Journal articles: 'Self-sensing structural materials'

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Ramachandran, Kousalya, Ponmalar Vijayan, Gunasekaran Murali, and Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin. "A Review on Principles, Theories and Materials for Self Sensing Concrete for Structural Applications." Materials 15, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 3831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15113831.

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Self-sensing concrete is a smart material known for its cost-effectiveness in structural health-monitoring areas, which converts the external stimuli into a stress/strain sensing parameter. Self-sensing material has excellent mechanical and electrical properties that allow it to act as a multifunctional agent satisfying both the strength and structural health-monitoring parameters. The main objective of this review is to understand the theories and principles behind the self-sensing practices. Many review papers have focused on the different types of materials and practices that rely on self-sensing technology, and only a few articles have discussed the theories involved. Understanding the mechanism and the theories behind the conduction mechanism is necessary. This review paper provides an overview of self-sensing concrete, including the principles such as piezoresistivity and piezopermittivity; the tunnelling effect, percolation threshold, and electrical circuit theories; the materials used and methods adopted; and the sensing parameters. The paper concludes with an outline of the application of self-sensing concrete and future recommendations, thus providing a better understanding of implementing the self-sensing technique in construction.

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Qhobosheane, Relebohile George, Monjur Morshed Rabby, Vamsee Vadlamudi, Kenneth Reifsnider, and Rassel Raihan. "Smart Self-Sensing Piezoresistive Composite Materials for Structural Health Monitoring." Ceramics 5, no. 3 (June 21, 2022): 253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics5030020.

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The use of fiber-reinforced composite materials has widely spread in various sectors, including aerospace, defense, and civil industry. The assessment of these heterogeneous material systems is important for safer and risk-free applications and has contributed to the need for self-sensing composites. This work is focused on the development of piezoresistive composites, the prediction of their performance and structural health monitoring (SHM). Additionally, this work unpacks the complexity of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) micro-fabrication and the development of piezoresistive and electromagnetic (EM) waves detection electrodes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the CNTs structure and morphologies. The manufactured CNTs were incorporated in epoxy systems to fabricate glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-CNTs smart composites with piezoresistive properties. The detection of micro-damage onset and its progression was carried out in mode I, to evaluate the sensitivity of the smart composites to damage development. The change in electrical conductivity of the nanotubes-reinforced composite systems due to localized mechanical strains enabled crack propagation detection. The relationship between crack propagation, fracture toughness, and electrical resistivity of the smart composite was analyzed.

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Saafi, Mohamed, Leung Tang, Jason Fung, Mahbubur Rahman, Fiona Sillars, John Liggat, and Xiangming Zhou. "Graphene/fly ash geopolymeric composites as self-sensing structural materials." Smart Materials and Structures 23, no. 6 (April 16, 2014): 065006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/23/6/065006.

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Guadagno, Liberata, Patrizia Lamberti, Vincenzo Tucci, and Luigi Vertuccio. "Self-Sensing Nanocomposites for Structural Applications: Choice Criteria." Nanomaterials 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2021): 833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11040833.

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Epoxy resins containing multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have proven to be suitable for manufacturing promising self-sensing materials to be applied in the automotive and aeronautic sectors. Different parameters concerning morphological and mechanical properties of the hosting matrices have been analyzed to choose the most suitable system for targeted applications. Two different epoxy precursors, the tetrafunctional tetraglycidyl methylene dianiline (TGMDA) and the bifunctional bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (DGEBA) have been considered. Both precursors have been hardened using the same hardener in stoichiometric conditions. The different functionality of the precursor strongly affects the crosslinking density and, as a direct consequence, the electrical and mechanical behavior. The properties exhibited by the two different formulations can be taken into account in order to make the most appropriate choice with respect to the sensing performance. For practical applications, the choice of one formulation rather than another can be performed on the basis of costs, sensitivity, processing conditions, and most of all, mechanical requirements and in-service conditions of the final product. The performed characterization shows that the nanocomposite based on the TGMDA precursor manifests better performance in applications where high values in the glass transition temperature and storage modulus are required.

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Chung, D. D. L. "Carbon materials for structural self-sensing, electromagnetic shielding and thermal interfacing." Carbon 50, no. 9 (August 2012): 3342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.01.031.

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Jiao, Pengcheng, King-James I. Egbe, Yiwei Xie, Ali Matin Nazar, and Amir H. Alavi. "Piezoelectric Sensing Techniques in Structural Health Monitoring: A State-of-the-Art Review." Sensors 20, no. 13 (July 3, 2020): 3730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20133730.

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Recently, there has been a growing interest in deploying smart materials as sensing components of structural health monitoring systems. In this arena, piezoelectric materials offer great promise for researchers to rapidly expand their many potential applications. The main goal of this study is to review the state-of-the-art piezoelectric-based sensing techniques that are currently used in the structural health monitoring area. These techniques range from piezoelectric electromechanical impedance and ultrasonic Lamb wave methods to a class of cutting-edge self-powered sensing systems. We present the principle of the piezoelectric effect and the underlying mechanisms used by the piezoelectric sensing methods to detect the structural response. Furthermore, the pros and cons of the current methodologies are discussed. In the end, we envision a role of the piezoelectric-based techniques in developing the next-generation self-monitoring and self-powering health monitoring systems.

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Horszczaruk, E., P. Sikora, and P. Łukowski. "Application of Nanomaterials in Production of Self-Sensing Concretes: Contemporary Developments and Prospects." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0083.

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Abstract In the recent years structural health monitoring (SHM) has gathered spectacular attention in civil engineering applications. Application of such composites enable to improve the safety and performance of structures. Recent advances in nanotechnology have led to development of new family of sensors - self-sensing materials. These materials enable to create the so-called “smart concrete” exhibiting self-sensing ability. Application of self-sensing materials in cement-based materials enables to detect their own state of strain or stress reflected as a change in their electrical properties. The variation of strain or stress is associated with the variation in material’s electrical characteristics, such as resistance or impedance. Therefore, it is possible to efficiently detect and localize crack formation and propagation in selected concrete element. This review is devoted to present contemporary developments in application of nanomaterials in self-sensing cement-based composites and future directions in the field of smart structures.

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Bekzhanova, Zere, Shazim Ali Memon, and Jong Ryeol Kim. "Self-Sensing Cementitious Composites: Review and Perspective." Nanomaterials 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 2355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11092355.

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Self-sensing concrete (SSC) has been vastly studied for its possibility to provide a cost-effective solution for structural health monitoring of concrete structures, rendering it very attractive in real-life applications. In this review paper, comprehensive information about the components of self-sensing concrete, dispersion methods and mix design, as well as the recent progress in the field of self-sensing concrete, has been provided. The information and recent research findings about self-sensing materials for smart composites, their properties, measurement of self-sensing signal and the behavior of self-sensing concrete under different loading conditions are included. Factors influencing the electrical resistance of self-sensitive concrete such as dry-wet cycle, ice formation and freeze thaw cycle and current frequency, etc., which were not covered by previous review papers on self-sensing concrete, are discussed in detail. Finally, major emphasis is placed on the application of self-sensing technology in existing and new structures.

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Pan, Gong Yu, and Shen Shen Wang. "Study on the Vibration Control Based on the Piezoelectric Self-Sensing Vibration Damper." Applied Mechanics and Materials 752-753 (April 2015): 739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.752-753.739.

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<p>As the sensing element and a driving element for vibration control using smart materials, the structural vibration control is very active field for research and application. This paper mainly study the characteristics of piezoelectric self-sensing vibration .Through the action analysis of research on Piezoelectric Actuator establish a self-sensing piezoelectric vibration damper and a model of self-sensing piezoelectric absorber . Then through the experiment and simulation, get the study on its characteristics.</p>

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Guadagno, Liberata, Raffaele Longo, Francesca Aliberti, Patrizia Lamberti, Vincenzo Tucci, Roberto Pantani, Giovanni Spinelli, Michelina Catauro, and Luigi Vertuccio. "Role of MWCNTs Loading in Designing Self-Sensing and Self-Heating Structural Elements." Nanomaterials 13, no. 3 (January 26, 2023): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13030495.

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This work proposes nanocomposites with carbon nanotubes characterized by self-sensing and self-heating properties. Recently, a growing interest in these two properties has been found in many industrial sectors, especially in the aerospace and automotive fields. While the self-sensing function allows diagnosing the presence of micro-damage in the material thanks to the detection of residual resistance, the self-heating function is exploited to properly tune the heating performance in terms of the heating rate and final temperature values. An electrical percolation value of around 0.5% by weight of carbon nanotubes was found by electrical characterization. The AC conductivity of the nanocomposites, in the range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz, evidences that beyond a CNTs amount of 0.5% wt/wt, they are characterized by a purely resistive behavior. The self-sensing analysis displayed a gauge factor value of 4.1. The solid thermal stability up to 300 °C makes the material suitable as a heating element at high temperatures. SEM investigations and temperature maps evidence a good dispersion of the conductive filler in the epoxy matrix and, consequently, good isotropy in heat distribution. As regards the trend of electrical resistance by varying the temperature, the electro-thermal investigation has shown the presence of both Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) and Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) behaviors with a predominance of NTC as soon as the temperature becomes closer to the glass transition temperature of the epoxy resin.

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Lee, Sang Jun, and Hoon Sohn. "Active self-sensing scheme development for structural health monitoring." Smart Materials and Structures 15, no. 6 (October 16, 2006): 1734–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/15/6/028.

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Zhuang, Yixi. "(Digital Presentation) Developing Mixed-Anion Mechanoluminescent Materials for Advanced Sensing Applications." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 51 (October 9, 2022): 1975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02511975mtgabs.

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Mechanoluminescent materials produce photon emission when subjected to mechanical action. Generally, the emission intensity is linear with the stress magnitude and shows good repeatability (except fractoluminescence). Mechanoluminescent materials have emerged as important sensing materials for the advanced mechanical sensing. Mechanical sensing based on mechanoluminescence has outstanding characteristics such as remote sensing, visualization of stress distribution, self-drive, easy preparation of flexible devices, and integration. However, the performance of mechanoluminescent materials reported so far cannot meet the application requirements of advanced mechanical sensing. In the past few years, our group developed novel mechanoluminescent materials with excellent performance based on a design route of mixed-anion structural units and expanded the applications of these materials into a variety of new sensing technologies. This report summarizes our recent work on mechanoluminescent materials with a?hope?to further strengthen exchanges and promote the development of intelligent sensing technology.

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Xi, Xiang, and D. D. L. Chung. "Electret, piezoelectret and piezoresistivity discovered in steels, with application to structural self-sensing and structural self-powering." Smart Materials and Structures 28, no. 7 (June 7, 2019): 075028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ab1dfe.

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Huang, Xiu Zhi, Jia Hui Zhang, and Xin Wang. "Study on Self-Sensing Performance of Graphene-Modified FRP Bars." Key Engineering Materials 896 (August 10, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.896.81.

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At present, the distributed long-gauge optical sensor on fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) bar cannot be manufactured through integrated production. On the other hand, the point-sensing technology of the self-sensing bar will cause deviations in structural health monitoring (SHM). To solve these issues, applying the graphene/epoxy on FRP members is a feasible method for the piezoresistive characteristics of graphene. In this paper, basalt FRP (BFRP) bars with graphene/epoxy film were tested under static tensile load and the resistance was measured at the same time until they were broken down. The results suggested that the changing rate of resistance was linearly correlated to the strain. This fact indicated that the graphene-modified BFRP bar can well reflect the stress condition of the structural member within a safe range.

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Tang, Yongsheng, Taofeng Jiang, and Yun Wan. "Structural monitoring method for RC column with distributed self-sensing BFRP bars." Case Studies in Construction Materials 17 (December 2022): e01616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01616.

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D'Alessandro, A., A. Meoni, and F. Ubertini. "Innovative Composites with Carbon Nanofillers for Self-Sensing Structural RC Beams." Nano Hybrids and Composites 19 (February 2018): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.19.12.

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The progress of nanotechnology resulted in the development of new instruments in the civil engineering and its applications. In particular, the use of carbon nanofillers into the matrix of construction materials can provide enhanced properties to the material in both of mechanical and electrical performance. In constructions, concrete is among the most used material. Due to the peculiarities of its components and its structure, it is suitable to modifications, at the nanometer level too. Moreover, to guarantee structural safety it is desirable to achieve a diffuse monitoring of structures in order to identify incipient situations of damages and possible risk for people. The ideal solution would be to realize structures able to identify easily and quickly their behavior modifications. This paper presents a research work about the characterization of the self-sensing abilities of novel cementitious composites with conductive carbon nanoinclusions and their application into a structural reinforced concrete beam. The self-sensing evidence is achieved through the correlation between the variation of strains and the variation of electrical resistance or resistivity. Nanomodified cement pastes with different carbon nanofillers has been tested. The experimental campaign shows the potentialities of this new types of sensors made of nanomodified concrete for diffuse Structural Health Monitoring.

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Rosado Mérida, Katherine P., Sohel Rana, Cristiana Gonilho-Pereira, and Raul Fangueiro. "Self-Sensing Hybrid Composite Rod with Braided Reinforcement for Structural Health Monitoring." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.379.

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Enhancing the performance and lightness of different structures has already been achieved by the employment of fibre reinforced composite materials. Nowadays, a new challenging perspective is being given to these materials by the inclusion of non-metallic conductive components. This emerging technology will lead to multifunctional composites with possible applications in structural health monitoring and traffic monitoring. The aim is to avoid corrosion problems from metallic components, as well as to eliminate the need of expensive equipments used for the health monitoring of large infrastructures. In the present research, the strain-sensing capability of a core-reinforced hybrid carbon fibre/glass fibre braided composite has been investigated in order to develop continuous monitoring system. The characterization of sensing behaviour was performed with the help of an instrumental set-up capable of measuring the change in electrical resistance with mechanical stresses applied to the samples. The effect of core composition (carbon fibre/glass fibre weight ratio) on the strain sensitivity of the braided composites has been studied in order to find out the optimum composition for best sensing capability. Among the three compositions studied (23/77, 47/53 and 100/0), composites with lowest amount of carbon fibre showed the best strain sensitivity with gauge factors up to 23.4 at very low flexural strain (0.55%). Attempts have also been made in this research to develop a piezoresistive matrix for the braided composites in order to further enhance their strain sensitivity. For this purpose, the strain sensing capability of an unsaturated polyester matrix dispersed with chopped carbon fibres (1mm and 3 mm lengths) at various weight % (0.5, 0.75 and 1.25%) was evaluated in order to find out their optimum length and concentration. It was observed that chopped fibres with different lengths showed similar strain sensitivity, which however, improves with the decrease in their concentrations.

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Shakir Abbood, Imad, Sardasht S. Weli, and Fkrat L. Hamid. "Cement-based materials for self-sensing and structural damage advance warning alert by electrical resistivity." Materials Today: Proceedings 46 (2021): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.381.

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Tallman, Tyler N., and Danny J. Smyl. "Structural health and condition monitoring via electrical impedance tomography in self-sensing materials: a review." Smart Materials and Structures 29, no. 12 (October 30, 2020): 123001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/abb352.

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Nayak, Sumeru, and Sumanta Das. "A microstructure-guided numerical approach to evaluate strain sensing and damage detection ability of random heterogeneous self-sensing structural materials." Computational Materials Science 156 (January 2019): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2018.09.035.

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Lim, Yee Yan, Suresh Bhalla, and Chee Kiong Soh. "Structural identification and damage diagnosis using self-sensing piezo-impedance transducers." Smart Materials and Structures 15, no. 4 (June 30, 2006): 987–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/15/4/012.

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Yang, Qilin, Pengfei Liu, Zhi Ge, and Dawei Wang. "Self-Sensing Carbon Nanotube-Cement Composite Material for Structural Health Monitoring of Pavements." Journal of Testing and Evaluation 48, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 20190170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jte20190170.

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Sun, M., W. J. Staszewski, and R. N. Swamy. "Smart Sensing Technologies for Structural Health Monitoring of Civil Engineering Structures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2010 (2010): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/724962.

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Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) aims to develop automated systems for the continuous monitoring, inspection, and damage detection of structures with minimum labour involvement. The first step to set up a SHM system is to incorporate a level of structural sensing capability that is reliable and possesses long term stability. Smart sensing technologies including the applications of fibre optic sensors, piezoelectric sensors, magnetostrictive sensors and self-diagnosing fibre reinforced composites, possess very important capabilities of monitoring various physical or chemical parameters related to the health and therefore, durable service life of structures. In particular, piezoelectric sensors and magnetorestrictive sensors can serve as both sensors and actuators, which make SHM to be an active monitoring system. Thus, smart sensing technologies are now currently available, and can be utilized to the SHM of civil engineering structures. In this paper, the application of smart materials/sensors for the SHM of civil engineering structures is critically reviewed. The major focus is on the evaluations of laboratory and field studies of smart materials/sensors in civil engineering structures.

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Ubertini, Filippo, Antonella D’Alessandro, Austin Downey, Enrique García-Macías, Simon Laflamme, and Rafael Castro-Triguero. "Recent Advances on SHM of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures Enabled by Self-Sensing Structural Materials." Proceedings 2, no. 3 (November 14, 2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-4-04889.

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Lemartinel, Antoine, Mickael Castro, Olivier Fouché, Julio-César De-Luca, and Jean-François Feller. "A Review of Nanocarbon-Based Solutions for the Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Parts Used in Renewable Energies." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6020032.

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The growing demands for electrical energy, especially renewable, is boosting the development of wind turbines equipped with longer composite blades. To reduce the maintenance cost of such huge composite parts, the structural health monitoring (SHM) is an approach to anticipate and/or follow the structural behaviour along time. Apart from the development of traditional non-destructive testing methods, in order to reduce the use of intrusive instrumentation there is a growing interest for the development of “self-sensing materials”. An interesting route to achieve this, can be to introduce carbon nanofillers such as nanotubes (CNT) in the composite structures, which enables to create systems that are sensitive to both strain and damage. This review aims at updating the state of the art of this topic so far. A first overview of the existing SHM techniques for thermoset based wind turbine blades composites is presented. Then, the use of self-sensing materials for strain and damage sensing is presented. Different strategies are overviewed and discussed, from the design of conductive composites such as carbon fibres reinforced polymers, to the elaboration of conductive nano-reinforced polymer composites. The origins of sensing mechanisms along with the percolation theory applied to nanofillers dispersed in polymer matrices are also detailed.

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Kang, In Pil, Mark J. Schulz, Jong Won Lee, Gyeong Rak Choi, Joo Yung Jung, Jae Boong Choi, and Sung Ho Hwang. "A Carbon Nanotube Smart Material for Structural Health Monitoring." Solid State Phenomena 120 (February 2007): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.120.289.

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This study introduces a nano smart material to develop a novel sensor for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of mechanical and civil systems. Mechanical, civil, and environmental systems need to become self-sensing and intelligent to preserve their integrity, optimize their performance, and provide continuous safety for the users and operators. Present smart materials and structures have fundamental limitations in their sensitivity, size, cost, ruggedness, and weight. Smart materials developed using nanotechnology have the potential to improve the way we generate and measure motion in devices from the nano to the macro scale in size. Among several possible smart nanoscale materials, Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) have aroused great interest in the research community because of their remarkable mechanical, electrochemical, piezoresistive, and other physical properties. To address the need for new intelligent sensing based on CNT, this study presents piezoresistivity and electrochemical properties and preliminary experiments that can be applied for SHM. This study is anticipated to develop a new multifunctional sensor which can simultaneously monitor strain, stress and corrosion on a structure with a simple electric circuit.

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Huang, Yi, Hongliang Li, and Shunzhi Qian. "Self-sensing properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites." Construction and Building Materials 174 (June 2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.129.

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Roopa, A. K., and A. M. Hunashyal. "Development and Implementation of Cement-Based Nanocomposite Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring Applications: Laboratory Investigations and Way Forward." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 12452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912452.

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Recent advances in material science and self-sensing technology have enabled the development of cement-based nanocomposite sensors that detect the damage on their own by exhibiting piezoelectric properties corresponding to the response of the structures. The present study involves the development and implementation of these sensors in the structural components and monitors the response by correlating the piezoelectric properties of the sensors with the stress-strain response to identify the potential damage. For this purpose, the carbon fiber (CF) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are used as nanofiller in the cementitious matrix to develop the self-sensing sensors. These sensors possess high strength, large elastic modulus, and piezo resistivity properties, which make them promising smart sensor materials for structural health monitoring applications. Two example applications involving the beam and column as the structural components are used for the experimentation. After embedding the sensors into the structural components, the response is evaluated in the form of resistance versus load. The self-sensing sensor is capable of detecting the nanostructural cracks during the loading of the system. Based on the severity of loading, the resistivity will indicate the damage state of the structural component which helps in deciding the suitable retrofitting strategies for the maintenance of the structural component to elongate the service life of the structures. The developed sensors also possess good mechanical and electrical properties and hence they have promising characteristics for real-time health monitoring applications.

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Feng, Qian, and Jinping Ou. "Self-Sensing CFRP Fabric for Structural Strengthening and Damage Detection of Reinforced Concrete Structures." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 4137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124137.

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This paper presents a concept of a Self-sensing Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (SCFRP) system, which integrates the piezoceramic transducers with the common concrete strengthening materials, CFRP fabric. This integration provides the SCFRP fabric with the ability to monitor the structural health condition when the SCFRP fabric is applied on reinforced concrete structures. In order to validate the feasibility of this system, several three-point bending beam (3PBB) specimens were fabricated and tested before and after the specimens were reinforced with the proposed SCFRP fabric. In addition, the specimens with the low (C25) and high (C40) concrete grades were also experimentally investigated to evaluate the reinforced effectiveness of the SCFRP fabric. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed SCFRP fabric can significantly improve the bearing capacity of the concrete structures, and provided the reinforced concrete structures with an ability of self-sensing their health condition.

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Wang, Yanan, and Xiang Li. "4D printing reversible actuator with strain self-sensing function via structural design." Composites Part B: Engineering 211 (April 2021): 108644. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108644.

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Nauman, Saad. "Piezoresistive Sensing Approaches for Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Composites—A Review." Eng 2, no. 2 (May 22, 2021): 197–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng2020013.

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Structural health monitoring (SHM) is an emerging paradigm of real-time in situ structural evaluation for the detection of damage and structural degradation. This is achieved while the structure is kept in-service as against traditional non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques which require scheduled interventions while the structure is kept offline. SHM offers great advantages over traditional regimens of condition monitoring (CM) by improving structural reliability and safety through timely detection of structural defects also known as “diagnosis”. Polymeric composite materials offer the unique opportunity of integrating different phases for designing self-sensing smart systems capable of self-diagnosis. Polymers are unique in the sense that they can be designed in various configurations as they generally have facile manufacturing procedures. Among other properties, piezoresistance is the one that can be detected in composites in real-time as a function of strain. Conductive polymers including intrinsic and extrinsic conductive polymers can be used to induce piezoresistivity in composites. Careful design procedures can be adopted to maximize the sensitivity of these piezoresistive composites in order to fully exploit the potential of this property for SHM. Various manufacturing/integration strategies can be employed to effectively use piezoresistance in composites for structural health monitoring. These include self-sensing in carbon fiber-reinforced composites, use of surface deposited/mounted sensing films and patterns, integration of filaments and yarns during reinforcement manufacturing or lay-up and impregnation of reinforcements with piezoresistive matrices. A comprehensive review of these techniques is presented with the view of their utility in the SHM of composites. A selection criterion for these techniques is also presented based on sensitivity, manufacturing method and detection capability.

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Noh, Kim, and Kim. "Comparative Performance of Four Electrodes for Measuring the Electromechanical Response of Self-Damage Detecting Concrete under Tensile Load." Sensors 19, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 3645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173645.

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Self-damage or/and stress-sensing concrete is a promising area of research for measuring the electromechanical response of structural materials using more robust sensors. However, the copper and silver paste sensors widely used in such applications can be expensive and have detrimental effects on the load carrying capacity and durability of the structural systems upon which they are installed. Accordingly, this study compared the performance of four electrode types—conventional copper tape with silver paste (CS), copper film with type 1 carbon tape (CC1), copper film with type 2 carbon tape (CC2), and copper wire and film with type 2 carbon tape (WC2)—to develop an economical and practical electrode for measuring the electromechanical response of self-damage-detecting concrete. The CC1 electrode exhibited comparable performance to the CS electrode in measuring the electromechanical response of self-damage-detecting concrete, despite requiring a longer polarization time (80 s) than the CS electrode (25 s). The CS electrode exhibited a higher damage-sensing capacity (GF2), whereas the CC1 electrode exhibited a higher strain-sensing capacity (GF1), as well as good damage-sensing capacity. Therefore, the CC1 electrode using copper film with type 1 carbon tape was determined to be the best alternative to the conventional CS electrode.

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de Souza, Lívia Ribeiro, Matheus Pimentel, Gabriele Milone, Juliana Cristina Tristão, and Abir Al-Tabbaa. "Carbon Nanofibers Grown in CaO for Self-Sensing in Mortar." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 15, 2022): 4951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144951.

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Intelligent cementitious materials integrated with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) have the potential to be used as sensors in structural health monitoring (SHM). The difficulty in dispersing CNFs in cement-based matrices, however, limits the sensitivity to deformation (gauge factor) and strength. Here, we synthesise CNF by chemical vapour deposition on the surface of calcium oxide (CaO) and, for the first time, investigate this amphiphilic carbon nanomaterial for self-sensing in mortar. SEM, TEM, TGA, Raman and VSM were used to characterise the produced CNF@CaO. In addition, the electrical resistivity of the mortar, containing different concentrations of CNF with and without CaO, was measured using the four-point probe method. Furthermore, the piezoresistive response of the composite was quantified by means of compressive loading. The synthesised CNF was 5–10 μm long with an average diameter of ~160 nm, containing magnetic nanoparticles inside. Thermal decomposition of the CNF@CaO compound indicated that 26% of the material was composed of CNF; after CaO removal, 84% of the material was composed of CNF. The electrical resistivity of the material drops sharply at concentrations of 2% by weight of CNF and this drop is even more pronounced for samples with 1.2% by weight of washed CaO. This indicates a better dispersion of the material when the CaO is removed. The sensitivity to deformation of the sample with 1.2% by weight of CNF@CaO was quantified as a gauge factor (GF) of 1552, while all other samples showed a GF below 100. Its FCR amplitude can vary inversely up to 8% by means of cyclic compressive loading. The method proposed in this study provides versatility for the fabrication of carbon nanofibers on a tailored substrate to promote self-sensing in cementitious materials.

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Siad, Hocine, Mohamed Lachemi, Mustafa Sahmaran, Habib A. Mesbah, and Khandakar Anwar Hossain. "Advanced engineered cementitious composites with combined self-sensing and self-healing functionalities." Construction and Building Materials 176 (July 2018): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.026.

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Wang, Lining, Farhad Aslani, and Abhijit Mukherjee. "Development of 3D printable self-sensing cementitious composites." Construction and Building Materials 337 (June 2022): 127601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127601.

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Islam, Shumaila, Noriah Bidin, Saira Riaz, and Shahzad Naseem. "Self-assembled hierarchical phenolphthalein encapsulated silica nanoparticles: Structural, optical and sensing response." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 266 (October 2017): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2017.09.020.

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Xi, Xiang, and D. D. L. Chung. "Piezoresistivity and piezoelectricity discovered in aluminum, with relevance to structural self-sensing." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 289 (April 2019): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.02.013.

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Hara, Yushin, Yuta Yamamoto, and Kanjuro Makihara. "Self-sensing state estimation of switch-controlled energy harvesters." Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 31, no. 20 (August 3, 2020): 2326–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389x20943944.

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Vibration energy harvesters are expected to become a new source of electrical power. Piezoelectric vibration energy harvesters that employ a piezoelectric transducer, a rectifier, and a storage capacitor are being used widely as electro-mechanical harvesters. Synchronized switch harvesting on inductor enhances harvesting performance due to employing a simple additional circuit and incorporating suitable switch control functionality. Switching is usually based on the displacement of a vibrating structure; hence, sensing the vibrational states is of critical importance. Conventionally, the structural displacement is measured by displacement sensors or accelerometers attached to the target vibrating structure. Although enhancement of performance through synchronized switch harvesting on inductor equipped with sensors is important, the arrangement requirements of sensors have adverse effects on the compactness and usability of the harvesters. This study aimed to eliminate the use of sensors from switch-controlled harvesters. We developed a new state estimation method that uses the piezoelectric transducer’s voltage as an observation value. Using the proposed state estimation method, the modal state values of the vibrating structure can be determined by simply measuring the voltage of the transducer. With the switch device being controlled by the estimated modal state values, no sensors are required for ensuring effective harvesting. A comparison of the harvesting performances by the proposed self-sensing state estimation method and the conventional sensor-equipped state estimation method showed that there is little difference in harvested power between the two methods over a wide range of load resistances. The proposed method is superior to the sensor-equipped method in terms of compactness and usability as it does not require any external sensors.

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Malval, Jean-Pierre, Marion Cranney, Sylvain Achelle, Huriye Akdas-Kiliç, Jean-Luc Fillaut, Nolwenn Cabon, Françoise Robin-le Guen, Olivier Soppera, and Yann Molard. "Porosity-driven large amplitude dynamics for nitroaromatic sensing with fluorescent films of alternating D–π–A molecules." Chemical Communications 55, no. 95 (2019): 14331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc07227f.

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Very large amplitude nitroaromatic sensing dynamics are observed upon a structural change within an alternating D–π–A chromophore initially configured to promote densely cofacial self-packing at a macromolecular scale.

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Xie, Dongjian, Yikun Yang, and Bintang Yang. "Self-sensing magnetostrictive actuator based on ΔE effect: design, theoretical modeling and experiment." Smart Materials and Structures 31, no. 5 (March 22, 2022): 055007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ac5c88.

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Abstract Giant magnetostrictive material (GMM) has the smart potential to be integrated as a self-sensing actuator. This paper presents a novel self-sensing giant magnetostrictive actuator (SSGMA), by sensing the on-line stiffness of the actuator upon the ΔE effect. A self-sensing signal is generated by superimposing a set of high-frequency small sensing excitation magnetic fields on low-frequency static or quasi-static driving magnetic fields. The fully coupled magneto-elastic-thermal nonlinear constitutive model of GMM is derived, and then the self-sensing response model of the SSGMA based on the nonlinear equivalent piezomagnetic equation is proposed. On the theoretical basis, the influences of magnetic field, prestress and temperature on the ΔE effect, the equivalent piezomagnetic equation parameters and the SSGMA sensing signal are investigated in detail, respectively. Moreover, a prototype of the SSGMA is fabricated and tested for self-sensing performance. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis, and further show that the proposed SSGMA achieves self-sensing output displacement within a stroke of nearly 50 μm, with a sensitivity of 2.49 mV μm−1. The self-sensing displacement resolution of the SSGMA by far may reach 63.4 nm after experimental determination. This novel self-sensing actuator with micron-level self-sensing drive capability can be integrated into an external sensorless execution system in the future.

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Rainieri, Carlo, Carmen Pannunzio, Yi Song, Giovanni Fabbrocino, Mark J. Schulz, and Vesselin Shanov. "The Status of Research on Self-Sensing Properties of CNT-Cement Based Composites and Prospective Applications to SHM." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 759–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.759.

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Degradation phenomenacan affect civil structures over their lifespan. The recent advances innanotechnology and sensing allow to monitor the behaviour of a structure,assess its performance and identify damage at an early stage. Thus, maintenanceactions can be carried out in a timely manner, improving structural reliabilityand safety. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is traditionally performed at aglobal level, with a limited number of sensors distributed over a relativelylarge area of a structure. Thus, only major damage conditions are detectable. Densesensor networks and innovative structural neural systems, reproducing thestructure and the function of the human nervous system, may overcome thisdrawback of current SHM systems. Miniaturization and embedment are keyrequirements for successful implementation of structural neural systems. Carbonnanotubes (CNT) can play an attractive role in the development of embeddedsensors and smart structural materials, since they provide to traditionalmaterials like cement both structural capability and measurable response toapplied stresses, strains, cracks and other flaws. In this paper the mainresults of an extensive literature review about CNT/cement composites and theirself-sensing capabilities are summarized and critically revised. The analysisof experimental results and theoretical developments provides useful designcriteria for the fabrication of CNT/cement composites optimized for SHM applicationsin civil engineering.

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Okada, Y., K. Matsuda, and H. Hashitani. "Self-sensing Active Vibration Control using the Moving-Coil-Type Actuator." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 117, no. 4 (October 1, 1995): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2874472.

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Active vibration control requires a velocity signal which is fed back to the force actuator to produce the damping force to the structure. Usually a gap sensor is used to detect the displacement and a differentiator is needed to produce the velocity signal. Moreover, it is very difficult to install the sensor at the same position of the actuator. Setting the gap sensor close to the magnetic actuator may cause an undesirable interaction between them. Sometimes there is no space for installing the sensor. This paper introduces a method of using a moving-coil-type actuator as a two-port sensing and driving device. Four types of velocity identification algorithms are tested and their capability of reducing structural vibrations is compared.

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Cui, Huachen, Desheng Yao, Ryan Hensleigh, Haotian Lu, Ariel Calderon, Zhenpeng Xu, Sheyda Davaria, et al. "Design and printing of proprioceptive three-dimensional architected robotic metamaterials." Science 376, no. 6599 (June 17, 2022): 1287–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abn0090.

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Advances in additive manufacturing techniques have enabled the creation of stimuli-responsive materials with designed three-dimensional (3D) architectures. Unlike biological systems in which functions such as sensing, actuation, and control are closely integrated, few architected materials have comparable system complexity. We report a design and manufacturing route to create a class of robotic metamaterials capable of motion with multiple degrees of freedom, amplification of strain in a prescribed direction in response to an electric field (and vice versa), and thus, programmed motions with self-sensing and feedback control. These robotic metamaterials consist of networks of piezoelectric, conductive, and structural elements interwoven into a designed 3D lattice. The resulting architected materials function as proprioceptive microrobots that actively sense and move.

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Han, Jinsheng, Jinlong Pan, Jingming Cai, and Xiaopeng Li. "A review on carbon-based self-sensing cementitious composites." Construction and Building Materials 265 (December 2020): 120764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120764.

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Matsuda, Ken-ichi, Masahiro Yoshihashi, Yohji Okada, and Andy C. C. Tan. "Self-Sensing Active Suppression of Vibration of Flexible Steel Sheet." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1996): 469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2888207.

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In rolling processes, flexible steel sheet is supported by rollers and is bound to produce structural vibration. This vibration can cause severe problems to surface finish and affect the quality of the product. To overcome these problems, active vibration control has been proposed. This usually requires both sensors and actuators. The location of sensors and actuators plays a very important role in active vibration control. Moreover, a reliable sensor can be very expensive. This paper proposes a self-sensing vibration control using a push-pull type electromagnet to control the transverse vibration of the steel plate. The construction of the electromagnet has two types of coils, namely the bias coil and the control coil. Vibration displacement is estimated by using the mutual inductance change between the bias and the control coils. The estimated signal is proportional to the gap displacement. The proportional and derivative signals are fed back to the control coil to reduce the transverse vibration of the steel sheet. The proposed method is applied to a simple test rig to confirm the capability of the device. The results obtained are showing high possibility for reducing steel sheet vibration.

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Dong, Wenkui, Wengui Li, Xinqun Zhu, Daichao Sheng, and Surendra P. Shah. "Multifunctional cementitious composites with integrated self-sensing and hydrophobic capacities toward smart structural health monitoring." Cement and Concrete Composites 118 (April 2021): 103962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.103962.

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Cassese, Paolino, Carlo Rainieri, and Antonio Occhiuzzi. "Applications of Cement-Based Smart Composites to Civil Structural Health Monitoring: A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 8530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188530.

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In recent years, cement-based smart composites (CSCs) doped with conductive filler have attracted increasing research interest because of their high potentiality as self-sensing materials for civil Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) applications. Nevertheless, several issues are still open and need further studies. This paper presents an extensive state-of-the-art in which investigations on CSCs are summarized and critically revised, with the primary aim of outlining the main limits and development points. The literature review first addresses in detail several specific issues related to fabrication and operation as sensing elements of CSC samples. State-of-the-art applications of CSCs to SHM of reduced-, medium- and full-scale structural prototypes are extensively reviewed afterwards, resulting in a database useful to critically revise the main trends and open issues of the research in this field.

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Carani, Lucas Braga, Vincent Obiozo Eze, Chetanna Iwuagwu, and Okenwa Izeji Okoli. "Performance Analysis of Embedded Mechanoluminescence-Perovskite Self-Powered Pressure Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040190.

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Recent developments in sensing technologies have triggered a lot of research interest in exploring novel self-powered, inexpensive, compact and flexible pressure sensors with the potential for structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. Herein, we assessed the performance of an embedded mechanoluminescent (ML) and perovskite pressure sensor that integrates the physical principles of mechanoluminescence and perovskite materials. For a continuous in-situ SHM, it is crucial to evaluate the capabilities of the sensing device when embedded into a composite structure. An experimental study of how the sensor is affected by the embedment process into a glass fiber-reinforced composite has been conducted. A series of devices with and without ML were embedded within a composite laminate, and the signal responses were collected under different conditions. We also demonstrated a successful encapsulation process in order for the device to withstand the composite manufacturing conditions. The results show that the sensor exhibits distinct signals when subjected to different load conditions and can be used for the in-situ SHM of advanced composite structures.

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Nalon, Gustavo Henrique, Rodrigo Felipe Santos, Gustavo Emilio Soares de Lima, Igor Klaus Rocha Andrade, Leonardo Gonçalves Pedroti, José Carlos Lopes Ribeiro, and José Maria Franco de Carvalho. "Recycling waste materials to produce self-sensing concretes for smart and sustainable structures: A review." Construction and Building Materials 325 (March 2022): 126658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126658.

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Jia, Yong Hui, and Jia Xiao Heng. "Structure of Smart Materials and its Application in Construction Industry." Advanced Materials Research 1022 (August 2014): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1022.26.

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In this paper, the piezoelectric ceramic crisp, poor water resistance, resistance to external load capability is not strong lack of self-designed package more perfect a new type of "smart piezoelectric aggregate", to better address the PZT film resist unfavorable load , vulnerability and durability issues and other aspects; and further superior characteristics of piezoelectric smart sensing and drive integration of theoretical analysis, modeling, numerical calculations, mechanical analysis and experimental research; on this basis, based on the pressure and Experimental Research aggregate electric smart sensor / driver structural health monitoring and damage detection algorithm, the theoretical basis for the realization of the transition from the pilot study engineering applications to provide the experimental basis and technical support.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Self-sensing structural materials'

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