Journal articles: 'Self-selection effect'

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Burdett, A. N. "Open Access: The Self-Selection Effect." Science 325, no. 5938 (July 16, 2009): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.325_266b.

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Kreyenfeld, Michaela. "Time Squeeze, Partner Effect or Self-Selection?" Demographic Research 7 (July 4, 2002): 15–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2002.7.2.

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Bolton Holz, Kenna, and Eleni Pinnow. "Self-Selection Effects in Service-Learning." Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 15, no. 6 (December 8, 2015): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v15i6.18912.

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This study directly examines the possibility of pre-existing differences between undergraduate students who choose to take service-learning classes compared to those who do not. Foremost among the findings, on most measures there was no significant effect of self-selection. However, students who chose a hypothetical course with a service-learning component reported higher civic responsibility and civic action scores, and reported lower socioeconomic status and greater enjoyment of past service learning than those who chose the hypothetical course without the service-learning component. Challenges and opportunities related to random assignment within service-learning research are discussed.

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Pastoriza, David, Inés Alegre, and Miguel A. Canela. "Conditioning the effect of prize on tournament self-selection." Journal of Economic Psychology 86 (October 2021): 102414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2021.102414.

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James, Harvey S. "Self-Selection Bias in Business Ethics Research." Business Ethics Quarterly 16, no. 4 (October 2006): 559–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200616449.

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Abstract:Suppose we want to know whether the ethics of persons with one characteristic differ from the ethics of persons having another characteristic. Self-selection bias occurs if people have control over that characteristic. When there is self-selection bias, we cannot be sure observed differences in ethics are correlated with the characteristic or are the result of individual self-selection. Self-selection bias is germane to many important business ethics questions. In this paper I explain what self-selection bias is, how it relates to business ethics research, and how to correct for it. I also illustrate the correction process in an empirical analysis of the effect of organizational rank on worker ethics. Using data from the European Values Survey, I find that being a supervisor is positively correlated with worker ethics. However, I also find a negative self-selection effect. Workers with relatively lower ethics are selected into supervisory roles.

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Masoudi, Golfam. "The Effect of Vocabulary Self -Selection Strategy and Input Enhancement Strategy on the Vocabulary Knowledge of Iranian EFL Learners." English Language Teaching 10, no. 8 (July 3, 2017): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n8p32.

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The present study was designed to investigate empirically the effect of Vocabulary Self -Selection strategy and Input Enhancement strategy on the vocabulary knowledge of Iranian EFL Learners. After taking a diagnostic pretest, both experimental groups enrolled in two classes. Learners who practiced Vocabulary Self-Selection were allowed to self-select each word from the text they wanted to, but the learners who practiced Input Enhancement strategy one session later than the other group, were just allowed to choose the words among the textually enhanced ones which were just limited to the finalized words of the Vocabulary Self-Selection group. After about three months of treatment, seen and unseen posttests were administered. The results revealed positive effects of both strategies on the vocabulary knowledge of the Iranian EFL learners. Thus it could be safely concluded that Vocabulary Self-Selection and Input Enhancement strategy were quite effective in the development of vocabulary knowledge. The performance of the two groups of Iranian EFL learners on the achievement posttest, as statistically shown, indicates that the Vocabulary Self-Selection group could outperform the Input Enhancement group on the vocabulary knowledge. The results revealed positive effects of both strategies on the vocabulary knowledge of the Iranian EFL learners. It was finally concluded that Vocabulary Self-Selection group outperformed those in Input Enhancement group. Thus it could be concluded that Iranian EFL learners who practiced Vocabulary Self-Selection strategy outperformed those who practiced Input Enhancement. Vocabulary Self-Selection strategy fostered vocabulary learning.

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Tamamiya, Yoshiyuki. "the effect of self-attraction on mate preferences and selection." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (September 8, 2020): PC—028—PC—028. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_pc-028.

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LIU, Minghui, Ming ZHANG, and Jie SUI. "Self-related Information Modulates Global Advantage Effect in Visual Selection." Acta Psychologica Sinica 46, no. 3 (2014): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2014.00312.

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Knutsson, A., and T. Akerstedt. "The healthy-worker effect: Self-selection among Swedish shift workers." Work & Stress 6, no. 2 (April 1992): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678379208260350.

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Park, Ju-Hyung, Duk-Bin Jun, Sungho Park, and Sungwook Yoon. "The Effect of Private Health Insurance and Self-Selection Bias." Journal of the Korean Operations Research and Management Science Society 47, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 33–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7737/jkorms.2022.47.4.033.

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Leeper, Thomas J. "How Does Treatment Self-Selection Affect Inferences About Political Communication?" Journal of Experimental Political Science 4, no. 1 (2017): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2017.1.

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AbstractEcological validity is vital to experimental research because designs that are too artificial may not speak to any real-world political phenomenon. One such concern is treatment of self-selection: if individuals in the real-world self-select treatments, such as political communications, how well does the sample average treatment effect estimate the effects of message exposure for those individuals who would—if given the choice—opt-in to and out of receiving treatment? This study shows that randomization masks effect heterogeneity between individuals who would select different messages if given the choice. Yet, such selections are themselves complex, revealing additional challenges for realistically studying treatments prone to self-selection. The evidence of effect heterogeneity raises questions about the appropriateness of random assignment experiments for studying political communication and the results more broadly advance our understanding of citizens’ selection into and responses to communications when, as they often do, have choice over what messages to receive.

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Richardson, Ann, and J. Elisabeth Wells. "Breast Cancer Screening: The Effect of Self Selection for Screening on Comparisons of Randomised Controlled Trials." Journal of Medical Screening 4, no. 1 (March 1997): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914139700400106.

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In randomised controlled trials of breast cancer screening women are randomly allocated to an intervention group that is offered screening, or a control group that receives the usual medical care. Not all women in the intervention group accept screening; the women who do so may differ from other women in their underlying risk of breast cancer. This self selection for screening can result in either women at high risk or at low risk being overrepresented in the screened group. When comparisons between trials are made it is important to take self selection for screening into account, as a trial with self selection of women at high risk has the potential to have greater efficacy than a trial with self selection of women at low risk. A method of adjusting for self selection when comparing randomised controlled trials of breast cancer screening is described.

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Morioka, Yosuke. "The effect of self-consciousness on the clothes selection and impression." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 81 (September 20, 2017): 2C—012–2C—012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.81.0_2c-012.

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Knutsson, A., and T. Akerstedt. "The healthy-worker effect: A self-selection among Swedish shift workers." Journal of Safety Research 24, no. 2 (June 1993): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(93)90018-i.

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Nagai, Katsuya, Louise Thibault, Katsumi Nishikawa, Akiko Hashida, Katsumi Ootani, and Hachiro Nakagawa. "Effect of glucagon in macronutrient self-selection: Glucagon-enhanced protein intake." Brain Research Bulletin 27, no. 3-4 (September 1991): 409–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(91)90134-6.

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McNaughton, Brian R., Kevin M. Bucholtz, Ana Camaaño-Moure, and Benjamin L. Miller. "Self-Selection in Olefin Cross-Metathesis: The Effect of Remote Functionality." Organic Letters 7, no. 4 (February 2005): 733–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ol047361u.

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Koshi, Ryoko. "The effect of self-enhancement expectation on selection of comparisons as a self-assessment strategy." Japanese journal of psychology 68, no. 5 (1997): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/jjpsy.68.379.

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Zhou, Shimin, Yang Wang, and Mianzhi Yang. "Importing and Firm Productivity in China: The Self-Selection Effect or the Learning Effect?" Emerging Markets Finance and Trade 56, no. 7 (April 22, 2019): 1462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1540496x.2019.1601553.

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Rosengart, Tim, Bernhard Hirsch, and Christian Nitzl. "Self-selection and socialisation effects of business and legal studies." Journal of Business Economics 90, no. 8 (March 6, 2020): 1127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11573-020-00973-3.

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Abstract To explore the effect of business and legal studies on the resolution of trade-offs between efficiency considerations and fairness concerns, we distributed a survey with three decision cases to freshman and senior business and law students. Our results show that business students, in direct comparison with subjects who study law, make decisions more in accordance with economic theory. Studying business administration leads to decisions that are based more on efficiency criteria, while legal education appears to lead individuals making decisions that are more based on social criteria. Our findings reveal the impact of self-selection and socialization effects on decision making. For business ethics education, this result matters because moral decision making can be influenced during studies.

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Kirkeboen, Lars J., Edwin Leuven, and Magne Mogstad. "Field of Study, Earnings, and Self-Selection*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 131, no. 3 (May 3, 2016): 1057–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw019.

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Abstract This article examines the labor market payoffs to different types of postsecondary education, including field and institution of study. Instrumental variables (IV) estimation of the payoff to choosing one type of education compared to another is made particularly challenging by individuals choosing between several types of education. Not only does identification require one instrument per alternative, but it is also necessary to deal with the issue that individuals who choose the same education may have different next-best alternatives. We address these difficulties using rich administrative data for Norway’s postsecondary education system. A centralized admission process creates credible instruments from discontinuities that effectively randomize applicants near unpredictable admission cutoffs into different institutions and fields of study. The admission process also provides information on preferred and next-best alternatives from strategy-proof measures of individuals’ ranking of institutions and fields. The results from our IV approach may be summarized with three broad conclusions. First, different fields of study have substantially different labor market payoffs, even after accounting for institution and peer quality. Second, the effect on earnings from attending a more selective institution tends to be relatively small compared to payoffs to field of study. Third, the estimated payoffs to field of study are consistent with individuals choosing fields in which they have a comparative advantage. Comparing our estimates to those obtained from other approaches highlights the importance of using instruments to correct for selection bias and information on individuals’ ranking of institutions and fields to measure their preferred and next-best alternatives.

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YAMAMOTO, Yukiko, Makoto SUZUKI, and Keiichiro MURAMATSU. "Self-selection of dietary threonine in the rat and the effect of taste stimuli on its selection." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49, no. 10 (1985): 2859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.49.2859.

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Yamamoto, Yukiko, Makoto Suzuki, and Keiichiro Muramatsu. "Self-selection of Dietary Threonine in the Rat and the Effect of Taste Stimuli on its Selection." Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49, no. 10 (October 1985): 2859–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1985.10867199.

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ARANDA, A., F. SANCHEZVAZQUEZ, and J. MADRID. "Effect of short-term fasting on macronutrient self-selection in sea bass1." Physiology & Behavior 73, no. 1-2 (May 2001): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9384(01)00464-4.

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Vallett, David B., Richard Lamb, and Leonard Annetta. "After-School and Informal STEM Projects: the Effect of Participant Self-Selection." Journal of Science Education and Technology 27, no. 3 (December 13, 2017): 248–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10956-017-9721-1.

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HUNSICKER, K., B. MULLEN, and R. MARTIN. "Effect of starvation or restriction on self-selection of macronutrients in rats." Physiology & Behavior 51, no. 2 (February 1992): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(92)90148-u.

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Lahiri, Kajal, and Jae G. Song. "The effect of smoking on health using a sequential self-selection model." Health Economics 9, no. 6 (2000): 491–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1050(200009)9:6<491::aid-hec541>3.0.co;2-#.

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Gallego, Aina, Franz Buscha, Patrick Sturgis, and Daniel Oberski. "Places and Preferences: A Longitudinal Analysis of Self-Selection and Contextual Effects." British Journal of Political Science 46, no. 3 (October 21, 2014): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123414000337.

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Contextual theories of political behaviour assert that the contexts in which people live influence their political beliefs and vote choices. Most studies, however, fail to distinguish contextual influence from self-selection of individuals into areas. This article advances understanding of this controversy by tracking the left–right position and party identification of thousands of individuals over an eighteen-year period in England before and after residential moves across areas with different political orientations. There is evidence of both non-random selection into areas and assimilation of new entrants to the majority political orientation. These effects are contingent on the type of area an individual moves into and contextual effects are weak and dominated by the larger effect of self-selection into areas.

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Docquier, Frédéric, Aysit Tansel, and Riccardo Turati. "Do Emigrants Self-Select Along Cultural Traits? Evidence from the MENA Countries." International Migration Review 54, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 388–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0197918319849011.

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This article empirically investigates whether emigrants from MENA (Middle East and North Africa) countries self-select along two cultural traits: religiosity and gender-egalitarian attitudes. Using Gallup World Poll data on individual opinions and beliefs and migration aspirations, we find that individuals who intend to emigrate to high-income countries exhibit significantly lower levels of religiosity than the rest of the population. They also share more gender-egalitarian views, although this effect holds only among the young (aged 15 to 30), among single women, and in countries with a Sunni minority. For countries most affected by the Arab Spring, the intensity of cultural selection has decreased since 2011. Still, the aggregate effects of cultural selection should not be overestimated. Self-selection along cultural traits has statistically significant but limited effects on the cultural distance between people (i.e., between migrants and natives at destination or between non-migrants in origin and destination countries). Emigration could even reverse the selection effect and lead to cultural convergence if migrants abroad transfer more progressive norms and beliefs to their home country, a mechanism that deserves more attention in future research.

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Zhou, Xiang, and Yu Xie. "Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in the Presence of Self-Selection: A Propensity Score Perspective." Sociological Methodology 50, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 350–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081175019862593.

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An essential feature common to all empirical social research is variability across units of analysis. Individuals differ not only in background characteristics but also in how they respond to a particular treatment, intervention, or stimulation. Moreover, individuals may self-select into treatment on the basis of anticipated treatment effects. To study heterogeneous treatment effects in the presence of self-selection, Heckman and Vytlacil developed a structural approach that builds on the marginal treatment effect (MTE). In this article, we extend the MTE-based approach through a redefinition of MTE. Specifically, we redefine MTE as the expected treatment effect conditional on the propensity score (rather than all observed covariates) as well as a latent variable representing unobserved resistance to treatment. As with the original MTE, the new MTE also can be used as a building block for evaluating standard causal estimands. However, the weights associated with the new MTE are simpler, more intuitive, and easier to compute. Moreover, the new MTE is a bivariate function and thus is easier to visualize than the original MTE. Finally, the redefined MTE immediately reveals treatment-effect heterogeneity among individuals who are at the margin of treatment. As a result, it can be used to evaluate a wide range of policy changes with little analytical twist and design policy interventions that optimize the marginal benefits of treatment. We illustrate the proposed method by estimating heterogeneous economic returns to college with National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 data.

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Lukyanova, Anna. "What keeps public sector workers in low-paid jobs? The role of self-selection and non-cognitive skills in explaining the public-private wage gap." Applied Econometrics 62 (2021): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1993-7601-2021-62-32-53.

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This paper examines whether non‐cognitive skills (personality traits and risk attitudes) influence self‐selection into employment and the choice between the public and private sectors and, if so, how they relate to wages in each sector. The methodology combines multinomial logistic regression to model the patterns of selection with an Oaxaca–Blinder‐type decomposition of the intersectoral wage gap. I find that personality traits have a substantial effect on selection into employment and the preferences towards the private sector. They have a significant, albeit small, effect on wages in both sectors. The magnitude of these effects is the same across sectors and non‐cognitive skills do not contribute to the intersectoral wage gap at the mean. At the same time, accounting for the endogeneity of sectoral attainment eliminates the intersectoral gap: in 2016, the unexplained conditional wage gap can be completely attributed to self‐selection.

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Chen, Cynthia, and Haiyun Lin. "Decomposing Residential Self-Selection via a Life-Course Perspective." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 43, no. 11 (November 2011): 2608–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a43571.

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We propose a decomposition of residential self-selection by understanding the process of its formation. We take a life-course perspective and postulate that locations experienced early in life can have a lasting effect on our locational preferences later in life. In other words, what was experienced spatially is a key factor contributing to our residential self-selection, and our preferences in residential locations are formed long before the onset of our self-selection. We further hypothesize that this prior-location influence is modified by the duration and recency of the prior stay. Using a dataset collected in the New York City Area, we estimated a series of multinomial logit models to test these hypotheses. The results confirm the prior-location influence and demonstrate that this precedes residential self-selection and is impacted by its own properties such as duration and recency. Furthermore, the analysis separating child-bearing households from non-child-bearing households shows an interaction between prior-location influence and the presence of children.

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Dhake, Sarah, Jessica Folk, Adam Haag, Polina Imas, Loretta Au, and Ernest Wang. "COVID-19 hospital designation: Effect on emergency department patient self-selection and volume." Journal of Hospital Administration 9, no. 5 (October 12, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v9n5p14.

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Objective: Combating Coronavirus 2019 has stretched hospital resources to the extreme. In an effort to cohort personnel and equipment, NorthShore University HealthSystem (NSUHS) designated Glenbrook Hospital (GBH) as our “COVID hospital”, which became public knowledge on April 6, 2020. We hypothesize that with this public declaration our emergency department (ED) total volumes and COVID-19 related visits would be affected.Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of our total ED volumes and COVID-19 related ED visits from March 12, 2020 until April 30, 2020. The pre public declaration timeframe of March 12-April 5, 2020 acted as our control whereas the post-public declaration acted as the testing group (April 6-April 30, 2020). NSUHS four primary hospitals were included in the analysis. We ran a chi-squared analysis on both groups to determine if there was statistical significance.Results: Both total ED volumes and COVID-19 related ED visits, when comparing pre VS post-public declaration of GBH as the “COVID hospital”, showed statistical significance (p < .001). Three of the four hospitals had a decrease in total ED volumes, whereas the COVID-19 related ED visits increased at two hospitals and decreased at the others.Conclusions: Our results support our hypothesis that after the public declaration of Glenbrook Hospital as the “COVID hospital”, patients’ decision making regarding which ED to visit was significantly affected. Certain limitations, including socioeconomic status and a small geographical footprint of NSUHS, may have affected our results. Further work should be done to reproduce these results to ensure replication.

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Olson, Mark A., Holly MacDonald, Jo Anne Brasel, Nancy Berman, and Dan M. Cooper. "THE EFFECT OF ENDURANCE TRAINING ON DIETARY SELF-SELECTION IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES. † 735." Pediatric Research 39 (April 1996): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-199604001-00757.

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Jonas-van Dijk, Jiska, Sven Zebel, Jacques Claessen, and Hans Nelen. "Victim–Offender Mediation and Reduced Reoffending: Gauging the Self-Selection Bias." Crime & Delinquency 66, no. 6-7 (June 10, 2019): 949–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128719854348.

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Previous research suggests that participation in victim–offender mediation (VOM) can lower the risk of reoffending. However, no randomized controlled trials have been done to examine this effect of VOM. Given that participation in VOM is voluntary, previous studies likely suffer from self-selection bias. To address this bias, we compared reoffending rates of three different offender groups: offenders who participated in VOM; offenders who were willing to participate, but whose counterpart declined VOM; and offenders unwilling to participate (total N = 1,275). Results replicated that participation in VOM predicts lower reoffending rates and suggested that this effect is not solely due to a self-selection bias. Suggestions are made for future research to examine why VOM causes lower reoffending rates.

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Rosalinda, Irma, and Timothy Michael. "PENGARUH HARGA DIRI TERHADAP PREFERENSI PEMILIHAN PASANGAN HIDUP PADA WANITA DEWASA AWAL YANG MENGALAMI QUARTER-LIFE CRISIS." JPPP - Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengukuran Psikologi 8, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jppp.081.03.

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This study aims to see the effect of self esteem towards mate selection preference in early adult women who experiencing quarter-life crisis. Participants in the study are 137 adult women aged 25 to 29 years old, working in Jakarta, single, and experiencing quarter-life crisis. The study used quantitative method and linear regression with one predictor. The measurement of self esteem using adopted instrument from Azwar, meanwhile for the measurement of mate selection using adapted instrument from Townsend and to screening the subjects who experiencing quarter-life crisis using adopted instrument from Agustin. The result show that there is an effect between self esteem on mate selection preference in early adult women who experiencing quarter-life crisis.

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Deng, Yiling, and Yadan Yan. "Propensity Score Weighting with Generalized Boosted Models to Explore the Effects of the Built Environment and Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behavior." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198119837153.

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Many studies have examined the association between the built environment, residential self-selection, and travel behavior. However, few studies have quantified the relative contribution of the built environment itself. Using the 2012 Nanjing Household Travel Survey data, this study applied hierarchical clustering and propensity score weighting to study the effects of the built environment and residential self-selection on travel behavior. First, residents’ household locations were classified into four built environment patterns using hierarchical clustering based on six built environment variables by loosely following the “5Ds” (i.e., density, diversity, design, destination accessibility, and distance to transit). Second, a powerful machine learning method, generalized boosted model (GBM), was employed to obtain propensity scores. Propensity score weighting, which is more effective for multiple treatments than matching or stratification, was used to control for residential self-selection. Lastly, the observed effect (OBE), the average treatment effect on the population (ATE), and the built environment proportion (BEP) were calculated for the walking trip frequency, bicycle trip frequency, public transit trip frequency, and vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) of six pairs of built environment patterns. The results show that a high-density, mixed-use, walkable, and transit-accessible built environment is associated with more walking trips and lower VKT but has no impact on bicycle trips and has an inconsistent impact on public transit trips. The effects of some built environment variables on bicycle and public transit trips are tangled. The residential self-selection effect has the greatest impact on VKT (BEP: 48%–77%), followed by the walking trip frequency (BEP: 62%–74%) and the public transit frequency (BEP: 90%–107%).

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Damgaard, Christian. "Fixation of Advantageous Alleles in Partially Self-Fertilizing Populations: The Effect of Different Selection Modes." Genetics 154, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.2.813.

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Abstract The expected fixation probability of an advantageous allele was examined in a partially self-fertilizing hermaphroditic plant species using the diffusion approximation. The selective advantage of the advantageous allele was assumed to be increased viability, increased fecundity, or an increase in male fitness. The mode of selection, as well as the selfing rate, the population size, and the dominance of the advantageous allele, affect the fixation probability of the allele. In general it was found that increases in selfing rate decrease the fixation probability under male sexual selection, increase fixation probability under fecundity selection, and increase when recessive and decrease when dominant under viability selection. In some cases the highest fixation probability of advantageous alleles under fecundity or under male sexual selection occurred at an intermediary selfing rate. The expected mean fixation times of the advantageous allele were also examined using the diffusion approximation.

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Hayashi, T., and Y. Ukai. "Change in genetic variance under selection in a self-fertilizing population." Genetics 136, no. 2 (February 1, 1994): 693–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/136.2.693.

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Abstract In this study we show how the genetic variance of a quantitative trait changes in a self-fertilizing population under repeated cycles of truncation selection, with the analysis based on the infinitesimal model in which it is assumed that the trait is determined by an infinite number of unlinked loci without epistasis. The genetic variance is reduced not as a consequence of the genotypic frequency change but due to the build-up of linkage disequilibrium under truncation selection in this model. We assume that the order of the genotypic contribution from each locus is n-1/2, where n is the number of loci involved, and investigate the change in linkage disequilibrium resulting from selection and self-fertilization using genotypic frequency dynamics in order to analyze the change in the genetic variance. Our analysis gives recurrence relations of genetic variance among the succeeding generations for the three cases of gene action, i.e., purely additive action, pure dominance without additive effect and the presence of both additive effect and dominance, respectively. Numerical examples are also given as a check on the recurrence formulas.

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Wortel, Inge M. N., Can Keşmir, Rob J. de Boer, Judith N. Mandl, and Johannes Textor. "Is T Cell Negative Selection a Learning Algorithm?" Cells 9, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9030690.

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Our immune system can destroy most cells in our body, an ability that needs to be tightly controlled. To prevent autoimmunity, the thymic medulla exposes developing T cells to normal “self” peptides and prevents any responders from entering the bloodstream. However, a substantial number of self-reactive T cells nevertheless reaches the periphery, implying that T cells do not encounter all self peptides during this negative selection process. It is unclear if T cells can still discriminate foreign peptides from self peptides they haven’t encountered during negative selection. We use an “artificial immune system”—a machine learning model of the T cell repertoire—to investigate how negative selection could alter the recognition of self peptides that are absent from the thymus. Our model reveals a surprising new role for T cell cross-reactivity in this context: moderate T cell cross-reactivity should skew the post-selection repertoire towards peptides that differ systematically from self. Moreover, even some self-like foreign peptides can be distinguished provided that the peptides presented in the thymus are not too similar to each other. Thus, our model predicts that negative selection on a well-chosen subset of self peptides would generate a repertoire that tolerates even “unseen” self peptides better than foreign peptides. This effect would resemble a “generalization” process as it is found in learning systems. We discuss potential experimental approaches to test our theory.

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Glancy, Jonathan, James V. Stone, and Stuart P. Wilson. "How self-organization can guide evolution." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160553.

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Self-organization and natural selection are fundamental forces that shape the natural world. Substantial progress in understanding how these forces interact has been made through the study of abstract models. Further progress may be made by identifying a model system in which the interaction between self-organization and selection can be investigated empirically. To this end, we investigate how the self-organizing thermoregulatory huddling behaviours displayed by many species of mammals might influence natural selection of the genetic components of metabolism. By applying a simple evolutionary algorithm to a well-established model of the interactions between environmental, morphological, physiological and behavioural components of thermoregulation, we arrive at a clear, but counterintuitive, prediction: rodents that are able to huddle together in cold environments should evolve a lower thermal conductance at a faster rate than animals reared in isolation. The model therefore explains how evolution can be accelerated as a consequence of relaxed selection , and it predicts how the effect may be exaggerated by an increase in the litter size, i.e. by an increase in the capacity to use huddling behaviours for thermoregulation. Confirmation of these predictions in future experiments with rodents would constitute strong evidence of a mechanism by which self-organization can guide natural selection.

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Wetzel, Christopher G., Edward Hettinger, Robert McMillan, Monroe Rayburn, and Andrew Nix. "Methodological Issues in the Study of the Browning Prediction." International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 11, no. 3 (November 1993): 437–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709301100313.

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We examined five methodological issues which could contaminate research on people's reactions to the Browning quake prediction: sample biases, self-selection artifacts, historical event artifacts, self report inconsistency over time, and reactive testing effects. We found some evidence for self-selection biases in mail survey return rates, especially during the one-week period before the predicted quake. People who were threatened by the prediction were less likely to complete these surveys. There was a self-selection artifact associated with the TV movie “The Big One” and with the “Unsolved Mysteries” episode on Browning. These two shows attracted people who were already concerned about quakes and believed the prediction. After the prediction was disconfirmed, a control group of participants showed large declines in the perceived likelihood of future quakes, suggesting that either some historical artifact or simple knowledge that a scientist's prediction was wrong caused a disillusionment or “cry wolf” effect. People who lived near the New Madrid fault also manifested this decline, but it was significantly smaller than the one for the control group. Consistency of self reports about preparation for the predicted earthquake and the consistency of self-reports about watching the “Big One” and the “Unsolved Mysteries” episode were very high. We found no pretest sensitization effects, but we did uncover an unusual reactivity effect for surveys given after the failed prediction. We compared people surveyed immediately after the prediction failed and at a six week follow-up to those who were surveyed only at the six-weeks follow-up. Filling out the immediate-post survey had the effect of reducing concern about earthquakes on the six-week follow-up. These artifacts suggest that researchers must be cautious in generalizing from their samples, interpreting pre-post prediction changes, and claiming that media events have significant impact on beliefs about disasters.

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Chung, Christie. "Effects of View of Life and Selection Bias on Emotional Memory in Old Age." GeroPsych 23, no. 3 (September 2010): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000019.

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Many studies have documented that we remember less negative information as we grow older. The present study examined the effects of view of life and selection bias on this positivity effect using an emotional picture memory task. Young adults were tested in the laboratory, and older adults were either tested in the laboratory or at home. Results confirmed a positivity effect in old age. Selection bias and view of life did not significantly influence older adults’ emotional memory as predicted. Metamemory, however, was affected by selection bias: Older adults tested in the laboratory had higher self-rated memory scores than those who tested at home.

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Stephan, Ute, Jun Li, and Jingjing Qu. "A fresh look at self-employment, stress and health: accounting for self-selection, time and gender." International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 26, no. 5 (May 20, 2020): 1133–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijebr-06-2019-0362.

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PurposePast research on self-employment and health yielded conflicting findings. Integrating predictions from the Stressor-Strain Outcome model, research on challenge stressors and allostatic load, we predict that physical and mental health are affected by self-employment in distinct ways which play out over different time horizons. We also test whether the health impacts of self-employment are due to enhanced stress (work-related strain) and differ for man and women.Design/methodology/approachWe apply non-parametric propensity score matching in combination with a difference-in-difference approach and longitudinal cohort data to examine self-selection and the causal relationship between self-employment and health. We focus on those that transit into self-employment from paid employment (opportunity self-employment) and analyze strain and health over four years relative to individuals in paid employment.FindingsThose with poorer mental health are more likely to self-select into self-employment. After entering self-employment, individuals experience a short-term uplift in mental health due to lower work-related strain, especially for self-employed men. In the longer-term (four years) the mental health of the self-employed drops back to pre-self-employment levels. We find no effect of self-employment on physical health.Practical implicationsOur research helps to understand the nonpecuniary benefits of self-employment and suggests that we should not advocate self-employment as a “healthy” career.Originality/valueThis article advances research on self-employment and health. Grounded in stress theories it offers new insights relating to self-selection, the temporality of effects, the mediating role of work-related strain, and gender that collectively help to explain why past research yielded conflicting findings.

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Kumar, Manoj, Jyoti Raman, and Priya Singh. "Self-Selection and Learning by Exporting from Indian Manufacturing Firms." International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management 6, no. 4 (October 2015): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijabim.2015100103.

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Following a growing literature, the authors test in this work the two hypotheses of self-selection and learning by exporting across different Indian manufacturing firms. Using matched sampling techniques, they estimate whether export-oriented firms are more efficient than non-exporters on the basis of the Indian Surveys of manufacturing firms for the period 2005-2013. The findings indicate that export entrants increase their productivity after entry but this increase is only temporary. In fact, the authors document a time-varying relationship between export participation and economic performance. This occurs for both total-factor productivity (TFP) and productivity growth. These results are consistent with those found in the previous literature for many countries. The only lasting significant effect that we find among the different measures of performances between exporters and non-exporters is that the former generates higher profits than their domestic counterparts.

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Grund, Axel, Stefan Fries, and Falko Rheinberg. "Know Your Preferences: Self-Regulation as Need-Congruent Goal Selection." Review of General Psychology 22, no. 4 (December 2018): 437–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000159.

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Theory and research on self-regulation is dominated by a social–cognitive perspective that places an emphasis on postdecisional (i.e., volitional) control processes of goal-maintenance in response to dual-motive conflict. In the current contribution, we focus on research on self-regulation that acknowledges the affective fundamentals of motivated action, and we highlight processes of goal selection as vital parts of self-regulation. From our perspective of motivational competence, affective and cognitive processes work together rather than oppose each other in self-regulation, rendering effortless rather than effortful goal pursuit as the hallmark of efficient human action. A precondition for such motive- and self-congruent goal pursuits is that individuals have insight into their basic preferences and (can) act accordingly. Therefore, we address capacities, such as mindfulness, which may take effect in predecisional (i.e., motivational) action phases, thereby determining all subsequent action processes.

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Martin, Adam D., Jonathan P. Wojciechowski, Holly Warren, Marc in het Panhuis, and Pall Thordarson. "Effect of heterocyclic capping groups on the self-assembly of a dipeptide hydrogel." Soft Matter 12, no. 10 (2016): 2700–2707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sm00025h.

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In this work it is shown that the selection of heterocyclic capping group for a dipeptide hydrogel affects the self-assembly pathway taken, resulting in differences in mechanical strength, network structure and thixotropic properties.

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Yoon, Sungwook, Duk Bin Jun, and Sungho Park. "The effect of general health checks on healthcare utilization: accounting for self‐selection bias." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society) 183, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rssa.12482.

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Yun, Jiyeon, and Hongmin Zi. "Analyzing the Selection Effect in the Private Korean Annuity Market." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 5276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095276.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the degree of adverse selection in the Korean individual annuity market using the money’s worth calculations. The insurers’ pricing of different annuity products reflects individual’s self-selection into products based on private information about their mortality prospects. Using payments offered for different products, money’s worth calculations were higher for younger and male annuitants, annuity with a bigger premium size and longer guarantee period, frontloaded (as opposed to level) annuity, joint (as opposed to single) annuity, tax-qualified (as opposed to non-tax-qualified) annuity, and deferred (as opposed to immediate) annuity. In a cross-country analysis, we observe that the cost of adverse selection is higher in countries with more generous social security income.

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Kotta, Ibolya, Anna Veres, Susana Farcas, Szidonia Kiss, and Anna Bernath-Vincze. "My Fate Is My Decision: The Differential Effects of Fate and Criticality of Decision Beliefs on Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy." European Journal of Behavioral Sciences 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/ejbs.v4i2.597.

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Dysfunctional career decision-making beliefs (DCB) impede career decision making (CDM) process in several ways. This study proposes to delineate the profiles of two career-specific dysfunctional beliefs, fate (FB) and criticality of decision (CB) through their differential effects on career decision self-efficacy (CDSE) in undergraduate students. A sample of 157 undergraduate students (aged M = 21.07, SD = 1.78, 87.2% female) completed the fate and criticality beliefs subscales of Dysfunctional Career Decision-Making Beliefs Scale, Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale and Career Satisfaction Scale. Two-step cluster analyses was provided for delineating the profiles of combined variables of fate and criticality beliefs. As the result, four clusters emerged: criticality of decision beliefs (CB), fate beliefs (FB), negotiable fate beliefs (NFB) and no dysfunctional beliefs (NB) group. Clusters did not differ in terms of gender, age, GPA or career satisfaction. The profiles of DCB did not differ in CDSE; statistically significant group differences were only found for career goal selection. More specifically, FB group showed significantly less self-efficacy in setting their career goals as compared to CB or NFB groups. Results indicate that dysfunctional fate beliefs are associated with low perceived self-efficacy regarding the selection of goals in the process of career decision-making. However, the effect of FBs can be buffered by CBs, dysfunctional of their kind, suggesting that negotiable FBs have a more favourable effect on career related goal selection self-efficacy as they draw back the process of CDM under personal influence.

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Charlesworth, Brian. "The effect of background selection against deleterious mutations on weakly selected, linked variants." Genetical Research 63, no. 3 (June 1994): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300032365.

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SummaryThis paper analyses the effects of selection against deleterious alleles maintained by mutation (‘ background selection’) on rates of evolution and levels of genetic diversity at weakly selected, completely linked, loci. General formulae are derived for the expected rates of gene substitution and genetic diversity, relative to the neutral case, as a function of selection and dominance coefficients at the loci in question, and of the frequency of gametes that are free of deleterious mutations with respect to the loci responsible for background selection. As in the neutral case, most effects of background selection can be predicted by considering the effective size of the population to be multiplied by the frequency of mutation-free gametes. Levels of genetic diversity can be sharply reduced by background selection, with the result that values for sites under selection approach those for neutral variants subject to the same regime of background selection. Rates of fixation of slightly deleterious mutations are increased by background selection, and rates of fixation of advantageous mutations are reduced. The properties of sex-linked and autosomal asexual and self-fertilizing populations are considered. The implications of these results for the interpretation of studies of molecular evolution and variation are discussed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Self-selection effect'

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