie J. Carim, Kevin S. McKelvey, Michael K. Young, and Michael K. Schwartz. "An eDNA assay for river otter detection: a tool for surveying a semi-aquatic mammal." Conservation Genetics Resources 8, no. 1 (December 22, 2015): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12686-015-0511-x.

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12

Lerone, Laura, Giuseppe M. Carpaneto, and Anna Loy. "Why camera traps fail to detect a semi-aquatic mammal: Activation devices as possible cause." Wildlife Society Bulletin 39, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wsb.508.

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13

Laurentino, Izabela Costa, Rafael Turíbio Moraes de Sousa, and Gilberto Corso. "New records and update on the geographic distribution of the Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil." Check List 16, no. 1 (January 24, 2020): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.1.83.

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Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818), Neotropical Otter, is a medium-sized, carnivorous, semi-aquatic mammal with a wide geographic distribution from Mexico to Uruguay. Although the number of studies on this species has been increasing, the vast majority of them focus on diet and habitat use. This paper updates the distribution of this species by providing new records from 19 municipalities (13 in the Atlantic Forest) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. These new records are important for the conservation of L. longicaudis.

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14

Hawlitschek, Oliver, Angel Fernández-González, Alfonso Balmori-de la Puente, and Jose Castresana. "A pipeline for metabarcoding and diet analysis from fecal samples developed for a small semi-aquatic mammal." PLOS ONE 13, no. 8 (August 14, 2018): e0201763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201763.

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15

Escoda, Lídia, Ángel Fernández‐González, and Jose Castresana. "Quantitative analysis of connectivity in populations of a semi‐aquatic mammal using kinship categories and network assortativity." Molecular Ecology Resources 19, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 310–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12967.

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16

Pearce, Kelly, and Tom Serfass. "River Otter Distribution and Food Habits in Grand Teton National Park as Part of an Ongoing Project in the GYE." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 38 (January 1, 2015): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2015.4099.

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Grand Teton National Park is part of the known range of the North American river otter, however not much is known about this semi-aquatic mammal within the park. The results presented here are part of a larger project to investigate the potential of the river otter (Lontra canadensis) to serve as an aquatic flagship (species that engender public support and action) for the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. River otters, known for their charismatic behavior have the potential to serve as an aquatic flagship species to promote conservation of aquatic ecosystems. The primary objective of this portion of the study was to identify river otter latrines on portions of the Snake River, between Flagg Ranch and Jackson Lake, and between Jackson Lake Dam and Pacific Creek, collect river otter scats to determine diet of the river otter, and employ remote cameras to determine activity patterns of the river otters. Between 20 June and 1 July 2015, 26 river otter latrines were identified during shoreline surveys, 186 river otter scats were collected, and cameras were deployed at 6 latrines between 7 July and 24 August 2015. River otter scats have been cleaned and prepared for analysis, but have not all been processed to date. Camera traps recorded 222 images, of which 7% (n = 14) were of carnivores, 70% (n = 155) were of non-carnivore mammals, and 9% (n = 22) were of birds. River otters were detected at 1 of the 6 latrines, a total of 5 independent times during the study.

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17

Quaglietta, Lorenzo, and Pedro Beja. "Direct observations of vertebrate killing and consumption by the endangered Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)." Mammalia 83, no. 5 (August 27, 2019): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2018-0111.

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Abstract The Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is a globally endangered semiaquatic mammal species restricted to Southwest Europe. It is thought to mostly predate on aquatic prey, particularly macroinvertebrates; yet anecdotal information and recent genetic-based findings suggest higher flexibility in its trophic niche. Here, we report on direct observations of wild-caught Pyrenean desmans attacking, killing and consuming live fish (trout – Salmo trutta fario) and amphibians (Iberian frog – Rana iberica) in semi-captivity conditions providing unquestionable evidence (photos and videos) of vertebrate attack, killing, handling and consumption by the species. This illustrates the species’ ability to kill and eat vertebrates, corroborating recent evidence on its trophic flexibility.

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18

Williams, T. M., W. A. Friedl, and J. E. Haun. "The physiology of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): heart rate, metabolic rate and plasma lactate concentration during exercise." Journal of Experimental Biology 179, no. 1 (June 1, 1993): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.179.1.31.

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Despite speculation about the swimming efficiency of cetaceans, few studies have investigated the exercise physiology of these mammals. In view of this, we examined the physiological responses and locomotor energetics of two exercising adult Tursiops truncatus. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory rate and post-exercise blood lactate concentration were determined for animals either pushing against a load cell or swimming next to a boat. Many of the energetic and cardiorespiratory responses of exercising dolphins were similar to those of terrestrial mammals. Average heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen consumption for dolphins pushing against a load cell increased linearly with exercise levels up to 58 kg for a female dolphin and 85 kg for a male. Oxygen consumption did not increase with higher loads. Maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) ranged from 19.8 to 29.4 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, which was 7–11 times the calculated standard metabolic rate (VO2std) of the dolphins. Blood lactate concentration increased with exercise loads that exceeded VO2max. The maximum lactate concentration was 101.4 mg dl-1 (11.3 mmol l-1) for the male, and 120.6 mg dl-1 (13.6 mmol l-1) for the female. When swimming at 2.1 m s-1, heart rate, respiratory rate and post-exercise blood lactate concentration of the dolphins were not significantly different from values at rest. The cost of transport at this speed was 1.29 +/− 0.05 J kg-1 min-1. The energetic profile of the exercising bottlenose dolphin resembles that of a relatively sedentary mammal if the exercise variables defined for terrestrial mammals are used. However, the energetic cost of swimming for this cetacean is low in comparison to that of other aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals.

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Charbonnel, Anaïs, Pascal Laffaille, Marjorie Biffi, Frédéric Blanc, Anthony Maire, Mélanie Némoz, José Miguel Sanchez-Perez, Sabine Sauvage, and Laëtitia Buisson. "Can Recent Global Changes Explain the Dramatic Range Contraction of an Endangered Semi-Aquatic Mammal Species in the French Pyrenees?" PLOS ONE 11, no. 7 (July 28, 2016): e0159941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159941.

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Charbonnel, Anaïs, Frédéric Blanc, Pascal Laffaille, Mélanie Némoz, and Laëtitia Buisson. "Combining spatial dependence occupancy models and conservation gap analyses to promote species conservation: A case study with a threatened semi-aquatic mammal." Biological Conservation 270 (June 2022): 109567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109567.

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21

FOSTER, JOHN R., ADRIAN P. HUNT, and JAMES I. KIRKLAND. "SIGNIFICANCE OF A SMALL REGURGITALITE CONTAINING LISSAMPHIBIAN BONES, FROM THE MORRISON FORMATION (UPPER JURASSIC), WITHIN A DIVERSE PLANT LOCALITY DEPOSIT IN SOUTHEASTERN UTAH, USA." PALAIOS 37, no. 8 (August 25, 2022): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/palo.2021.058.

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Abstract A new specimen from a plant locality in the Morrison Formation of southeastern Utah exhibits characters suggestive of a small bromalite, possibly from a fish or semi-aquatic mammal. The specimen consists of a cluster of small bones, most referable to lissamphibians, including elements of at least one small frog (possibly a tadpole) and possibly the smallest reported salamander specimen from the formation. Chemical and taphonomic characters suggest that the specimen is a regurgitalite, the first from both the Morrison Formation and the Jurassic of North America. The lissamphibian material in the bromalite represents the southernmost likely occurrence of frogs and salamanders in the formation. The possible salamander material may represent a rare juvenile rather than a new taxon, and it is morphologically more similar to Valdotriton and Comonecturoides than it is to Iridotriton. The frog material is similarly unidentifiable to specific taxon.

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22

Monadjem, Ara, Jan Decher, Wing-Yunn Crawley, and Robert A. McCleery. "The conservation status of a poorly known range-restricted mammal, the Nimba otter-shrew Micropotamogale lamottei." Mammalia 83, no. 1 (December 19, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0144.

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Abstract We have a poor understanding of the ecology of many African small mammals due to a lack of basic research. This has important conservation implications, particularly for range-restricted species in tropical regions. In this study, we provide new insight into the distribution and ecology of one such species, the Nimba otter-shrew (Micropotamogale lamottei Heim de Balsac 1954). We apply niche and occupancy modeling to inform on the range and habitat use of this semi-aquatic species. We estimate that its global range [extent of occurrence (EOO)] is 14,725 km2. Using occupancy modeling, we show that mining has a direct impact on the occurrence of this species. We also provide preliminary observations of its movements through radio-tracking. Using maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling, we identify the North Lorma National Forest and the Wonegizi range (northern Liberia) that appear suitable for this species, but where it has not yet been recorded. We suggest that the Nimba otter-shrew has a global distribution centered on the Mount Nimba region, straddling the borders of Liberia, Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire, and that it requires urgent conservation attention to ensure its long-term persistence. Finally, we provide evidence to support an uplisting of its IUCN Red List conservation status to Vulnerable.

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Charbonnel, Anaïs, Laëtitia Buisson, Marjorie Biffi, Frank D’Amico, Aurélien Besnard, Stéphane Aulagnier, Frédéric Blanc, et al. "Integrating hydrological features and genetically validated occurrence data in occupancy modelling of an endemic and endangered semi-aquatic mammal, Galemys pyrenaicus , in a Pyrenean catchment." Biological Conservation 184 (April 2015): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.01.019.

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24

Fedyń, Izabela, Fabian Przepióra, Wojciech Sobociński, Jakub Wyka, and Michał Ciach. "Beyond beaver wetlands: The engineering activities of a semi-aquatic mammal mediate the species richness and abundance of terrestrial birds wintering in a temperate forest." Forest Ecology and Management 529 (February 2023): 120698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120698.

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25

Woinarski, J. C. Z., C. Palmer, A. Fisher, K. Brennan, R. Southgate, and P. Masters. "Distributional patterning of mammals on the Wessel and English Company Islands, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 1 (1999): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo99004.

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Eighteen non-marine mammal species (including seven species of bats) were recorded from a total of 49 islands in the Wessel and English Company island chains off north-eastern Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Most individual species were restricted to, or had higher incidence on, larger islands, and species richness as a whole increased as island size increased. The most notable exception was the semi-aquatic Hydromys chrysogaster, which occurred relatively equitably across island sizes; this species, two bat species and the macropod Petrogale brachyotis were recorded from islands smaller than 10 ha. However, the variation between islands in the number of native terrestrial mammal species was not best predicted by island size, but rather by a combination of sampling effort and altitude (which explained 64% of the deviance in species richness), or altitude and distance to larger land mass (explaining 63% of deviance). Richness–area patterns for individual islands in these chains were reasonably consistent with those of other islands sampled in northern Australia. However, the fauna of the Wessel and English Company groups as a whole was less rich than that of the Pellew and Kimberley islands, and individual islands appeared to have lower species richness than comparable mainland areas. Species that were notably absent or that were recorded from relatively few islands include large macropods, Tachyglossus aculeatus, Antechinus bellus, Phascogale tapoatafa, Sminthopsis spp., Mesembriomys gouldii, Rattus colletti, Leggadina lakedownensis and Pseudomys calabyi. Some of these species may be absent through lack of suitable habitat; others have presumably disappeared since isolation, possibly due to Aboriginal hunting. Richness at the quadrat (50 × 50 m) scale was generally very low. Habitat relationships are described for the 7 species recorded from more than 5 quadrats. At a quadrat-scale, the richness of native mammals was greater on islands larger than 1000 ha than on islands smaller than 1000 ha. Quadrat-scale species richness varied significantly among the islands sampled by the most quadrats (even when the comparison was restricted to either of the two most extensive vegetation types), but this variation was not closely related to either area or altitude. The two most frequently recorded species, the rodents Melomys burtoni and Zyzomys argurus, showed distinct habitat segregation on islands where both were present, but tended to expand their habitat range on islands where only one of the species occurred. The most notable conservation feature of the mammal fauna of the Wessel and English Company Islands is the occurrence of the golden bandicoot, Isoodon auratus, a vulnerable species apparently now extinct on the Northern Territory mainland. Four feral animal species (Rattus rattus, Canis familiaris, Bubalus bubalis and Capra hircus) were recorded from a total of 6 islands.

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Cote, D., R. S. Gregory, and H. M. J. Stewart. "Size-selective predation by river otter (Lontra canadensis) improves refuge properties of shallow coastal marine nursery habitats." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 11 (November 2008): 1324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-120.

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Young fish often avoid deep water to reduce predation risk from larger fish. Less clear are explanations for the avoidance of shallows by large piscivorous fish; however, one hypothesis suggests that this distribution reduces contact with depth-limited semi-aquatic mammal and bird piscivores. We determined prey size selection of the river otter ( Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)) to test the hypothesis that larger fish are at elevated risk in shallow coastal waters in Newman Sound, Newfoundland, during June–November 2001 and May 2002. We compared otter diet (scat analysis) and prey availability (seine sampling) to test this hypothesis. Five fish taxa (Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L., 1758), Greenland cod ( Gadus ogac Richardson, 1836), shorthorn sculpin ( Myoxocephalus scorpius (L., 1758)), cunner ( Tautogolabrus adspersus (Walbaum, 1792)), and winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum, 1792))) dominated the shallow-water fish community and were sufficiently abundant in otter scats to examine feeding preferences. Larger, piscivorous fish were selected by otters, suggesting that they were at greater risk of predation than smaller fish, consistent with our hypothesis that depth-limited, diurnally active predators restrict large fish from hunting in shallow water during daytime. We suggest that depth-limited air-breathing predators may reduce the presence of such predatory fish in shallow-water juvenile fish nursery habitats.

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Reid, D. G., T. E. Code, A. C. H. Reid, and S. M. Herrero. "Spacing, movements, and habitat selection of the river otter in boreal Alberta." Canadian Journal of Zoology 72, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z94-175.

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Seasonal spacing patterns, home ranges, and movements of river otters (Lontra canadensis) were studied in boreal Alberta by means of radiotelemetry. Adult males occupied significantly larger annual home ranges than adult females. Males' ranges overlapped those of females and also each other's. In winter, home ranges of males shrank and showed less overlap. Otters often associated in groups, the core members typically being adult females with young, or adult males. Otters tended to be more solitary in winter. In winter, movement rates of all sex and age classes were similar, and much reduced for males compared with those in other seasons. These data indicated a strong limiting effect of winter ice on behaviour and dispersion. We tested the hypothesis that otters select water bodies in winter on the basis of the suitability of shoreline substrate and morphology for dens with access both to air and to water under ice. Intensity of selection was greatest in winter, with avoidance of gradually sloping shorelines of sand or gravel. Adults selected bog lakes with banked shores containing semi-aquatic mammal burrows, and lakes with beaver lodges. Subadults selected beaver-impounded streams. Apart from human harvest, winter habitats and food availability in such habitats are likely the two factors most strongly limiting otter density in boreal Alberta.

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Legendre, Lucas J., and Jennifer Botha-Brink. "Digging the compromise: investigating the link between limb bone histology and fossoriality in the aardvark (Orycteropus afer)." PeerJ 6 (July 11, 2018): e5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5216.

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Bone microstructure has long been known as a powerful tool to investigate lifestyle-related biomechanical constraints, and many studies have focused on identifying such constraints in the limb bones of aquatic or arboreal mammals in recent years. The limb bone microstructure of fossorial mammals, however, has not been extensively described. Furthermore, so far, studies on this subject have always focused on the bone histology of small burrowers, such as subterranean rodents or true moles. Physiological constraints associated with digging, however, are known to be strongly influenced by body size, and larger burrowers are likely to exhibit a histological profile more conspicuously influenced by fossorial activity. Here, we describe for the first time the limb bone histology of the aardvark (Orycteropus afer), the largest extant burrowing mammal. The general pattern is very similar for all six sampled limb bones (i.e., humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula). Most of the cortex at midshaft is comprised of compacted coarse cancellous bone (CCCB), an endosteal tissue formed in the metaphyses through the compaction of bony trabeculae. Conversely, the periosteal bone is highly resorbed in all sections, and is reduced to a thin outer layer, suggesting a pattern of strong cortical drift. This pattern contrasts with that of most large mammals, in which cortical bone is of mostly periosteal origin, and CCCB, being a very compliant bone tissue type, is usually resorbed or remodeled during ontogeny. The link between histology and muscle attachment sites, as well as the influence of the semi-arid environment and ant-eating habits of the aardvark on its bone microstructure, are discussed. We hypothesize that the unusual histological profile of the aardvark is likely the outcome of physiological constraints due to both extensive digging behavior and strong metabolic restrictions. Adaptations to fossoriality are thus the result of a physiological compromise between limited food availability, an environment with high temperature variability, and the need for biomechanical resistance during digging. These results highlight the difficulties of deciphering all factors potentially involved in bone formation in fossorial mammals. Even though the formation and maintaining of CCCB through ontogeny in the aardvark cannot be unambiguously linked with its fossorial habits, a high amount of CCCB has been observed in the limb bones of other large burrowing mammals. The inclusion of such large burrowers in future histological studies is thus likely to improve our understanding of the functional link between bone growth and fossorial lifestyle in an evolutionary context.

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Catania, Kenneth C. "Underwater 'sniffing' by semi-aquatic mammals." Nature 444, no. 7122 (December 2006): 1024–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/4441024a.

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Mortola, Jacopo P. "The heart rate - breathing rate relationship in aquatic mammals: A comparative analysis with terrestrial species." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.569.

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Abstract Aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals, while resting at the water surface or ashore, breathe with a low frequency (f) by comparison to terrestrial mammals of the same body size, the difference increasing the larger the species. Among various interpretations, it was suggested that the low-f breathing is a consequence of the end-inspiratory breath-holding pattern adopted by aquatic mammals to favour buoyancy at the water surface, and evolved to be part of the genetic makeup. If this interpretation was correct it could be expected that, differently from f, the heart rate (HR, beats/min) of aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals at rest would not need to differ from that of terrestrial mammals and that their HR-f ratio would be higher than in terrestrial species. Literature data for HR (beats/min) in mammals at rest were gathered for 56 terrestrial and 27 aquatic species. In aquatic mammals the allometric curve (HR=191·M-0.18; M= body mass, kg) did not differ from that of terrestrial species (HR=212·M-0.22) and their HR-f ratio (on average 32±5) was much higher than in terrestrial species (5±1) (P<0.0001). The comparison of these HR allometric curves to those for f previously published indicated that the HR-f ratio was body size-independent in terrestrial species while it increased significantly with M in aquatic species. The similarity in HR and differences in f between aquatic and terrestrial mammals agree with the possibility that the low f of aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals may have evolved for a non-respiratory function, namely the regulation of buoyancy at the water surface.

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Franco-Pérez, V., Pamela Andrea Hincapié-Usma, Carlos Andrés Restrepo, Sergio A. Balaguera-Reina, and Giovany Guevara. "Distribution and habitat use intensity of the Neotropical Otter (Lontra longicaudis) in a Colombian hydroelectric dam." Revista de Biología Tropical 68, S2 (October 22, 2020): S177—S189. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v68is2.44348.

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Introduction: The Neotropical Otter, Lontra longicaudis, is a semi-aquatic mammal that ranges from Mexico to Argentina inhabiting near-pristine watercourses, but also human-dominated aquatic and riparian landscapes. Objective: We assessed the distribution and habitat use frequency of L. longicaudis in La Miel I hydroelectric power dam and its influence area in the Department of Caldas, Colombia. Methods: We carried out diurnal surveys across standardized transects between 2014 and 2018 looking for records (sightings, faeces, tracks, and dens) that indicate the presence of the species. Each yearly survey was done during 12 consecutive days over three seasonal sampling periods assessing the upstream, reservoir, and downstream waterscape areas. Results: We sampled a total of 875 km in a five-year period across the three main waterscape areas (upstream -103 km, reservoir -582 km, and downstream -190 km) registering a total of 1 496 records. Faeces were the most common record (~ 95 %) across the whole study area followed by sightings, dens (1.7 % each), and tracks (1.3 %). Spatial distribution analyses suggest that L. longicaudis prefers dwelling upstream watercourses (hot spots areas; Gi Z-score = 4.46, p < 0.001) and in a lesser extent, areas around the water reservoir (cold spot areas; Gi Z-score = -2.69, p = 0.007). Signs of otters were also recorded at downstream area, but these records were non-significant within the analysis (Gi Z-score = -0.11, p = 0.48), suggesting L. longicaudis uses this area opportunistically. Cluster and outlier analysis showed that even though L. longicaudis was commonly found upstream and in the reservoir area, only some specific sectors (Moro, La Miel and Tasajos rivers) had high (LMI Z-score = 5.63, p = 0.001) and low (LMI Z-score = 2.12, p = 0.001) clusters. Conclusions: The upstream waterscape area is key for the survival of L. longicaudis in this regulated system, likely providing enough shelter and food for the species to carry out living activities and have resident populations. In contrast, downstream areas require specific attention to understand in a better way the effects of caused by the dam on the species dynamics, also defining management strategies that avoid population fragmentation and movement reduction.

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Verhaegen, Marc. "Aquatic Versus Savanna: Comparative and Paled-Environmental Evidence." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 3 (July 1993): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609300900304.

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This paper begins by comparing anatomical and physiological features of humans and other groups of mammals (apes and arboreal mammals, open-country dwellers, fully aquatic mammals, and semi-aquatics), in order to establish the nature of the environment where Homo originated. It concludes that the evidence completely invalidates the savanna theory and strongly favours the semi-aquatic hypothesis. The second part points out that nothing in the fossil record disproves this conclusion, and quotes paleo-environmental evidence concerning the milieu where the ancient hominids fossilised.

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Ulevičius, Alius, and Linas Balčiauskas. "Spatial Relations among Semi-Aquatic Mammals on the Riverside." Acta Zoologica Lituanica 9, no. 1 (January 1999): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13921657.1999.10512261.

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Prothero, Donald R. "Evolutionary patterns at the terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene boundary in North America." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s247526220000798x.

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Recent breakthroughs in magnetostratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar dating have shown that the boundary between the Chadronian and Orellan land mammal “ages” (long thought to be mid-Oligocene) correlates with the Eocene-Oligocene boundary (about 33.9 Ma). This boundary gives an exceptionally dense, detailed record of faunal, floral, and climatic changes, well constrained by magnetostratigraphy and radiometric dating.Evidence from paleosols and land floras (Retallack, 1992) document a striking cooling and drying event across this boundary, with a woodland vegetation (greater than 1000 mm annual precipitation) replaced by a wooded grassland (500 mm annual precipitation). According to Wolfe (1992), mean annual temperature declined almost 13°, and the annual range of temperature increased dramatically from 5° to about 25°. Sedimentological evidence from eastern Wyoming (Evanoff et al., 1992) show an abrupt transition from moist floodplains to semi-arid landscapes with abundant wind-blown volcaniclastic dust. Most of these events took place over a few thousand years. This is certainly one of the most severe climatic events in the Cenozoic.Late Eocene land snails (Evanoff et al., 1992) are large-shelled subtropical taxa now typical of central Mexico, indicating a mean annual range of temperature of 16.5° and annual precipitation of about 450 mm. In the early Oligocene, these were replaced by drought-tolerant small-shelled taxa indicative of a warm-temperate open woodland with a pronounced dry season. Reptiles and amphibians (Hutchison, 1992) show a trend toward cooling and drying, with aquatic forms (crocodilians, freshwater turtles, and salamanders) replaced by land tortoises; size reduction in turtles also indicates increased aridity. Mammals show only minor changes across this boundary. A few archaic groups which may have depended on woodland browsing (such as the rhino-like brontotheres, the camel-like oromerycids, and several archaic rodent groups) are the only taxa to go extinct. Minor speciation events occur in horses, the deer-like leptomerycids, and camels. The oreodont Miniochoerus shows a gradual dwarfing of about 30% over about 100,000 years. Most other species show no significant changes across this climatic crisis, although some change in relative abundance. Most mammals show stasis spanning millions of years before and after this transition, and some of the land snails are virtually indistinguishable from modern taxa.Traditional Neo-Darwinian theory would predict that animals should evolve rapidly in response to such strong climatic selection. Instead, most animals respond by going extinct and being replaced by unrelated forms, or do not change at all. A few show punctuated speciation events at the boundary, and only one shows prolonged gradual dwarfing. This suggests that animals are not infinitely flexible “balls” on an adaptive landscape, but have some kind of internal homeostasis that prevents gradual change in response to selection. Extinction, emigration, or punctuated speciation events seem to be the preferred response.

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Barela, Isidro, Leslie M. Burger, Jimmy Taylor, Kristine O. Evans, Ryo Ogawa, Lance McClintic, and Guiming Wang. "Relationships between survival and habitat suitability of semi‐aquatic mammals." Ecology and Evolution 10, no. 11 (April 12, 2020): 4867–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6239.

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Meyer, Wilfried, Judith Schmidt, Roger Busche, Ralf Jacob, and Hassan Y. Naim. "Demonstration of free fatty acids in the integument of semi-aquatic and aquatic mammals." Acta Histochemica 114, no. 2 (February 2012): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2011.03.011.

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Seebacher, Frank, Peter G. Elsworth, and Craig E. Franklin. "Ontogenetic changes of swimming kinematics in a semi-aquatic reptile (Crocodylus porosus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 1 (2003): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02036.

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Semi-aquatic animals represent a transitional locomotor condition characterised by the possession of morphological features that allow locomotion both in water and on land. Most ecologically important behaviours of crocodilians occur in the water, raising the question of whether their 'terrestrial construction' constrains aquatic locomotion. Moreover, the demands for aquatic locomotion change with life-history stage. It was the aim of this research to determine the kinematic characteristics and efficiency of aquatic locomotion in different-sized crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus). Aquatic propulsion was achieved primarily by tail undulations, and the use of limbs during swimming was observed only in very small animals or at low swimming velocities in larger animals. Over the range of swimming speeds we examined, tail beat amplitude did not change with increasing velocity, but amplitude increased significantly with body length. However, amplitude expressed relative to body length decreased with increasing body length. Tail beat frequency increased with swimming velocity but there were no differences in frequency between different-sized animals. Mechanical power generated during swimming and thrust increased non-linearly with swimming velocity, but disproportionally so that kinematic efficiency decreased with increasing swimming velocity. The importance of unsteady forces, expressed as the reduced frequency, increased with increasing swimming velocity. Amplitude is the main determinant of body-size-related increases in swimming velocity but, compared with aquatic mammals and fish, crocodiles are slow swimmers probably because of constraints imposed by muscle performance and unsteady forces opposing forward movement. Nonetheless, the kinematic efficiency of aquatic locomotion in crocodiles is comparable to that of fully aquatic mammals, and it is considerably greater than that of semi-aquatic mammals.

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Ильина, Татьяна Николаевна, Илюха Виктор Александрович, Ирина Валерьевна Баишникова, Владимир Васильевич Белкин, Светлана Николаевна Сергина, Екатерина Петровна Антонова, Tatiana Ilyina, et al. "COMPARATIVE STUDY THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM OF SEMI-AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS." Proceedings of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, no. 6 (June 27, 2016): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/eb338.

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Williams, Terrie M. "The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: limits to energetic optimization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1380 (January 29, 1999): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0371.

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Mammals re–entered the oceans less than 60 million years ago. The transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle required extreme morphological and behavioural modifications concomitant with fundamentally different locomotor mechanisms for moving on land and through water. Energetic transport costs typically reflect such different locomotor modes, but can not be discerned from the fossil record. In this study the energetic challenges associated with changing from terrestrial to aquatic locomotion in primitive marine mammals are examined by comparing the transport, maintenance and locomotor costs of extant mammals varying in degree of aquatic specialization. The results indicate that running and swimming specialists have converged on an energetic optimum for locomotion. An allometric expression, COT TOT = 7.79 mass −0.29 ( r 2 = 0.83, n = 6 species), describes the total cost of transport in J kg −1 m −1 for swimming marine mammals ranging in size from 21 kg to 15,000 kg. This relation is indistinguishable from that describing total transport costs in running mammals. In contrast, the transitional lifestyle of semi–aquatic mammals, similar to that of ancestral marine mammals, incurs costs that are 2.4–5.1 times higher than locomotor specialists. These patterns suggest that primitive marine mammals confronted an energetic hurdle before returning to costs reminiscent of their terrestrial ancestry, and may have reached an evolutionary limit for energetic optimization during swimming.

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BaHammam, Ahmed S., and Aljohara S. Almeneessier. "Why REM Sleep is Reduced in Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Mammals? A Discussion of the Possible Theories." Sleep and Vigilance 3, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41782-019-00064-6.

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Rodrigues, Angélica Lúcia Figueiredo, Gabriel Melo-Santos, Geilsa Costa Santos Baptista, Jairo Robles-Piñeros, and Maria Luisa da Silva. "Ethnozoological Knowledge about Aquatic Mammals in Public Schools: Proposals for an Intercultural Teaching of Science." Science Education International 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33828/sei.v33.i2.8.

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This study assessed the knowledge, feelings, and life experiences of students in public middle schools in the Brazilian Amazon towards aquatic mammals by applying semi-structured interviews, with a qualitative-quantitative approach. A total of 241 students, from all genders, aged between 12 and 14 years old, from four public schools of Pará State were interviewed. The data were transcribed and analyzed in an inductive way, in dialogue with the literature of scientific education and ethnozoology. This methodology was developed and validated during the doctorate research of the first author of this paper. The students showed a rich knowledge, feelings, and life experiences regarding the Amazonian aquatic mammals, those related to biological, morphological, behavioral, ecological, and taxonomic aspects, as well as the threat to these species. The research reveals the need for schools of the region to develop and use didactic resources and strategies for intercultural dialogue in science classes, favoring the development of reflective attitudes in students and promoting decision-making favorable to the conservation of aquatic mammals.

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Nielsen, Clayton K. "Ecology and Conservation of Semi-aquatic Mammals and their Habitats: Implications for Policy." Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education 157, no. 1 (April 2016): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-704x.2016.03208.x.

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Nummi, Petri, Wenfei Liao, Ophélie Huet, Erminia Scarpulla, and Janne Sundell. "The beaver facilitates species richness and abundance of terrestrial and semi-aquatic mammals." Global Ecology and Conservation 20 (October 2019): e00701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00701.

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Hood, Glynnis A. "Accessing and Mobilizing “New” Data to Evaluate Emerging Environmental Impacts on Semi-Aquatic Mammals." Land 9, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9100345.

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This paper describes how knowledge mobilization evolved during a study that assessed a proposed increase in industrial water withdrawals from the Athabasca River in northern Alberta, Canada, and potential impacts on a suite of freshwater semi-aquatic mammals in the broader ecosystem. The oil sands region in northeastern Alberta faces various pressures that require rapid knowledge mobilization and decision making, while still acknowledging ecological sensitivities immediately downstream in the Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD) in the Wood Buffalo National Park. Data were acquired using a multi-faceted approach, including literature reviews, acquisition and synthesis of raw data, and interviews with local knowledge holders. The final outcome of the study was then contextualized relative to elements of knowledge mobilization: (1) research, (2) dissemination, (3) uptake, (4) implementation, and (5) impact. Knowledge mobilization was easiest to quantify for the first two elements, yet was still present in varying forms in the latter stages. The cultural importance of beavers, muskrats, river otters, and mink for communities associated with the Athabasca River and the PAD allowed for increased engagement during all stages of the research process, which then facilitated the co-production of potential solutions among different organization and perspectives.

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Borchert, Ernest J., James C. Leaphart, Albert L. Bryan, and James C. Beasley. "Ecotoxicoparasitology of mercury and trace elements in semi-aquatic mammals and their endoparasite communities." Science of The Total Environment 679 (August 2019): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.326.

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Ringwaldt, Elise M., Barry W. Brook, Scott Carver, and Jessie C. Buettel. "The Patterns and Causes of Dermatitis in Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Mammalian Wildlife." Animals 11, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061691.

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Causative disease and stress agents which manifest as dermatitis in mammals have varying effects on individual animals, from benign irritation and inflammation, to causing morbidity and even mortality. Bacteria, viruses and ectoparasites are all potential causes of dermatitis, and it can be exacerbated by various environmental, genetic and social factors. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether dermatitis is more likely to manifest in already-vulnerable wildlife species. Here, we systematically review the literature for reports of dermatitis in terrestrial and semi-aquatic wild mammalian species, with the goal of determining the biogeographical scale of dermatitis reports, the causes of dermatitis, and whether manifestation of dermatitis is reported more commonly in certain wildlife species or their captivity status (i.e., free-living, in captivity or in a laboratory). We reveal biases in the reporting of dermatitis by a biogeographic realm, with 55% of cases reported in the Nearctic, and towards particular orders of mammals, namely Artiodactyla and Carnivora. Overall, free-living wildlife is almost twice as likely to be reported as having dermatitis than individuals in captivity and six times more likely than individuals in laboratories, which we interpret as owing to exposure to a broader spectrum of parasites in free-ranging individuals, and potential reporting bias in captive individuals. Notably, dermatitis was reported in 23 threatened species, with some species more likely than others to be reported exhibiting clinical signs of dermatitis resulting from underlying health problems. We also find that threatened species are more likely to be reported as having dermatitis in captivity, particularly outside of their endemic home range. This review highlights diverse patterns of dermatological disease causes in captive and free-ranging wildlife, conditions under which they are more likely to be documented, and the need for cross-disciplinary research to ascertain (and so better manage) the varied causes.

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Fedyń, Izabela, Fabian Przepióra, Wojciech Sobociński, Jakub Wyka, and Michał Ciach. "Eurasian beaver – A semi-aquatic ecosystem engineer rearranges the assemblage of terrestrial mammals in winter." Science of The Total Environment 831 (July 2022): 154919. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154919.

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Ulevičius, Alius, and Linas Balčiauskas. "Changes in the Territory Use by Semi-Aquatic Mammals in Some of Rivers in Lithuania." Acta Zoologica Lituanica 12, no. 2 (January 2002): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13921657.2002.10512501.

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Ivlev, Yu F. "Biomechanical Analysis of Fur as a Tool for Study of Thermal Insulation in Semi-Aquatic Mammals." Biology Bulletin 46, no. 7 (December 2019): 763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062359019070057.

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Czech-Damal, Nicole U., Alexander Liebschner, Lars Miersch, Gertrud Klauer, Frederike D. Hanke, Christopher Marshall, Guido Dehnhardt, and Wolf Hanke. "Electroreception in the Guiana dolphin ( Sotalia guianensis )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1729 (July 27, 2011): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.1127.

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Passive electroreception is a widespread sense in fishes and amphibians, but in mammals this sensory ability has previously only been shown in monotremes. While the electroreceptors in fish and amphibians evolved from mechanosensory lateral line organs, those of monotremes are based on cutaneous glands innervated by trigeminal nerves. Electroreceptors evolved from other structures or in other taxa were unknown to date. Here we show that the hairless vibrissal crypts on the rostrum of the Guiana dolphin ( Sotalia guianensis ), structures originally associated with the mammalian whiskers, serve as electroreceptors. Histological investigations revealed that the vibrissal crypts possess a well-innervated ampullary structure reminiscent of ampullary electroreceptors in other species. Psychophysical experiments with a male Guiana dolphin determined a sensory detection threshold for weak electric fields of 4.6 µV cm −1 , which is comparable to the sensitivity of electroreceptors in platypuses. Our results show that electroreceptors can evolve from a mechanosensory organ that nearly all mammals possess and suggest the discovery of this kind of electroreception in more species, especially those with an aquatic or semi-aquatic lifestyle.

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