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Journal articles on the topic 'Semantic Adequacy'
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Wybraniec-Skardowska, Urszula. "On Language Adequacy." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 257–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2015-0013.
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Abstract The paper concentrates on the problem of adequate reflection of fragments of reality via expressions of language and inter-subjective knowledge about these fragments, called here, in brief, language adequacy. This problem is formulated in several aspects, the most general one being: the compatibility of the language syntax with its bi-level semantics: intensional and extensional. In this paper, various aspects of language adequacy find their logical explication on the ground of the formal-logical theory of syntax T of any categorial language L generated by the so-called classical categorial grammar, and also on the ground of its extension to the bi-level, intensional and ex- tensional semantic-pragmatic theory ST for L. In T, according to the token- type distinction of Ch. S. Peirce, L is characterized first as a language of wellformed expression-tokens (wfe-tokens) - material, concrete objects - and then as a language of wfe-types - abstract objects, classes of wfe-tokens. In ST the semantic-pragmatic notions of meaning and interpretation for wfe-types of L of intensional semantics and the notion of denotation of extensional seman- tics for wfe-types and constituents of knowledge are formalized. These notions allow formulating a postulate (an axiom of categorial adequacy) from which follow all the most important conditions of the language adequacy, including the above, and a structural one connected with three principles of compositionality.
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Suárez, Mauricio. "The Semantic View, Empirical Adequacy, and Application." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 37, no. 109 (December 4, 2005): 29–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2005.449.
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It is widely accepted in contemporary philosophy of science that the domain of application of a theory is typically larger than its explanatory covering power: theories can be applied to phenomena that they do not explain. I argue for an analogous thesis regarding the notion of empirical adequacy. A theory’s domain of application is typically larger than its domain of empirical adequacy: theories are often applied to phenomena from which they receive no empirical confirmation.
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Kovacs, Thomas. "A Survey of American Speech-Language Pathologists' Perspectives on Augmentative and Alternative Communication Assessment and Intervention Across Language Domains." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 3 (May 18, 2021): 1038–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00224.
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Purpose The aim of the study was to collect information about American speech-language pathologists' preprofessional training, practice, self-perceived competence, adequacy of resources, and interest in continuing education related to augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) assessment and intervention strategies addressing each of the five language domains: semantics, pragmatics, phonology, morphology, and syntax. Method An anonymous online survey of American speech-language pathologists was conducted. Results A majority of participants rated their preprofessional training for assessing semantic and pragmatic skills positively. Otherwise, a majority of participants rated preprofessional training for assessment and intervention negatively across language domains. High interest in continuing education opportunities addressing assessment and intervention was found across language domains. A discrepancy between responses to questions addressing semantic and pragmatic skills and responses to questions addressing phonological, morphological, and syntactic skills was consistently found for ratings of preprofessional training, practice, perceived competence, and adequacy of resources. In all cases, higher frequencies of positive ratings were found for questions addressing semantic and pragmatic skills. Conclusions Improved preprofessional training and continuing education opportunities are needed to support AAC assessment and intervention across language domains. Perspectives and practice patterns reflect a historical emphasis on semantic and pragmatic skills in the external evidence base, even though there are several recent journal articles addressing morphology and syntax in clients who use AAC.
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Feil, Ruth M. E., and Bo Laursen. "Strukturel semantik og formel leksikalsk repræsentation." HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 1, no. 2 (July 17, 2015): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v1i2.21355.
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This paper deals with lexical semantics from a European structuralist point of view. Three fundamentals of the tradition are treated: 1) 'meaning' viewed as 'sense' and not 'reference', 2) the semantic interdependence between words, and 3) componential analysis of lexical meaning. The structuralist approach to lexical semantics is commented upon with respect to its adequacy as a theory for the description of word meaning and to its explicitness in view of a formal representation of word meaning.
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Kiklewicz, Aleksander, and Dorota Szumska. "Moskiewska szkoła semantyczna a Polska szkoła składni semantycznej: rekonesans metalingwistyczny." Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 14, no. 1 (June 26, 2023): 285–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.9038.
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The article, as reflected in the title, is an attempt to name the main similarities and differences between the theoretical ideas and the results of empirical research of the two most influential theoretical schools of semantics, i.e. the Moscow Semantic School (MSS) and the Polish School of Semantic Syntax (PSSS). The aim of the comparison is to make it clear that, in spite of a common epistemological ground, which lies in functionalism and an integrated approach to semantics and syntax, MSS and PSSS prioritize the problem of a complex description of the semantics of lexical units in a different way. MSS puts stress on the troubled relationship between semantics and lexicography, focusing on the lexicographical application of semantic analysis, while PSSS examines the sentence-forming formalization of the propositional structure within the scope of the explication of its components. The final conclusion is that, although it would be naive to assume that MSS and PSSS can work hand in hand, it would be reasonable to expect that they can learn from mutual experiences and inspire each other to improve the explanatory adequacy of research results, contributing to the theory of lexical semantics.
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SAFAVI, Sarvenaz. "SEMIOTIC BROADENING OF SIGN: A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF THE BLACK COLOR-SIGN." Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler ve Sanat Araştırmaları 2, no. 1 (January 27, 2023): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32955/neuissar202321675.
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The purpose of writing this article is to show the symmetrical function of linguistics semantics and semiotics. This article explores how semantic broadening in natural languages can be generalized to semiotics, the study of signs and symbolic communication. This study demonstrates that signs, whether members of verbal or non-verbal systems, can be studied similarly to semantic broadening. After introducing the process of semantic broadening, the discussion of the function of this process in semiotics is narrowed down to a case study of the black color-sign. The research method of this analysis is based on qualitative methodology and by collecting data based on a simple assumption which shows that semiotic broadening is a superordinate term that can have explanatory adequacy and can be expanded to verbal and non-verbal signs.
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Kyrychuk, Larysa. "TRANSLATION STRATEGIES, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: IN PURSUIT OF TRANSLATION ADEQUACY." RESEARCH TRENDS IN MODERN LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE 1 (November 22, 2018): 64–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/2617-6696.2018.1.64.80.
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The present paper examines the ways of achieving adequacy in translation. The aim of the study is to define and describe the options that the different translators choose while rendering the message of the same source text (ST) and to establish the translation adequacy conditions. The translators’ options are considered in terms of the techniques employed to achieve equivalence between the textual micro units of the original and those of the target text (TT). It is argued that the choice of the translation techniques is determined by the global translation strategy which is seen as a translator’s action plan to reach the functional identification between the ST and TT. In the course of translating the corresponding techniques are used by the translators to fit the local strategies which necessitate the specific ways of dealing with translation challenges. In order to identify formal, semantic and communicative features of the translators’ options we set out the specific task of exploring the notions of translation strategy, translation method, translation technique and translation equivalence and define their significance in achieving accuracy and/or transparency of translation and, eventually, the adequacy of translation. The study is based on the descriptive and comparative analyses of four translation cases (TTs). The examination of the English-Ukrainian correlative units intends to indicate the types of equivalents and point out their contribution to the translation adequacy. One of the important findings to emerge from the study is that translation adequacy may be measured against the TT acceptability which is considered on four levels and involves correlations between structural, semantic and pragmatic equivalents. The TT that reaches the first level of acceptability is viewed as the case of low translation adequacy; the TT on the second level of acceptability is seen as the case of near adequate translation; the TT on the third level of acceptability is termed as sufficiently adequate translation; the TT on the forth level of acceptability is defined as the case of complete adequate translation.
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Badie, Farshad, and Luis M. Augusto. "The Form in Formal Thought Disorder: A Model of Dyssyntax in Semantic Networking." AI 3, no. 2 (April 20, 2022): 353–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ai3020022.
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Formal thought disorder (FTD) is a clinical mental condition that is typically diagnosable by the speech productions of patients. However, this has been a vexing condition for the clinical community, as it is not at all easy to determine what “formal” means in the plethora of symptoms exhibited. We present a logic-based model for the syntax–semantics interface in semantic networking that can not only explain, but also diagnose, FTD. Our model is based on description logic (DL), which is well known for its adequacy to model terminological knowledge. More specifically, we show how faulty logical form as defined in DL-based Conception Language (CL) impacts the semantic content of linguistic productions that are characteristic of FTD. We accordingly call this the dyssyntax model.
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Jamali, Narges, and Hossein Vahid Dastjerdi. "Assessment of Semantic Adequacy: English Translations of Persian Official Texts in Focus." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 5, no. 12 (December 13, 2015): 2571. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0512.19.
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Demyanchuk, Y. I. "THE MAIN FEATURES OF TERM-COMBINATION HIGHLIGHTING IN CORPUS-APPLIED TRANSLATION STUDIES." Writings in Romance-Germanic Philology, no. 1(50) (October 13, 2023): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2307-4604.2023.1(50).285550.
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The article is dedicated to the analysis of the main features of term-combination highlighting in corpus-applied translation studies. The fundamental theoretical milestones of the emergence of quantitative indicators for identifying term combinations in a text corpus, corpus-based indicators of contextual adequacy, and corpus-based indicators of grammatical consistency have been defined. It is worth noting that the strengthening of logical determinism of the linguistic phenomenon reflects an integrated hierarchical approach to document classification based on word distance in corpus-applied translation studies. This is explained by clustering meaningful units that can be unambiguously identified and translated into quantitative indicators that correlate with term-combinations. The research justifies the use of a data metric that allows tracking the genre groups of relevant documents and proposes additional research potential in the field of terminology research in official and business texts of NATO, UN, WTO. The mechanism for evaluating vector representations of term-combinations established on official and business documents, designed to reflect semantic similarity between words, sentences, and texts, is revealed. The scientific inquiry substantiates the use of cosine distance to represent a word in input data and in language models, which serve as a means of computation during document comparison and incorporate the terminology of international organizations such as NATO, UN, WTO. It is proven that an important aspect of the quantitative indicator is ensuring consistency of the analyzed phenomenon, which contributes to the precision of reproducing epistemological terminology. Additionally, a valuable reference point in the process of reproducing term-combinations in corpus-based applied translation studies is the corpus-based indicator of contextual adequacy, which involves contextual analysis where the term-combination is used. The presented feature of contextual adequacy expands the linguistic formality of official and business texts. Thus, the scientific article emphasizes the axiomatic function of the aforementioned characteristics, which lies in reproducing term-combinations in different contexts to conceptually understand semantic nuances of language elements and consider lexical-semantic regularities of term combination reproduction. It is revealed that the corpus-based indicator of grammatical consistency draws attention to the specificity of adequate grammatical structures in corpus-applied translation studies, which contributes to preserving the overall structure and semantics of the text during the translation of term-combinations and demonstrates heuristic models, grammatical guidelines, and priorities of grammatical correspondence between the original and the translation.
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Wrede, Olga, Dasa Munkova, Tomas Banik, and Michal Munk. "Zur Erforschung von Korrelationen zwischen verschiedenen Fehlertypen bei der maschinellen Übersetzung aus dem Deutschen ins Slowakische." Lebende Sprachen 67, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 432–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2022-1032.
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Abstract We focus on examining the impact of machine translation (MT) error rate on adequacy and fluency in machine-translated journalistic texts. German is the source language, with significant polysynthetic features in the formation of composites, and the target language is Slovak, with predominantly inflected features. We analyse twelve error categories, which are incorporated into the categorical framework for the analysis of MT errors and correspond to the four-member core MQM-DQF error typology. The results show that the most significant errors are in the categories of lexical semantics, syntactic-semantic correlativeness and grammar.
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Romanovskaia, O. A. "To the Question of “Semantic Adequacy” of Historical Memory about the Civil War." Sociology. Politology 18, no. 1 (2018): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2018-18-1-10-12.
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Tselishchev, V. V. "Semantics for Hyperclassical Logic and the Problem of Negation in the Formal Language." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 16, no. 3 (2018): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2018-16-3-5-15.
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The application of game-theoretic semantics for first-order logic is based on a certain kind of semantic assumptions, directly related to the asymmetry of the definition of truth and lies as the winning strategies of the Verifier (Abelard) and the Counterfeiter (Eloise). This asymmetry becomes apparent when applying GTS to IFL. The legitimacy of applying GTS when it is transferred to IFL is based on the adequacy of GTS for FOL. But this circumstance is not a reason to believe that one can hope for the same adequacy in the case of IFL. Then the question arises if GTS is a natural semantics for IFL. Apparently, the intuitive understanding of negation in natural language can be explicated in formal languages in various ways, and the result of an incomplete grasp of the concept in these languages can be considered a certain kind of anomalies, in view of the apparent simplicity of the explicated concept. Comparison of the theoretical-model and game theoretic semantics in application to two kinds of language – the first-order language and friendly-independent logic – allows to discover the causes of the anomaly and outline ways to overcome it.
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Valera, Salvador. "The semantics of noun-to-verb zero-derivation in English and Spanish." Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 42, no. 1 (May 12, 2023): 153–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfs-2022-2016.
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Abstract The semantics of zero-derivation/conversion has attracted renewed interest both as a subject of description and as a means towards refined descriptions of the process. This paper takes the latter stance and compares which semantic categories occur in zero-derivation/conversion and in overt affixation in two languages with a different morphological model: English and Spanish. For attestation and distribution of the semantic categories, the paper relies on a stratified sample of denominal verbs collected from two comparable corpora: the British National Corpus and the Corpus de Referencia del Español Actual. The sample consists in sets of ca. 50 denominal verb-forming resources, one per affixation process, namely affixation by -ate, -(i)fy, -ize/-ise, -en, en- in English, a-…-ar, en-…-ar, -ear, -ecer, -(i)ficar, -izar in Spanish, and zero-derivation/conversion in both languages. The results are contrasted within and across affixes/processes, within each language and across the two languages for the adequacy of a description as zero-derivation or as conversion. Statistical analysis shows that the process/affixes form a cline with overlaps and closer associations between specific affixes/processes and semantic categories, but no clear divide between zero-derivation/conversion and the rest of processes as far as the semantic categories are concerned.
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Egorova, Olga, Anna Borovskaya, Olga Romanovskaya, Dmitriy Bychkov, and Lyubov Spesivtseva. "Typology of title transformations in self-translations of Vladimir Nabokov’s short stories." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 63, no. 6 (December 31, 2017): 786–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.00014.ego.
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Abstract This article is dedicated to the issue of the adequacy of self-translations of Vladimir Nabokov’s small forms of fiction. Different types of transformations of short-story titles in the creative work of the bilingual writer were chosen as the object of the research. The article is characterized by a multidisciplinary approach, uniting aspects of linguistic, literary and cultural studies in the investigation of the self-translation phenomenon, an approach that provides for scientifically-grounded conclusions. The authors of the paper build a typology of structural and semantic changes reflecting the features of Nabokov’s interpretations of his own texts. Contrastive comparative, structural, intertextual and cognitive methods were employed as the main research methods. This complex approach to text analysis used in the paper permits an expansion of the idea of the semantics and poetics of separate texts as well as a collection of stories as a whole. The authors pay special attention to investigation of the following types of correlation between the original title and its equivalent: semantic specification, semantic narrowing, semantic broadening and modulation. The authors note that Nabokov in many cases does not follow his own principles of “literality”. The specializing character of correlation between the original text and the translation is predetermined by the author’s aspiration to convey the exact sense and to emphasize separate connotative shades of meaning, while devices of modulation and semantic broadening perform the function of an author’s comment.
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BIMBÓ, KATALIN, J. MICHAEL DUNN, and ROGER D. MADDUX. "RELEVANCE LOGICS AND RELATION ALGEBRAS." Review of Symbolic Logic 2, no. 1 (March 2009): 102–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020309090145.
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Relevance logics are known to be sound and complete for relational semantics with a ternary accessibility relation. This paper investigates the problem of adequacy with respect to special kinds of dynamic semantics (i.e., proper relation algebras and relevant families of relations). We prove several soundness results here. We also prove the completeness of a certain positive fragment of R as well as of the first-degree fragment of relevance logics. These results show that some core ideas are shared between relevance logics and relation algebras. Some details of certain incompleteness results, however, pinpoint where relevance logics and relation algebras diverge. To carry out these semantic investigations, we define a new tableaux formalization and new sequent calculi (with the single cut rule admissible) for various relevance logics.
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Patrício, Helena Simões, Maria Inês Cordeiro, and Pedro Nogueira Ramos. "Ontologias bibliográficas e Web Semântica: limitações e propostas de investigação." Páginas a&b Arquivos & Bibliotecas, no. 15 (2021): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/21836671/pag15a1.
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The literature on bibliographic data and ontologies on the Semantic Webidentifies problems, not in terms of data instances or their publicationin isolated sets, but regarding the ontologies that describe the underlying concepts, impacting on the quality of semantic interoperability and in sharing ontologies between systems.This paper elaborates on the adequacy of conceptual models and the limitations of FRBR -Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (IFLA, 1998, 2018)1to the Semantic Web; the absence of a common conceptual framework; the insufficiency of semantic mechanisms; the low and deficient reuse of external vocabularies; and the inadequacy of mapping methodologies being applied.A research project is presented proposing a solution to the semantic problems in sharing ontologies, through the creation of a conceptual reference model and a reference ontology as a high level mechanism for semantic relations and data validation using SHACL -Shapes Constraint Language (KNUBLAUCH e KONTOKOSTAS, 2017).
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Novyk, Anna. "GENERAL ASPECTS OF STUDYING HYPERTEXTS AS AN OBJECT OF LEXICO-SEMANTIC ANALYSIS." Advanced Linguistics, no. 10 (November 30, 2022): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2617-5339.2022.10.265979.
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The article is devoted to the problems of hypertext research as an object of lexical-semantic analysis. The article defines the concept, essence and features of hypertexts. Special attention is paid to lexical and semantic characteristics of hypertexts, as well as defining features of historical realities in hypertexts on the material of the electronic encyclopedia Wikipedia. It was established that in some cases it is inappropriate to use a literal translation of historical realities in hypertexts, as this affects the logical structure of the sentence and the adequacy of the translation as a whole. Keywords: hypertexts; link; electronic hypertexts; translation; lexical and semantic characteristics.
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Khamidova, Muborak. "PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION OF FRENCH AND UZBEK DEOPOETONYMS." Scientific Reports of Bukhara State University 5, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.52297/2181-1466/2021/5/4/5.
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Introduction. In world onomatology, the weight of research devoted to the study of the lexicon of the French language, including the basics of the origin of deopoetonyms, structural and semantic conditioning, the scope of use in comparison with other languages is growing. As a logical consequence, the comparison of linguistic-stylistic, poetonymic, gender features of the French and Uzbek deopoetonyms in the language lexical-semantic, national-cultural, literary text has gained priority and relevance in the field of linguistics. Indeed, the definition of the semantic and stylistic potential of these units, the interpretation of general and differential motivational aspects of naming within different systematic languages serve to improve the system of representation of deopoetonyms in dictionaries, to determine the laws of functional equivalence and adequacy in the translation process. Research methods. In the use of words expressing the names of natural phenomena in literary texts, their special reliance on linguocognitive and linguocultural semantics is more clearly understood in the process of translation. In particular, reliance on denotative semaphores rather than expressive semaphores of deemoetonyms in artistic texts is one of the important aspects of the poetic skill of creators. This is especially the case in poetic texts. The translation process should take into account the etymology, methodological features, derivational properties, semantics (synonymy), formality (homonymy), ambiguity (polysemantic), hierarchy (graduonymic), semantic contradiction (antonymicity), etc. will be. When direct and indirect translations of some poetic texts written in French are observed, it becomes clear that deopoetonyms are preserved and expressed at different levels in them. Results and discussion. In dictionaries deopoetonyms are given in the system of el-yagyn names, but in the dictionaries compiled later their etymology, linguistic meanings, lexical-semantic semantics, formality, antonyms, hyphenation, hierarchical formation, methodological features, derivational properties, diachronic and synchronous forms, vital giving features such as denotative, connotative expression on the basis of concepts is necessary to achieve perfection of lexicographic interpretation. Conclusion. It is natural that there are still some problems with the lexicographic interpretation of deopoetonyms, which will cause some problems in the smooth implementation of translation work in this regard. Such problems are especially evident in the presentation of lexical graduonomic series related to them, in the expression of close concepts, connotative and denotative meanings
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Hourani-Martín, Dunia, and Encarnación Tabares-Plasencia. "Morphosyntactic and semantic behaviour of legal phraseological units." Terminology 26, no. 1 (June 12, 2020): 108–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00044.hou.
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Abstract This paper analyses the morphosyntactic and semantic behaviour of a sample of verb-noun constructions (VNCs, Tabares Plasencia 2012) from the corpus CRIMO (Hourani Martín and Tabares Plasencia 2016), a specialised comparable corpus of different varieties of Spanish that comprises the legislation on criminal law and criminal procedure from the Hispanic states. Our analysis revealed that topolectal variation is common despite attempts by international organisations to harmonise the terminology used in this legal subdomain. It will also be demonstrated that transformations of VNCs are pragmatically motivated and conditioned by the context. Examining these transformations reveals conventions of specialised discourse and textual genre which is why their representation in terminographical tools should be considered as they are an important means for a translator to achieve the adequacy and naturalness required for legal translation.
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CALZOLARI, NICOLETTA, CLAUDIA SORIA, FRANCESCA BERTAGNA, and FRANCESCO BARSOTTI. "Evaluating lexical resources using SENSEVAL." Natural Language Engineering 8, no. 4 (December 2002): 375–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324902003017.
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The aim of our paper is twofold: to introduce some general reflections on the task of lexical semantic annotation and the adequacy of existing lexical-semantic reference resources, while giving an overall description of the Italian lexical sample task for the SENSEVAL-2 experiment. We suggest how the SENSEVAL exercise (and comparison between the two editions of the experiment) can be employed to evaluate the lexical reference resources used for annotation. We conclude with a few general remarks on the gap between the lexicon, a partially decontextualised object, and the corpus, where context plays a significant role.
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García-Carpintero, Manuel. "Homophonic Prejudices." Crítica (México D. F. En línea) 40, no. 120 (January 8, 2008): 67–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iifs.18704905e.2008.999.
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I critically discuss some aspects of Mark Sainsbury’s Reference without Referents, from an otherwise sympathetic viewpoint. My objections focus on the adequacy of the truth-conditional framework that Sainsbury presupposes. I argue that, as semantic theories, truth-conditional accounts are both too ambitious, and too austere to be fully explanatory, and that both problems have consequences for anaccount of reference.The latter problem has to do with the difficulties to capture in a truth-conditional framework the descriptive contribution of indexicals and, in my view, proper names. The former has to do with the non-semantic contribution of context to the determination of truth-conditions in general and reference in particular.
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Reis, Priscila Alencar Mendes, Zuila Maria de Figueiredo Carvalho, Juan José Tirado Darder, Mônica Oliveira Batista Oriá, Rita Mônica Borges Studart, and Samia Jardelle Costa de Freitas Maniva. "Cross-cultural adaptation of the Quality of Life Index Spinal Cord Injury - Version III." Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 49, no. 3 (June 2015): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0080-623420150000300007.
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OBJECTIVE To translate and culturally adapt to Portuguese the Ferrans and Powers Quality of Life Index Spinal Cord Injury - Version III and characterize the sample in relation to sociodemographic and clinical aspects. METHOD A methodological study with view to cross-cultural adaptation, following the particular steps of this method: initial translation, translation synthesis, back-translation (translation back to the original language), review by a committee of judges and pretest of the final version. The pretest was carried out with 30 patients with spinal cord injury. RESULTS An index of 74 items divided into two parts (satisfaction/importance) was obtained. The criteria of semantic equivalence were evaluated as very adequate translation, higher than 87%, and vocabulary and were grammar higher than 86%. Idiomatic equivalence was higher than 74%, experimental greater than 78% and conceptual was greater than 70%. CONCLUSION After cross-cultural adaptation, the instrument proved semantic, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual adequacy, in addition to helping the evaluation of the quality of life of people with spinal cord injury.
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Abdelaal, Noureldin Mohamed, and Abdulkhaliq Alazzawie. "Machine Translation: The Case of Arabic- English Translation of News Texts." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1004.09.
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This study aims at identifying the common types of errors in Google Translate (GT) in the translation of informative news texts from Arabic to English, to measure the translation errors quality and to assess the fluency and the semantic adequacy of the translation output, and therefore to explain the extent a human translator is needed to rectify the output translation. For this purpose, some examples were purposively selected from online newspapers. The collected data was analyzed using a mixed method approach, as the errors were qualitatively identified, guided by Hsu’s (2014) classification of machine translation errors. Quantitative descriptive approach was used to measure the translation errors quality, using the Multidimensional Quality Metrics and Localization Quality Evaluation. As for assessing the semantic adequacy and fluency, a questionnaire that was adapted from Dorr, Snover, and Madnani (2011) was used. The results of the analysis show that omission, which is a lexical error and inappropriate lexical choice, which is a semantic error are the most common errors. Inappropriate lexical choice is sometimes a result of the homophonic nature of some source text words which can be misinterpreted by the machine translation system. This study concludes that it is useful to use machine translation systems to expedite the translation process, but that accuracy is sacrificed for the sake of ease (less work for the human) and speed of translation. If greater accuracy is required, or desired, a human translator must at least proofread and work on the material.
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Pasenchuk, N. "Social and Cultural Context of the Dramatic Text: Problems of Reproduction (based on the Ukrainian and Russian translations of Williams Tennesse’s play «The Glass Menagerie»)." Studia Linguistica, no. 12 (2018): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/studling2018.12.85-97.
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The article is devoted to the problem of translation of the drama. The article focuses on revealing peculiar linguistic and stylistic features of the drama. The research has been done on the case study of Russian and Ukrainian translation variants of the drama text by T.Williams «The Glass Menagerie». Basic methods of translation are investigated in the article. On the basis of comparative analysis the author investigates the problem of lexico-semantic transformations in translation of the drama. There has been proved that lexico-semantic transformations play an important role in the process of translation, providing the text with dynamics, enhancing expressivity, serving to enhance the image-expressive functions of a language. The units of different language levels, which help to verbalize cultural information of the source text, words with national and cultural semantic component have been considered. It was outlined that structural and functional peculiarities of each target language in regard to source English language and personality of translator have an impact on the reflection of the national and cultural colour of the source text. The task of the translator is to provide the reader with necessary explanations, since the transfer of the cultural and social specifics of the dramatic text requires a special approach from the translator in achieving the pragmatic adequacy of the translation. It is determined that the literal translation does not correspond to the adequacy of reproduction of the source text. The nationally marked means contribute to the emotional and expressive colour of the source text and emphasize the national colour. The adequate reproduction of stylistic means leads to the preservation of the original intention of the author. The dramatic text is a peculiar model of the socio-historical context of society. The main task of the translator is the reproduction of the national components of the model of another culture and preservation of national-historical context of the source text.
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Pereira, Tamara Cristine, Amanda Ayres, Tamires Marinho Pessoa, Gisele Pereira Dias, Stephen Palmer, Adriana Cardoso Silva, and Antonio Egidio Nardi. "Cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS)." International Coaching Psychology Review 9, no. 1 (March 2014): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsicpr.2014.9.1.22.
Full textAbstract:
Objective:This study aims to develop the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), a tool that is designed to measure levels of depression, stress and anxiety and has been extensively used for coaching psychology research.Design:Transversal study of the cross-cultural adaptation of a scale originally established in the English language to Brazilian Portuguese.Methods:Translations and back-translations of the original scale were made by mental health professionals, bilingual and not knowing the particularities of the scale. The synthetic version was later developed by a group of professionals also bilingual and with expertise in the constructs. Experimental application of the instrument made it possible to assess the adequacy of the items to the target population.Results:The translations and back-translations played an important role in creating the synthetic version, thus fostering a debate that provided better semantic adaptation of the items, preserving their original sense. The experimental application showed the adequacy of the items, which were fully understood by respondents of the target language.Conclusion:The semantic adaptation of the DASS to Brazilian Portuguese was accomplished, opening an important avenue for the development of coaching psychology in Brazil.
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CAROPRESE, LUCIANO, and MIROSŁAW TRUSZCZYŃSKI. "Active integrity constraints and revision programming." Theory and Practice of Logic Programming 11, no. 6 (October 29, 2010): 905–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1471068410000475.
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AbstractWe study active integrity constraints and revision programming, two formalisms designed to describe integrity constraints on databases and to specify policies on preferred ways to enforce them. Unlike other more commonly accepted approaches, these two formalisms attempt to provide a declarative solution to the problem. However, the original semantics of founded repairs for active integrity constraints and justified revisions for revision programs differ. Our main goal is to establish a comprehensive framework of semantics for active integrity constraints, to find a parallel framework for revision programs, and to relate the two. By doing so, we demonstrate that the two formalisms proposed independently of each other and based on different intuitions when viewed within a broader semantic framework turn out to be notational variants of each other. That lends support to the adequacy of the semantics we develop for each of the formalisms as the foundation for a declarative approach to the problem of database update and repair. In the paper, we also study computational properties of the semantics we consider and establish results concerned with the concept of the minimality of change and the invariance under the shifting transformation.
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Chkheidze, Maia. "Universal, Discrete and Multidimensional Phenomena in Cognitive Linguistics." Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 1 (November 2, 2023): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2019.183.
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The article represents an attempt at describing the essence of cognitivelinguistics - the real face of modern linguistic science. Analysisof the well-known theories made possible to identify some newvectors: analysis of the semantic frame from the point of view of therelation between the contours of the individual and collective consciousness;analysis of the semantic frame from the point of viewof the relation between subjective and objective factors; analysis ofthe concepts of validity, dependency and heredity within the framepremises; analysis of the concepts of reliability of the structure,adequacy and relevance of the relationships between the elements,integrity and completeness of the structure; analysis of one of themost complex dynamic processes – expansion of the frame system.The process of formation of the system of semantic frames is viewedin the article as some “ritual of interaction” implying the processof transforming individual knowledge and experience into collectiveknowledge and experience.
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Juan and Faber. "Extraction of Terms Related to Named Rivers." Languages 4, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4030046.
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EcoLexicon is a terminological knowledge base on environmental science, whose design permits the geographic contextualization of data. For the geographic contextualization of landform concepts, this paper presents a semi-automatic method for extracting terms associated with named rivers (e.g., Mississippi River). Terms were extracted from a specialized corpus, where named rivers were automatically identified. Statistical procedures were applied for selecting both terms and rivers in distributional semantic models to construct the conceptual structures underlying the usage of named rivers. The rivers sharing associated terms were also clustered and represented in the same conceptual network. The results showed that the method successfully described the semantic frames of named rivers with explanatory adequacy, according to the premises of Frame-Based Terminology.
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Курбатов, А. В., and Л. А. Курбатова. "Pedagogical technology of value-semantic sociology." Management of Education, no. 4(50) (June 15, 2022): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25726/d0417-4818-1237-r.
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Процесс трансформации мировой экономики, вызванный глобальным экономическим кризисом и сопровождающийся активизацией военных конфликтов, вызвал обострение кризиса социологии, причины которого являются предметом активных дискуссий со второй половины двадцатого века. В числе основных наиболее часто упоминаются неоднозначное отношение к трактовке объекта, предмета и метода социологии, а также несоответствие социологических оценок и прогнозов реальным процессам, характеризующим образ жизни современного общества, невозможность эффективного использования результатов научных исследований для реального положительного влияния на процесс трансформации социально-экономического уклада. Статья посвящена ценностно-смысловой социологии – новому научному направлению, сочетающему актуальность научного аппарата и адекватность результатов его практического применения. The process of transformation of the world economy caused by the global economic crisis and accompanied by the intensification of military conflicts has caused an aggravation of the crisis of sociology, the causes of which have been the subject of active discussions since the second half of the twentieth century. Among the main ones, the ambiguous attitude to the interpretation of the object, subject and method of sociology is most often mentioned, as well as the discrepancy between sociological assessments and forecasts to real processes characterizing the lifestyle of modern society, the inability to effectively use the results of scientific research for a real positive impact on the process of transformation of the socio-economic way of life. The article is dedicated to value-semantic sociology – a new scientific direction combining the relevance of the scientific apparatus and the adequacy of the results of its practical application.Ключевые слова Социология, кризис, система, ценности, смыслы, адекватность, цифровизация, структуризация, оптимизация, трансформация, устойчивость, развитие.
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Олена Георгіївна Шкута. "REPRESANTATION OF STRUCTURALAND SEMANTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH LEGAL TERMS IN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (IN OFFICIAL INTERNATIONAL LEGAL TEXTS)." MESSENGER of Kyiv National Linguistic University. Series Philology 20, no. 2 (September 5, 2022): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2311-0821.2.2017.120867.
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Introduction. The article focuses on the structural and semantic features of the Englishlegal terms in the official texts of international legal texts and suggests the ways of finding theirUkrainian analogues. Purpose. The paper aims to outline the structural and semantic characteristicsof the English legal terms in the official international legal texts. Methods. The methodologyof the paper is based on analytical, comparative and typological, and descriptive analysis usedto identify and classify structural and semantic features of English legal terms and their translatinginto Ukrainian. Comparative and typology analysis enables to compare the structure and semanticsof legal terms in two languages. Results. The paper works out: 1) the methods of structuraland semantic analysis of English legal terms used in official international legal documents; and2) the ways of their interpreting and translating into Ukrainian. The paper stresses upon specialfeatures of English legal terms which should be taken into consideration in the process of findingtheir analogues in Ukrainian. It often depends on the context. The adequacy and equivalencyof such terms translation into another language often depends on the category of informativedeterminacy / indeterminacy of the source legal text. Conclusion. On the basis of functional,structural and semantic characteristics of English legal terms the paper suggests the instructionsof their interpretation and translation into Ukrainian.
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STARCHANKA, U., and A. KURAKA. "THEORETICAL AND METROLOGICAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE TEST TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF FORMATION OF STUDENTS' MOTOR THINKING." Herald of Polotsk State University. Series E. Pedagogical sciences, no. 2 (November 28, 2023): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1640-2023-40-2-48-55.
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This article discusses one of the important tasks of physical education related to the formation of the foundations
of motor thinking of students. In the work, from the position of the information approach, a theoretical model of motor
thinking is presented as a system of neuro-semantic processing of information coming from the subject area and the
development of an adequate motor response to it.
The formation of motor thinking is impossible without the development of diagnostic tools to determine the level
of its formation. Based on the theoretical model of motor thinking, the authors developed a metrologically correct test to
determine the level of formation of students' motor thinking. The approbation of the test on thirty students of the Faculty
of Physical Culture showed its adequacy to the object of testing, acceptable reliability and logical adequacy
(informativeness) to the subject of testing. There was no statistically significant difference between the results of girls and
boys both in the test and in the retest
The test can be used to develop a methodology for forming the foundations of students' motor thinking.
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Łukomski, Piotr. "Identity of Political Players in Game Theory." Politeja 17, no. 5 (68) (April 19, 2021): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.17.2020.68.06.
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The process of modelling political phenomena, subject to the methodological principles of science, creates problems at various levels of reconstructing reality. The problems result from the application of these principles in isolation from the basic goal, which is the adequacy of the model in relation to real phenomena. This adequacy is considered primarily from the point of view of the possibility of explaining the observed phenomena. The presented analysis concerns the problem of assumptions made in relation to players in game theory and their relation to the social world, but first of all, from the point of view of the relationship between subjectivity, identity and the ability to make decisions by political players based on the semantic interpretation of the world of politics.
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Veraksa, Alexander N., Daria A. Bukhalenkova, and Ekaterina S. Oshchepkova. "The Relationship of Emotions Comprehension and Pragmatic Aspects of the Narrative in Preschool Age." Vestnik RFFI, no. 4 (December 12, 2019): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22204/2410-4639-2019-104-04-76-84.
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This investigation is devoted to the study of the relationship of emotions comprehension and pragmatic aspects of the narrative in preschool age. The study involved 269 children aged 5–6 years (133 boys and 136 girls) attending the senior group of kindergarten in Moscow. The study reveals the connections between the results of emotions comprehension assessment tests and the pragmatic aspects of the narratives on a series of pictures or retelling the text by preschoolers (semantic completeness, adequacy, completeness of the narrative, understanding the actions of the characters). In addition, the study shows that children with a higher level of emotion comprehension cope better with the semantic aspects when constructing the narratives, answers to questions and a pragmatic understanding of both images and text.
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Hawkins, John A. "The relative order of prepositional phrases in English: Going beyond Manner–Place–Time." Language Variation and Change 11, no. 3 (October 1999): 231–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394599113012.
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This article argues against Manner–Place–Time and other proposed grammatical principles of ordering for prepositional phrases (PPs) in postverbal position in English. Instead, greater empirical adequacy can be achieved by a theory of processing efficiency that defines a preference for minimal domains in the recognition of syntactic phrase structure and in the processing of lexical–semantic dependencies between verbs and prepositions. Some new entailment tests are proposed on the basis of which these dependencies can be defined. The data come from 500 pages of written English. For 300 pages, an additional analysis is given in terms of structural ambiguity avoidance and pragmatic information status. Syntactic complexity is the biggest single predictor of PP sequences, whereas lexical–semantic factors predominate when syntactic preferences are weak. Manner–Place–Time is not the correct semantic generalization, however. Ambiguity avoidance had no clear impact on these orderings. Pragmatic effects were not visible when syntactic weight made no predictions and were correlated with weight when it did but were less strongly supported.
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Egorov, O. A. "PHILOSOPHICAL READING OF THE IRISH MELODIES BY THOMAS MOORE AND THE REMINISCENCE OF THE MOORE’S HERITAGE IN THE POETRY OF MIKHAIL LERMONTOV." Bulletin of the Tver State Technical University. Series «Social Sciences and Humanities», no. 3 (2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46573/2409-1391-2020-3-34-40.
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This article examines the reflection of the positive pleasure philosophy in the opuses of «Irish Melodies» by T. Moore and the poetic tonality preservation adequacy in the work’s translation into Russian, including reminiscences of Moore's poetic heritage in some poems by Mikhail Lermontov. Comparison of translations into Russian of some of Moore's melodies revealed that the translators used the method of semantic compensation to fill in the «gaps» that include elements of the Ireland’s mythological folklore.
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Бекоева, И. Д. "Ways of achieving adequacy in translation of ethno-marked ecclesionyms." Иностранные языки в высшей школе, no. 3(66) (October 24, 2023): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2023.66.3.008.
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Статья затрагивает проблему выбора способов передачи осетинских экклезионимов средствами русского и английского языков. Исследование выполнено в русле переводческой ономастики и сравнительно-сопоста-вительного направления в лингвистике. Осетинская сакральная онимная лексика (теонимы, экклезионимы, агионимы, агиоантропонимы, агиотопонимы, геортонимы) недостаточно изучена с позиции семантических и лингвопрагматических характеристик экклезионимов Южной Осетии, лингвокультурного фона их появления, особенностей их объективации в общественной коммуникации, способов переводческой интерпретации. Исследование содержит классификацию сакральной онимной лексики и перечень наиболее известных экклезионимов Южной Осетии с вариантами их переводческих соответствий на русском и английском языках. Новизна представленного материала определяется тем, что это первый опыт рассмотрения этномаркированных экклезионимов с точки зрения выбора стратегии и способов их передачи средствами переводящих языков. Сакральные онимы представляют значительный интерес с точки зрения мотивированности, отражения функциональных и прагматических характеристик божеств в названии культовых сооружений и сакральных мест и могут послужить источником изучения истории, культуры, менталитета осетинского народа. The present research was carried out in line with the comparative approach in linguistics, translation onomastics. It views the issues of translating Ossetian ecclesionyms into the Russian and the English languages. Ossetian sacral onymic vocabulary (theonyms, ecclesionyms, hagionims, hagioanthroponyms, hagiotoponyms, geortonyms) has not been sufficiently studied in terms of semantic and linguo-pragmatic characteristics of South Ossetian ecclesionyms, the linguocultural background of their appearance, specificity of their usage in public communication and methods of translation. The research gives the classification of different types of sacral onyms and the list of the most famous sacral names of South Ossetia with their translation correspondences in the target languages. The topicality of the research is determined by the fact that this is the first experience of considering ethno-marked ecclesionyms from the point of view of the translation strategy choice and methods of translation. Sacral onyms present considerable interest in terms of their motivation, reflection of the functional and pragmatic characteristics of the Ossetian deities in the nomination of religious buildings, places of worship and shrines, and can serve as a rich source for studying the history, culture and mentality of the Ossetian people.
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Abdi, Hamidreza. "Considering Machine Translation (MT) as an Aid or a Threat to the Human Translator:." Journal of Translation and Language Studies 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48185/jtls.v2i1.122.
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The present study aims to evaluate the output quality of an online MT; namely, Google Translate, from English into Persian and compare its output with the translations made by the human translators to find out that whether MT applications are considered as an aid or a threat to human translators. For the application of the study, the researcher designed a translation test consisting of 60 statements from different types of texts proposed by Reiss (1989). The translation test was translated via Google Translate and administrated to three human translators to be rendered. The translations made by Google Translate and by the three human translators alongside the 60 statements were given to 40 judges to be evaluated based on Dorr et al. s' (2010) criterion of MT quality assessment, including semantic adequacy, fluency, and understandability. As results indicated, Google Translate gave a good overall performance in the translation of the 60 statements into Persian in terms of semantic adequacy and understandability, but not in terms of fluency. Thus, there should be no fear of human translators being replaced by the MT. As conclusion, MT applications cannot be considered a threat to human translators, but as an aid for them. The present study also offers some recommendations that can be beneficial to translation students, trainee translators, translation teachers, and professional translators.
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Tabkha, A., R. Hajji, R. Billen, and F. Poux. "SEMANTIC ENRICHMENT OF POINT CLOUD BY AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION AND ENHANCEMENT OF 360° PANORAMAS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W17 (November 29, 2019): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w17-355-2019.
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Abstract. The raw nature of point clouds is an important challenge for their direct exploitation in architecture, engineering and construction applications. Particularly, their lack of semantics hinders their utility for automatic workflows (Poux, 2019). In addition, the volume and the irregularity of the structure of point clouds makes it difficult to directly and automatically classify datasets efficiently, especially when compared to the state-of-the art 2D raster classification. Recently, with the advances in deep learning models such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) , the performance of image-based classification of remote sensing scenes has improved considerably (Chen et al., 2018; Cheng et al., 2017). In this research, we examine a simple and innovative approach that represent large 3D point clouds through multiple 2D projections to leverage learning approaches based on 2D images. In other words, the approach in this study proposes an automatic process for extracting 360° panoramas, enhancing these to be able to leverage raster data to obtain domain-base semantic enrichment possibilities. Indeed, it is very important to obtain a rigorous characterization for use in the classification of a point cloud. Especially because there is a very large variety of 3D point cloud domain applications. In order to test the adequacy of the method and its potential for generalization, several tests were performed on different datasets. The developed semantic augmentation algorithm uses only the attributes X, Y, Z and camera positions as inputs.
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Obdalova, Olga A., Ludmila Yu Minakova, and Aleksandra V. Soboleva. "Indirect reporting and pragmatically enriched context." Pragmatics and its Interfaces as related to the Expression of Intention 26, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 85–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.19011.obd.
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Abstract This article examines the pragmatic comprehensibility of indirect reporting. The research problem is to determine how Russian EFL learners (linguists and non-linguists) are able to turn original utterances expressing the intentions of native speakers of American English in direct speech into indirect reports to a third party. Two major issues are analyzed: adequacy of semantic content and preservation of pragmatic enrichment. The study was carried out employing the framework of Kecskes’ Socio-Cognitive Approach (2008, 2010, 2014, 2017). Twelve stimulus-utterances belonging to three communicative types (statements, questions, commands/requests) were video-recorded. Qualitative and quantitative analyses revealed that the participants met with some difficulties preserving the speaker’s intention while interpreting attached pragmatic enrichment and perlocutionary effect. Both cohorts of Russian EFL learners were able to preserve the semantic content relatively efficiently, but encountered substantial difficulties inferring a complex pragmatic content.
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Lima, Tiago Cristiano de, and Maria Isabel Pedreira de Freitas. "Cultural adaptation of Quality Of Care Through The Patient's Eyes -QUOTE-HIV." Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem 71, no. 1 (February 2018): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0113.
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ABSTRACT Objective: to translate and adapt Quality of Care Through the Patient's Eyes - HIV (QUOTE-HIV) for the Brazilian population living with HIV/AIDS. Method: a methodological study, which followed the stages of translation, synthesis, back-translation, evaluation by the committee of experts and pre-test for cultural adaptation of the instrument. Results: the process of translation and cultural adaptation was considered adequate. Evaluation by the expert committee resulted in semantic, structural and grammatical adequacy of the evaluated items. 30 subjects considered the instrument to be easy to understand and suggested minor adjustments in some items. Conclusion: the Brazilian version of QUOTE-HIV has been adapted and validated in relation to its content. However, this is a study that precedes the process of evaluating the psychometric properties of the instrument, the results of which will be presented in a later publication.
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Dovletkireeva, Lidiya, and Alisa Magomadova. "Problems of Literary Translation in the Linguistic and Cultural Aspect." SHS Web of Conferences 172 (2023): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317203023.
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The article analyzes the problems of literary translation in the linguoculturological aspect: the authors pay attention to the semantic inconsistency inherent in lexemes in the source text and lexemes in the target language, give examples of semantic inconsistencies that arise due to the lack of equivalence of individual lexemes that have ethnocultural significance in the language picture of the world of the original work , reveal various variants of semantic relationships. The main part of the article analyzes various ontological errors that occur when translating a literary text due to the discrepancy between the language pictures of the world of the author and the translator on the example of the work of Chechen folklore - illi “Deer” and the lyrical works of the Balkarian poet K. Kuliyev. The authors clearly demonstrate that without the translator having background knowledge of the history and culture of the people to whom the original work belongs, it is impossible to achieve the adequacy of literary translation, while the ideal situation is when the translator is bilingual and, accordingly, the bearer of both linguistic worldviews, is able to correlate them , avoiding contradictions and mental and cultural distortions in translation.
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Veraksa, Aleksander, Daria Bukhalenkova, Natalia Kartushina, and Ekaterina Oshchepkova. "The Relationship between Executive Functions and Language Production in 5–6-Year-Old Children: Insights from Working Memory and Storytelling." Behavioral Sciences 10, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs10020052.
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This study examined the relationship between working memory capacity and narrative abilities in 5–6-year-old children. 269 children were assessed on their visual and verbal working memory and performed in a story retelling and a story creation (based on a single picture and on a series of pictures) tasks. The stories were evaluated on their macrostructure and microstructure. The results revealed a significant relationship between both components (verbal and visual) of working memory and the global indicators of a story’s macrostructure—such as semantic completeness, semantic adequacy, programming and narrative structure—and with the indicators of a story’s microstructure, such as grammatical accuracy and number of syntagmas. Yet, this relationship was systematically stronger for verbal working memory, as compared to visual working memory, suggesting that a well-developed verbal working memory leads to lexically and grammatically more accurate language production in preschool children.
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Karara, Ghizlane, Rafika Hajji, and Florent Poux. "3D Point Cloud Semantic Augmentation: Instance Segmentation of 360° Panoramas by Deep Learning Techniques." Remote Sensing 13, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 3647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13183647.
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Semantic augmentation of 3D point clouds is a challenging problem with numerous real-world applications. While deep learning has revolutionised image segmentation and classification, its impact on point cloud is an active research field. In this paper, we propose an instance segmentation and augmentation of 3D point clouds using deep learning architectures. We show the potential of an indirect approach using 2D images and a Mask R-CNN (Region-Based Convolution Neural Network). Our method consists of four core steps. We first project the point cloud onto panoramic 2D images using three types of projections: spherical, cylindrical, and cubic. Next, we homogenise the resulting images to correct the artefacts and the empty pixels to be comparable to images available in common training libraries. These images are then used as input to the Mask R-CNN neural network, designed for 2D instance segmentation. Finally, the obtained predictions are reprojected to the point cloud to obtain the segmentation results. We link the results to a context-aware neural network to augment the semantics. Several tests were performed on different datasets to test the adequacy of the method and its potential for generalisation. The developed algorithm uses only the attributes X, Y, Z, and a projection centre (virtual camera) position as inputs.
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Zubin, David A., and Klaus-Michael Köpcke. "Cognitive Constraints on the Order of Subject and Object in German." Studies in Language 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 77–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.9.1.04zub.
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The ordering of subject and object, especially in the so-called clause "middle-field," is a perennial problem both for the grammar of German, and for syntactic theories of linearization. While formalist accounts (e.g. Engel, 1977) and semantic accounts (e.g. Lerenz, 1977a) have made valuable contributions to an understanding of S/O order, their monocausal approaches have only limited descriptive adequacy. This paper presents evidence that the ordering of S and O in the clause middle-field in German results from the interaction of multiple cognitive performance factors: agency, animacy, situational definiteness, and contextual givenness.
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Oring, Elliott. "Oppositions, overlaps, and ontologies: The general theory of verbal humor revisited." HUMOR 32, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humor-2018-0066.
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Abstract The General Theory of Verbal Humor (GTVH) has dominated the discussion of humor theory for the last quarter of a century. It generated a great deal of interest in humor studies by scholars both within and outside the discipline of linguistics. Problems are resident in GTVH, however, which have been inherited from its predecessor the Semantic Script Theory of Humor (SSTH). Script Opposition and Script Overlap are not adequately defined, nor are they sufficient for the identification of a joke-carrying text. The resource of the Logical Mechanism posited by GTVH may have complicated rather than simplified the matter as the list of proposed mechanisms are too loosely defined and woefully incomplete. The Ontological Semantics Theory of Humor (OSTH) has promised to demonstrate the adequacy of the linguistic theories of humor by the ability of computers to process natural language input to discriminate between joke-carrying and non-joke-carrying texts. That promise, also decades old, remains to be fulfilled, and it is questionable whether it can be fulfilled if based on SSTH and GTVH platforms.
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Демецька, Владислава. "Adaptive Model in Translation: Psycholinguistic Dimension." PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 26, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2309-1797-2019-26-2-70-90.
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The aim of the article is to offer a theoretical overview of the relevance of the adaptive model in translation from psycholinguistic perspective. Based on psycholinguistic approach to defining the notions of adequacy/equivalency in translation the research suggests theoretically and methodologically justified reasons for applying the translational adaptation to culture-bound texts.
The comprehensive analysis of the “adaptation” as a notion presupposes the implementation of the hierarchy of the scientific methods of analysis among which the most relevant are: general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis of theoretical discussions on adaptation, text-typological structural/functional, psycholinguistic and translational methods of text analysis. An adaptive potential of a text is defined within the framework of intralinguistic and interlinguistic comparison of pragmatic texts, which grounds the adaptive translational models of pragmatic texts under analysis.
The results of the research speak to the fact that from the psycholinguistic perspective the notion of an equivalent translation presupposes the transcoding of the content of a source text with its semantic, stylistic and functionally communicative information. On the other hand, the notion of an adequate translation is understood as the translational reproduction of the reaction which is caused by the source text on the audience taking into account text-typological, cultural, psychological stereotypes of the target audience.
In conclusion one can state that the adequate variant of translation of pragmatic culture-bound text is possible under the conditions of its adaptation to the linguocultural stereotypes of the target audience. In other words, the common beam of the adequacy in translation is the target audience’s comprehension.
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Buhr, Christoph Raphael, Harry Smith, Tilman Huppertz, Katharina Bahr-Hamm, Christoph Matthias, Andrew Blaikie, Tom Kelsey, Sebastian Kuhn, and Jonas Eckrich. "ChatGPT Versus Consultants: Blinded Evaluation on Answering Otorhinolaryngology Case–Based Questions." JMIR Medical Education 9 (December 5, 2023): e49183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/49183.
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Background Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT (Open AI), are increasingly used in medicine and supplement standard search engines as information sources. This leads to more “consultations” of LLMs about personal medical symptoms. Objective This study aims to evaluate ChatGPT’s performance in answering clinical case–based questions in otorhinolaryngology (ORL) in comparison to ORL consultants’ answers. Methods We used 41 case-based questions from established ORL study books and past German state examinations for doctors. The questions were answered by both ORL consultants and ChatGPT 3. ORL consultants rated all responses, except their own, on medical adequacy, conciseness, coherence, and comprehensibility using a 6-point Likert scale. They also identified (in a blinded setting) if the answer was created by an ORL consultant or ChatGPT. Additionally, the character count was compared. Due to the rapidly evolving pace of technology, a comparison between responses generated by ChatGPT 3 and ChatGPT 4 was included to give an insight into the evolving potential of LLMs. Results Ratings in all categories were significantly higher for ORL consultants (P<.001). Although inferior to the scores of the ORL consultants, ChatGPT’s scores were relatively higher in semantic categories (conciseness, coherence, and comprehensibility) compared to medical adequacy. ORL consultants identified ChatGPT as the source correctly in 98.4% (121/123) of cases. ChatGPT’s answers had a significantly higher character count compared to ORL consultants (P<.001). Comparison between responses generated by ChatGPT 3 and ChatGPT 4 showed a slight improvement in medical accuracy as well as a better coherence of the answers provided. Contrarily, neither the conciseness (P=.06) nor the comprehensibility (P=.08) improved significantly despite the significant increase in the mean amount of characters by 52.5% (n= (1470-964)/964; P<.001). Conclusions While ChatGPT provided longer answers to medical problems, medical adequacy and conciseness were significantly lower compared to ORL consultants’ answers. LLMs have potential as augmentative tools for medical care, but their “consultation” for medical problems carries a high risk of misinformation as their high semantic quality may mask contextual deficits.
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Barbuta, Ion. "The Discursive Variants of the Sentence Constituted as an Effect of its Contextual Updating: Typology Sketch." Philologia, no. 2(317) (September 2022): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52505/1857-4300.2022.2(317).01.
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The primary objective of this article is to establish and describe the discursive variants of the sentence representing its communicative paradigm. Constituted as a result of the adequacy of a sentence to communicative context, the discursive variants suppose, in linguistic terms, the variation of the informational structure of the sentence in relation to its semantic-syntactic structure. Described in terms of old/new information, the discursive variants are formed due to the operations involved in the discursive updating of the fundamental structures of the sentences, which are the thematisation and rhematisation of certain component elements of the sentence. The model that presents the sentence as a set of discursive variants combines semantic, syntactic and pragmatic or discursive criteria. Thus, in the process of analyzing these variants, the role of determining factors in the informational organization of the sentence was taken into account, these aspects being correlated with the marks of the informational structure of the sentence.
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Filatov, Oleg. "SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL TEXTS TRANSLATION PROBLEM: FEATURES AND TRANSLATION STRATEGIES." Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University 476, no. 6 (September 15, 2023): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2023-476-6-144-153.
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This article dwells upon the scientific & technical texts translation problem based on the oil & gas industry related texts. The article is focused on the basics of scientific & technical translation, as well as the importance to reach the translation adequacy and equivalence. Lexical and semantic translation features pertaining to scientific & technical texts highlighted, causing difficulties when translated from English into Russian. These include terms, general scientific and commonly used lexis. In addition, the attempts are made to identify the main strategies to translate these types of lexis in scientific & technical oil and gas-related texts from English into Russian.