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Zervakis, Georgios. "Enriching large language models with semantic lexicons and analogies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0039.
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Les progrès récents de l'apprentissage profond et des réseaux de neurones ont permis d'aborder des tâches complexes de traitement du langage naturel, qui sont appliquées à une pléthore de problèmes réels allant des assistants intelligents dans les appareils mobiles à la prédiction du cancer. Néanmoins, les systèmes modernes basés sur ces approches présentent plusieurs limitations qui peuvent compromettre leurs performances et leur fiabilité, les rendre injustes envers les minorités ou exposer des données personnelles. Nous sommes convaincus que l'intégration de connaissances et de raisonnement symboliques dans le cadre de l'apprentissage profond est une étape nécessaire vers la résolution de ces limitations. Par exemple, les ressources lexicales peuvent enrichir les réseaux de neurones profonds avec des connaissances sémantiques ou syntaxiques, et les règles logiques peuvent fournir des mécanismes d'apprentissage et de raisonnement. Par conséquent, l'objectif de cette thèse est de développer et d'évaluer des moyens d'intégrer différents types de connaissances et de raisonnement symboliques dans un modèle de langage largement utilisé, le Bidirectional Encoder R presentations from Transformers (BERT). Dans un premier temps, nous considérons le retrofitting, une technique simple et populaire pour raffiner les plongements lexicaux de mots grâce à des relations provenant d'un lexique sémantique. Nous présentons deux méthodes inspirées par cette technique pour incorporer ces connaissances dans des plongements contextuels de BERT. Nous évaluons ces méthodes sur trois jeux de données biomédicales pour l'extraction de relations et un jeu de données de critiques de films pour l'analyse des sentiments, et montrons qu'elles n'ont pas d'impact substantiel sur les performances pour ces tâches. En outre, nous effectuons une analyse qualitative afin de mieux comprendre ce résultat négatif. Dans un second temps, nous intégrons le raisonnement analogique à BERT afin d'améliorer ses performances sur la tâche de vérification du sens d'un mot, et de le rendre plus robuste. Pour cela, nous reformulons la vérification du sens d'un mot comme une tâche de détection d'analogie. Nous présentons un modèle hybride qui combine BERT pour encoder les données d'entrée en quadruplets et un classifieur neuronal convolutif pour décider s'ils constituent des analogies valides. Nous testons notre système sur un jeu de données de référence et montrons qu'il peut surpasser les approches existantes. Notre étude empirique montre l'importance de l'encodage d'entrée pour BERT, et comment cette dépendance est atténuée en intégrant les propriétés axiomatiques des analogies lors de l'apprentissage, tout en préservant les performances et en améliorant la robustesse<br>Recent advances in deep learning and neural networks have made it possible to address complex natural language processing tasks, which find application in a plethora of real-world problems ranging from smart assistants in mobile devices to the prediction of cancer. Nonetheless, modern systems based on these frameworks exhibit various limitations that may compromise their performance and trustworthiness, render them unfair towards minorities, or subject them to privacy leakage. It is our belief that integrating symbolic knowledge and reasoning into the deep learning framework is a necessary step towards addressing the aforementioned limitations. For example, lexical resources can enrich deep neural networks with semantic or syntactic knowledge, and logical rules can provide learning and reasoning mechanisms. Therefore, the scope of this thesis is to develop and evaluate ways of integrating different types of symbolic knowledge and reasoning into a widely used language model, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). ln a first stage, we consider retrofitting, a simple and popular technique for refining distributional word embeddings based on relations coming from a semantic lexicon. Inspired by this technique, we present two methods for incorporating this knowledge into BERT contextualized embeddings. We evaluate these methods on three biomedical datasets for relation extraction and one movie review dataset for sentiment analysis, and show that they do not substantially impact the performance for these tasks. Furthermore, we conduct a qualitative analysis to provide further insights on this negative result. ln a second stage, we integrate analogical reasoning with BERT as a means to improve its performance on the target sense verification task, and make it more robust. To do so, we reformulate target sense verification as an analogy detection task. We present a hybrid model that combines BERT to encode the input data into quadruples and a convolutional neural classifier to decide whether they constitute valid analogies. We test our system on a benchmark dataset, and show that it can outperform existing approaches. Our empirical study shows the importance of the input encoding for BERT, and how this dependence gets alleviated by integrating the axiomatic properties of analogies during training, while preserving performance and improving robustness
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Zemtsova, Valeriia. "The structure of the lexico-semantic field "Sport" in modern English." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2019. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/14353.
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Thompson, Cynthia Ann. "Semantic lexicon acquisition for learning natural language interfaces /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Monteiro, Necy de Arruda. "Lexico-semantic deviances in English." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/24363.
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Matikainen, Tiina Johanna. "Semantic Representation of L2 Lexicon in Japanese University Students." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/133319.
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CITE/Language Arts<br>Ed.D.<br>In a series of studies using semantic relatedness judgment response times, Jiang (2000, 2002, 2004a) has claimed that L2 lexical entries fossilize with their equivalent L1 content or something very close to it. In another study using a more productive test of lexical knowledge (Jiang 2004b), however, the evidence for this conclusion was less clear. The present study is a partial replication of Jiang (2004b) with Japanese learners of English. The aims of the study are to investigate the influence of the first language (L1) on second language (L2) lexical knowledge, to investigate whether lexical knowledge displays frequency-related, emergent properties, and to investigate the influence of the L1 on the acquisition of L2 word pairs that have a common L1 equivalent. Data from a sentence completion task was completed by 244 participants, who were shown sentence contexts in which they chose between L2 word pairs sharing a common equivalent in the students' first language, Japanese. The data were analyzed using the statistical analyses available in the programming environment R to quantify the participants' ability to discriminate between synonymous and non-synonymous use of these L2 word pairs. The results showed a strong bias against synonymy for all word pairs; the participants tended to make a distinction between the two synonymous items by assigning each word a distinct meaning. With the non-synonymous items, lemma frequency was closely related to the participants' success in choosing the correct word in the word pair. In addition, lemma frequency and the degree of similarity between the words in the word pair were closely related to the participants' overall knowledge of the non-synonymous meanings of the vocabulary items. The results suggest that the participants had a stronger preference for non-synonymous options than for the synonymous option. This suggests that the learners might have adopted a one-word, one-meaning learning strategy (Willis, 1998). The reasonably strong relationship between several of the usage-based statistics and the item measures from R suggest that with exposure learners are better able to use words in ways that are similar to native speakers of English, to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate contexts and to recognize the boundary separating semantic overlap and semantic uniqueness. Lexical similarity appears to play a secondary role, in combination with frequency, in learners' ability to differentiate between appropriate and inappropriate contexts when using L2 word pairs that have a single translation in the L1.<br>Temple University--Theses
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Levesque, Guy-Luc. "Lexico-Semantic Influence in Interlingual Transfer." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4771.
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The present study replicates research by Tomoko Takahashi (1984) on lexico-semantic patterns used by students in an acquisition poor environment. The purpose of the current study was to determine how an acquisition rich environment affects learners' use of four lexico-semantic patterns: congruence occurs when the Ll definition of a lexical item forms a one-to-one correspondence with the L2 lexical item; convergence occurs when the Ll lexical item has broader applications than the L2 lexical item; divergence occurs when the L2 lexical item has broader applications than the Ll lexical item; and semantic gap occurs when the Ll lexical item has no appropriate corresponding L2 lexical item (Takahashi, 1984). The instrument, a lexico-semantics test, is the same instrument used in Takahashi's study. It was designed to measure which patterns are most frequently used by Japanese EFL students learning English. The results, unlike Takahashi's, suggest that beginning and advanced ESL students use the four patterns equally well. No significant difference was found between the two groups. These results are contrary to what had been expected. However, they show that the proposed hierarchical order of difficulty of congruence, convergence, divergence and semantic gap is the same in both studies. The results also indicate that the acquisition· rich environment seems to dramatically improve beginners' performance of the four patterns. Since the instrument was designed for EFL students (an acquisition poor environment) it may not have fully challenged the advanced ESL students (an acquisition rich environment) while challenging the beginning students. This may have been due to the fact that the students in the present study received a great deal of input from the acquisition rich environment, which could account for their increased ability to restructure hypotheses about L2 vocabulary items. In conclusion, more studies are needed to determine the complete role of the four lexico-semantic patterns in vocabulary acquisition. An expanded follow up study that fully tests the advanced and beginning ESL learners' ability could determine whether both groups progress along a language continuum with respect to the use of the four lexico-semantic patterns. Furthermore, although the patterns may serve, in a limited capacity, as indicators of a learner's difficulties in vocabulary acquisition, a wider body of research is needed before they can be applied in a language learning environment.
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Plas, Marie Louise Elizabeth van der. "Automatic lexico-semantic acquisition for question answering." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/.
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Xia, Violet. "Conceptual organisation of the Chinese-English bilingual mental lexicon: investigations of cross-language priming." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/11623.
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The majority of research on the organisation of bilinguals’ lexical memory has focused on alphabetic languages with shared etymological roots and scripts. Theories based on such evidence may not generalise to noncognate languages with different scripts, such as Chinese and English. This thesis reports a systematic series of experiments designed to investigate the organisation of lexical and conceptual knowledge for bilinguals’ first (L1) and second (L2) language in late L1-dominant Chinese-English bilinguals using the classical cross-language priming paradigm. It aims to investigate how such bilinguals store the meanings of Chinese and English words. It also aims to identify the similarities and discrepancies in the conceptual organisation between noncognate languages with different scripts, i.e., Chinese and English, and to investigate how the lexical representations of a bilingual’s two languages interact with each other and with the conceptual representation. The introductory chapter reviews early theoretical formulations of bilingualism, and evaluates more recent models of bilingual memory. The empirical chapters present three series comprising eight experiments which directly compared cross-language translation priming and semantic priming in both L1-L2 and L2-L1 language directions under conditions designed to tap automatic semantic processes using the same relatively short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 200 ms but different priming paradigms and task contexts. Series 1 (Experiments 1A and 1B) compared repetition/translation priming and semantic priming within and between languages for various semantic relations using an unmasked priming paradigm in lexical decision and word naming tasks. Both tasks produced similar patterns of unmasked translation priming in both L1-L2 and L2-L1 directions, although the priming effects in naming were of a smaller magnitude. Both tasks also showed significant unmasked semantic priming effects for English word targets in the L1-L2 and L2-L2 conditions, but there was little evidence of semantic priming for L1 word targets in the L1-L1 and L2-L1 conditions. Neither task yielded any semantic priming in the within-language L1-L1 condition. Series 2 (Experiments 2A, 2B and 3A, 3B) reported two pairs of semantic categorisation and lexical decision tasks designed to test the predictions of the Sense Model (Finkbeiner, Forster, Nicol, & Nakamura, 2004). The experiments replicated Finkbeiner et al.’s finding that L2-L1 priming is somewhat stronger in semantic categorisation than lexical decision, selectively for category exemplars. However, the direct comparison of L1-L2 and L2-L1 translation priming failed to confirm the Sense Model’s central prediction that translation priming asymmetry is significantly reduced in semantic categorisation. The findings therefore did not support the category filtering account of translation priming asymmetry proposed by the Sense Model but were consistent with semantic feedback (e.g., Hoshino, Midgley, Holcomb, & Grainger, 2010; Midgley, Holcomb, & Grainger, 2009) accounts of cross-script L2-L1 translation priming and suggested that pre-activation of relevant semantic features by a category cue compensates for the weak connections between L2 lexical forms and their conceptual referents. Series 3 (Experiments 4A and 4B) directly compared masked translation and cross-language semantic priming for moderately semantically related pairs with no associative relationships, in semantic categorisation and lexical decision tasks. Both tasks showed similar asymmetrical patterns of masked translation and cross-language semantic priming, characterised by larger priming effects from L1 to L2 than from the reverse. The masked translation priming data fully replicated the findings obtained in Series 2. Masked semantic priming was significant in the L1-L2 but not in the L2-L1 direction, and of smaller magnitude than masked translation priming in both directions. Neither experiment found masked L2-L1 semantic priming. These data can be accommodated by a modified version of the Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM, Kroll & Stewart, 1994) based on Duyck and Brysbaert’s (2004) proposal for alphabetic languages in combination with the semantic feedback account. The data are also consistent with the DevLex-II model (Li & Zhao, 2013; Li, Zhao, & MacWhinney, 2007; Zhao & Li, 2010, 2013) regarding the graded relationships between translation and cross-language semantic priming. The findings of this research clearly demonstrated both shared and independent aspects of L1 and L2 semantic representations in unbalanced Chinese-English bilinguals. They are compatible with the cognitive architecture of the RHM combined with the representational assumptions of the Distributed Conceptual Feature Model (De Groot, 1992a, 1992b, 1995; Van Hell & De Groot, 1998).
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Simmons, Nathan G. "Semantic Role Agency in Perceptions of the Lexical Items Sick and Evil." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2658.pdf.
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Bertoldi, Anderson. "Semântica de frames e recursos lexicais jurídicos: um estudo contrastivo." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2011. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/4718.
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Previous issue date: 2011-01-05<br>CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A presente tese teve como objetivo avaliar os desafios a serem enfrentados no desenvolvimento de recursos lexicais multilíngües segundo o paradigma FrameNet. Abordouse aqui a Semântica de Frames com uma teoria da lingüística cognitiva e a forma como a FrameNet trata o conceito de frame semântico em sua base de dados. Para tratar dos desafios no uso de frames semânticos para a descrição de informação jurídica em diferentes línguas, optou-se por investigar o frame Criminal_process. Em um primeiro momento, identificaram-se, com o auxílio de um dicionário jurídico bilíngüe, os equivalentes em português das unidades lexicais do inglês relacionadas ao processo penal. Em um segundo momento, essas unidades lexicais foram contrastadas para verificar se o conhecimento jurídico evocado pela unidade lexical em inglês era o mesmo conhecimento jurídico evocado pelo seu equivalente em português. A abordagem contrastiva permitiu a criação de frames jurídicos descrevendo o processo penal brasileiro. Constatou-se que os frames semânticos apresentam diferentes níveis de equivalência. Este trabalho procurou explicar as divergências de frames semânticos por meio da diferenciação entre frames inatos e frames aprendidos. Uma vez que constatada a falta de equivalência perfeita de frames entre as línguas, é necessário se repensar o uso dos frames semânticos como interlíngua em recursos lexicais multilíngües, especialmente se esses recursos representarem conhecimento jurídico. Este trabalho apontou como uma possível solução para a falta de equivalência entre frames o uso de um recurso ainda pouco abordado pela FrameNet: os tipos semânticos. Os tipos semânticos poderiam ser utilizados em uma base de dados jurídica multilíngüe para marcar o papel social exercido por cada participante dos eventos jurídicos.<br>This Ph.D. dissertation discusses the challenges to be faced in developing multilingual lexical resources according to the FrameNet paradigm. This work was based on Frame Semantics. The starting point was the Criminal_process frame. First, the equivalents in Portuguese for the lexical units were identified using a bilingual legal dictionary. Second, the lexical units were contrasted in order to verify the legal knowledge evoked by lexical units in English was the same legal knowledge evoked by their equivalents in Portuguese. Based on the contrastive study, legal frames representing the Brazilian legal system were created. This work could verify that semantic frames present different levels of equivalence. The differences in frame equivalence were analyzed according to the difference between innate and learned frames. Considering that the semantic frames do not present a perfect equivalence among languages, it is necessary to rethink the use of semantic frames as interlingual index to connect multilingual resources, especially legal lexical resources. This dissertation considers the possibility of using semantic types as a possible solution in a future.
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El-Issa, Anwar Suleiman Awad. "The role of theme as an index of genre : analysis of tourist guides taken from two culturally different situations." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366705.
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Abeyruwan, Saminda Wishwajith. "PrOntoLearn: Unsupervised Lexico-Semantic Ontology Generation using Probabilistic Methods." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/28.
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An ontology is a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualization. Formalizing an ontology for a domain is a tedious and cumbersome process. It is constrained by the knowledge acquisition bottleneck (KAB). There exists a large number of text corpora that can be used for classification in order to create ontologies with the intention to provide better support for the intended parties. In our research we provide a novel unsupervised bottom-up ontology generation method. This method is based on lexico-semantic structures and Bayesian reasoning to expedite the ontology generation process. This process also provides evidence to domain experts to build ontologies based on top-down approaches.
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Jensen, Susan Carrie. "Word-families and the mental lexicon, testing for a morpho-semantic lexical network." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0022/NQ38477.pdf.
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al-Mansoor, Mansoor. "Semantic mapping of the bilingual lexicon : form-to-meaning mapping through computerized testing." Virtual Press, 2004. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1302163.
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In this study, form-to-meaning mapping of the bilingual mental lexicon is investigated. Sixty native speakers of Arabic, divided into intermediate and advanced ESL groups, served as the participants of the study. They performed a semantic relatedness rating task of sixty high frequency semantically related English word pairs on a 6point scale. While thirty word pairs had the same translation (ST) word in Arabic, the other thirty had a different translation (DT) word. Fifteen of the word pairs in each of the two word pair categories were abstract, while the other fifteen were concrete nouns. The vast majority of these word pairs were synonyms. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the word pair ratings between the intermediate and advanced ESL groups. The intermediate group rated all word pairs higher than the advanced learners. Both groups, however, rated the ST word pairs higher than the DT word pairs. Nonetheless, the rating mean difference score between the ST and DT was significantly lower in the advanced group than it was in the intermediate group. In addition, both ESL groups rated the abstract word pairs higher than their concrete counterparts. Overall, the results support the claim that beginning ESL learners map their bilingual lexicon to Ll translation, and as they become advanced move toward mapping form-to-meaning directly. This is particularly evident in the higher rating of ST and the lower rating of DT as well as in the higher rating mean difference score between ST and DT in the intermediate group.<br>Department of English
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Kordoni, Evagelia. "Psych verb construction in modern Greek : a semantic analysis in the hierarchical lexicon." Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394123.
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Chandler, Nathan James. "Acquiring and grounding a lexicon with art : towards robotic systems that understand language." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343552.
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Xavier, Vanessa Regina Duarte. "Conexões léxico-culturais sobre as minas goianas setecentistas no Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-29082012-100504/.
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Esta tese tem como propósito ratificar que o estudo lexical de manuscritos pertencentes ao códice intitulado Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati Thomé Ignácio da Costa Mascarenhas (1724-1762) muito revela a respeito da formação sociocultural da então recém-criada Capitania de Goiás, durante o ciclo do ouro. Para tanto, realizou-se a edição semidiplomática de noventa e dois documentos escritos de 1751 a 1753 em Vila Boa de Goiás, uma vez que estes abordam aspectos variados da administração, economia, política, religião, cultura, assim como da estrutura jurídica e militar local. Conferiu-se rigor à aplicação dos critérios de edição, com vistas a assegurar a sua fidedignidade e, consequentemente, de toda a pesquisa. Foram inventariados os substantivos, adjetivos e verbos para a elaboração de um Índice de Frequência e de Ocorrências dos Itens Lexicais, à luz do produzido por Ferreira et al. (2005), a fim de se obter o vocabulário empregado no corpus e de mapear os principais assuntos abordados, correlacionando-os com a frequência de uso das lexias. Procedeu-se, então, à estruturação e análise dos campos lexicais mais representativos das temáticas do corpus, com base em aspectos histórico-sociais da Capitania goiana, tendo em vista que o léxico é o nível da língua que mais se conecta ao universo extralinguístico (BIDERMAN, 1981; SAPIR, 1961). A composição dos campos lexicais baseou-se nos princípios da semântica estrutural, especificamente em teóricos como Coseriu (1977), Geckeler (1976) e Vilela (1979), levando em conta as relações semânticas entre os itens lexicais e os arquilexemas dos campos, mais especificamente, a sinonímia, a antonímia, a meronímia e a hiponímia, identificando-se também os casos de homonímia e de polissemia. Os resultados dessa pesquisa apontam que o estudo dos campos lexicais a partir das associações semânticas entre seus membros não pode prescindir da consideração do universo discursivo, bem como do contexto sociocultural no qual se fundamentam, haja vista que os significados resultam do processamento cognitivo das experiências físicas, biológicas e sociais.<br>This thesis aims to ratify that lexical study of manuscripts belonging to the codex titled Livro para servir no registro do caminho novo de Parati Thomé Ignácio da Costa Mascarenhas (1724-1762) reveals much about the socio-cultural formation of the newly created Capitania de Goiás, during the cycle of the gold. To this end, did realized the semi-diplomatic edition of ninety-two documents written from 1751 to 1753 in Vila Boa de Goiás, since that approach different aspects of administration, economy, politics, religion, culture, and of the regional legal and military structure. Gave up rigorous application of criteria for editing, in order to ensure its reliability and, consequently, of all the research. Were inventoried the nouns, adjectives and verbs for the preparation of an Index of Frequency and Occurrences of Lexical Items, in the light of that produced by Ferreira et al. (2005), in order to get the vocabulary used in the corpus and mapping the main subjects approached, by correlating them with the frequency of use of the lexias. Proceeded, then, to structuring and analysis of lexical fields more representative of the themes of the corpus, based on historical and social aspects Capitania de Goiás, given that the lexicon is the level of language that connects more to the extralinguistic universe ( BIDERMAN, 1981; SAPIR, 1961). The composition of lexical fields was based on the principles of structural semantics, specifically in theoretical that Coseriu (1977), Geckeler (1976) and Vilela (1979), taking into account the semantic relationships between lexical items and arquilexemas of the fields, more specifically, the synonymy, the antonymy, the meronymy and the hyponymy, identifying the cases of homonymy and polysemy. The results of this study indicate that the study of lexical fields on semantic associations among its members cant escape of the consideration of the universe of discourse, and the sociocultural context in which they are based, given that the meanings result from cognitive processing of physical, biological and social experiences.
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Frey, Camille 1991. "Comparing monolingual and bilingual language acquisition : phonemes and lexicon." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668759.
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In the present dissertation we compared monolingual and bilingual language acquisition by exploring two main topics of the early bilingual language acquisition: the establishment of the phoneme system and the establishment of the lexico-semantic system. The first topic was addressed by assessing the possible influence of word-level information on phonetic learning in both monolinguals and bilinguals (both adults and infants). The development of the bilingual lexico-semantic semantic system has been approached by assessing the emergence of inhibitory semantic links in monolingual and bilingual toddlers.
Our results showed an impact of bilingualism concerning the use of word-level information in adults but not in infants. For this latter group, our results suggested more an impact of bilingualism on the discrimination abilities. Unfortunately our results for the last study did not allow us to conclude on the emergence of inhibitory semantic effects in the bilingual lexicon.<br>En esta tesis doctoral comparamos la adquisición del lenguaje en monolingües y bilingües investigando dos temas centrales de la adquisición bilingüe temprana: el establecimiento del sistema fonético y el establecimiento del sistema léxico-semántico. El primer tema se ha abordado evaluando la posible influencia de información léxica (forma) sobre el aprendizaje fonético, la investigación ha estudiado tanto bebés y adultos monolingües y bilingües. Para el estudio del desarrollo del sistema léxico-semántico bilingüe se ha evaluado la aparición de conexiones semánticas inhibitorias en niños monolingües y bilingües. Los resultados sugieren un impacto del bilingüismo en el uso de información léxica (forma) en adultos, pero no en bebés. El estudio con bebés ha mostrado un impacto del bilingüismo en las capacidades discriminatorias. Los resultados del último estudio no permiten extraer conclusiones sobre la aparición de conexiones semánticas inhibitorias en el léxico bilingüe.
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Assunção, Daniane da Silva. "Traços linguísticos e culturais de Goiás no século XVIII: vertentes lexicais no diário de viagem do barão de Mossâmedes." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7549.
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Previous issue date: 2016-08-31<br>This study investigated and analyzed the lexical fields from the book Travel Diary of Baron Mossâmedes: 1771-1773, in relation to geographic, military, the descriptions of places, parties, religiosity and all of cultural aspects present in corpus, consisting of 63 folios. The book, edited and commented by Antonio César Caldas Pinheiro and Gustavo Neiva Coelho (2006), reports the two trips for the fourth governor of Mines of Goyazes, José de Almeida de Vasconcellos Soveral and Carvalho: the first trip departing from Rio de Janeiro to Vila Boa, then capital of Goyaz State and the second through the interior thereof. The inventory and analysis of lexias were performed according to the theory of lexical fields, developed by Eugenio Coseriu (1977) and Horst Geckeler (1971). Through this diary, you can know the history about culture in Goiás and analyze the most important lexical fields and characteristic of the people, the culture and the political and administrative organization of the Captaincy of Goyaz in that time. There was a study of the historical context about this period that can better describe the relationship between lexicon, culture and society. They were prepared the lexicographical records of lexias inventoried consulting the Bluteau dictionaries (1712-1728) and Silva (1813). Finally, it built up a glossary in order to get a better understanding of the history described in the Journal.<br>Este estudo investigou e analisou os campos lexicais a partir do livro Diário de Viagem do Barão de Mossâmedes: 1771-1773, em relação aos aspectos geográficos, militares, às descrições dos lugares, das festas, da religiosidade e de todos os aspectos culturais presentes no corpus, que é constituído por 63 fólios. O livro, editado e comentado por Antônio César Caldas Pinheiro e Gustavo Neiva Coelho (2006), relata as duas viagens realizadas pelo quarto governador das Minas
dos Goyazes, José de Almeida de Vasconcellos Soveral e Carvalho: a primeira viagem partindo do Rio de Janeiro até Vila Boa, então capital da capitania de Goyaz; e a segunda pelo interior da mesma. A inventariação e a análise das lexias foram realizadas segundo a teoria dos campos lexicais, desenvolvida por Eugenio Coseriu (1977) e Horst Geckeler (1971). Através desse Diário, é possível conhecer a história da cultura goiana e analisar os campos lexicais mais importantes e característicos das pessoas, da cultura e da organização político-administrativa da Capitania de Goyaz na época referida. Fez-se um estudo do contexto histórico desse período para melhor descrever a relação entre léxico, cultura e sociedade. Foram elaboradas as fichas lexicográficas das lexias inventariadas consultando os dicionários Bluteau (1712-1728) e Silva (1813). Por fim, construiu-se um glossário com o intuito de se ter uma melhor compreensão da história descrita no Diário.
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David, Arlette. "Syntactic and lexico-semantic aspects of the legal register in Ramesside royal decrees /." Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41080870n.
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Zeller, Britta Dorothee [Verfasser], and Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Padó. "Induction, Semantic Validation and Evaluation of a Derivational Morphology Lexicon for German / Britta Dorothee Zeller ; Betreuer: Sebastian Padó." Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1180611284/34.
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Volkovyskaya, Evgenia. "Lexico-semantic processing in adult monolingual Russian and bilingual Russian (L1) - English (L2) Speakers." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2017. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/22968/.
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The aim of the research was to examine lexico-semantic processes in monolingual Russian and bilingual Russian (L1) – English (L2) speaking adults. This has been achieved via two main approaches: The classic semantic priming paradigm in naming tasks and free recall tasks which take into account the growing body of research on the Age of Acquisition (AoA) effects in semantic processing and organisation. The Russian orthography has a unique writing system which is a combination of Roman and Cyrillic alphabets. Semantic priming was of special interest because it provides an opportunity to manipulate the semantic associations between words and the orthographic characteristics of the Russian orthography in order to address two key questions that dominate bilingual research: i) how the two languages of a bilingual are organised or stored, that is, whether each language is stored in one or more locations in bilingual memory and ii) how the two languages are processed, i.e. what mental capacities are required to process each language. Moreover, a review of the literature showed that little work has been reported in Russian, therefore, there are currently no theoretical frameworks that explain Russian (L1) monolingual or Russian (L1)-English (L2) bilingual storage or processing. The starting point was to establish the presence of semantic priming in Russian monolingual speakers. The findings of a significant priming effect in Experiment 1 were in line with the predictions and add to the large body of literature on priming. Experiments 2 and 3 examined within-language priming (L1-L1 and L2-L2 respectively) in Russian (L1)-English (L2) bilinguals and the results indicated that although the magnitude of the priming effect was similar, the Reaction Times (RTs) were nevertheless significantly faster under the L1-L1 condition. The evidence was taken as an indication that the two languages were activated automatically via semantic activation therefore contributing positively or facilitating the semantic priming effect. Between-language priming was employed in Experiments 4 and 5 which again showed a similar magnitude for priming in L1 to L2 and L2 to L1 with significantly slower RTs in the latter. Exploiting the unique properties of the Russian orthography, Experiments 6-9 manipulated Russian and English orthographies in creating orthographically unfamiliar primes and targets. One question which has preoccupied bilingual research is a) whether and b) the extent to which the interconnections between L1 and L2 are reliant upon the orthographic features of the bilinguals’ orthographies. The main objective is to examine the extent to which between-language interference occurs not just at the semantic but also at the lexical-orthographical level of language processing. The collective results for Experiments 6-9 show a robust priming effect across conditions together with a main effect for target orthography but not for target language. However, the magnitude of semantic priming varied greatly between the experiments. In conclusion, it is suggested that degree of semantic representation between L1 and L2 appears to be dependent on whether words’ orthographic representation was congruent or incongruent (novel) with the language. These findings will be further discussed within the visual word recognition literature. Experiments 10 and 11 were conducted to examine the role of Age of Acquisition (AoA) in monolingual Russian and bilingual Russian (L1)-English (L2) speakers in a free recall task as AoA is assumed to reveal semantic organisation, memory and language processing. As there are no previous reports of AoA effects in Russian, Experiment 10 was undertaken with monolinguals in order to establish the existence of AoA effect in a free recall task of words and pictures. A significant AoA effect confirmed the universal nature of AoA. Bilingual Russian (L1)-English (L2) speakers were employed in Experiment 11 using the same methodology as in Experiment 10, i.e., free recall words or pictures in either L1 or L2. Experiments 10-11 also examined list effects by using pure versus mixed blocks to present stimuli to determine whether participants employ different recall strategies depending whether they see pure or mixed lists. As predicted, the size of the AoA effect was smaller for L2 than L1 as almost all the participants reported learning English at the age of 8-9. For words, the results showed an effect between L1 and L2 with better recall in L1 but not for AoA and a significant interaction between language and AoA. For pictures there was also a main effect for L1/L2 as well as for AoA. One other finding was that type of list did not have an impact on recall. Overall, these findings are in line with the predictions that because L2 words enter into the bilinguals’ lexicon later than L1, one cannot expect the same magnitude of AoA effect under these circumstances. Evidence from picture recall show a robust AoA effect since picture processing is assumed to be language independent. To summarise, the main aim of the research programme was to examine two key issues in related to bilingual language processing and memory, that is, how the two languages of a bilingual is stored and how it is processed. Whilst the overall findings from the semantic priming experiments indicate to a shared conceptual store for L1 and L2, the results from the free recall experiments demonstrate that AoA is fundamental in the organisation of a bilinguals’ memory for pictures and words in both L1 and L2.
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Rodríguez, Penagos Carlos. "Metalinguistic information extraction from specialized texts to enrich computational lexicons." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7580.
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Este trabajo presenta un estudio empírico del uso y función del metalenguaje en el conocimiento científico experto y los lenguajes de especialidad en lengua inglesa, con especial atención al establecimiento, modificación y negociación de la terminología común del grupo de especialistas de cada área. Mediante enunciados discursivos llamados Operaciones Metalingüísticas Explícitas se formaliza y analiza el carácter dinámico de las estructuras conceptuales científicas y los sublenguajes que las vehiculan.<br/>Por otro lado, se presenta la implementación de un sistema automático de extracción de información metalingüística en textos de especialidad. El sistema MOP (Metalinguistic Operation Processor) extrae enunciados metalingüísticos y definiciones de documentos especializados, utilizando tanto autómatas de estados finitos como algoritmos de aprendizaje automático. El sistema crear bases semi-estructuradas de información terminológica llamadas Metalinguistic Information Databases (MID), de utilidad para la lexicografía especializada, el procesamiento del lenguaje natural y el estudio empírico de la evolución del conocimiento científico, entre otras aplicaciones.<br>This work presents an empirical study of the use and function of metalanguage in expert scientific knowledge and special-domain languages, with special focus on how each field's terminology is established, modified and negotiated within the group of experts. Through discourse statements called Explicit metalinguistic Operations the dynamic nature of conceptual structures and the sublanguages that embody them are formalized and analyzed.<br/>On the other hand, it presents a system implementation for the automatic extraction of metalinguistic information from specialized texts. The Metalinguistic Operation Processor (MOP) system extracts metalinguistic statements and definitions from special-domain documents, using finite-state machinery and machine-learning algorithms. The system creates semi-structured databases called Metalinguistic Information Databases (MID), useful for specialized lexicography, Natural Language Processing, and the empirical study of scientific knowledge, among other applications.
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Souza, Daniela Zaniolo de [UNESP]. "Mudanças lexicais no direito de família brasileiro: necessidade jurídica e evolução lingüística." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93944.
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souza_dz_me_arafcl.pdf: 1163076 bytes, checksum: 05c8692c26c6d38e4b45c026d41678f0 (MD5)<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em estudar as mudanças havidas nas unidades lexicais relativas ao direito de família, retiradas da parte correspondente ao assunto nas leis brasileiras das mais diversas épocas, a partir das contribuições da Lexicologia. A justificativa do trabalho deve-se ao fato da estreita relação existente entre linguagem e Direito, pois a ciência jurídica se manifesta através da linguagem e depende dela para se realizar. Para a pesquisa, analisou-se um corpus formado por palavras extraídas do Direito de Família, que mantêm relação direta com o conceito restrito de família, que engloba a trindade pai, mãe e filho e partir daí foi feito um recuo no tempo, retomando a legislação civil e penal que trata do assunto, desde as Ordenações Filipinas até os as codificações brasileiras atuais. Com isso, procurou-se observar que as alterações ocorridas tanto nos significantes, como nos significados das unidades estudadas, tais como a criação ou adaptação de palavras ocorrem com o intuito de expressar os fatos jurídicos. Assim, como pretende-se demonstrar, as mudanças nos hábitos sociais influenciam as mudanças nas leis e, conseqüentemente, provocam alterações na linguagem, que são observadas mais diretamente no léxico, fazendo uma palavra surgir ou deixar de ser usada ou ainda, adaptar-se à nova situação jurídica, confirmando a intrínseca relação entre Direito, língua e sociedade.<br>The aim of this dissertation consists in studying the changes towards Family Law lexical units taken out of different periods of Brazilian Laws, based on their lexicology contributions. The reason behind this written essay is the narrow relation between Language and Law, since the Juridical Science manifests itself in language and depends on it to fulfil its functions. For the research, a corpus formed by words of Family Law was analyzed; words that have a straight relation with the concept of family which embodies the trinity father, mother and son or daughter, and from this principle a retrospection in criminal and civil legislation was placed since the Philippine regulations until the current Brazilian Codifications. Hereby, it was observed the changes in the studied units signifier and signified, as well as the creation or the adaptation of words that express law facts. Therefore, as it is intended to be shown, the changes in social habits influenced the law changes, and consequently caused modifications in language that are directly observed in lexicon, causing a word to appear or not to be used anymore, providing evidences of the narrow relation among Law, Language and Society.
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Lima, Bruna Seixas. "Afasia e linguagem figurada: o acesso lexical dentro de contextos metafóricos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8139/tde-15062011-090428/.
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Esta pesquisa traz a análise de fenômenos linguísticos extraídos de entrevistas realizadas com seis sujeitos afásicos com diferentes graus de dificuldade de acesso lexical. Observamos a habilidade desses sujeitos em produzir e compreender nomes de animais utilizados em contexto não-literal. Desenvolvemos uma entrevista para determinar se os sujeitos em questão apresentavam dificuldade para acessar os nomes de animais escolhidos. Numa primeira etapa, os sujeitos tiveram de nomeá-los e descrevê-los e, posteriormente, utilizá-los dentro de um contexto provido pela entrevistadora. A hipótese é que possa haver diferença entre a habilidade do sujeito para produzir e compreender nomes de animais dependendo do contexto apresentado. Duas perspectivas de análise diferentes são apresentadas aqui: primeiro, temos as teorias baseadas em correlatos biológicos da linguagem e, em segundo, a teoria linguística de Roman Jakobson sobre o processamento da linguagem e a sua divisão em dois eixos principais, a metáfora e a metonímia (habilidades de abstração baseadas na similaridade e na contiguidade, respectivamente). Alguns sujeitos apresentam dificuldade para produzir formas de palavras no seu sentido literal, mas o mesmo não acontece quando as mesmas palavras são produzidas no seu sentido não-literal, sugerindo que nesses sujeitos o sistema semântico-lexical pode estar mais preservado do que se imagina, sendo que o tipo de entrada ou saída dessas formas lexicais pode ser o elemento prejudicado. A análise das entrevistas realizadas revela que a compreensão dessas mesmas metáforas foi uma tarefa mais laboriosa para os sujeitos, o que reforça nossa hipótese, uma vez que durante a tarefa de compreensão das metáforas os sujeitos não foram providos do contexto dado na tarefa de produção.<br>This research proposes the analysis of language phenomena taken from interviews made with six aphasic subjects presenting different degrees of lexical access deficits. The focus of this paper is the observation of the ability of these subjects to produce and comprehend names of animals used in a metaphorical context. We developed an interview in order to determine whether the subjects presented problems to access the chosen names of animals. In the first part of the interview, the subjects were asked to name and describe the animal pictures presented and, aftermost, they had to produce and comprehend those names in the context provided by the interviewer. Two distinct perspectives are presented in this paper: first, we have theories based on biological correlates of language, and in second, the linguistic theory by Roman Jakobson about the processing of language and its division in two main axis: metaphor and metonymy (modes of relation based on similarity and contiguity, respectively). Some subjects present distress to produce word forms in their literal meaning, whereas the same does not occur when those words are used in their nonliteral meaning. This suggests that these subjects present a better preservation of the semantic-lexical system than expected, and the only affected element can be the type of input or output of the lexical form. We can see in the interviews presented here that the comprehension of the mentioned metaphors was a more laborious task for the subjects, which reinforces our hypothesis, once during the comprehension part of the interview, the subjects were not provided with the context given previously, in the production task.
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Mullen, Kristen. "A Cross-Generational Analysis of Spanish-to-English Lexico-Semantic Phenomena in Emerging Miami English." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1801.
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Sociolinguists have documented the substrate influence of various languages on the formation of dialects in numerous ethnic-regional setting throughout the United States. This literature shows that while phonological and grammatical influences from other languages may be instantiated as durable dialect features, lexical phenomena often fade over time as ethnolinguistic communities assimilate with contiguous dialect groups. In preliminary investigations of emerging Miami Latino English, we have observed that lexical forms based on Spanish lexical forms are not only ubiquitous among the speech of the first generation Cuban Americans but also of the second. Examples, observed in field work, casual observation, and studied formally in an experimental context include the following: “get down from the car,” which derives from the Spanish equivalent, bajar del carro instead of “get out of the car”. The translation task administered to thirty-one participants showed a variety lexical phenomena are still maintained at equal or higher frequencies.
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Nădejde, Maria. "Syntactic and semantic features for statistical and neural machine translation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31346.
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Machine Translation (MT) for language pairs with long distance dependencies and word reordering, such as German-English, is prone to producing output that is lexically or syntactically incoherent. Statistical MT (SMT) models used explicit or latent syntax to improve reordering, however failed at capturing other long distance dependencies. This thesis explores how explicit sentence-level syntactic information can improve translation for such complex linguistic phenomena. In particular, we work at the level of the syntactic-semantic interface with representations conveying the predicate-argument structures. These are essential to preserving semantics in translation and SMT systems have long struggled to model them. String-to-tree SMT systems use explicit target syntax to handle long-distance reordering, but make strong independence assumptions which lead to inconsistent lexical choices. To address this, we propose a Selectional Preferences feature which models the semantic affinities between target predicates and their argument fillers using the target dependency relations available in the decoder. We found that our feature is not effective in a string-to-tree system for German-English and that often the conditioning context is wrong because of mistranslated verbs. To improve verb translation, we proposed a Neural Verb Lexicon Model (NVLM) incorporating sentence-level syntactic context from the source which carries relevant semantic information for verb disambiguation. When used as an extra feature for re-ranking the output of a German-English string-to-tree system, the NVLM improved verb translation precision by up to 2.7% and recall by up to 7.4%. While the NVLM improved some aspects of translation, other syntactic and lexical inconsistencies are not being addressed by a linear combination of independent models. In contrast to SMT, neural machine translation (NMT) avoids strong independence assumptions thus generating more fluent translations and capturing some long-distance dependencies. Still, incorporating additional linguistic information can improve translation quality. We proposed a method for tightly coupling target words and syntax in the NMT decoder. To represent syntax explicitly, we used CCG supertags, which encode subcategorization information, capturing long distance dependencies and attachments. Our method improved translation quality on several difficult linguistic constructs, including prepositional phrases which are the most frequent type of predicate arguments. These improvements over a strong baseline NMT system were consistent across two language pairs: 0.9 BLEU for German-English and 1.2 BLEU for Romanian-English.
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Bergamini, Claudia. "Aspectos semântico-lexicais da lingua Portuguesa falada por universitários de Maputo - Moçambique." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-30082011-152606/.
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Esta dissertação tem por objetivo descrever o léxico da Língua Portuguesa falada por universitários de Maputo, Moçambique. Sob um viés sincrônico, o método de coleta de dados agrega pressupostos teóricos da Geolinguística e da Sociolinguística variacionista, cujo produto é um Questionário Semântico-Lexical QSL, de modelo onomasiológico, dividido por campos semânticos. As bases teóricas da Geolinguística são fornecidas por Brandão (1991), e as da Sociolinguística são embasadas em Tarallo (2004). O aparato cultural e histórico de Maputo é delimitado pelas considerações de Firmino (2006), Gonçalves (1995), e Mondlane (1995). O público alvo para aplicação do inquérito é constituído de sujeitos que estejam cursando ou tenham concluído o ensino superior, identificados como público universitário, com, no mínimo, 10 anos de vida escolar, divididos equitativamente em homens e mulheres de três faixas etárias (18 a 29 anos; 30 a 44 anos; 45 anos ou mais). A partir desta pesquisa será possível identificar peculiaridades intrínsecas ao processo de formação do léxico dos universitários de Maputo, contribuindo, assim, para a descrição e estudo do português falado em Moçambique.<br>This dissertation aims to describe the lexicon of Portuguese spoken by university students in Maputo, Mozambique. Under a synchronic bias, the method of data collection combines theoretical principles of Geolinguistics and variational Sociolinguistics, whose product is a Lexical-Semantic Questionnaire - QSL, onomasiological model, divided by semantic fields. The theoretical basis of Geolinguistics are provided by Brandão (1991), and of Sociolinguistics are based on Tarallo (2004). The cultural and historic apparatus of Maputo is delimited by considerations of Firmin (2006), Gill (1995), and Mondlane (1995). The target audience for the survey consists of persons who are completing or have completed higher education, identified as a university students, with at least 10 years of school life, divided equally in men and women, in three age groups (18 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, 45 years or older). From this research can be identified peculiarities inherent to the formation of the lexicon of students in Maputo, thus contributing to the study and description of the Portuguese spoken in Mozambique.
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Cousot, Kévin. "Inférences et explications dans les réseaux lexico-sémantiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS108.
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Grâce à la démocratisation des nouvelles technologies de communications nous disposons d'une quantité croissante de ressources textuelles, faisant du Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel (TALN) une discipline d'importance cruciale tant scientifiquement qu'industriellement. Aisément disponibles, ces données offrent des opportunités sans précédent et, de l'analyse d'opinion à la recherche d'information en passant par l’analyse sémantique de textes les applications sont nombreuses.On ne peut cependant aisément tirer parti de ces données textuelles dans leur état brut et, en vue de mener à bien de telles tâches il semble indispensable de posséder des ressources décrivant les connaissances sémantiques, notamment sous la forme de réseaux lexico-sémantiques comme par exemple celui du projet JeuxDeMots. La constitution et la maintenance de telles ressources restent cependant des opérations difficiles, de part leur grande taille mais aussi à cause des problèmes de polysémie et d’identification sémantique. De plus, leur utilisation peut se révéler délicate car une part significative de l'information nécessaire n'est pas directement accessible dans la ressource mais doit être inférée à partir des données du réseau lexico-sémantique.Nos travaux cherchent à démontrer que les réseaux lexico-sémantiques sont, de par leur nature connexionniste, bien plus qu'une collection de faits bruts et que des structures plus complexes telles que les chemins d’interprétation contiennent davantage d'informations et permettent d'accomplir de multiples opérations d'inférences. En particulier, nous montrerons comment utiliser une base de connaissance pour fournir des explications à des faits de haut niveau. Ces explications permettant a minima de valider et de mémoriser de nouvelles informations.Ce faisant, nous pouvons évaluer la couverture et la pertinence des données de la base ainsi que la consolider. De même, la recherche de chemins se révèle utile pour des problèmes de classification et de désambiguïsation, car ils sont autant de justifications des résultats calculés.Dans le cadre de la reconnaissance d'entité nommées, ils permettent aussi bien de typer les entités et de les désambiguïser (l'occurrence du terme Paris est-il une référence à la ville, et laquelle, ou à une starlette ?) en mettant en évidence la densité des connexions entre les entités ambiguës, leur contexte et leur type éventuel.Enfin nous proposons de tourner à notre avantage la taille importante du réseau JeuxDeMots pour enrichir la base de nouveaux faits à partir d'un grand nombre d'exemples comparables et par un processus d'abduction sur les types de relations sémantiques pouvant connecter deux termes donnés. Chaque inférence s’accompagne d’explications pouvant être validées ou invalidées offrant ainsi un processus d’apprentissage<br>Thanks to the democratization of new communication technologies, there is a growing quantity of textual resources, making Automatic Natural Language Processing (NLP) a discipline of crucial importance both scientifically and industrially. Easily available, these data offer unprecedented opportunities and, from opinion analysis to information research and semantic text analysis, there are many applications.However, this textual data cannot be easily exploited in its raw state and, in order to carry out such tasks, it seems essential to have resources describing semantic knowledge, particularly in the form of lexico-semantic networks such as that of the JeuxDeMots project. However, the constitution and maintenance of such resources remain difficult operations, due to their large size but also because of problems of polysemy and semantic identification. Moreover, their use can be tricky because a significant part of the necessary information is not directly accessible in the resource but must be inferred from the data of the lexico-semantic network.Our work seeks to demonstrate that lexico-semantic networks are, by their connexionic nature, much more than a collection of raw facts and that more complex structures such as interpretation paths contain more information and allow multiple inference operations to be performed. In particular, we will show how to use a knowledge base to provide explanations to high-level facts. These explanations allow at least to validate and memorize new information.In doing so, we can assess the coverage and relevance of the database data and consolidate it. Similarly, the search for paths is useful for classification and disambiguation problems, as they are justifications for the calculated results.In the context of the recognition of named entities, they also make it possible to type entities and disambiguate them (is the occurrence of the term Paris a reference to the city, and which one, or to a starlet?) by highlighting the density of connections between ambiguous entities, their context and their possible type.Finally, we propose to turn the large size of the JeuxDeMots network to our advantage to enrich the database with new facts from a large number of comparable examples and by an abduction process on the types of semantic relationships that can connect two given terms. Each inference is accompanied by explanations that can be validated or invalidated, thus providing a learning process
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Kamanga, Mayinde Mystic. "A descriptive analysis of Chibrazi the urban contact vernacular language of Malawi : a focus on the lexicon and semantic manipulation." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53413.
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Over the years, the language profile of Mala?i has transformed from a purist orientation to a hybrid orientation. Apart from the traditional ethnic languages of the country, there is a language practice or speech style that is generally characterised by the mixing of elements from different languages of the country as well as those from outside. This development has been influenced by language contact, a situation that occurs when speakers of different languages or speech varieties interact thereby bringing their respective languages into interaction as well; and ultimately, bringing about changes of different kinds to the linguistic landscape of the area involved. This study refers to this language practice or speech style as Chibrazi, the urban contact vernacular language of Mala?i and defines it as a communication tool in which meaning is encoded by inserting vocabulary drawn from a unique body of lexical items into the grammatical structures of the traditional ethnic languages of Mala?i. Although Chibrazi is widespread across the country, it remains conspicuously absent in scholarly literature as well as in national documents such as the constitution and the national language policy. It can thus be said that Chibrazi largely remains unknown, even though it is very popular.
In response to this situation, this study provides a basic descriptive analysis of Chibrazi, focusing on semantic manipulation in the production of the lexicon of the language thereby demonstrating that there is a new mixed language that is emerging within Mala?i s language profile. The research answers questions such as:
Over the years, the language profile of Mala?i has transformed from a purist orientation to a hybrid orientation. Apart from the traditional ethnic languages of the country, there is a language practice or speech style that is generally characterised by the mixing of elements from different languages of the country as well as those from outside. This development has been influenced by language contact, a situation that occurs when speakers of different languages or speech varieties interact thereby bringing their respective languages into interaction as well; and ultimately, bringing about changes of different kinds to the linguistic landscape of the area involved. This study refers to this language practice or speech style as Chibrazi, the urban contact vernacular language of Mala?i and defines it as a communication tool in which meaning is encoded by inserting vocabulary drawn from a unique body of lexical items into the grammatical structures of the traditional ethnic languages of Mala?i. Although Chibrazi is widespread across the country, it remains conspicuously absent in scholarly literature as well as in national documents such as the constitution and the national language policy. It can thus be said that Chibrazi largely remains unknown, even though it is very popular.
In response to this situation, this study provides a basic descriptive analysis of Chibrazi, focusing on semantic manipulation in the production of the lexicon of the language thereby demonstrating that there is a new mixed language that is emerging within Mala?i s language profile. The research answers questions such as:
Over the years, the language profile of Mala?i has transformed from a purist orientation to a hybrid orientation. Apart from the traditional ethnic languages of the country, there is a language practice or speech style that is generally characterised by the mixing of elements from different languages of the country as well as those from outside. This development has been influenced by language contact, a situation that occurs when speakers of different languages or speech varieties interact thereby bringing their respective languages into interaction as well; and ultimately, bringing about changes of different kinds to the linguistic landscape of the area involved. This study refers to this language practice or speech style as Chibrazi, the urban contact vernacular language of Mala?i and defines it as a communication tool in which meaning is encoded by inserting vocabulary drawn from a unique body of lexical items into the grammatical structures of the traditional ethnic languages of Mala?i. Although Chibrazi is widespread across the country, it remains conspicuously absent in scholarly literature as well as in national documents such as the constitution and the national language policy. It can thus be said that Chibrazi largely remains unknown, even though it is very popular.
In response to this situation, this study provides a basic descriptive analysis of Chibrazi, focusing on semantic manipulation in the production of the lexicon of the language thereby demonstrating that there is a new mixed language that is emerging within Mala?i s language profile. The research answers questions such as: What is Chibrazi?
What are the possible origins of Chibrazi?
What are some of the examples of Chibrazi?
What are the semantic manipulation strategies that are used in creating the lexicon of Chibrazi?
Who speaks Chibrazi?
What are some of the people s perceptions of Chibrazi?
What are the characteristics that Chibrazi shares with other languages of similar nature? and
How can Chibrazi be interpreted as a language phenomenon?
The research was designed as a triangulated study that was both theoretical and empirical in nature and which employed both qualitative and quantitative methods of enquiry. The research utilised both linguistic and sociolinguistic data, which was analysed statistically and or thematically in line with the specific objectives of the research based on its nature. All in all, this study unravels some of the fundamental processes that are at the core of language development both at individual level and at societal level thereby demonstrating that contact languages are central to scholars understanding of language in general and language genesis in particular.<br>Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>Afrikaans<br>DPhil<br>Unrestricted
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Lima, Hildomar José de. "Categorias lexicais na língua brasileira de sinais: nomes e verbos." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4423.
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Previous issue date: 2012-11-09<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES<br>The objective of this paper is to analyze some ‘morphic’ and semantic-syntactic properties
that allow us to define Noun and Verb in Brazilian Sign Language (BSL). It is based on a
contemporary approach of linguistic analysis named functional-cognitive (Croft e Cruse,
2004; Fauconnier e Turnner, 1998, 2008; Givón, 2001; Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008 e
Taylor, 2002). In this perspective, a linguistic analysis asserts that the code should be
regarded as dynamic and likely to suffer changes that come from the speaking community and
the universe, never as an immutable entity. In this way, this research bases itself on the fact
that in BSL, the processes of cognitive nature and discursive-pragmatic nature motivate the
distribution of such linguistic code in terms of categories. The data analysis is done in two
distinct moments. First, we showed analysis observations concerning those signs in BSL that
are related to Nouns and Verbs in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), that is, we worked with nominal
notions and verbal notions based on the prototypical semantic characteristics proposed by
Givón (2001). At this stage, it was possible to link the prototypical semantic characteristics
that are correlated to Verbs and Nouns in BP. Afterwards, we analyzed the grammatical
criteria that are typical of the language being studied based on bigger constructions. In such
analyses, we verified that a first criterion to identifying a contrast between verbal and nominal
notions, in BSL, was semantic feature dynamicity, which separates dynamic events/activities
from entities/states more stable in time.<br>Este trabalho objetiva analisar algumas propriedades ‘mórficas’ e sintático-semânticas que
nos permitam definir as categorias lexicais Nome e Verbo na Língua de Sinais Brasileira
(LSB). Fundamenta-se em uma abordagem contemporânea de análise linguística denominada
Cognitivo-funcional (Croft e Cruse, 2004; Fauconnier e Turnner, 1998, 2008; Givón, 2001;
Langacker, 1987, 1990, 1991, 2008 e Taylor, 2002). Nessa perspectiva, uma análise
linguística implica que se considere o código como dinâmico e passível de mudanças
advindas da relação entre comunidade falante e o universo, jamais como uma entidade
imutável. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que na LSB os processos de
natureza cognitiva e de natureza pragmático-discursiva motivam a distribuição do código
linguístico em estudo em termos de categorias. Este trabalho envolveu pesquisa de campo,
com dados coletados especialmente para esta investigação, através de narrativas de surdos
adultos usuários de LSB. A análise dos dados se dá em dois momentos distintos.
Primeiramente, explicitamos observações de análise sobre aqueles sinais em LSB que se
correlacionam com Nome e os que se correlacionam com Verbo no Português do Brasil (PB),
ou seja, trabalhamos com noções nominais e noções verbais com base nas características
semânticas prototípicas propostas por Givón (2001). Nesta etapa foi possível traçar as
características semânticas prototípicas daqueles sinais que se correlacionam com Verbos e
Nomes no PB. Em seguida, analisamos critérios gramaticais internos à língua em estudo a
partir de construções maiores. Nesta análise verificou-se que um primeiro critério para a
identificação de um contraste entre noções verbais e nominais, na LSB, foi o traço semântico
de dinamicidade, que separa eventos/ações, dinâmicos, de entidades/estados, mais estáveis no
tempo.
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Souza, Daniela Zaniolo de. "Mudanças lexicais no direito de família brasileiro : necessidade jurídica e evolução lingüística /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93944.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Clotilde de Almeida Azevedo Murakawa<br>Banca: Marilei Amadeu Sabino<br>Banca: Luiz Fabiano Correa<br>Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em estudar as mudanças havidas nas unidades lexicais relativas ao direito de família, retiradas da parte correspondente ao assunto nas leis brasileiras das mais diversas épocas, a partir das contribuições da Lexicologia. A justificativa do trabalho deve-se ao fato da estreita relação existente entre linguagem e Direito, pois a ciência jurídica se manifesta através da linguagem e depende dela para se realizar. Para a pesquisa, analisou-se um corpus formado por palavras extraídas do Direito de Família, que mantêm relação direta com o conceito restrito de família, que engloba a trindade pai, mãe e filho e partir daí foi feito um recuo no tempo, retomando a legislação civil e penal que trata do assunto, desde as Ordenações Filipinas até os as codificações brasileiras atuais. Com isso, procurou-se observar que as alterações ocorridas tanto nos significantes, como nos significados das unidades estudadas, tais como a criação ou adaptação de palavras ocorrem com o intuito de expressar os fatos jurídicos. Assim, como pretende-se demonstrar, as mudanças nos hábitos sociais influenciam as mudanças nas leis e, conseqüentemente, provocam alterações na linguagem, que são observadas mais diretamente no léxico, fazendo uma palavra surgir ou deixar de ser usada ou ainda, adaptar-se à nova situação jurídica, confirmando a intrínseca relação entre Direito, língua e sociedade.<br>Abstract: The aim of this dissertation consists in studying the changes towards Family Law lexical units taken out of different periods of Brazilian Laws, based on their lexicology contributions. The reason behind this written essay is the narrow relation between Language and Law, since the Juridical Science manifests itself in language and depends on it to fulfil its functions. For the research, a corpus formed by words of Family Law was analyzed; words that have a straight relation with the concept of family which embodies the trinity father, mother and son or daughter, and from this principle a retrospection in criminal and civil legislation was placed since the Philippine regulations until the current Brazilian Codifications. Hereby, it was observed the changes in the studied units signifier and signified, as well as the creation or the adaptation of words that express law facts. Therefore, as it is intended to be shown, the changes in social habits influenced the law changes, and consequently caused modifications in language that are directly observed in lexicon, causing a word to appear or not to be used anymore, providing evidences of the narrow relation among Law, Language and Society.<br>Mestre
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Romeo, Lauren Michele. "The Structure of the lexicon in the task of the automatic acquisition of lexical information." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/325420.
Full textAbstract:
La información de clase semántica de los nombres es fundamental para una amplia variedad de tareas del procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN), como la traducción automática, la discriminación de referentes en tareas como la detección y el seguimiento de eventos, la búsqueda de respuestas, el reconocimiento y la clasificación de nombres de entidades, la construcción y ampliación automática de ontologías, la inferencia textual, etc.
Una aproximación para resolver la construcción y el mantenimiento de los léxicos de gran cobertura que alimentan los sistemas de PNL, una tarea muy costosa y lenta, es la adquisición automática de información léxica, que consiste en la inducción de una clase semántica relacionada con una palabra en concreto a partir de datos de su distribución obtenidos de un corpus. Precisamente, por esta razón, se espera que la investigación actual sobre los métodos para la producción automática de léxicos de alta calidad, con gran cantidad de información y con anotación de clase como el trabajo que aquí presentamos, tenga un gran impacto en el rendimiento de la mayoría de las aplicaciones de PNL.
En esta tesis, tratamos la adquisición automática de información léxica como un problema de clasificación. Con este propósito, adoptamos métodos de aprendizaje automático para generar un modelo que represente los datos de distribución vectorial que, basados en ejemplos conocidos, permitan hacer predicciones de otras palabras desconocidas.
Las principales preguntas de investigación que planteamos en esta tesis son: (i) si los datos de corpus proporcionan suficiente información para construir representaciones de palabras de forma eficiente y que resulten en decisiones de clasificación precisas y sólidas, y (ii) si la adquisición automática puede gestionar, también, los nombres polisémicos. Para hacer frente a estos problemas, realizamos una serie de validaciones empíricas sobre nombres en inglés. Nuestros resultados confirman que la información obtenida a partir de la distribución de los datos de corpus es suficiente para adquirir automáticamente clases semánticas, como lo demuestra un valor-F global promedio de 0,80 aproximadamente utilizando varios modelos de recuento de contextos y en datos de corpus de distintos tamaños.
No obstante, tanto el estado de la cuestión como los experimentos que realizamos destacaron una serie de retos para este tipo de modelos, que son reducir la escasez de datos del vector y dar cuenta de la polisemia nominal en las representaciones distribucionales de las palabras. En este contexto, los modelos de word embedding (WE) mantienen la “semántica” subyacente en las ocurrencias de un nombre en los datos de corpus asignándole un vector. Con esta elección, hemos sido capaces de superar el problema de la escasez de datos, como lo demuestra un valor-F general promedio de 0,91 para las clases semánticas de nombres de sentido único, a través de una combinación de la reducción de la dimensionalidad y de números reales.
Además, las representaciones de WE obtuvieron un rendimiento superior en la gestión de las ocurrencias asimétricas de cada sentido de los nombres de tipo complejo polisémicos regulares en datos de corpus. Como resultado, hemos podido clasificar directamente esos nombres en su propia clase semántica con un valor-F global promedio de 0,85.
La principal aportación de esta tesis consiste en una validación empírica de diferentes representaciones de distribución utilizadas para la clasificación semántica de nombres junto
con una posterior expansión del trabajo anterior, lo que se traduce en recursos léxicos y
conjuntos de datos innovadores que están disponibles de forma gratuita para su descarga y
uso.<br>La información de clase semántica de los nombres es fundamental para una amplia variedad de tareas del procesamiento del lenguaje natural (PLN), como la traducción automática, la discriminación de referentes en tareas como la detección y el seguimiento de eventos, la búsqueda de respuestas, el reconocimiento y la clasificación de nombres de entidades, la construcción y ampliación automática de ontologías, la inferencia textual, etc.
Una aproximación para resolver la construcción y el mantenimiento de los léxicos de gran cobertura que alimentan los sistemas de PNL, una tarea muy costosa y lenta, es la adquisición automática de información léxica, que consiste en la inducción de una clase semántica relacionada con una palabra en concreto a partir de datos de su distribución obtenidos de un corpus. Precisamente, por esta razón, se espera que la investigación actual sobre los métodos para la producción automática de léxicos de alta calidad, con gran cantidad de información y con anotación de clase como el trabajo que aquí presentamos, tenga un gran impacto en el rendimiento de la mayoría de las aplicaciones de PNL.
En esta tesis, tratamos la adquisición automática de información léxica como un problema de clasificación. Con este propósito, adoptamos métodos de aprendizaje automático para generar un modelo que represente los datos de distribución vectorial que, basados en ejemplos conocidos, permitan hacer predicciones de otras palabras desconocidas.
Las principales preguntas de investigación que planteamos en esta tesis son: (i) si los datos de corpus proporcionan suficiente información para construir representaciones de palabras de forma eficiente y que resulten en decisiones de clasificación precisas y sólidas, y (ii) si la adquisición automática puede gestionar, también, los nombres polisémicos. Para hacer frente a estos problemas, realizamos una serie de validaciones empíricas sobre nombres en inglés. Nuestros resultados confirman que la información obtenida a partir de la distribución de los datos de corpus es suficiente para adquirir automáticamente clases semánticas, como lo demuestra un valor-F global promedio de 0,80 aproximadamente utilizando varios modelos de recuento de contextos y en datos de corpus de distintos tamaños.
No obstante, tanto el estado de la cuestión como los experimentos que realizamos destacaron una serie de retos para este tipo de modelos, que son reducir la escasez de datos del vector y dar cuenta de la polisemia nominal en las representaciones distribucionales de las palabras. En este contexto, los modelos de word embedding (WE) mantienen la “semántica” subyacente en las ocurrencias de un nombre en los datos de corpus asignándole un vector. Con esta elección, hemos sido capaces de superar el problema de la escasez de datos, como lo demuestra un valor-F general promedio de 0,91 para las clases semánticas de nombres de sentido único, a través de una combinación de la reducción de la dimensionalidad y de números reales.
Además, las representaciones de WE obtuvieron un rendimiento superior en la gestión de las ocurrencias asimétricas de cada sentido de los nombres de tipo complejo polisémicos regulares en datos de corpus. Como resultado, hemos podido clasificar directamente esos nombres en su propia clase semántica con un valor-F global promedio de 0,85.
La principal aportación de esta tesis consiste en una validación empírica de diferentes representaciones de distribución utilizadas para la clasificación semántica de nombres junto
con una posterior expansión del trabajo anterior, lo que se traduce en recursos léxicos y
conjuntos de datos innovadores que están disponibles de forma gratuita para su descarga y
uso.<br>Lexical semantic class information for nouns is critical for a broad variety of Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks including, but not limited to, machine translation, discrimination of referents in tasks such as event detection and tracking, question answering, named entity recognition and classification, automatic construction and extension of ontologies, textual inference, etc.
One approach to solve the costly and time-consuming manual construction and maintenance of large-coverage lexica to feed NLP systems is the Automatic Acquisition of Lexical Information, which involves the induction of a semantic class related to a particular word from distributional data gathered within a corpus. This is precisely why current research on methods for the automatic production of high-
quality information-rich class-annotated lexica, such as the work presented here, is expected to have a high impact on the performance of most NLP applications.
In this thesis, we address the automatic acquisition of lexical information as a classification problem. For this reason, we adopt machine learning methods to generate a model representing vectorial distributional data which, grounded on known examples, allows for the predictions of other unknown words.
The main research questions we investigate in this thesis are: (i) whether corpus data provides sufficient distributional information to build efficient word representations that result in accurate and robust classification decisions and (ii) whether automatic acquisition can handle also polysemous nouns. To tackle these problems, we conducted a number of empirical validations on English nouns. Our results confirmed that the distributional information obtained from corpus data is indeed sufficient to automatically acquire lexical semantic classes, demonstrated by an average overall F1-Score of almost 0.80 using diverse count-context models and on different sized corpus data.
Nonetheless, both the State of the Art and the experiments we conducted highlighted a number of challenges of this type of model such as reducing vector sparsity and accounting for nominal polysemy in distributional word representations. In this context, Word Embeddings (WE) models maintain the “semantics” underlying the occurrences of a noun in corpus data by mapping it to a feature vector. With this choice, we were able to overcome the sparse data problem, demonstrated by an average overall F1-Score of 0.91 for single-sense lexical semantic noun classes, through a combination of reduced dimensionality and “real” numbers.
In addition, the WE representations obtained a higher performance in handling the asymmetrical occurrences of each sense of regular polysemous complex-type nouns in corpus data. As a result, we were able to directly classify such nouns into their own lexical-semantic class with an average overall F1-Score of 0.85.
The main contribution of this dissertation consists of an empirical validation of different distributional representations used for nominal lexical semantic classification along with a subsequent expansion of previous work, which results in novel lexical resources and data sets that have been made freely available for download and use.
34
Bertoldi, Anderson. "A semântica dos adjetivos: como e por que incluí-la em uma ontologia de domínio jurídico." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2007. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2555.
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Previous issue date: 26<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>A meta principal desta pesquisa é realizar um estudo da semântica dos adjetivos objetivando a sua representação em uma ontologia jurídica. O fato motivador desse interesse foi o estudo de ontologias e léxicos computacionais jurídicos e a constatação de que os adjetivos não recebem um tratamento sistemático nessas ferramentas computacionais de conhecimento especializado. A partir dessa constatação, partiu-se para o estudo de ontologias e léxicos computacionais de linguagem não-especializada, buscando elementos práticos e teóricos para a inclusão sistemática, e não ocasional, de adjetivos em uma ontologia jurídica. Esta pesquisa defende que a eficiência no tratamento computacional da linguagem requer uma combinação de teorias. Assim, a metodologia adotada combina diferentes abordagens teóricas. Através do estudo do corpus e construção da ontologia jurídica, percebe-se a importância dos adjetivos para a organização do conhecimento especializado. Nos domínios de conhecimento especializados, os adjetivos têm a fu<br>The main goal of this research is to study the semantics of the adjectives in order to codify them into a legal ontology. Through a search for legal ontologies and lexicons one verifies that adjectives are not codified systematically into specialized lexicons and ontologies. Taking the codification of adjectives into a legal ontology as the target of this work, one analyzes non-specialized language ontologies and lexicons. The purpose of such analysis is to find practical and theoretical elements for including adjectives systematically into a legal ontology. This research defends the position that integrating linguistic approaches is more fruitful to natural language processing. Therefore, the methodology applied here combines different theoretical approaches. The corpus analysis and legal ontology construction shows the importance of adjectives in organizing the specialized knowledge. In the specialized domains, adjectives have the main function of classifying entities
35
Bangerter, Renee. "Since Joseph Smith's Time: Lexical Semantic Shifts in the Book of Mormon." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1998. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4500.
Full textAbstract:
In the years since Joseph Smith completed the translation of the Book of Mormon, the English language has changed; some common phraseologies and word meanings are dissimilar to today's. Often, in reading the Book of Mormon, we impose our current definitions onto terms that in 1830 had a different meaning. Our interpretation of these words, as well as the passages in which they are found, is skewed by our modern definitions. These words, when they occur in the Book of Mormon, demonstrate dialectal and obsolete senses. In the case of some words, the dialectal or obsolete sense is so far removed in meaning from the prevailing modern sense that Book of Mormon readers may be unsure how to interpret the meaning.In this study I investigate words in the Book of Mormon text that have taken on different meanings, thus leading to potential misreadings within some passages of the text.
36
Velykodna, A., Олена В`ячеславівна Назаренко, Елена Вячеславовна Назаренко, and Olena Viacheslavivna Nazarenko. "Semantic Features of Chrematonyms in the Series of Novels “A Game of Thrones” by George R.R. Martin." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/76937.
Full textAbstract:
The relevance of our research is that chrematonyms are an integral part of the
fiction text. They not only perform the nominative function, but also carry an additional semantic meaning. The research of semantic peculiarities of chrematonyms in fictional
literature will help to analyze the sources of its formation.
37
Halezhenko, V., Олена В`ячеславівна Назаренко, Елена Вячеславовна Назаренко, and Olena Viacheslavivna Nazarenko. "Pecularities of slangy lexico-semantic units in young adult literature (based on the novels of E. Lockhart)." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2019. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/76939.
Full textAbstract:
The research actuality concerns the problem of acceptability of a youth slang
lexico-semantic unit through the prism of not a native speaker’s/English as a foreign
language (EFL) student’s knowledge and acquisition of a foreign language. The aim of
the investigation lies in distinguishing the role and place of American slang in every
day speech and vocabulary enriching. The purpose includes revealing the peculiarities
of lexico-semantic units, referring to young adult literature. The sources of the research
are the novels of an American author Emily Lockhart who heads the sales charts in the
USA as well as in European countries.
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Venetz, Jacqueline. "Lexico-Semantic Areality in the Greater Hindu Kush : An Areal-Typological Study on Numerals and Kinship Terms." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170385.
Full textAbstract:
The Greater Hindu Kush designates a mountainous area extending from Afghanistan over Pakistan, Tajikistan and India to the westernmost parts of China. It is home to over 50 lan- guages from six different phyla; Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, Turkic, Tibeto-Burman and the language isolate Burushaski. Due to its unique geographical setting, it is characterised by language contact and isolation, which lays the perfect ground for research on linguistic diversity, language convergence and genealogical relations. The present study relies on data from the entire region and attempts to identify structural similarities based on lexical items from core vocabulary, numerals and kinship terms. The study reexamines the genealogical affiliation through lexical similarity and investigates areal patterns of vergence, i.e. the branching out or mergence of these patterns. Results reconfirm the established classification of the languages and indicate a certain level of structural simi- larity across language families for some features such as numeral bases, numeral composition and the terms for ‘parents’ and ‘parents-in-law’, yet it also shows great diversity for other features such as ‘grandchildren’ and one’s siblings’ partner.<br>Language contact and relatedness in the Hindukush region (421-2014-631)
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Al-Smael, Fahad I. "A think-aloud protocols investigation of lexico-semantic problems and problem-solving strategies among trainee English-Arabic translators." Thesis, Durham University, 2000. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1530/.
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Juffs, Alan. "Learnability and the lexicon in second language acquisition : Chinese learners' acquisition of English argument structure." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41626.
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This thesis investigates the knowledge of semantics-syntax correspondences in second language acquisition (SLA) within the Principles and Parameters framework. A parameter of semantic structure is proposed to account for crosslinguistic syntactic differences between two previously unrelated, and superficially distinct, verb classes: change of state locatives and 'psychological' verbs. Chinese and English contrast in terms of the parameter setting. Experimental evidence indicates that adult Chinese learners of English L2 initially transfer parameter settings, but are able to reset the proposed parameter. However, they only acquire L2 lexical properties and concomitant syntactic privileges with ease when L2 input adds a representation to their grammar. When positive L2 input should pre-empt overgeneralizations based on representation transferred from the L1, it is shown that L1 influence may persist until quite advanced stages of acquisition. The implications of the results are discussed for the parameter setting model of SLA.
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Žukaitė, Kristina. "The relation between lexico-semantic groups and modes of action (on the material of phrasal verbs with the postverb up)." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110802_161956-39923.
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The subject matter of phrasal verbs is a complex linguistic phenomenon. It raises a great number of theoretical issues. These include linguistic status, derivational aspect, lexical meaning, aspectuality etc of phrasal verbs. The English postverb UP has been chosen for our research with the aim to investigate the relation between the formation of lexico-semantic groups and modes of action. We assume that our research and the data collected for it might be used in the course of lexicology, word formation and semantics of the English language.<br>Frazinių veiksmažodžių tyrimo objektas – sudėtingas kalbinis reiškinys, keliantis daug teorinių klausimų (kalbinę padėtį, žodžių vedybos aspektą, leksinę reikšmę, aspektualumą ir kt.). Anglų kalbos postverbas UP yra pasirinktas mokslo tiriamajame darbe siekiant ištirti ryšį tarp leksinių-semantinių grupių ir veiksmo būdų. Manome, kad mūsų mokslo tiriamasis darbas bei surinkti duomenys gali būti naudojami anglų kalbos leksikologijoje, žodžių daryboje bei semantikoje.
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Joan, Casademont Anna. "Sintaxi i semàntica verbals en el discurs d'especialitat: elements per a l'activació del valor terminològic." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7506.
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La tesi, en el marc de la Teoria Comunicativa de la Terminologia (TCT), es proposa observar els elements d'activació del valor terminològic en els verbs fraseològics del discurs especialitzat. Es descriuen, a diferents nivells, la sintaxi i la semàntica de verbs fraseològics d'ús comú i freqüents en textos d'economia i de genòmica, i es detecten diferències i semblances en el seu comportament en ambdós discursos d'especialitat per establir tendències.<br/><br/>A partir de les anàlisis, identifiquem les construccions verbals mínimes que són unitats de coneixement especialitzat (UCE) i observem si els verbs que fan de nucli sintàctic d'aquests sintagmes sofreixen canvis semàntics en els contextos especialitzats. Alhora, reinterpretem la proposta de factors d'activació d'Adelstein (2007) per als verbs, i confirmem empíricament diversos supòsits de la TCT sobre la polisèmia.<br/><br/>La tesi consta de tres parts: els fonaments de la recerca, l'anàlisi sintacticosemàntica del corpus, i els resultats i conclusions.<br>La tesis, en el marco de la Teoría Comunicativa de la Terminología (TCT), se propone observar los elementos de activación del valor terminológico en los verbos fraseológicos del discurso especializado. Se describe, a distintos niveles, la sintaxis y la semántica de los verbos fraseológicos de uso común y frecuentes en textos de economía y de genómica, y se detectan diferencias y similitudes en su comportamiento en ambos discursos de especialidad para establecer tendencias.<br/><br/>A partir de los análisis, identificamos las construcciones verbales mínimas que son unidades de conocimiento especializado (UCE) y observamos si los verbos que funcionan como núcleo sintáctico de estos sintagmas sufren cambios semánticos en los contextos especializados. Asimismo, reinterpretamos la propuesta de factores de activación de Adelstein (2007) para los verbos, y confirmamos empíricamente distintos supuestos de la TCT sobre la polisemia.<br/><br/>La tesis consta de tres partes: los fundamentos de la investigación, el análisis sintacticosemántico del corpus, i los resultados y conclusiones.<br>This thesis, within the frame of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CTT), aims at observing the terminological-value activating elements of phraseological verbs in specialized discourse. Syntax and Semantics of common use and frequent phraseological verbs in Economy and Genomic texts are described at different levels, and differences and similarities in their behavior in both domain discourses are detected to establish tendencies.<br/><br/>From the analysis, we identify the minimal verbal constructions working as specialized knowledge units (SKU) and we observe if the verbs being the syntactic core of these groups suffer semantic changes in specialized contexts. Moreover, we reinterpret for verbs the activation factors proposal by Adelstein (2007, and we empirically confirm different assumptions of CTT on polysemy.<br/><br/>The thesis has three parts: the basis of the research, the syntax-semantic analysis of the corpus, and the results and conclusions
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Souza, Vivian Regina Orsi Galdino de. "Metáforas do universo lexical português e italiano das zonas erógenas : ânus, nádegas, pênis, seios, testículos e vulva /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100098.
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Orientador: Claudia Zavaglia<br>Banca: Claudia Maria Xatara<br>Banca: Maria Gloria Cusumano Mazzi<br>Banca: Marilei Amadeu Sabino<br>Banca: Paola Giustina Baccin<br>Resumo: A língua em uso numa sociedade é produto de uma cultura e reflete o pensamento de um povo. Desse modo, as unidades léxicas, por meio dos significados atribuídos por um grupo social, determinam um olhar específico do universo e um sistema de valores. Com esse embasamento, nosso trabalho centra sua atenção num tipo de item lexical específico: as unidades lexicais que nominam os órgãos referentes às zonas erógenas, dos quais destacamos o pênis, a vulva, as nádegas, o ânus, os testículos e os seios, em língua italiana e em língua portuguesa, variante brasileira, partindo da análise do corpus coletado. Intencionamos demonstrar que para a denominação dos órgãos sexuais do corpo humano tende-se a evitar a terminologia anatômica oficial - relegada a contextos de grande formalidade - e adotar outros itens lexicais em situações informais, que possam denominar as referidas partes do corpo com conotação sexual. Muitas das lexias recolhidas não são aceitas em todos os contextos, mas entre pessoas afeiçoadas, encontra-se um emprego mais intenso e que assinala intimidade. Por essa razão usam-se inúmeros sinônimos que servem para suavizar uma determinada unidade lexical, na tentativa de mascarar preconceitos sociais historicamente construídos. Principiamos nossa pesquisa examinando os referidos itens lexicais sob a luz da teoria da metáfora conceitual - pois muitos dos itens empregados têm base metafórica e, na maioria das vezes, eufemística. O produto de nossa pesquisa é a amostragem de um dicionário onomasiológico especial bilíngue, abrangendo o mencionado tipo de unidade lexical estudado. Apresentamos, ainda, dentro dos verbetes quais são os semas (unidades mínimas de significação) presentes nas principais metáforas relativas aos mencionados órgãos. O acréscimo destes se mostra uma inovação em meio ao argumento erótico-obsceno, praticamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The language in use in a society is product of a culture and reflects the way a community thinks. Therefore, the lexical units, through the meanings assigned by a social group, establish a specific look of the universe and a system of values. With this basement, our work centers its attention in a specific lexical type: the lexical units that nominates the organs from the erotic zone, that are the penis, the vulva, the buttocks, the anus, the testicles and the breast, in Italian and Portuguese language, Brazilian variety, by analysing our corpus. We intend to demonstrate that for the denomination of the sexual organs of the human body it usual to avoid the official anatomical terminology - relegated to the contexts of great formality - and to adopt other lexical items during informal situations. Many of the collected items are not accepted in all the contexts, but between known people, they may designate familiarity. Thus, innumerable synonymous are used to alleviate one lexical unit, trying to mask social prejudices historically constructed. We begin our research examinating the cited lexical items under the light of the theory of the conceptual metaphor - because many of the employed items have a metaphorical and also euphemistics basis. The product of our research is a special onomasiological bilingual dictionary, enclosing part of the mentioned studied of the lexical type. We introduce also in the entries of it semes (minimal meaning unit) present in the main metaphors related to these organs. The addition of these semes reveals an innovation in the study of the erotical-obscene argument, practically unexplored by the linguists. We intend, with this research, to be able to collaborate to demystify some prejudices related to the erotical-obscene lexicon, its use and its creation and to stimulate reflections of it, whose examination of the metaphors... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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Kossmann, Bianca. "Rich and poor in the history of English: corpus-based analyses of lexico-semantic variation and change in Old and Middle English." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:25-opus-46897.
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Souza, Vivian Regina Orsi Galdino de [UNESP]. "Metáforas do universo lexical português e italiano das zonas erógenas: ânus, nádegas, pênis, seios, testículos e vulva." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100098.
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orsi_v_dr_sjrp.pdf: 1516295 bytes, checksum: 66a0389794a4f3c192ed91f3ff975817 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>A língua em uso numa sociedade é produto de uma cultura e reflete o pensamento de um povo. Desse modo, as unidades léxicas, por meio dos significados atribuídos por um grupo social, determinam um olhar específico do universo e um sistema de valores. Com esse embasamento, nosso trabalho centra sua atenção num tipo de item lexical específico: as unidades lexicais que nominam os órgãos referentes às zonas erógenas, dos quais destacamos o pênis, a vulva, as nádegas, o ânus, os testículos e os seios, em língua italiana e em língua portuguesa, variante brasileira, partindo da análise do corpus coletado. Intencionamos demonstrar que para a denominação dos órgãos sexuais do corpo humano tende-se a evitar a terminologia anatômica oficial – relegada a contextos de grande formalidade – e adotar outros itens lexicais em situações informais, que possam denominar as referidas partes do corpo com conotação sexual. Muitas das lexias recolhidas não são aceitas em todos os contextos, mas entre pessoas afeiçoadas, encontra-se um emprego mais intenso e que assinala intimidade. Por essa razão usam-se inúmeros sinônimos que servem para suavizar uma determinada unidade lexical, na tentativa de mascarar preconceitos sociais historicamente construídos. Principiamos nossa pesquisa examinando os referidos itens lexicais sob a luz da teoria da metáfora conceitual – pois muitos dos itens empregados têm base metafórica e, na maioria das vezes, eufemística. O produto de nossa pesquisa é a amostragem de um dicionário onomasiológico especial bilíngue, abrangendo o mencionado tipo de unidade lexical estudado. Apresentamos, ainda, dentro dos verbetes quais são os semas (unidades mínimas de significação) presentes nas principais metáforas relativas aos mencionados órgãos. O acréscimo destes se mostra uma inovação em meio ao argumento erótico-obsceno, praticamente...<br>The language in use in a society is product of a culture and reflects the way a community thinks. Therefore, the lexical units, through the meanings assigned by a social group, establish a specific look of the universe and a system of values. With this basement, our work centers its attention in a specific lexical type: the lexical units that nominates the organs from the erotic zone, that are the penis, the vulva, the buttocks, the anus, the testicles and the breast, in Italian and Portuguese language, Brazilian variety, by analysing our corpus. We intend to demonstrate that for the denomination of the sexual organs of the human body it usual to avoid the official anatomical terminology – relegated to the contexts of great formality – and to adopt other lexical items during informal situations. Many of the collected items are not accepted in all the contexts, but between known people, they may designate familiarity. Thus, innumerable synonymous are used to alleviate one lexical unit, trying to mask social prejudices historically constructed. We begin our research examinating the cited lexical items under the light of the theory of the conceptual metaphor – because many of the employed items have a metaphorical and also euphemistics basis. The product of our research is a special onomasiological bilingual dictionary, enclosing part of the mentioned studied of the lexical type. We introduce also in the entries of it semes (minimal meaning unit) present in the main metaphors related to these organs. The addition of these semes reveals an innovation in the study of the erotical-obscene argument, practically unexplored by the linguists. We intend, with this research, to be able to collaborate to demystify some prejudices related to the erotical-obscene lexicon, its use and its creation and to stimulate reflections of it, whose examination of the metaphors... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Smith, Zachary D. "Analisis comparativo del español de Colombia, Cuba y Mexico." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1525430997999644.
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Laffling, John D. "Machine disambiguation and translation of polysemous nouns : a lexicon-driven model for text-semantic analysis and parallel text-dependent transfer in German-English translation of party political texts." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254466.
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Sirri, Louah. "L'organisation du système lexico-sémantique dans le cerveau monolingue et bilingue en développement." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA05H103/document.
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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le développement du système lexico-sémantique chez les enfants monolingues et bilingues. La question posée est la suivante : quand et comment les significations des mots commencent à être reliées entre elles et à s'intégrer dans un système sémantique interconnecté. Dans un premier temps, trois études ont été menées chez des enfants monolingues français. L'Etude 1, a pour but d'observer si les mots sont organisés selon des liens taxonomiques (e.g., cochon - cheval). L'Etude 2 explore si l'effet d'amorçage sémantique est sous-tendu par des mécanismes cognitifs, comme les processus d'activation automatique et contrôlé. Puis enfin, l'Etude 3 observe si les mots sont organisés en fonction de leur distance de similarité sémantique (e.g., vache - mouton versus vache - cerf). Dans un deuxième temps, deux études ont été conduites chez des enfants apprenant deux langues simultanément. L'Etude 4 vise à déterminer si les mots sont taxonomiquement liés dans chacune des langues. L'Etude 5 explore si les mots présentés dans une langue activent leurs représentations sémantiques dans l'autre langue et vice versa. Dans le but de répondre à ces questions, le traitement lexico-sémantique a été étudié en utilisant deux techniques : l'eye-tracking et les potentiels évoqués (PEs). Ces deux techniques enregistrent lors de la présentation des mots des réponses comportementales (Etude 3) et neuronales (Etude 1, 2, 4 et 5) de haute résolution temporelle. Les Etudes 1 et 2 montrent que chez les monolingues les mots sont liés taxonomiquement à l'âge de 18 et 24 mois. Durant le développement du langage, les deux processus d'activation automatique et contrôlé sont impliqués dans le traitement des mots (Etude 2). L'Etude 3 montre qu'à 24 mois, les mots sont organisés dans le système lexico-sémantique en développement selon la distance des similarités sémantiques. L'Etude 4 montre que chez les enfants bilingues, le traitement sémantique ne diffère pas selon les deux langues, mais la topographie des PEs varie selon la langue traitée. L'Etude 5 montre que les mots présentés dans une langue activent leurs représentations sémantiques dans la deuxième langue et vice versa. Toutefois, la topographie des PEs est modulée selon la direction de traduction. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'acquisition de deux langues, bien qu'elle soit très précoce, requière deux ressources neuronales bien distinctes, sous-tendant ainsi le traitement lexico-sémantique des langues dominante et non-dominante<br>The present doctoral research explored the developing lexical-semantic system in monolingual and bilingual toddlers. The question of how and when word meanings are first related to each other and become integrated into an interconnected semantic system was investigated. Three studies were conducted with monolingual French learning children which aimed at exploring how words are organized, that is, according to taxonomic relationships (e.g., pig - horse) and to semantic similarity distances between words (e.g., cow - sheep versus cow - deer), and whether cognitive mechanisms, such as automatic activation and controlled processes, underlie priming effects. An additional two studies conducted with children learning two languages simultaneously, aimed at determining, first, whether taxonomically related word meanings, in each of the two languages, are processed in a similar manner. The second goal was to explore whether words presented in one language activate words in another language, and vice versa. In an attempt to answer these questions, lexical-semantic processing was explored by two techniques: eye-tracking and event-related potentials (ERPs) techniques. Both techniques provide high temporal resolution measures of word processing but differ in terms of responses. Eye-movement measurements (Study III) reflect looking preferences in response to spoken words and their time-course, whereas ERPs reflect implicit brain responses and their activity patterns (Study I, II, IV, and V). Study I and II revealed that words are taxonomically organized at 18 and 24-month-olds. Both automatic and controlled processes were shown to be involved in word processing during language development (Study II). Study III revealed that at 24-month-olds, categorical and feature overlap between items underpin the developing lexical-semantic system. That is, lexical-items in each semantic category are organized according to graded similarity distances. Productive vocabulary skills influenced word recognition and were related to underlying cognitive mechanisms. Study IV revealed no differences in terms of semantic processing in the bilinguals¿ two languages, but the ERP distribution across the scalp varied according to the language being processed. Study V showed that words presented in one language activate their semantic representations in the second language and the other way around. The distribution of the ERPs depended, however, on the direction of translation. The results suggest that even early dual language experience yields distinct neural resources underlying lexical-semantic processing in the dominant and non-dominant languages during language acquisition
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Brundin, Gudrun. "Kulturelle Lexika und metaphorische Profile : zu einer semantisch-kognitiven Theorie der Protosem- und Konzemstrukturen lexikalisierter Konzepte der Arbeitswelt." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Moderna språk, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-60868.
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Based on current results produced in modern cognitive linguistics this study examines linguistic evidence derived from the experiential field ,labor4 in German and Swedish in order to formulate a theory which more closely describes the relationship between semantic and conceptual structure in lexical concepts. The author maintains that semantic information can be seen as the content of the culture which it reflects and that semantic content is represented in culture specific modes. On the basis of frequency lists a chronologically organized cultural lexicon is presented for each language and culture area. The aim of the cultural lexicon is to point out central fields of concern in the two examined language communities at different times. The second part of the investigation deals with the conceptual structure in two culturally relevant types, labor and unemployment, of the cultural lexicon. In accordance with modern relativist views it is argued that linguistic form must be seen as a result of cultural embodiment and that modes of representation in the human mind must also show traces of this embodiment. It is shown that conceptual (and semantic) structures not only reinforce views of the world, but also play a central role in compatibility restrictions on the performance level. The author suggests that semantic and conceptual structures in lexical concepts are distributed in a metaphorical profile specific to each lexical concept and held together on its various levels by so called protosemes and concernes.
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Alves-Soares, Leonardo. "Investigating the Portuguese-English Bilingual Mental Lexicon: Crosslinguistic Orthographic and Phonological Overlap in Cognates and False Friends." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41153.
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This dissertation investigates how cognates are organized in the bilingual mental lexicon and examines whether orthography in one language, via phonological representations, influences the processing of cognates and false friends in the other language. In light of the framework of two well-known models of bilingual visual word recognition, the Bilingual Interactive Activation (BIA) and the Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+), the premise is that there is activation from orthography to phonology across a bilingual’s two languages and that this activation is modulated by the degree of orthographic and phonological code overlap. Two objective metrics were used to assess crosslinguistic similarity of Portuguese-English cognates and false friends that were selected for a cross-language lexical decision task with masked priming. Dynamic time warping (DTW), an algorithm that was originally conceived to compare different speech patterns in automatic speech recognition and to measure acoustic similarity between two time-dependent sequences, was used to compute crosslinguistic phonological similarity. The Normalized Levenshtein Distance (NLD), an algorithm that calculates the minimum number of single-character insertions, deletions or substitutions required to change one word into another and normalizes the result by their lengths, was used to compute crosslinguistic orthographic similarity. Portuguese-English bilinguals who acquired their second language after reaching puberty, and English functional monolinguals who grew up speaking primarily English were recruited to participate in the experimental task. Based on collected reaction time and accuracy data, mixed-effects models analyses are used to estimate the individual effects of crosslinguistic orthographic, phonological and semantic similarity and the role each of them, along with English proficiency, word frequency and length play in the organization of the Portuguese-English bilingual mental lexicon.