Journal articles on the topic 'Semantic path transformations'

This work reasonably substitutes the literary and aesthetic understanding of metaphor as a poetic technique of expressiveness with the epistemological understanding of metaphor as an instrument for expanding the semantic possibilities of perception. Ontological dimension of a metaphor is reconstructed in accordance with the concept of “inertia” of nature. Nature repeatedly reproduces the previously acquired in some area of the phenomenal, while appearance of a human proliferated such reproduction to the area of the noumenal. Repetition of such reproductions of the acquired testifies to the fractality of being. Metaphor turns the linear evolution of semantics into a complex nonlinear process through topological transformations. It becomes most efficient in the cataphatic operation of “composition”. Unlike apophaticism, metaphor not only takes to a new level of cognition, but also arranges all these levels in accordance with the fractal nature of being. Therefore, metaphor is the primary means for transforming fractality into an epistemological tool in the area of the noumenal. If analytical reasoning fractionize the idea, by increasing the entropy of semantics, the metaphorical assertions reduce it, focusing the thought and synthesizing new semantic patterns. Such a focus fractalizes semantics, which should ultimately result in a semantic explosion and, most likely, bring a man closer to God.

Graphs with a large number of nodes and edges are difficult to visualize. Semantic graphs add to the challenge since their nodes and edges have types and this information must be mirrored in the visualization. A common approach to cope with this difficulty is to omit certain nodes and edges, displaying sub-graphs of smaller size. However, other transformations can be used to summarize semantic graphs and this research explores a particular one, both to reduce the graph?s size and to focus on its path patterns. A-graphs are a novel kind of graph designed to highlight path patterns using this kind of summarization. They are composed of a-nodes connected by a-edges, and these reflect respectively edges and nodes of the semantic graph. A-graphs trade the visualization of nodes and edges by the visualization of graph path patterns involving typed edges. Thus, they are targeted to users that require a deep understanding of the semantic graph it represents, in particular of its path patterns, rather than to users wanting to browse the semantic graph?s content. A-graphs help programmers querying the semantic graph or designers of semantic measures interested in using it as a semantic proxy. Hence, a-graphs are not expected to compete with other forms of semantic graph visualization but rather to be used as a complementary tool. This paper provides a precise definition both of a-graphs and of the mapping of semantic graphs into a-graphs. Their visualization is obtained with a-graphs diagrams. A web application to visualize and interact with these diagrams was implemented to validate the proposed approach. Diagrams of well-known semantic graphs are presented to illustrate the use of agraphs for discovering path patterns in different settings, such as the visualization of massive semantic graphs, the codification of SPARQL or the definition of semantic measures. The validation with large semantic graphs is the basis for a discussion on the insights provided by a-graphs on large semantic graphs: the difference between a-graphs and ontologies, path pattern visualization using a-graphs and the challenges posed by large semantic graphs.

AbstractDewell (1994), following Brugman (1981) and Lakoff (1987), provides a semantic analysis ofoverby relying more exclusively on image-schema transformations than did Brugman and Lakoff. The Brugman-Lakoff-Dewell analysis, however, can be improved by using simpler image-schemas, more natural image-schema transformations, and metaphorical extensions. A key idea adopted in the present article is to capture both trajectors and landmarks three-dimensionally and topologically. This modification brings about the elimination of unessential features such as the shape and size of the trajector and the landmark, contact/non-contact between the trajector and the landmark, and physical properties of the trajector. Its main advantage is that a central image-schema for a semicircular path provides the basis for explaining all of the senses ofoverusing natural image-schema transformations and metaphorical extensions. The proposed image-schema transformations include: segment profiling, profiling the endpoint of access paths, the profiled peak position of the semicircular path with the constraint that the rest of the semicircular path is excluded, and the extension of the semicircular path-trajectory to an image of covering. The proposed metaphorical senses aretime, means,andcontrol.In addition, the radial category relating each sense ofoveris presented.

We consider semantic and syntactic transformations of the concept of "the logical" in the ancient philosophy in the form of crypto-logos, para-logismos, dia-logos, and syl-logismos. We interpret Heraclitus' concept of Logos as a cryptologos through which intuitive insight (epístasthai gnóomen) reveals hidden or implicit harmony (harmoníe aphanés) in nature (phýsis) as a conceptual unity of ontic opposites (tà enantía). In Pramenides' paraconsistent concept of the identity of Being and thought, we point to para-logical hypotheses about the One that are carried out through antithetical deductions of thought and which maintain the dynamics of the ontic determinations of being (ón) in the statics of the conceptual determinations of Being (tò eînai). As the beginning of the explicative granulation of ''the logical'' we consider Plato's concept of the dialectical skill (dialektikè tékhne) of dividing concepts of genus into species and sub-species that logically represent ontic opposites in problem-formulated questions. Finally Aristotle's concept of lógos as a statement-making sentence / proposition (lógos apophantikós) made explicit the Being (tò eînai), or the Being as Being (tò ón hê ón), in semantic and syntactic figures and modes of syllogistic inferences in which ontological (eînai), ontic (ón), conceptual (logikôos) and linguistic (légomenon) correspondence is shown. We conclude that with these changes in the concept of lógos, the path has been taken from the hidden or implicit Truth of the phenomena of nature and the world (pân) to explicit truthfulness of propositions as the unhiddeness (alétheia) of Being trough the semantical and syntactical visibility of the logical structures of being, thought and language in scientific knowledge based on demonstration (apoódeiksis).

Semantic and functional transformation of words is a common feature of all languages and has been one of the hot topics in language research. Being a common word in modern Chinese, “si” (death) has gone through the process of semantic transformation many times and has had multiple meanings. Previous researches mainly focus on the classification of various meanings of “death”, the differences and characteristics of the meaning of “si” (death) in different syntactic positions, and the intuitive research on the causes and paths of semantic transformation, but the latter is not systematical. In order to solve the problem, cognitive linguistics has put forward prototype category theory to find out the general rules of semantic and functional transformation. Prototype category theory emphasizes the motivation of the semantic transformation of words when guiding us to study the semantic transformation of words. Our study finds that the relationship between the new meanings derived from semantic transformation and the original meaning of “si” (death) can be reasonably explained by the prototype category theory in cognitive linguistics. This discovery proves from the reverse side that the prototype category is the main way of semantic and functional transformation of Chinese words, which fully demonstrates that the semantic and functional transformation of Chinese words conforms to the cognitive law of human beings, having strong motivation.

Statement of the problem. Translation of fiction is one of the most difficult types of translation. Translators face an incredible task: to recreate a text in another language so that it does not lose its meaning, visual component, aesthetic impact on a reader and, most importantly, the author must be heard and understood. Preservation of a linguistic image is also a requirement for translation of a literary text. Among other things, knowledge of cultural characteristics of peoples, their mentality, traditions and lifestyle help a translator in the process of work. However, we must not forget about an important factor that can affect the perception of the original and subsequently affect the quality of the translation. Each of us has a certain set of psychological characteristics that somehow affect our lives, our views and beliefs. The translator is no exception. The choice of a word, the creation of a semantic image hides the personality, temperament and portrait of a translator. As a result of all these components, a translator’s own idiostyle appears. The purpose of the article is to analyze reflections of personal characteristics of professional translators and students (at the Department of Foreign Languages of the Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University named after V.P. Astafyev) in translation of fiction on the example of Ray Bradbury’s work “Fahrenheit 451”. Methodology includes analysis of psychological and linguistic literature on the research problem, a method of lexicographic and contextual analysis, conduction of a survey, statistical processing of the data obtained. Conclusions. During the study, it was revealed that the choice of vocabulary, the usage of translation transformations, the interpretation of various linguistic units largely depends on a person’s character, temperament, worldview, emotions, and imagination. The same word can be understood in different ways. This trend can be traced not only among those who are professionally engaged in translation, but also among those who are just getting on this path.

Abstract: In promoting the necessary consolidation of the discipline, text linguistics has supplanted the linguistics of languages, as well as language linguistics. For indeed, text linguistics is the branch which makes it possible to integrate the significant contribution of corpus linguistics. In addition, the text has been acknowledged as the main grounds for articulation bewteen internal descriptions – particularly syntactic descriptions –, and external descriptions – particularly pragmatic descriptions. The conception of the text as elaborated within the framework of interpretive semantics is compatible with textometric models and tools. In particular, the assisted characterization of passages enables one to portray textual activity as transformation chains, also known as metamorphisms, as much within the text as within the intertext gathered by the corpus. In order to characterize such transformations, some examples may be provided, namely passages which have been rewritten in a work’s genetic file; similar passages found within several works by a same author; text commentaries regarded as rewriting acts; to conclude, paths resorting to many works for the interpretation of a passage. All this leads us to re-consider text modelization by taking corpora into consideration. It also creates an urge to redefine textuality according to intertextuality.

This paper presents REWOrD, an approach to compute semantic relatedness between entities in the Web of Data representing real word concepts. REWOrD exploits the graph nature of RDF data and the SPARQL query language to access this data. Through simple queries, REWOrD constructs weighted vectors keeping the informativeness of RDF predicates used to make statements about the entities being compared. The most informative path is also considered to further refine informativeness. Relatedness is then computed by the cosine of the weighted vectors. Differently from previous approaches based on Wikipedia, REWOrD does not require any prepro- cessing or custom data transformation. Indeed, it can lever- age whatever RDF knowledge base as a source of background knowledge. We evaluated REWOrD in different settings by using a new dataset of real word entities and investigate its flexibility. As compared to related work on classical datasets, REWOrD obtains comparable results while, on one side, it avoids the burden of preprocessing and data transformation and, on the other side, it provides more flexibility and applicability in a broad range of domains.

Depending on the type of information network, information network embedding is classified into homogeneous information network embedding and heterogeneous information network (HIN) embedding. Compared with the homogeneous network, HIN composition is more complex and contains richer semantics. At present, the research on homogeneous information network embedding is relatively mature. However, if the homogeneous information network model is directly applied to HIN, it will cause incomplete information extraction. It is necessary to build a specialized embedding model for HIN. Learning information network embedding based on the meta-path is an effective approach to extracting semantic information. Nevertheless, extracting HIN embedding only from a single view will cause information loss. To solve these problems, we propose a multi-view fusion-based HIN embedding model, called MFHE. MFHE includes four parts: node feature space transformation, subview information extraction, multi-view information fusion, and training. MFHE divides HIN into different subviews based on meta-paths, models the local information accurately in the subviews based on the multi-head attention mechanism, and then fuses subview information through a spatial matrix. In this paper, we consider the relationship between subviews; thus, the MFHE is applicable to complex HIN embedding. Experiments are conducted on ACM and DBLP datasets. Compared with baselines, the experimental results demonstrate that the effectiveness of MFHE and HIN embedding has been improved.

This paper addresses the problem of transforming WordNet into a resource tailored to Information Retrieval (IR) applications. We address two of the major drawbacks pointed out in previous literature in relation to this semantic network. One is the fine granularity of senses defined in WordNet, which proves useless from an IR perspective. To solve this problem, we propose a set of methods that enable the automatic transformation of WordNet into a coarse grained dictionary. The other drawback is the encoding used in this resource, and the methods for accessing related words across the semantic net. Due to the high number of connections among concepts, the simple computation of a path in this net, or the generation of related concepts may become a computationally intensive process. This effect is highly undesirable in time sensitive applications such as IR applications. We propose a methodology for hierarchical encoding that enables increased efficiency in WordNet-based IR systems.

Purpose – The integration and retrieval of the vast data have attracted sufficient attention, thus the W3C workgroup releases R2RML to standardize the transformation from relational data to semantic-aware data. However, it only provides a data transform mechanism to resource description framework (RDF). The generation of mapping alignments still needs manual work or other algorithms. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose a domain-oriented automatic mapping method and an application of the R2RML standard. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, materials science is focussed to show an example of domain-oriented mapping. source field concept and M3B2 (Metal Materials Mapping Background Base) knowledge bases are established to support the auto-recommending algorithm. As for the generation of RDF files, the idea is to generate the triples and the links, respectively. The links of the triples follow the object-subject relationship, and the links of the object properties can be achieved by the range individuals and the trail path. Findings – Consequently based on the previous work, the authors proposed Engine for Metal Materials Mapping Background Base (EM3B2), a semantic integration engine for materials science. EM3B2 not only offers friendly graphical interfaces, but also provides auto-recommending mapping based on materials knowledge to enable users to avoid vast manually work. The experimental result indicates that EM3B2 supplies accurate mapping. Moreover, the running time of E3MB2 is also competitive as classical methods. Originality/value – This paper proposed EM3B2 semantic integration engine, which contributes to the relational database-to-RDF mapping by the application of W3C R2RML standard and the domain-oriented mapping.

Semantic computing addresses the transformation of data, both structured and unstructured into information that is useful in application domains. One domain where semantic computing would be extremely effective is evacuation route planning, an area of critical importance in disaster emergency management and homeland defense preparation. Evacuation route planning, which identifies paths in a given transportation network to minimize the time needed to move vulnerable populations to safe destinations, is computationally challenging because the number of evacuees often far exceeds the capacity, i.e. the number of people that can move along the road segments in a unit time. A semantic computing framework would help further the design and development of effective tools in this domain, by providing a better understanding of the underlying data and its interactions with various design techniques. Traditional Linear Programming(LP) based methods using time expanded networks can take hours to days of computation for metropolitan sized problems. In this paper, we propose a new approach, namely a capacity constrained routing planner for evacuation route planning which models capacity as a time series and generalizes shortest path algorithms to incorporate capacity constraints. We describe the building blocks and discuss the implementation of the system. Analytical and experimental evaluations that compare the performance of the proposed system with existing route planners show that the capacity constrained route planner produces solutions that are comparable to those produced by LP based algorithms while significantly reducing the computational cost.

Karl-Otto Apel occupies a pre-eminent place among the German philosophers of the first post-war generation. His groundbreaking achievement, which has been unjustly overshadowed by the tenacious debate over the ‘ultimate justification’ of ethics, consisted in disclosing a new dimension in the philosophy of language and thereby completing the ‘linguistic turn’. He made the transition from formal semantics, which concentrates on the structure of propositions, to ‘transcendental’ pragmatics of language, which focuses on the formal aspects of the use and interpretation of linguistic expressions. In pursuing this path, he also laid the foundations for discourse ethics. The essay traces the stages of this ‘transformation of transcendental philosophy’ leading from the late Heidegger to Apel’s conception of ‘transcendental hermeneutics’ inspired by Peirce. Continuing the lifelong discourse with my friend Karl-Otto, I will conclude by addressing some problems raised by his justification of discourse ethics.

In order to improve the visual navigation performance in complex environment, a robust visual navigation method for substation inspection robot is proposed in this paper. Based on the robustness of hexagonal cone model to light changes, this method can solve the squeezing problem of navigation path in complex environment and reduce the interference caused by external light factors. Based on HM preprocessed images, semantic segmentation is carried out with deep convolutional neural network to obtain global features, local features, and multiscale information of images, so as to effectively improve the network recognition accuracy. The results show that the images after HM color space transformation and grayscale reconstruction can compress the color space while preserving the edge details, which is beneficial to the semantic segmentation network for further scene road recognition. Because the original structure of the network is not adjusted and the corresponding preprocessing layer is added, the size of the network model is relatively increased, but the reasoning speed of the original network is significantly improved, which is 16.4% on average.

The present article suggests that the figurative meanings of English phrasal verbs can be interpreted by means of image schemas. It is argued that image schemas reflect bodily experiences which constitute configurations of spatial perception. The article classifies image schemas and draws examples from English phrasal verbs. The article discusses how the semantics of the particle (which prototypically denotes space and motion) encourages various types of image schemas which can be extended into more abstract and metaphoric readings. The article investigates how English phrasal verbs of the form take plus particles encourage the image schemas of containment, the journey and its component parts, goal, path, proximity-distance, linkage-separation, front-back orientation, part-whole relationship and linear order. The article also argues for image schematic transformations.

Abstract The article reveals the content of the concepts of “green economy” and “natural capitalism”, the history of their appearance in science and the modern semantic context. The role of the idea of coevolution of the modern biosphere and the processes of transformation of traditional biogeocenoses into anthropobiogeocenoses with a decisive human influence in them is revealed. The risks of nuclear energy development and the state of the “green economy” are compared. The necessity of a more active formation of a new type of economy – an ecological economy that meets the tasks of reproduction of the natural environment is put forward and justified. The initial step on this path should be the adoption of the “Environmental Code” of the Russian Federation and the humanitarian reformatting of the thinking of the person based on ecological culture and ecological consciousness.

This article is dedicated to the analysis of peculiarities of space arrangement in the “Divine Comedy” by Alighieri and the novel Moby-Dick, or The Whale” by Herman Melville. On the examples of structural mythologemes “journey inside yourself” and “path towards the center of a circle”, present in both works, the author notes the impact of Dante upon Melville and determines the differences in their poetics of space. Structural, semantic and comparative-historical analysis of the texts in question allows speaking of the transformation of symbolism of the images of circle and its center, circular, vertical and horizontal movement, as well as reconsideration of meaning of the category of chaos and order, opposition “internal-external” from Dante’s works to worldview of the authors of the era of Romanticism. The novelty of this work consists in simultaneous analysis of the impact of Dante’s poetry upon Melville and comparison of peculiarities of the poetics of space of both authors for determining fundamental changes in representations of the structure of world space and space of the inner world of a person. In artistic realm of H. Melville, symbolic point of the center of a circle – “center of the world” –is no longer static, it becomes unreliable, depicting heads of madman characters and the images of the objects, which semantics does not resemble the concept of emptiness. The motif of the loss of structuredness along with the motif of mutual reciprocity of spatial dimensions and characteristics distinguish Melville’s poetics of space, delineated in the dialogue with distinct features of space arrangement in Dante’s works.

Contemporary art as a measure of social consciousness becomes a reference point for finding the boundary between the sacred and the anti-sacred, the aspect that acting as a mirror becomes a reflection of reality, and only at first glance, it speaks of identity but is not true in its essence. Through the semantic key of the symbols of mirroring and reflecting, in the knowledge of the true picture, from divine emptiness to holy fullness, a dialogue of contemporary Ukrainian artists with Kazimir Malevich is formed. The most powerful example of this dialogue is created in the works of Ukrainian classics Oleksandr Dubovyk, Oleksandr Roitburd, and Oleksandr Klymenko. On this path, artists are helped by the heritage of the Ukrainian ethnos, which harmoniously combines the memory of Trypillia culture, national symbols, traditions of icon painting, the school of Mykhailo Boychuk and much more. This article focuses on the sacred in the symbols of contemporary Ukrainian painting that absorbs the most characteristic signs, codes, and ciphers of the previous centuries, transferring spirituality into the 21st century. The transformation of religious symbols into contemporary ones, in consequence of building a discourse with mass culture, generates them into a new cultural code. The semantics of mass culture gives the visual material that forms the sacredness of the 21st century, which exists on the border of the material and the spiritual, as a reflection of the myth. The works of art by Nina Murashkina, Andriy Tsoy, and Mykyta Tsoy are a striking example of that. The sacred in which the mystery of real life is concentrated can endow thinking with a true, rather than an imaginary essence and provide a tool for solving the problem of individuality, freedom, and existence, which the new century is filled with.

The main purpose of this paper is to show that argument structure constructions like complex telic path of motion constructions (John walked to the store) or complex resultative constructions (The dog barked the chickens awake) are not to be regarded as "theoretical entities" (Jackendoff (1997b); Goldberg (1995)). As an alternative to these semanticocentric accounts, I argue that their epiphenomenal status can be shown iff we take into account some important insights from three syntactically-oriented works: (i) Hoekstra's (1988, 1992) analysis of S<mall>C<lause> R<esults>, (ii) Hale & Keyser's (1993f.) configurational theory of argument structure, and (iii) Mateu & Rigau’s (1999; i.p.) syntactic account of Talmy's (1991) typological distinction between 'satellite framed languages' (e.g., English, German, Dutch, etc.) and 'verb-framed languages' (e.g., Catalan, Spanish, French, etc.). In particular, it is argued that the formation of the abovementioned constructions involves a conflation process of two different syntactic argument structures, this process being carried out via a 'generalized transformation'. Accordingly, the so-called 'lexical subordination process' (Levin & Rapoport (1988)) is argued to involve a syntactic operation, rather than a semantic one. Due to our assuming that the parametric variation involved in the constructions under study cannot be explained in purely semantic terms (Mateu & Rigau (1999)), Talmy's (1991) typological distinction is argued to be better stated in lexical syntactic terms.

AbstractAssertion checking is an invaluable programmer’s tool for finding many classes of errors or verifying their absence in dynamic languages such as Prolog. For Prolog programmers, this means being able to have relevant properties, such as modes, types, determinacy, nonfailure, sharing, constraints, and cost, checked and errors flagged without having to actually run the program. Such global static analysis tools are arguably most useful the earlier they are used in the software development cycle, and fast response times are essential for interactive use. Triggering a full and precise semantic analysis of a software project every time a change is made can be prohibitively expensive. This is specially the case when complex properties need to be inferred for large, realistic code bases. In our static analysis and verification framework, this challenge is addressed through a combination of modular and incremental (context- and path-sensitive) analysis that is responsive to program edits, at different levels of granularity. In this tool paper, we present how the combination of this framework within an integrated development environment (IDE) takes advantage of such incrementality to achieve a high level of reactivity when reflecting analysis and verification results back as colorings and tooltips directly on the program text – the tool’s VeriFly mode. The concrete implementation that we describe is Emacs-based and reuses in part off-the-shelf “on-the-fly” syntax checking facilities (flycheck). We believe that similar extensions are also reproducible with low effort in other mature development environments. Our initial experience with the tool shows quite promising results, with low latency times that provide early, continuous, and precise assertion checking and other semantic feedback to programmers during the development process. The tool supports Prolog natively, as well as other languages by semantic transformation into Horn clauses.

<p>Based on the material of &ldquo;Dead Souls&rdquo;, the problem of the correlation of the &ldquo;native&rdquo; and the &ldquo;universal&rdquo; is considered. The author of the article highlights the special paraphrastic aspect of the interpretation of Russian classical literature, which includes both Western European aesthetic landmarks and the Orthodox cultural tradition, emphasizing their interweaving and mutual influence. In this aspect, the need to restore the full version of the name of Gogol&rsquo;s poem is argued. The semantics of the cover of a separate edition of &ldquo;Dead Souls&rdquo; is analyzed. The author traces the paraphrastic context of the poem, referring to Dante&rsquo;s &ldquo;Divine Comedy&rdquo;, which does not come down to motives, reminiscences, plot coincidences, but actualizes the unified Christian meaning of the Easter end of the earthly path, interpreted differently within the framework of Catholic and Orthodox cultural traditions. The semantics of the final Easter transformation of the &ldquo;native&rdquo; horizontal of Russia into the spiritual vertical of holy Russia in &ldquo;Dead Souls&rdquo; is revealed.</p>

Purpose of the study: The study is aiming to show that name is a kind of social identification code, i.e., the names serve important social and legal functions that contribute to the identification of the person in society, allowing joining various social institutions. The functioning of personal names plays a significant role in the lives of every member of society. Methodology: The authors of the research article offer an empirical exploration of the transformation of naming newborns in the Republic of Kazakhstan. More specifically, the paper utilizes a grounded theory research procedure to investigate the transformations in the naming of newborn babies in Kazakhstan from the pre-Soviet times to the present. Main Findings: The authors indicated that from the pre-Soviet times, the changes in naming systems in Kazakhstan have been consistent with the socio-cultural and political events of each era recognizing, appreciating, and accommodating Kazakh identities, histories, languages, and cultures. The names should serve as beacon lights that imbue in them self-esteem, health, and wellbeing on the path of their adulthood. Applications of this study: The factual material, scientific results, and conclusions can be widely used in onomastic research, special courses on the theory of onomastics, on Kazakh anthroponymy, comparative onomastics, in lectures on semantics, word formation, lexicography. The results of the research can provide an opportunity for linguists, sociologists, psychologists, cultural scientists, etc. to draw appropriate conclusions on the formation of the national language and national consciousness. Novelty/Originality of this study: The paper carries implications for contemporary anthroponyms. It is important to consider traditional thought as a viable knowledge source for naming newborns and conceptualizing research in anthroponyms, this does not mean the denunciation of newborn naming practices borrowed from other cultures in favor of traditional naming practices. Every newborn is named by the parents for a purpose and a reason.

Various retinal vessel segmentation methods based on convolutional neural networks were proposed recently, and Dense U-net as a new semantic segmentation network was successfully applied to scene segmentation. Retinal vessel is tiny, and the features of retinal vessel can be learned effectively by the patch-based learning strategy. In this study, we proposed a new retinal vessel segmentation framework based on Dense U-net and the patch-based learning strategy. In the process of training, training patches were obtained by random extraction strategy, Dense U-net was adopted as a training network, and random transformation was used as a data augmentation strategy. In the process of testing, test images were divided into image patches, test patches were predicted by training model, and the segmentation result can be reconstructed by overlapping-patches sequential reconstruction strategy. This proposed method was applied to public datasets DRIVE and STARE, and retinal vessel segmentation was performed. Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), accuracy (Acc), and area under each curve (AUC) were adopted as evaluation metrics to verify the effectiveness of proposed method. Compared with state-of-the-art methods including the unsupervised, supervised, and convolutional neural network (CNN) methods, the result demonstrated that our approach is competitive in these evaluation metrics. This method can obtain a better segmentation result than specialists, and has clinical application value.

The basis for the topic. S. Gubaidulina’s appeal to the poem “Phacelia” by M. Prishvin in 1956 was not accidental. Literary scholars interpret this work as an example of lyrical and philosophical prose of the middle of the 20th century. The composer’s perception of the “break” of the two worlds – “macrocosm” (the nature) and “microcosm” (subjective illusions and human hopes) developed organically and immediately that was reflected in the early vocal cycle called “Phacelia”. For her, the musical and sound symbolism turned out to be consonant with the philosophy of a human’s “inclusion” into the nature, merging with it: the middle parts of the vocal cycle (3–5) are imbued with this idea. The method of comparing two figurative spheres as an existential problem was intensively discussing in the work of not only composers, but also writers of the generation of the 60s of the 20th century, and this discourse stays an actual today. The object of this study is S. Gubaidulina’s vocal cycle “Phacelia” (based on the literary work by M. Prishvin) as a reflection of the philosophy of existentialism in the music of the 60s of the 20th century; the subject is a genre-semantic analysis of the composer concept of the cycle as “sound existence” – the characteristic feature of the early vocal style of S. Gubaidulina. The vocal cycle “Phacelia” is among the discoveries made by the young S. Gubaidulina, which are least discussed in musicology. Hovewer, the composer repeatedly emphasized the absence of a radical transformation, a “breakdown” of style in her creative work: “From the very beginning I go along approximately the same path What I am creating now is approximately the same to what I created when I was young. I wrote then the composition called “Phacelia”, and now everything is about the same.” (Gubaidulina, as cited in Munipov, 2016). The purpose of the article is to consider the concept of this vocal cycle in terms of understanding the artistic tasks of the performing embodiment of the early style of S. Gubaidulina (the Kharkov premiere of this work was held in 2012 in the National University of Arts named after I. P. Kotlyarevsky, in performing by the author of this article as pianist together with soprano Marina Chernoshtan). The methodological basis of the work is the theory of expression parameters by V. Kholopova (1999, p. 155), from which the genre-semantic and stylistic analysis of the work of S. Gubaidulina proposed in the article is pushed. The presentation of the main material. As the analysis demonstrated, the binary nature determines the structure and dramaturgy of the cycle, organizes its semantic space at two levels: the philosophical concept of the composition and the sound-like semantics of the musical language. The essence of the principle of binary opposition in the analysed vocal cycle is to create a set of musical expression means, the semantics of which is fixed as an “expression parameter” and stably characterize one of the two semantic fields of dramaturgy of the vocal cycle: Macrocosm and Microcosm. The main methods of the sound existence of literary images are revealed: the genre-style re-semantization, the creation of the author’s musical lexemes; the tonal-harmonic openness of structures; the polymodality; the combination of the principles of end-to-end, parallel and editing dramaturgy; the stratification of time when showing two plans of the being of the consciousness of a hero. The features of the manifestation of binary oppositions from the point of view of means of expression have been considered: melos, meter and rhythm, texture, articulation, which is very important for the performers of this complex composition. According to existential philosophy, the path of a human is an emotional experience and existential truth must be experienced. Therefore, the “directorial dramaturgy” by S. Gubaidulina creates its own configuration of meanings as the existential answer of the author: – the distance of “I” from the external world, memories (the 1–2 parts of the cycle: tension, despair); – the “contact” of “I” with Macroworld, its involvement in the Microcosm (the 3–5 parts: contemplation, enthusiasm, surprise); – the rethinking of the existential experience of “I” (the 6 part: humility, anxiety, followed by insight). On the whole, the idea of the duality of the being in the consciousness of a suffering person is embodied in music by S. Gubaidulina as a binary system that goes back to the foundations of existential philosophy. Hence the choice of parallel dramaturgy, which is associated with the re-creation of different time layers in music (lasting time, present time, accomplished time, time elapsed from the position of the present). Conclusions. Based on the results of the genre-semantic analysis of the vocal cycle, the conclusions are drawn about the nature of the early style, the principles of the dramatic organization of the artistic whole, and the sound symbolism of the instrumental accompaniment. “Phacelia” is one of the brightest examples of the composer “stage directing” of primary text as the experience of translating a literary work into a sound symbolic form. In it, the composer’s early-style methods were formed (binariness, creation of author’s lexemes, genre-style re-semantization, tonal-harmonic openness of individual structures, sound symbolism, and the sound depiction elements), which will go through as end-to-end ones into her later compositions.

Abstract This paper explores the links between Spanish verb-noun (VN) compounds and verb phrases (VPs) (limpiabotas lit. ‘clean+boots’ ‘shoe shine’/limpiar botas ‘to clean boots’), particularly between those with idiomatic meaning (metepatas lit. ‘put+paws’ ‘bungler’/meter la pata lit. ‘put the paw’ ‘to put your foot in it’). I discuss the theoretical implications of different accounts of the phrase-compound divide, namely, whether or not compounds are created by rules of a different nature than those for phrases (lexicalist vs. neoconstructionist approaches), and whether or not VN compounds can be derived from phrases through applying any kind of transformation. I show that VN compounds share key properties with VPs which could justify their treatment as syntactic objects. By contrast, the VN compound pattern presents unique restrictions that challenge the empirical adequacy of derivational approaches, which are likely to overgenerate ill-formed compounds from existing phrases. Once stored as lexical objects, however, VN compounds and VP idioms may evidence strong semantic connections as illustrated by the pair metepatas/meter la pata, which suggests the need to carefully examine lexical associations to ensure a balanced understanding of the phrase-compound divide.

The purpose of the article is to characterize the conditions for the transformation of pub- lic administration in the digital age. The relevance of the research is connected with the actively spreading digital innovations, which increasingly cover the frontiers of public ad- ministration, forming a new framework for institutional changes. These changes need competent reflection and systematization. The theoretical part of the work is devoted to the discussion of the concepts of “open government”, “digital government”, “digital trans- formation”, which have become one of the key elements of public management discourse. The process of digitalization involves the free flow of information from public authorities to the public and third parties, such as civil society organizations and the media, as well as from the public and third parties to the authorities, and is at the heart of well-function- ing open governments that are successfully undergoing the path of digital transformation. Methodologically, the article is based on expert interviews with representatives of public authorities of St. Petersburg, aimed at forming an idea of the institutional framework for the transformation of public administration in the context of digitalization. The author of the article conducted a number of expert interviews with the deputy heads of the districts of St. Petersburg and the deputy chairmen of the committees. As a method of interview analysis, the content analysis of the interview was used using the software ATLAS.ti 9 (http://atlasti.com). The main procedures implemented in this program are coding and grouping by category. As a result of the study, 16 codes were identified, which were com- bined into 3 semantic categories: macro-institutional conditions, micro-institutional condi- tions, and technical conditions for successful transformation of public administration in the context of digitalization. Analyzing the interview data, the author comes to the conclusion that the success of the transformation of public administration in the era of digitalization is directly related to the efforts and resources allocated by public sector bodies to imple- ment the law or policy, both at the time of implementation and over time. In other words, the interweaving of macroinstitutional, microinstitutional, and technical conditions plays a critical role. At the same time, the competencies of civil servants at all levels of govern- ment are a unifying element, a generative factor in the implementation of both macro-in- stitutional, micro-institutional, and technical conditions for the transformation of public administration in the era of digitalization.

Machine vision with deep learning is a promising type of automatic visual perception for detecting and segmenting an object effectively; however, the scarcity of labelled datasets in agricultural fields prevents the application of deep learning to agriculture. For this reason, this study proposes weakly supervised crop area segmentation (WSCAS) to identify the uncut crop area efficiently for path guidance. Weakly supervised learning has advantage for training models because it entails less laborious annotation. The proposed method trains the classification model using area-specific images so that the target area can be segmented from the input image based on implicitly learned localization. This way makes the model implementation easy even with a small data scale. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using recorded video frames that were then compared with previous deep-learning-based segmentation methods. The results showed that the proposed method can be conducted with the lowest inference time and that the crop area can be localized with an intersection over union of approximately 0.94. Additionally, the uncut crop edge could be detected for practical use based on the segmentation results with post-image processing such as with a Canny edge detector and Hough transformation. The proposed method showed the significant ability of using automatic perception in agricultural navigation to infer the crop area with real-time level speed and have localization comparable to existing semantic segmentation methods. It is expected that our method will be used as essential tool for the automatic path guidance system of a combine harvester.

The basis of piano repertoire for beginners, as it is well-known, is in many ways comprised of song material. Its exposition in piano texture (on two staves) frequently complicates the adequate perception of the melody ostensibly, which not infrequently leads to a distortion of semantic perception during the process of playing it. The methodological elaborations of the new trends in teaching music contain written and oral assignments on rewriting the music notated on two-staves into a one-staff line meant for vocal performance, as well as on the transformation of the one-line melody into two-staff notation for the goal of playing it with two hands on the piano. Such a form of tutorial assignments builds in the future musician coherent perceptions of the structure of the melody and the peculiarities of its musical notation in various performance-related contexts. This methodic elaboration is designed for the elementary classes of Children’s Music Schools and provides the first step along the path of formation among the pupils of an integrated perception of the musical text and achievement of the foundations for its revision and transcription.

This paper first discusses the poetry of Artur Bakkuev. A.I.Bakkuev is one of the modern Balkar writers, whose poetry develops along the lines of the Karachay-Balkarian classical tradition. The genre originality in his literary laboratory is represented by philosophical, religious, civil, landscape, love lyrics. As part of the study, an analysis of his creative path is carried out: from the inception of the activity to the professional “maturity”. The author also examines the problem of the evolution of the writer’s self-consciousness formed in the context of historical and cultural processes at the junction of the XX-XXI centuries. The purpose of this work is to identify the individuality and the definition of poetic and stylistic features that characterize the artist’s originality in contemporary realities. The author reveals the transformation of the genre-style system, as well as the changes that have occurred in the semantics of the poetic text in the context of the evolution of creative consciousness. Comparative, descriptive and textual methods of analysis were used in the work.

Transformation studies should be a key topic for the comparative analysis of civilizations. Their most important task is to deal with the changes to world-views and cultural semantics inherited from axial traditions, changes resulting from the emergence of modern society and its radically innovative normative turn. To put it another way, the question relates to modern discursive reworkings of path-dependent figures of thought. In the context of such processes, discourses on identity intertwine with more or less critically oriented discourses on culture and society. For non-European countries, and very emphatically for Japan, Northwestern Europe is an almost exclusive domain of reference, notwithstanding eventual condemnations of European “decadence” or – as the case may be – capitalist contradictions. But when some critical distance from Europe is achieved, it combines easily with returns to a supposedly primordial native legacy, even with the illusory belief that this legacy can inspire a transformative creation of something new in human history. Such intellectual phenomena occur, with significant variations, across a broad political spectrum. This essay discusses a few exemplary Japanese cases.

This article demonstrates how social strategies deployed at the margins of French academic space to legitimize theoretical approaches to literary texts (semiology, semantics, structural analysis of narratives) in the 1960s and 1970s strongly relied on the interventions of their promoters beyond the academy. It specifically examines two strategies privileged by promoters of literary theory which allowed some of them to bypass several requirements for academic careers in taking advantage of the transformations of higher education, of the absence of stable and strong disciplinary frames, and of their own integration into the intellectual and literary fields. First, either through the alliance with literary avant-gardes or by the temporary constitution as one, the collective strategy of the literary avant-garde became a way to engage both politically and aesthetically. Second, the investment of transnational networks and internationalization allowed the critics and theorists to get around the national path to symbolic and academic consecration, and to reframe the modalities of their public engagement. Ultimately, this article offers an understanding of how, for aspirant or marginalized academics, interventions beyond the perimeter of the academic space have, at a certain point in French history, helped their acquisition of academic legitimacy.

Introduction. Modern systems for active vehicle safety are designed to significantly reduce the number of road accidents. Sensors based on monocular cameras are increasingly being introduced by the world's leading automakers as an effective tool for improving traffic safety. Modern methods of localisation and classification, combined with semantic segmentation algorithms, allow for image division into independent groups of pixels corresponding to each object. However, the problem of developing segmentation algorithms ensuring improved quality of image segmentation remains to be solved.Aim. To develop an automatic method for segmenting a given object during image analysis.Materials and methods. An automatic method for segmenting vehicles in an image was proposed. The method presented herein allows semantic segmentation of the object of interest, based upon a priori information about the bounding boxes, which frame the objects in the image. Bounding box information is used to transform an image into a polar coordinate system where the pixels of the image act as the edges of a weighted graph. A closed contour is obtained around the object of interest by using the shortest path search algorithm and inverse transformation to the Cartesian coordinate system.Results. The experiments confirmed the correctness of the selected area of interest based on this algorithm. Jacquard’s similarity coefficient for the Carvana open database is 85 %. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to different classes of images from the Pascal VOC database, thus demonstrating the ability to segment objects of other classes.Conclusion. The main contribution of the proposed method was as follows: 1) segmentation of the object of interest at the level of modern methods, and in some cases in excess thereof; 2) the study presents a new look at the way of tracking object contours.

Multiple forms of digital transformation are imminent. Digital Twins represent one concept, where we may use tools and technologies to “map” data (bits) from objects (atoms). It is gaining momentum because the “map” can act as a “compass” to reveal the status of atoms (things, devices, components, machines, people), process visibility and real-time transparency. Adoption of digital proxies, or digital duplicates, may face hurdles due to lack of semantic interoperability between architectures, standards and ontologies. The technologies necessary for automated discovery are in short supply. Progress depends on the convergence of information technology, operational technology and protocol-agnostic telecommunications. Making sense of the data, ability to curate data, and perform data analytics, at the edge (or mist, rather than in the fog or cloud) is key to value. Delivering algorithm engines to the edge, are crucial for edge analytics, if latency is detrimental. The confluence of these, and other factors, may chart the future path for Digital Twins. The number of unknown unknowns, and the known unknowns, in this process, makes it imperative to create global infrastructures and organize groups, to pursue the development of fundamental building blocks. We need new ideas and research in new domains to generate creative and innovative solutions.

Purpose. The article explores the evolutionary processes of the Kazakh tradition “bata beru” – a blessing. Results. The origins of this tradition date back to the era of the Early Middle Ages. Runic texts on stelae of Orkhon memorial complexes of the aristocracy of the Second Turkic khanate – Bilge Kagan, Kul-Tegin, Tonyukuk contain language that is typologically close to the later “bata” of the Turkic peoples. Gradually, this tradition institutionalized in Kazakh society; there were certain types of “bata” and structure. Despite the revolutionary transition of the traditional nomadic society to an industrial one, and then the post-industrial society, the “bata” has not lost its value by performing, in our opinion, the magic-application function. The consequence of the revolutionary transformation of the Kazakh traditional society began to change in the semantic content of the “bata”. For example, requests relating to the nomadic way of life, the presence of Kydyr ata in the house, mentioning the senior wives and 12 children are currently archaisms and are hardly used. The emergence of the national movement of “Ata Zhol” (Ancestral path) and the appearance of mediums that transmit “bata” on behalf of a saint, indicates, in the authors’ opinion, a new stage of evolutionary processes in the Kazakh tradition of “bata beru”. The structure and content of the “bata” have undergone some modifications, which allows to identify this type of “bata” as the special – “Aulie bata”. Conclusion. All of this suggests a persistent existence of ancestor worship in modern Kazakh society.

Reading Franco Moretti's Graphs, Maps, Trees as a late-stage graduate student in 2008 was invigorating. Here was an approach to literary history free from the pieties of close reading, committed to empiricism, seeking to fulfill, with its “materialist conception of form,” the promise of the sociology of literature (92). And, at the time, it seemed natural that the way to follow the path laid out by Moretti in Graphs and in the essays he had published over the previous decade was to go to my computer, polish my rusty programming skills, and start making graphs. Yet reconsidering Moretti's Distant Reading now, one is struck by how nondigital the book is. In fact, the meaning of distant reading has undergone a rapid semantic transformation. In “Conjectures on World Literature,” originally published in 2000, Moretti introduces the phrase to describe “a patchwork of other people's research, without a single direct textual reading” (Distant Reading 48). Today, however, distant reading typically refers to computational studies of text. Introducing a 2016 cluster of essays called “Text Analysis at Scale,” Matthew K. Gold and Lauren Klein employ the term to speak of “using digital tools to ‘read’ large swaths of text” (Introduction); in his contribution to the cluster, Ted Underwood embraces “distant reading” as a name for applying machine-learning techniques to unstructured text. Discussions of distant reading have become discussions of computation with text, even if no section of Distant Reading features the elaborate computations found in the Stanford Literary Lab pamphlets to which Moretti has contributed.

This paper discusses the evolutionary path of sentence negation development in the history of the German language. The peculiarities of means of multiple negation realization in the studied periods of the language development have been analyzed, taking into account changes in the paradigm of negative markers of Old, Middle, and Early New High German. In terms of polynegation, the attention has been focused on the negative concord, accompanied by a preverbal marker and an additional negative adverb or pronoun. It has been found that the implementation of the negative concord involves a single semantic core of negation. The reasons for the transition from double to single negation in the appropriate period of the German language development have been highlighted. The study of the mechanisms of grammaticalization made it possible to trace the development of negative grammatical constructions, namely the loss of syntactic independence and morphological diversity of elements in the syntactic paradigm. The gradual nature of sentence negation has been presented according to Jespersen's cycle, which reflects the weakening of the mononegative proclitic with its subsequent strengthening with the help of an additional negative pronoun, and, as a result, the return to the mononegative model in which the second negative element was implemented. A particular attention has been paid to the phenomenon of grammatical redundancy and its manifestations in the transformation of the negative model in diachrony. In linguistic studies, grammatical redundancy is characterized as a property or language behavior when the same function is realized by two or more means. The gradual elimination of the additional negative element contributed to the isolation of the mononegative model inherited by Modern German. It has been also shown that structural changes in negative sentences are closely related to a relatively free or limited word order.

Objectives. Determination of dynamics of correlation of territorial self-determination of the person with coping and value-semantic mechanisms of regulation of social behavior in students. Background. In social-psychological studies of migration, the concept of territorial self-determination is practically not used, although it may be productive for systematizing existing research in the field of social psychology of migration, social psychology of personality and development, and setting new hypotheses. The article deals with the problem of territorial self-determination at different stages of personal development. Study design. We studied the difference between the correlation of migration intentions and attitudes with life orientations and coping in students of 1st and 5th years: we used the R-Spearman rank correlation coefficient, the U-Mann-Whitney criterion, and the φ*-Fisher angular transformation criterion. Participants. 59 first-year students and 87 fifth-year students of North-Eastern state University (Magadan), a total of 146 people. Measurements. Questionnaire for studying migration intentions, author’s scale of migration attitudes, test of life orientations by D.A. Leontiev, questionnaire of coping with stress COPE in adaptation by T.O. Gordeeva, etc. Results. It is established that as the University studies, the place of migration intentions and attitudes changes in the system of regulators of social behavior of the person. For first-year students, the correlation of migration intentions and attitudes with life orientations are more typical; they act as dispositions of the highest level, on the scale of the life path. Fifth-year students are more likely to associate migration intentions and attitudes with coping strategies, and they become regulators of behavior on the scale of activities. Conclusions. Migration intentions and attitudes can act as regulators of social behavior of a person at different levels, depending on the scale of the individual’s activity at this stage of its development and depending on the tasks solved by the person.

The purpose of the article is to study the role of the musical imperative in the modernization, transformation of the spiritual autobiography genre in the novel by B.L Pasternak Doctor Zhivago. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are required: a brief overview of biographical facts of the writer’s life, illustrating the path of his aesthetic philosophy and worldview, artistic formation, in which music played a dominant role; to study the musical imperative at the ideological-philosophical, system-structural, and aesthetic-artistic levels. While researching, biographical, systemic, structural, and hermeneutic methods were used. One of the culminating pages in the biography of Pasternak, the content of which had influenced Pasternak’s creative world, would be the day when he heard the sounds of musical improvisation on the piano by Skryabin, who was creating Divine poem. The sounds of music had merged with reality, the voice of nature, becoming a single whole with it. With a transforming and creative effort of memory, impressions coming from childhood would be built into the figurative-conceptual chain of his worldview “Life − music − creativity – poetry”, in which “music and poetry speak the same language of art”. All the creative heritage of B.L. Pasternak, including the final work − the novel Doctor Zhivago, which is represented as a kind of spiritual autobiography, both personal and the entire generation, respectively, serves as a generalization of the historical, philosophical, aesthetic and artistic paths of the Silver Age, a part of which was the author himself. Merging with its voice, and at the same time absorbing it into himself, he became a generalized representation of his generation portrait. In Doctor Zhivago, music appears at the level of mentions, quotations, and various sound images throughout the text. Their main ideological and semantic content is summed up by the words of Vedenyapin, in which Music is the equivalent of Truth, a “divine voice”, “raising above the animal and carrying it upward”, giving an inner impetus to the personality to move along the path of history to eternity. Research results. The ideological and philosophical setting of the musical novel organization is the idea of Music as a metaphor of the Artist-Christ, the embodiment of eternity, the path and a new history established by the sacrifice of Christ, leading to the human spirit. Accordingly, the theme of the path in spiritual autobiography as an ascent from the carnal to the spiritual level of consciousness, the attainment of eternity is reflected in the musical key as a progress of progress towards music and “melodization” of the spiritual path. At the systemic and structural level, the musical imperative is built in the form of a counterpoint principle substantiated by B.M. Gasparov, and the complex tiered hierarchical organization of the novel, in which all levels (individual, socio-historical, eternal) gravitate towards a single value center − the Artist-Christ − and merge in symphonic polyphony in unison. At the aesthetic and artistic level, this is achieved through the lyricization of the narrative, rhythmic insertions that “illuminate” the prose part, like the “voice of eternity”, repetitions, dividing the narrative into prose and lyrics as a form of music (the earthly path and eternity as its finale and the achievement of completeness existence) and, most importantly, building an acoustic space, contributing to the creation of a suggestive effect of “audibility” of the text. The acoustic space is built thanks to the presence of numerous sound images, the melodiousness and rhythm of the prose part, inserts from sacred texts and church chants, the attraction of Chopin`s techniques and motives, as well as the motive of distant sound as a timeless messenger of apocalyptic “future”.

The current reality situation can be described as atypical and caused significant changes in all areas of human life. COVID-related experiences made people revaluate themselves and reconsider their plans. The research objective was to describe the current reality situation and its effect on resilience. Because of the lock down of March-April 2020, the research was conducted as online testing and involved 131 people (female – 56 %) aged 18–75 years (18–21 years – 39 respondents; 22–35 – 50 respondents; 36–60 – 37 respondents; 61–75 – 5 respondents), of whom 74 people were single and 57 were married. The obtained data were processed using methods of descriptive statistics, while statistical analysis of differences between groups were described based on H-Kraskel-Wallis Test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Fischer Angular Transformation Criterion. The empirical study included S. Maddi's Resilience Test as adapted by D. A. Leontyev and E. I. Rasskazova, as well as the method of Semantic Differential of the Reality Situation developed by O. V. Alexandrova and I. B. Dermanova. The authors analyzed the way the participants coped with the pandemic situation and attributed it to the type of adversities. The pandemic interrupted the continuity of life and interfered with the internal needs, e.g. motives, aspirations, values, etc. Groups with different socio-demographic background showed little difference in the way they coped with the reality situation; however, the differences in the level of resilience were more pronounced. The major difference between the groups was that a high level of resilience appeared to provide positive expectations and made it possible to see it not as critically complex. In some cases, participants with medium and low levels of resilience coped with the current situation better than the rest. The authors see the content of one’s inner work in an adverse situation as a self-organized process of understanding the situation in the context of one’s life path, gaining new meanings, and strengthening one’s resources.

The article substantiates the approaches to the generation of social ideals and the ways of their fulfillment in the situation in which Russian society finds itself in the spring of 2022. The general characteristic of this situation is the development of society, which takes place in the mode of a jump-like transformation of its foundations. It is known that development is a change of the unchangeable. How can one think of new, qualitatively different forms of society’s existence without an improved repetition of the known? How is it possible to think of a way into the Unknown, which threatens society’s spiritual, moral and existential existence if not its physical one? Such questions arise for any thinking person, but with a special tension for those responsible for the step into the Unknown, which will permanently determine the fate of the people entrusted to them. The methodological approach to answering these and related questions consists in finding the conceptual foundations of existing and possible solutions about the long-term ideals of social development and justifying the very approaches to their development. It is shown that such foundations cannot arise in the course of deployment of ideas about the development that are proposed in economics, sociology, political science and other aspect evolutionary theories. The foundations for ideals of social development are found in the synthesis of discoveries of systemology, physical economics, quantum physics and cultural science based on its semantic-genetic concept. The author shows that the lines of development of these scientific approaches to comprehension of reality gradually converge in explaining the possibilities of humanity in creation of long-term stable trajectories of its existence. The result of the undertaken study of possible approaches to the choice of society’s path to the future is the identification of three significantly different types, which can be deployed in the form of five ways of generating the social ideal. The possibilities of their fulfillment with a matured demand are substantiated.

The article states that the entire creative path of Yu. Andrukhovych is connected with the process of creating the canon of the postmodern novel in Ukrainian literature. The work systematises updated by the writer in his novels of the 1990s — 2000s components of the genre canon, such as parodying the flaws and contradictions of modern civilization, the multiplicity of choices in every life situation, performativity as a means of communication, openness and no boundaries to depict any aspect life, programmatic violation of stereotypes and taboos, demonstration of linguistic and stylistic virtuosity, polygenre and genre pastisation, buffoonery of the genre, fragmentary and collage of structure, the widest cultural erudition and free play of tradition, scriptness (theatricality or cinematography) of life, multi-layeredness and diversity of narrative deployment. The article clarifies which aspects of postmodern poetics are actualized and developed by Yu. Andrukhovych in the novel „Radio Night”. Traditional and innovative genre-creating strategies are identified, which testify to the transformation and continuation of the modern canon of the postmodern novel, namely: interludes-recordings of radio broadcasts, reportage, musical fragments as a semantic element, cultural codes with hidden meaning, elements of utopia, anti-utopia, the use of intergeneric synthesis. The range of new themes and motives for Yu. Andrukhovych's novels is outlined, among which are the theme of political persecution and physical violence with irreversible consequences, the theme of big unexpected money, the esoteric understanding of existence as a sequence of earthly incarnations, the reception of the Gydnosty Revolution in the West, the theme of prison life, hybrid war as well. It was found that in the novel „Radio Night” by Yu. Andrukhovych, despite allegations of limited poetic features, secondary to himself, a number of new topics were developed, a range of new text-creating and genre-creating tools were used, that proves the consonance of the work with current events in modern life.

The article attempts to highlight the main romantic motifs that the modern German writer Patrick Süskind used in his novel Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Symbolic for the contemporary cultural context figurative semantic constants (genius, loneliness, rejection, godlessness, etc.) are assigned to such motifs. The ways and means of rethinking romantic motifs in a modern novel are determined, the specifics of their transformation in a postmodern text is analyzed. The similarities between the work of Süskind and popular upbringing novels in the Enlightenment are noted: the main character of the modern German writer goes through the thorny path of formation, he improves his gift, thanks to which he hopes to change the world, subjugate other people to himself. The parody evangelical allusions that contribute to the deconstruction of the romantic figure of an unrecognized genius are analyzed. The postmodernist writer debunks and ridicules the hero, turning the imaginary king into a jester. Unlike the romantic hero, whose main function was to broadcast the divine will, Jean-Baptiste Grenouille refutes the truth of the Absolute by his existence and the ingenious gift inherent in him by nature. The article concludes that Süskind refers to a stable romantic model, implemented many times in literature and art, setting his own accents in his own way, bringing the romantic structure to its limit. This model goes through the second stage in its development, according to the Hegel’s triad, namely, the negation of negation, when any phenomenon turns into its opposite. Refuting the well-known Pushkin’s claim that “genius and villainy are two incompatible things”, the writer at the same time comes to the conclusion that evil, even without meeting a worthy opponent, is destructive to himself. We see further research prospects in the study of the novel in the context of the work of Süskind and modern German-language literature from the point of view of transforming the romantic tradition in the post-modern text.

The article represents the interpretation of the novel "Windows on the World" by the modern French writer Frédéric Beigbeder from the point of view of the biblical code. The author of the article distinguishes two levels of the presence of biblical components: explicit and implicit. The author inventories the Old Testament and New Testament images and motifs marked in the work, and she determines their functionality. The author proves that it is the components of the biblical code that perform content-creating and form-creating functions in the novel. The biblical code defines the structure of the novel as parabolic and deepens its dystopian content, giving it an eschatological dominant. The author pays special attention to the transformation of the biblical story about the Tower of Babel in the novel. The author proves that the Old Testament motifs of creation and destruction, which are associated with the image of the Tower of Babel, characterize the consequences of economic and cultural globalization in the novel by Frédéric Beigbeder and acquire an apocalyptic dimension. The writer assigns a special role in the process of globalization to marketing as a means of promoting mass culture, which produces a profaned image of the world and brings humanity closer to its end. The author analyzes the novel’s intertextual connections, which are related to its biblical code. The image of the Catcher from the novel "The Catcher in the Rye" by J. David Salinger deepens the semantics of the biblical code in the novel "Windows on the World." The writer demonstrates that the messianism of the "broken generation" of America, which was represented by JD Salinger, later turned into "superheroism", and the path of spiritual ascent was profaned by the construction of skyscrapers. The author proves that with the help of the biblical code, the writer builds his own eschatological vision of the world, which deviates from the metanarratives of Christianity and globalism and takes away humanity’s last hopes. The apocalypse that Frédéric Beigbeder recreates in the novel "Windows on the World" provides redemption, but it does not guarantee salvation. His "Savior" reminds mankind only of death and it does not promise eternal life to anyone.

Urgency of the research. The evolutionary path of transformation prevented the destruction of traditionally accepted ways of organizing collective interaction, so the issue of socio-historical dynamics of the formation of a certain system of social life undoubtedly remains relevant. Target setting. The basis of the social order is created by the typology of social action, which has a historical character and is manifested in various social structures. Hence the idea of combining social and spiritual-cultural projects of society formation in the philosophy of theism, and the process of their implementation provides a mechanism for conceptualizing holistic social order. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The sources of our research were the works of such famous thinkers as M. Weber, J. Dewey, E. Durkheim, N. Luhmann, T. Parsons and others. Theoretical and methodological analysis of the concept "social activity - spirituality - culture" is presented in the works of such domestic scientists as A. Yermolenko, S. Krymskyi, M. Popovych and many others. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The analysis of the complex problem of solving the phenomenon of formation of the ideal typology of social action with the help of the spiritual and practical potential of philosophical theism is carried out in the scientific literature for the first time. The research objective. To investigate the phenomenon of social action in the constructions of the philosophy of theism. The statement of basic materials. The national cultural space includes a complex configuration of a combination of value-rational actions, which ensures the formation of the characteristic features of the national tradition of building a social form of life. Philosophical theism has a huge culturological and social significance, because due to the differential set of its forms it acts as a mediator between religious principles and socio-cultural environment. Conclusions. The ideas of philosophical theism are always in the nature of philosophical conceptualization, which is carried out on the basis of a certain religious and cultural tradition and has a specific historical and semantic dimension. Philosophical theism, thanks to the possibilities of forming an ideal typology of social action, provides a process of unique combination of the spiritual potential of the Christian tradition and the modern socio-legal structure of basic European values to ensure fundamentally stable foundations of social order.

The Routledge Handbook of language and culture represents a comprehensive study on the inextricable relationship between language and culture. It is structured into seven parts and 33 chapters. Part 1, Overview and historical background, by Farzad Sharifian, starts with an outline of the book and a synopsis of research on language and culture. The second chapter, John Leavitt’s Linguistic relativity: precursors and transformations discusses further the historical development of the concept of linguistic relativity, identifying different schools’ of thought views on the relation between language and culture. He also tries to demystify some misrepresentations held towards Boas, Sapir, and Whorf’ theories (pp. 24-26). Chapter 3, Ethnosyntax, by Anna Gladkova provides an overview of research on ethnosyntax, starting from the theoretical basis laid by Sapir and Whorf and investigates the differences between a narrow sense of ethnosyntax, which focuses on cultural meanings of various grammatical structures and a broader sense, which emphasises the pragmatic and cultural norms’ impact on the choice of grammatical structures. John Leavitt presents in the fourth chapter, titled Ethnosemantics, a historical account of research on meaning across cultures, introducing three traditions, i.e. ‘classical’ ethnosemantics (also referred to as ethnoscience or cognitive anthropology), Boasian cultural semantics (linguistically inspired anthropology) and Neohumboldtian comparative semantics (word-field theory, or content-oriented Linguistics). In Chapter 5, Goddard underlines the fact that ethnopragmatics investigates emic (or culture-internal) approaches to the use of different speech practices across various world languages, which accounts for the fact that there exists a connection between the cultural values or norms and the speech practices peculiar to a speech community. One of the key objectives of ethnopragmatics is to investigate ‘cultural key words’, i.e. words that encapsulate culturally construed concepts. The concept of ‘linguaculture’ (or languaculture) is tackled in Risager’s Chapter 6, Linguaculture: the language–culture nexus in transnational perspective. The author makes reference to American scholars that first introduced this notion, Paul Friedrich, who looks at language and culture as a single domain in which verbal aspects of culture are mingled with semantic meanings, and Michael Agar, for whom culture resides in language while language is loaded with culture. Risager himself brought forth a new global and transnational perspective on the concept of linguaculture, i.e. the use of language (linguistic practice) is seen as flows in people’s social networks and speech communities. These flows enhance as people migrate or learn new languages, in permanent dynamics. Lidia Tanaka’s Chapter 7, Language, gender, and culture deals with research on language, gender, and culture. According to her, the language-gender relationship has been studied by researchers from various fields, including psychology, linguistics, and anthropology, who mainly consider gender as a construct that preserves inequalities in society, with the help of language, too. Tanaka lists diachronically different approaches to language and gender, focusing on three specific ones: gender stereotyped linguistic resources, semantically, pragmatically or lexically designated language features (including register) and gender-based spoken discourse strategies (talking-time imbalances or interruptions). In Chapter 8, Language, culture, and context, Istvan Kecskes delves into the relationship between language, culture, and context from a socio-cognitive perspective. The author considers culture to be a set of shared knowledge structures that encapsulate the values, norms, and customs that the members of a society have in common. According to him, both language and context are rooted in culture and carriers of it, though reflecting culture in a different way. Language encodes past experience with different contexts, whereas context reflects present experience. The author also provides relevant examples of formulaic language that demonstrate the functioning of both types of context, within the larger interplay between language, culture, and context. Sara Miller’s Chapter 9, Language, culture, and politeness reviews traditional approaches to politeness research, with particular attention given to ‘discursive approach’ to politeness. Much along the lines of the previous chapter, Miller stresses the role of context in judgements of (im)polite language, maintaining that individuals represent active agents who challenge and negotiate cultural as well as linguistic norms in actual communicative contexts. Chapter 10, Language, culture, and interaction, by Peter Eglin focuses on language, culture and interaction from the perspective of the correspondence theory of meaning. According to him, abstracting language and culture from their current uses, as if they were not interdependent would not lead to an understanding of words’ true meaning. David Kronenfeld introduces in Chapter 11, Culture and kinship language, a review of research on culture and kinship language, starting with linguistic anthropology. He explains two formal analytic definitional systems of kinship terms: the semantic (distinctions between kin categories, i.e. father vs mother) and pragmatic (interrelations between referents of kin terms, i.e. ‘nephew’ = ‘child of a sibling’). Chapter 12, Cultural semiotics, by Peeter Torop deals with the field of ‘semiotics of culture’, which may refer either to methodological instrument, to a whole array of methods or to a sub-discipline of general semiotics. In this last respect, it investigates cultures as a form of human symbolic activity, as well as a system of cultural languages (i.e. sign systems). Language, as “the preserver of the culture’s collective experience and the reflector of its creativity” represents an essential component of cultural semiotics, being a major sign system. Nigel Armstrong, in Chapter 13, Culture and translation, tackles the interrelation between language, culture, and translation, with an emphasis on the complexities entailed by translation of culturally laden aspects. In his opinion, culture has a double-sided dimension: the anthropological sense (referring to practices and traditions which characterise a community) and a narrower sense, related to artistic endeavours. However, both sides of culture permeate language at all levels. Chapter 14, Language, culture, and identity, by Sandra Schecter tackles several approaches to research on language, culture, and identity: social anthropological (the limits at play in the social construction of differences between various groups of people), sociocultural (the interplay between an individual’s various identities, which can be both externally and internally construed, in sociocultural contexts), participatory-relational (the manner in which individuals create their social–linguistic identities). Patrick McConvell, in Chapter 15, Language and culture history: the contribution of linguistic prehistory reviews research in this field where historical linguistic evidence is exploited in the reconstruction and understanding of prehistoric cultures. He makes an account of research in linguistic prehistory, with a focus on proto- and early Indo-European cultures, on several North American language families, on Africa, Australian, and Austronesian Aboriginal languages. McConvell also underlines the importance of interdisciplinary research in this area, which greatly benefits from studies in other disciplines, such as archaeology, palaeobiology, or biological genetics. Part four starts with Ning Yu’s Chapter 16, Embodiment, culture, and language, which gives an account of theory and research on the interplay between language, culture, and body, as seen from the standpoint of Cultural Linguistics. Yu presents a survey of embodiment (in embodied cognition research) from a multidisciplinary perspective, starting with the rather universalistic Conceptual Metaphor Theory. On the other hand, Cultural Linguistics has concentrated on the role played by culture in shaping embodied language, as various cultures conceptualise body and bodily experience in different ways. Chapter 17, Culture and language processing, by Crystal Robinson and Jeanette Altarriba deals with research in the field of how culture influence language processing, in particular in the case of bilingualism and emotion, alongside language and memory. Clearly, the linguistic and cultural character of each individual’s background has to be considered as a variable in research on cognition and cognitive processing. Frank Polzenhagen and Xiaoyan Xia, in Chapter 18, Language, culture, and prototypicality bring forth a survey of prototypicality across different disciplines, including cognitive linguistics and cognitive psychology. According to them, linguistic prototypes play a critical part in social (re-)cognition, as they are socially diagnostic and function as linguistic identity markers. Moreover, individuals may develop ‘culturally blended concepts’ as a result of exposure to several systems of conceptual categorisation, especially in the case of L2 learning (language-contact or culture-contact situations). In Chapter 19, Colour language, thought, and culture, Don Dedrick investigates the issue of the colour words in different languages and how these influence cognition, a question that has been addressed by researchers from various disciplines, such as anthropology, linguistics, cognitive psychology, or neuroscience. He cannot but observe the constant debate in this respect, and he argues that it is indeed difficult to reach consensus, as colour language occasionally reveals effects of language on thought and, at other times, it is impervious to such effects. Chapter 20, Language, culture, and spatial cognition, by Penelope Brown concentrates on conceptualisations of space, providing a framework for thinking about and referring to objects and events, along with more abstract notions such as time, number, or kinship. She lists three frames of reference used by languages in order to refer to spatial relations, i.e. a) an ‘absolute’ coordinate system, like north, south, east, west; b) a ‘relative’ coordinate system envisaged from the body’s standpoint; and c) an intrinsic, object-centred coordinate system. Chris Sinha and Enrique Bernárdez focus on, in Chapter 21, Space, time, and space–time: metaphors, maps, and fusions, research on linguistic and cultural concepts of time and space, starting with the seminal Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT), which they denounce for failing to situate space–time mapping within the broader patterns of culture and world perspective. Sinha and Bernárdez further argue that although it is possible in all cultures for individuals to experience and discuss about events in terms of their duration and succession, the specific words and concepts they use to refer to temporal landmarks temporal and duration are most of the time language and culture specific. Chapter 22, Culture and language development, by Laura Sterponi and Paul Lai provides an account of research on the interplay between culture and language acquisition. They refer to two widely accepted perspectives in this respect: a developmental mechanism inherent in human beings and a set of particular social contexts in which children are ‘initiated’ into the cultural meaning systems. Both perspectives define culture as “both related to the psychological make-up of the individual and to the socio-historical contexts in which s/he is born and develops”. Anna Wierzbicka presents, in Chapter 23, Language and cultural scripts discusses representations of cultural norms which are encoded in language. She contends that the system of meaning interpretation developed by herself and her colleagues, i.e. Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM), may easily be used to capture and convey cultural scripts. Through NSM cross-cultural experiences can be captured in a thorough manner by using a reduced number of conceptual primes which seem to exist in all languages. Chapter 24, Culture and emotional language, by Jean-Marc Dewaele brings forth the issue of the relationship between language, culture, and emotion, which has been researched by cultural and cognitive psychologists and applied linguists alike, although with some differences in focus. He considers that within this context, it is important to see differences between emotion contexts in bilinguals, since these may lead to different perceptions of the self. He infers that generally, culture revolves around the experience and communication of emotions, conveyed through linguistic expression. The fifth part starts with Chapter 25, Language and culture in sociolinguistics, by Meredith Marra, who underlines that culture is a central concept in Interactional Sociolinguistics, where language is considered as social interaction. In linguistic interaction, culture, and especially cultural differences are deemed as a cause of potential miscommunication. Mara also remarks that the paradigm change in sociolinguistics, from Interactional Sociolinguistics to social constructionism reshaped ‘culture’ into a more dynamic as well as less rigid concept. Claudia Strauss’ Chapter 26, Language and culture in cognitive anthropology deals with the relationship between human society and human thought/thinking. The author contends that cognitive anthropologists may be subdivided into two groups, i.e. ones that are concerned with the process of thinking (cognition-in-practice scholars), and the others focusing on the product of thinking or thoughts (concerned with shared cultural understandings). She goes on to explore how different approaches to cognitive anthropology have counted on units of language, i.e. lexical items and their meanings, along with larger chunks of discourse, as information, which may represent learned cultural schemata. Part VI starts with Chapter 27, Language and culture in second language learning, by Claire Kramsch, in which she makes a survey of the definition of ‘culture’ in foreign language learning and its evolution from a component of literature and the arts to a more comprehensive purport, that of culturally appropriate use of language, along with an appropriate use of sociopragmatic and pragmalinguistic norms. According to her, in the postmodern era, communication is not only mere transmission of information, it represents construal and positioning of the self and of self-identity. Chapter 28, Writing across cultures: ‘culture’ in second language writing studies, by Dwight Atkinson focuses on the usefulness of culture in second-language writing (SLW). He reviews several approaches to the issue: contrastive rhetoric (dealing with the impact of first-language patterns of text organisation on writers in a second language), or even alternate notions, like‘ cosmopolitanism’, ‘critical multiculturalism’, and hybridity, as of late native culture is becoming irrelevant or at best far less significant. Ian Malcolm tackles, in Chapter 29, Language and culture in second dialect learning, the issue of ‘standard’ Englishes (e.g., Standard American English, Standard Australian English) versus minority ‘non-standard’ speakers of English. He deplores the fact that in US specialist literature, speaking the ‘non-standard’ variety of English was associated with cognitive, cultural, and linguistic insufficiency. He further refers to other specialists who have demonstrated that ‘non-standard’ varieties can be just as systematic and highly structured as the standard variety. Chapter 30, Language and culture in intercultural communication, by Hans-Georg Wolf gives an account of research in intercultural education, focusing on several paradigms, i.e. the dominant one, investigating successful functioning in intercultural encounters, the minor one, exploring intercultural understanding and the ‘deconstructionist, and or postmodernist’. He further examines different interpretations of the concepts associated with intercultural communication, including the functionalist school, the intercultural understanding approach and a third one, the most removed from culture, focusing on socio-political inequalities, fluidity, situationality, and negotiability. Andy Kirkpatrick’s Chapter 31, World Englishes and local cultures gives a synopsis of research paradigm from applied linguistics which investigates the development of Englishes around the world, through processes like indigenisation or nativisation of the language. Kirkpatrick discusses the ways in which new Englishes accommodate the culture of the very speech community which develops them, e.g. adopting lexical items to express to express culture-specific concepts. Speakers of new varieties could use pragmatic norms rooted in cultural values and norms of the specific new speech community which have not previously been associated with English. Moreover, they can use these new Englishes to write local literatures, often exploiting culturally preferred rhetorical norms. Part seven starts with Chapter 32, Cultural Linguistics, by Farzad Sharifian gives an account of the recent multidisciplinary research field of Cultural Linguistics, which explores the relationship between language and cultural cognition, particularly in the case of cultural conceptualisations. Sharifian also brings forth illustrations of how cultural conceptualisations may be linguistically encoded. The last chapter, A future agenda for research on language and culture, by Roslyn Frank provides an appraisal of Cultural Linguistics as a prospective path for research in the field of language and culture. She states that ‘Cultural Linguistics could potentially create a paradigm that “successfully melds together complementary approaches, e.g., viewing language as ‘a complex adaptive system’ and bringing to bear upon it concepts drawn from cognitive science such as ‘distributed cognition’ and ‘multi-agent dynamic systems theory’.” She further asserts that Cultural Linguistics has the potential to function as “a bridge that brings together researchers from a variety of fields, allowing them to focus on problems of mutual concern from a new perspective” and most likely unveil new issues (as well as solutions) which have not been evident so far. In conclusion, the Handbook will most certainly serve as clear and coherent guidelines for scholarly thinking and further research on language and culture, and also open up new investigative vistas in each of the areas tackled.

The article is devoted to the study of the historical origins of anthropocentrism as a basic paradigm of developmentof modern jurisprudence and the peculiarities of its transformation in today’s conditions. It is noted that with the beginning of the Renaissance anthropocentrism finally began to take shape in a fundamental system of ideas and principles of philosophical and ideological significance, which laid radical changes in European public consciousness associated with the formation of an autonomous worldview, which is completely self-sufficient, free and does not depend on any supernatural influences. In the future, these ideas were significantly developed during the Reformation and the Enlightenment, which became a natural consequence of the establishment of the principle of individualism in social life. It is on the basis of methodological ideas of the Enlightenment was finally formed liberal ideology with an appropriate system of its main trends in various sectors and areas of public life. Emphasis is placed on the fact that during a long historical period, liberal ideology has passed a complex and contradictory path of its development, as a result of which it has acquired the qualities of global scale and the basic basis of building a modern democratic state governed by the rule of law. The peculiarity of the current stage of development of liberalism is the gradual radicalization of the content of its main provisions, which is associated with rapid scientific and technological progress and the functioning of a new information and technological reality, within which each individual receives almost unlimited opportunities to create and disseminate an ideas and concepts of their virtual existence, including any identities. As a result of research the following conclusions are made: 1. Centuries of social practice of free development of individuals in our time has led to a special type of civilization, the main feature of which is that it develops in opposition to the traditional type of culture, which increasingly takes aggressive forms of expression at the macro and micro levels. In this context, we are talking about the fact that modern radical liberalism (libertarianism) rejects the objective and true essence of the surrounding phenomena and processes, thus turning any object of scientific or other way of knowing the diverse reality into a subjective opinion about it. 2. Modern liberal ideology and postmodernist discourse significantly complicates the main task of legal science –the development and systematization of objective knowledge about state and legal phenomena, the laws of their functioning and development. The latter, in turn, is due to the fact that the unlimited freedom to choose the original axiomatic principles of scientific activity, the basic semantic contexts and values of its implementation, leads to many answers to the challenges posed by legal science. In this way, the only scientific truth based on the so-called «dogmatic» or «sacred» component of a certain culture, which constitutes the whole process of further proving the correctness or falsity of a certain idea, concept or theory with the corresponding rationale, is denied. Keywords: anthropocentrism, legal science, humanism, law, liberalism, rationalism, postmodern, Internet, virtual reality.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in the form of actively and passively generated spatial content offers extensive potential for a wide range of applications. Realising this potential however requires methods which take account of the specific properties of such data, for example its heterogeneity, quality, subjectivity, spatial resolution and temporal relevance. The creation and production of such content through social media platforms is an expressive aspect of human behaviour, and as such influenced strongly by the co-occurrence of events and context external to the social media. In this project we are developing geovisual analysis methods which show how actors interact in location based social media (LBSM), and how their interactions influence, and are influenced by, their physical and social environment and relations.</p><p>In the first phase of the project, we developed and demonstrated a conceptual model enabling the extraction, analysis and visualisation of events and reactions to events in LBSM. A central element of this model and its implementation is the integration of spatial, temporal, thematic and social dimensions, or <i>facets</i>, combined with an explicit link between events and reactions. We have developed a conceptual model of collective reactions in LBSM [1] which includes a task matrix underpinning our methodological efforts. A key output of this conceptual model, and the resulting task matrix was the acknowledgement of the importance of exploring multiple dimensions in LBSM reactions to events, namely the spatial, temporal, thematic and social which relate to where, when, what and who questions which can be posed of such data.</p><p>The conceptual model formed a basis for our research on bridging the gap between visually-driven analysis and visual communication, or story telling [2]. Findings and results of the analysis often need to be communicated to an audience that lacks expertise in visualization and analysis methods. This requires analysis outcomes to be presented in simpler ways than that are typically used in analysis supporting systems. Not only analytical visualizations may be too complex for target audiences but also the information that needs to be presented. Analysis results may consist of multiple components, which may involve multiple heterogeneous facets. Hence, there exists a gap on the path from obtaining analysis findings to communicating them, within which two main challenges lie: information complexity and display complexity. We address this problem by proposing a general framework for story synthesis, in which the analyst creates and organises story contents from analysis results. Story synthesis includes selecting and assembling findings and arranging them in meaningful layouts that take into account the structure of information and inherent properties of its components (facets). Paper [2] proposes a facet-based generic framework for story synthesis which can be applied to different kinds of VGI and LBSM data.</p><p>To introduce our concepts, we use an example based on the IEEE VAST Challenge 2011 [3], requiring analysis of the circumstances of an epidemic outbreak in a fictive city Vastopolis. The data are geographically referenced microblog messages, some of which include keywords indicating disease symptoms, such as fever, chills, sweats, aches and pains, coughing, etc. The time span of the data is 3 weeks. An analyst needs to find out when and where the outbreak started and how it developed. The analyst uses a visual analytics system providing multiple types of interactive visual displays and supporting database queries and data transformations. Fig.1 shows how analysis artefacts are managed. In the course of the analysis, the analyst has obtained a set of findings (labelled F1-F5), which include the outbreak start time, the spatial clusters and the times of their existence, the differing sets of frequent keywords associated with the clusters, the location and time of the truck crash, and the ways of spreading and temporal development of two diseases. As the next natural step, these findings need to be communicated to any interested audience, but not as disjoint information pieces but as an integrated story. The pieces need to be arranged in appropriate ways revealing the relationships between the information pieces, such as temporal and spatial relationships. Figures 1C and 1D show examples of arrangements that might be created by the VAST Challenge analyst for conveying temporal and spatial relationships between the findings. Another kind of relationship the analyst may wish to reflect is the differences between the symptoms of two diseases that were discovered in the course of the analysis. For this purpose, the analyst may juxtapose the lists of the keywords corresponding to the central-eastern and south-western clusters. Analysts should be able to create and edit such arrangements in order to construct understandable and interesting stories.</p><p>A process of story synthesis includes the following activities: aggregate and summarize (as a means of simplification and achieving a desired level of detail), embed details (enable drilling down into aggregates), arrange (put information pieces in a meaningful layout), show facets (exhibit information structure), and annotate (include explanations and comments). Information facets play an important role in story synthesis. They need to be presented to story recipients to enable proper understanding of information. However, heterogeneous facets, such as space, time, population, semantics of message texts (represented by keywords or topics), etc. may be hard to present simultaneously while keeping the display simple and easy to understand and avoiding information overload. Such facets may be represented in complementary views providing different perspectives on the information. The task matrix introduced in paper [1] suggests taking into account only two facets at once. Inherent properties of information facets can be used for meaningful arrangement of story slices and for aggregation. Thus, temporal and spatial arrangements, as in Fig.1 (C, D), exploit the inherent properties of time (temporal ordering and distances) and space (spatial distances, neighbourhood, and relative directions). Paper [2] describes an example of analysing expressions of people’s reactions to political events and processes, such as the Brexit, in LBSM and organizing analysis findings in stories with the use of various facet-based layouts.</p><p>In the further work, we extend the research scope to studying reactions as a component of behaviour (along with human activities and emotions), incorporating external social and physical context to better allow events to be related and compared. This will not only include development of new analysis methods and workflows but also definition of new analysis tasks and, respectively, new types of analytical results. These extensions will require further work on finding, on the one hand, effective representations for analytical visualizations, on the other hand, expressive and easily understandable representations for communication of analysis findings. Besides, a general problem to be tackled is how to incorporate analyst’s input, such as background knowledge and context information that is not reflected in available data, in both analytical visualizations and stories presenting analysis results. It would be interesting to go beyond mere use of textual annotations towards representing such inputs in a visual form, which needs to be distinguishable from the representation of the data.</p>

In the article the author discusses phraseological units in the perspective of their transformation and use in the artistic text of rock poetry. The issues of semantics, specifics of changes in form and content in the intermediate aspect are investigated. Rock poetry is an art form that combines verbal and non-verbal aesthetic means of expression in its structure. In this paper, the ways of manifestation of the author's identity of Viktor Tsoy in the use of phraseological units and their occasional variants are determined. The last album of the poet, which was released posthumously, but reflected new trends in the author's poetics and presented the use of folklore elements, thus showing the desire for the folk element, is considered as the material of analysis. In this case, the peculiarity of rock poetry is also important — the focus of the artistic word in this context on sound, on oral reproduction, representation in the interaction of means of different arts. On the other hand, traditionally, researchers also determine the attitude of rock authors to colloquial speech, to proximity to the folk context. In particular, the use of phraseological units proves this position. The intermediate structure of rock compositions introduces its transformations into the semantic content of phraseological units within the framework of the author's intentions. For the rock author, the aspiration to understand the place of man in the universe, his uniqueness and at the same time inclusion in the historical reality, in the folk element, is a significant incentive for the discovery and presentation of his own artistic world, the path of his creative development and, in general, cognition. Thus, the private and the general interact, the individual life of a person and his social reality in the context of being.

Abstract Background Many studies prove that miRNAs have significant roles in diagnosing and treating complex human diseases. However, conventional biological experiments are too costly and time-consuming to identify unconfirmed miRNA-disease associations. Thus, computational models predicting unidentified miRNA-disease pairs in an efficient way are becoming promising research topics. Although existing methods have performed well to reveal unidentified miRNA-disease associations, more work is still needed to improve prediction performance. Results In this work, we present a novel multiple meta-paths fusion graph embedding model to predict unidentified miRNA-disease associations (M2GMDA). Our method takes full advantage of the complex structure and rich semantic information of miRNA-disease interactions in a self-learning way. First, a miRNA-disease heterogeneous network was derived from verified miRNA-disease pairs, miRNA similarity and disease similarity. All meta-path instances connecting miRNAs with diseases were extracted to describe intrinsic information about miRNA-disease interactions. Then, we developed a graph embedding model to predict miRNA-disease associations. The model is composed of linear transformations of miRNAs and diseases, the means encoder of a single meta-path instance, the attention-aware encoder of meta-path type and attention-aware multiple meta-path fusion. We innovatively integrated meta-path instances, meta-path based neighbours, intermediate nodes in meta-paths and more information to strengthen the prediction in our model. In particular, distinct contributions of different meta-path instances and meta-path types were combined with attention mechanisms. The data sets and source code that support the findings of this study are available at https://github.com/dangdangzhang/M2GMDA. Conclusions M2GMDA achieved AUCs of 0.9323 and 0.9182 in global leave-one-out cross validation and fivefold cross validation with HDMM V2.0. The results showed that our method outperforms other prediction methods. Three kinds of case studies with lung neoplasms, breast neoplasms, prostate neoplasms, pancreatic neoplasms, lymphoma and colorectal neoplasms demonstrated that 47, 50, 49, 48, 50 and 50 out of the top 50 candidate miRNAs predicted by M2GMDA were validated by biological experiments. Therefore, it further confirms the prediction performance of our method.