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1
Levy, Shimon. Samuel Beckett’s Self-Referential Drama. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10969-2.
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Samuel Beckett's self-referential drama: The sensitive chaos. Brighton [England]: Sussex Academic Press, 2002.
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Levy, Shimon. Samuel Beckett's self-referential drama: The three I's. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.
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Samuel Beckett's self-referential drama: The three I's. London: Macmillan, 1990.
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Levy, Shimon. Samuel Beckett's self-referential drama: The three I's. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.
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Wells, Lynn. Allegories of telling: Self-referential narrative in contemporary British fiction. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003.
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Allegories of telling: Self-referential narrative in contemporary British fiction. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003.
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Zenner, Markus. Learning to become rational: The case of self-referential autoregressive and non-stationary models. New York: Springer, 1996.
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Memory: A Self-Referential Account. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2019.
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D'Argembeau, Arnaud. Mind-Wandering and Self-Referential Thought. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.14.
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When one’s mind wanders, one frequently experiences thoughts, images, and feelings about oneself and one’s life. These self-referential thoughts involve diverse contents and take various forms, but most often focus on specific future events that are closely related to one’s personal goals and concerns. Neuroimaging studies show that such spontaneous thoughts recruit many of the same brain regions—largely corresponding to the default network—as directed self-referential thought. The medial prefrontal cortex is most consistently involved and might contribute to assign value and to integrate processed contents with autobiographical knowledge. The tendency of the wandering mind to focus on self-related information might foster a sense of personal identity and lay the foundation for long-term goal pursuit.
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Levy, Shimon. Samuel Beckett S Self-Referential Drama: The Three I S. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
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Pérez-Castillo, Enrique. The self-referential poem: the spectrum of consciousness in selected 20th. century poetic texts. 1987.
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Zenner, Markus. Learning to Become Rational: The Case of Self-Referential Autoregressive and Non-Stationary Models. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Wells, Lynn. Allegories of Telling: Self-Referential Narrative in Contemporary British Fiction (Costerus NS 146) (Costerus NS). Editions Rodopi B.V., 2002.
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Morin, Alain. The Self-Reflective Functions of Inner Speech. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796640.003.0012.
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The current chapter revisits an earlier account (2005) of how inner speech leads to self-reflection. Definitions, functions, neuroanatomy, and measurement of self-reflection and inner speech are first presented, followed by the detailed proposal suggesting that these two processes are connected in at least three possible ways. Empirical evidence supporting this proposal is discussed, as well as theoretical considerations pertaining to underlying mechanisms explaining how self-reflection and inner speech may interrelate. To illustrate, several self-referential tasks used in typical fMRI studies show a reliable activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus—the main brain area known to sustain inner speech; inner speech can reproduce (i.e. internalize) already existing social mechanisms leading to self-reflection. Some possible philosophical and clinical implications of the role played by inner speech in self-reflection are outlined in conclusion.
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CRITIQUE OF IMPURE REASON: Horizons of Possibility and Meaning. Studies in Theory and Behavior, 2021.
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CRITIQUE OF IMPURE REASON: Horizons of Possibility and Meaning. Salem, U.S.A.: Studies in Theory and Behavior, 2020.
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Ponte, María de, and Kepa Korta. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0001.
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In this introductory chapter the authors present the main themes of the volume, namely reference and representation in language and thought, alluding to their inception in Gottlob Frege’s seminal work on sense and reference and presenting the standard view in philosophy of language and mind about the main devices of reference and representation. Thus the authors not only present, briefly, the contents of all of the chapters—from discussions on our main referential devices, such as proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, and so on, and on probably the main target of representation, the self—but also situate the variety of perspectives and the approaches adopted in the long tradition inaugurated by Frege.
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Corazza, Eros. On the essentiality of thoughts (and reference). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0012.
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It is often assumed that experiential reference, in particular the references we make using so-called essential indexicals (I, here, and now), is irreducible to other forms or reference. In focusing on Donnellan’s insights concerning the referential use of definite descriptions and empirical evidence coming from cognitive sciences (in particular Pylyshin’s work on situated vision), Eros Corazza discusses and defends this view. In so doing, he shows how experiential reference rests on a form of egocentric immersion underpinning agent-centered behaviours. It is further argued that our capacity to express de se thoughts (i.e. thoughts about ourselves) supervenes on the ability we have to master viewpoint-dependent thoughts. This constitutes the cognitive grounds upon which philosophical insights concerning the notions of essential indexicals, self-locating beliefs, and self-centered behaviours should be understood.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Retrospection and future perspectives. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0014.
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As the concluding chapter, the story of the book’s content is revisited and summarized. Essentially, our embodied minds come into being due to an evolutionary predisposed cognitive developmental process, which builds progressively more abstract, conceptual, compositional predictive encodings based on actively gathered sensorimotor experiences. The chapter also acknowledges several under-represented, but important topics in cognitive science. Finally, the matter of consciousness is addressed, emphasizing that the mind emerges from a recurrent, self-maintaining, and self-regulating system, that is, our brain–body system. Combined with developing self-referential, social, event-oriented, conceptualizing predictive encodings, self-reflective cognition becomes possible. We conclude that despite pursuing a computational approach to embodied cognitive science, cognitive models in this direction are just at their beginning. Future cognitive modeling efforts promise to shed much further light on the exact details about how our minds come into being and how we may create useful, artificial, cognitive systems in the future.
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Greene, Dana. Epilogue. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037108.003.0014.
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This chapter considers the legacy of Denise Levertov. Levertov wanted to be remembered for her poetry, the “autonomous structures” that would be appreciated on their own terms and would last. In comparison to her art, she considered her life fleeting and insignificant. As a consequence she was suspicious of biography and insisted that if a poet's biography were to be written, it had to focus on the work itself. Even then she was leery of the genre and recoiled from it. Nonetheless, she claimed repeatedly that her poems emerged from her life experience. While she rejected confessional or self-referential writing, her poems, “testimonies of lived life,” reflect her dialogical engagement with the world around her.
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Phipps, Elena. Garments, Tocapu, Status, and Identity. Edited by Sonia Alconini and Alan Covey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190219352.013.35.
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The Inca developed and perfected a special type and quality of weaving that was the hallmark of their garment-making tradition. Textiles made of high-quality tapestry (cumbi) embodied the Inca aesthetic as a political and cultural force. In the colonial period, these Inca attributes were transformed and adapted in new directions: some self-referential, overt expressions of rebellion against colonial viceregal rule, others more acquiescent to the new social order. During festivals and other celebratory events, such garments were worn as part of a “theater” of Inca heritage. The garments, including the tocapu designs, were part of complex cultural interactions and contributed to expressions of status and identity in the Andes.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Direct Realism and the Extended Mind. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0007.
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Representationalism rightly treats perception as a type of cognitive representation. However, it wrongly proposes that perceptual content determines phenomenal character. Rather, it is the form, not the content, of a perceptual representation that constitutes phenomenal character. For direct realism is true: Perception is that form of cognition in which representation and represented are the same. Other forms of cognition recruit representations that are distinct from what they represent. In contrast, perceptual representation extends the mind's reach into the world by casting the very object perceived in the role of a self-referential demonstrative. By fusing representation and represented perception provides direct acquaintance with what is seen exactly as it is seen to be and thus determines phenomenal character.
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Vartanian, Oshin. Internal Orientation in Aesthetic Experience. Edited by Kalina Christoff and Kieran C. R. Fox. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.013.17.
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There is considerable evidence to suggest that aesthetic experiences engage a distributed set of structures in the brain, and likely emerge from the interactions of multiple neural systems. In addition, aside from an external (i.e., object-focused) orientation, aesthetic experiences also involve an internal (i.e., person-focused) orientation. This internal orientation appears to have two dissociable neural components: one component involves the processing of visceral feeling states (i.e., interoception) and primarily engages the insula, whereas the other involves the processing of self-referential, autobiographical, and narrative information, and is represented by activation in the default mode network. Evidence supporting this neural dissociation has provided insights into processes that can lead to deep and moving aesthetic experiences.
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Quante, Michael. The Logic of Essence as Internal Reflection. Edited by Dean Moyar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199355228.013.12.
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The grammar of subjectivity, in particular in the form of self-consciousness, belongs to this day to the most difficult objects of philosophy. This holds in the philosophy of German idealism as well as in analytic philosophy. This grammar supplies the basic structure of all fundamental epistemological conceptions and is itself the object of various ontological interpretations. Hegel’s analysis of essence as internal reflection, which is analyzed in detail in this chapter, is one of the most rigorous analyses of this grammar of subjectivity. His conception has two main strengths: first, the approach operates at such a fundamental level that the distinction between the epistemological and the ontological dimension is itself conceived as an element of this grammar. Second, Hegel succeeds in unfolding the complexity of this grammar out of a single principle by means of a self-referential movement of the concept.
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Baumgold, Deborah. 12. Hobbes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198708926.003.0012.
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This chapter examines Thomas Hobbes's key political ideas. After providing a short biography of Hobbes, the chapter traces the development of his political theory as articulated in the Leviathan. In particular, it considers whether Hobbism rests on the assumption of egoism and whether Hobbes's theory depends on the idea of a social contract. It also describes the sequential composition of the three versions of Hobbes's theory and shows that his basic assumption about human nature is a form of solipsism. According to Hobbes, our thinking is necessarily self-referential, which need not be equivalent to holding that we are necessarily self-interested (egoistic). The chapter concludes with a discussion of Hobbesian contractarianism, agency, and authorization as well as three strands of contractarian reasoning to illustrate the importance of the idea of consent in Hobbes's political arguments.
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Metcalfe, Janet, and Bennett L. Schwartz. The Ghost in the Machine. Edited by John Dunlosky and Sarah (Uma) K. Tauber. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199336746.013.19.
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Although metacognition is considered to be the highest human cognitive function and a crucial self-reflective function allowing us to have free will, finding where this modern “pineal gland” resides in the brain is an enterprise fraught with peril. Searching for metacognition in the brain is like searching for the Holy Grail: It always seems to be in the next valley. We focus on two considerations. First, metacognitions are conscious. They spontaneously occur when something goes wrong, and conflict-based “feeling states” are manifest. We argue that when metacognitive feelings are spontaneous, feeling states are adaptive because they trigger action needed to resolve conflict. Conscious feeling states are, therefore, related to the control functions of metacognition. Second, metacognitive feelings are self-referential. They refer to the core person and indicate that conflict being experienced is a potential threat to the self. These two considerations drive our search for neural activations related to metacognition.
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Alonso, Paul. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636500.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 details the conclusions of the book. Summarizing the analysis of the cases in light of the research questions, it contrasts and compares among the cases in order to illuminate similarities and differences. The final analysis also highlights the local implications of the global trend toward infotainment and spectacle, locating satire at a privileged intersection between transgression and media norms. Using the notion of “critical metatainment”—a postmodern, carnivalesque result of and a transgressive, self-referential reaction to the process of tabloidization and the cult of celebrity in the media spectacle era—this book argues that the global trend toward political satire television should be understood as a space of “negotiated dissent,” where sociopolitical and cultural tensions are played out.
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Ignazi, Piero. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198735854.003.0009.
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The Conclusion addresses the parties’ present condition in the European political systems. Indeed, at the dawn of the new century parties have become Leviathan with clay feet: powerful in the political arena thanks to control of state resources, but very weak in terms of legitimacy in the eyes of public opinion. Only by abandoning the citadelle in which they are entrenched, recasting societal linkages, relinquishing all their privileges, and dismissing their self-referential attitude might they recover the confidence of the electorate. Maintaining a state-centred status will only lead to a dead end, and this will also harm the democratic system itself. The collapse of parties’ legitimacy inevitably affects democratic institutions: the mounting populist and plebiscitary wave suggests how pervasive is the crisis and how dramatic the challenge.
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Dubber, Markus D. Engaging Scholarship. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198744290.003.0002.
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Dual Penal State is about the collective failure to address the fundamental challenge of legitimating the threat and use of penal violence in modern liberal states. The first part of the book investigates various ways in which criminal law doctrine and scholarship have managed not to meet the continuing challenge of legitimating state penal power: the violent violation of the autonomy of the very persons upon whose autonomy the legitimacy of state power supposedly rests in a state under the rule of law (Rechtsstaat). Part I focuses primarily on German criminal law, and German criminal law science, with regular comparative glances beyond the German penal system. Chapter 1 explores the failure of a parochial and self-referential conception of criminal law as science to engage with fundamental questions of legitimacy.
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Trenka, Susie. Appreciation, Appropriation, Assimilation. Edited by Melissa Blanco Borelli. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199897827.013.009.
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The black-cast backstage musicalStormy Weather(1943) is the first Hollywood film to explicitly celebrate black achievement. Featuring key figures of African American dance and more black dance numbers than any other mainstream musical, it testifies to the versatility and—crucially—the hybridity of jazz dance culture. This article analyzes dance inStormy Weatherby addressing questions of appreciation, appropriation, and assimilation in the context of both film and dance history.Stormy Weather’s panoply of styles and stars negotiates several contradictory processes: white appropriation of “authentic” black talent, black assimilation to “classy” white styles, but also black adaptation and appropriation of hitherto white domains of performance. Through its self-referential narrative of dance history—and through some omissions—it simultaneously chronicles the history of black performers and racial stereotypes in white Hollywood, and thus reveals the industry’s strategies in the exploitation of black talent.
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Biffis, Giulia. Nostos, a Journey towards Identity in Athenian Tragedy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811428.003.0007.
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This chapter investigates tragedy engagement with stories of heroes’ returns, nostoi, and the idea of nostos. Surveying all occurrences of the word nostos and its cognates in tragedy, it shows how these relate to characteristic traits of nostos tales and to the building or consolidation of identity. Euripides’ Iphigeneia in Tauris is singled out, as it offers the chance to explore different strands of analysis at once: how return narratives, usually presented in diegetic mode, can be reinterpreted in a mimetic genre; how the characters’ identity is constructed through self-referential first-person speech narratives that describe a separation from home and the desire to return to it; how these narratives have at their centre the mutual relationship between the narrating subject and his/her own community (family ties included); and finally, how these autobiographical narratives in particular articulate nostoi motifs from a female perspective, being mainly uttered by women.
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Krech, Volkhard. Communication. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.18.
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This chapter advocates applying a communication theoretical model to the study of religion. This proceeds by observing the procedure of religious communication, the ways in which this communication reflects upon and describes itself, and the means by which it sets itself apart from other kinds of communication. While there is no such thing as religion per se, the specific feature of religious communication consists in ultimately coping with contingency on the basis of the distinction between immanence and transcendence. Religious semantics and the institutional framework of religious communication should be analytically distinguished and synthetically related to each other. Inner and outer boundaries of religious communication should also be distinguished. Religious communication constitutes a self-referential societal system and also differentiates itself (and is distinguished) from other forms of communication such as politics, economics, science, and the arts. Differentiation is the basis for interaction between various forms of communication including religion.
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Fu, Junning. A Dream of Returning to 1997. Edited by Carlos Rojas and Andrea Bachner. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199383313.013.15.
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This chapter analyzes the Chinese web fantasy novelA Dream of Returning to 1997,created and serialized between 2004 and 2005 by the pseudonymous author Tonglingzhe, as a basis for reflecting upon the medial and commercial pragmatics as well as the ideological framework of web literature. With its plot of a web fantasy aficionado who achieves literary and economic success only after traveling back in time and reaping the fruits of his earlier unproductive spare-time activity, the novel offers a self-referential commentary on the genre of web fantasy and its infrastructure. Apart from fictionalizing the history of the genre and the company that runs its major platform (Qidian), the novel also reflects on, questions, and elides the binary oppositions between original and copy, as well as high literature and popular culture, thus allowing for a reflection on the real and imaginary economies and mediascapes of capitalist modernity.
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Müller-Wille, Klaus. Scandinavian Romanticism. Edited by Paul Hamilton. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696383.013.30.
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According to more traditional accounts in literary history, the exact date when Romanticism first reaches Scandinavia can be identified. In 1802, the geologist and philosopher of nature, Henrik Steffens, returns to Copenhagen after spending seven years studying and researching in Jena. Back in Denmark, he holds a controversial and widely noted series of lectures that familiarize the Danish audience with the ideas of German Romanticism. The literary impact ascribed to Steffens’s lectures is at least equally as relevant as its philosophical content, as the young poet Adam Oehlenschläger was a member of the audience. According to an anecdote in his autobiography, the creation of the first programmatic poem of Scandinavian Romanticism was inspired by a sixteen-hour-long discussion with Steffens. The anecdote of the poem’s origin alone shows how Oehlenschläger contributes to the self-referential staging and mythical aggrandisement of the epochal break into Romanticism which this chapter examines.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. Dual Aspect Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854751.003.0006.
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Carruthers proposes a subtle dispositionalist rendition of higher order theory regarding phenomenal character. The theory would distinguish unconscious movement management from conscious attitude management as perceptual processes. Each process takes perceptual representations as inputs. A representation subject to attitude management is apt to induce a higher order representation of itself that secures a self-referential aspect of its content supposedly determinative of phenomenal character. Unfortunately, the account requires a problematic cognitive ambiguity while failing to explain why attitude, but not movement, management, determines character. Moreover, normal variation in attitudinal management conflicts with the constancy typical of phenomenal character. And although an agent denied perceptual access to a scene about which she is otherwise well informed would suffer no phenomenal character, dispositionalist theory entails otherwise. Such problems, together with the results of the previous chapters, suggest that, whether cloaked under intentionalism or higher order theory, representationalism mistakes content for character.
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Brunsson, Nils. Organizational Reforms as Routines. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198296706.003.0005.
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This chapter argues that organizational reforms are driven by problems to be addressed, by solutions to be applied, and by forgetfulness. The greater the supply of any of these factors, the more likely it is that reforms will occur. Without problems, reforms are difficult to justify; without solutions they cannot be formulated; and without forgetfulness there is a risk that people will be discouraged by the fact that similar reforms have been tried and have failed in the past. In contemporary large organizations, problems tend to be easily found. Those interested in selling solutions often try to supply problems as well — problems that can be solved by their solutions. Forgetfulness can be promoted by the use of consultants with limited experience of the implementation and long-term effects of reforms. Reforms are also self-referential; they tend to cause new reforms. Thus, reforms can be considered as routines: they are likely to be repeated over and over again.
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Simmons, Keith. The Theory at Work. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791546.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 puts the singularity theory to work on a number of semantic paradoxes that have intrinsic interest of their own. These include a transfinite paradox of denotation, and variations on the Liar paradox, including the Truth-Teller, Curry’s paradox, and paradoxical Liar loops. The transfinite paradox of denotation shows the need to accommodate limit ordinals. The Truth-Teller, like the Liar, exhibits semantic pathology-but, unlike the Liar, it does not produce a contradiction. The distinctive challenge of the Curry paradox is that it seems to allow us to prove any claim we like (for example, the claim that 2+2=5). Paradoxical Liar loops, such as the Open Pair paradox, extend the Liar paradox beyond single self-referential sentences. The chapter closes with the resolution of paradoxes that do not exhibit circularity yet still generate contradictions. These include novel versions of the definability paradoxes and Russell’s paradox, and Yablo’s paradox about truth.
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Sorensen, Roy A. Semantic Paradoxes. Edited by Michael Glanzberg. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199557929.013.26.
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All abstracts over-simplify. But the truth is close to the following: the ancient Greeks, true to stereotype, pioneered semantic paradoxes. There was no indigenous awareness of them east of the Euphrates River. They emerged piecemeal from the Greek love of irony and holistically from the Greek ambition to encompass the whole Truth. After the Greeks there is mostly regress until Thomas Aquinas. After a couple of outstanding centuries, there is decline until twentieth-century advances in logic. These advances have been consolidated by the computer revolution. We are now in an unusual stage of history in which semantic paradoxes have become part of popular consciousness. Sophistication with these paradoxes has been driven by concerted theorizing about truth. Generalizations about truth purport to be true—making the theories naturally self-referential. This circularity can be eliminated by substituting infinity. But infinity also generates paradox, albeit through paths that have only recently been explored.
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Sullivan, Mark D. Seeking the Roots of Health and Action in Biological Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780195386585.003.0010.
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The roots of biological autonomy and health are the same. Goals make biology distinct as a science, for without goals, we cannot understand why a biological trait exists. Organisms are autonomous biological entities because they define what is inside and what is outside themselves. This boundary between inner and outer gives the organism a self-referential purpose. Claude Bernard made experimental physiology possible with his concept of the internal environment, but he was unable to explain how the organism established the boundary between itself and its environment. Hence, homeostasis portrays the organism as reactive not active. Autopoiesis is an alternative defining characteristic of living beings. It generates biological autonomy through additional biological constraint on chemical processes, not through a special vital force. Healthy organisms can construct their own environmental niche. For humans, this niche is social and is constructed with a social physiology. Both exercise and education increase health by increasing capacity for niche construction.
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Weinstein, David. Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Liberalism. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0024.
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Anglo-American political theory, especially contemporary analytical liberalism, has become too self-referential and consequently insufficiently attentive to its own variegated past. Some analytical liberals fret about whether the good or the right should have priority, while others agonize about whether liberalism is compatible with value pluralism and with multiculturalism. Too many contemporary analytical liberals see liberalism as beginning with Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, as next reformulated classically by John Stuart Mill, and then as receding into the wilderness of mere history of political thought thanks to the linguistic turn and the vogue of emotivism before being resurrected so magnificently by John Rawls. The Rawlsian liberal tradition severely marginalizes new liberals and idealists such as T. H. Green, Bernard Bosanquet, L. T. Hobhouse, D. G. Ritchie, and J. A. Hobson. New liberals and idealists alike wrote highly original political philosophy, parts of which contemporary liberals have repeated inadvertently with false novelty. In Rawls's view, classical utilitarianism improved intuitionism by systematizing it but by sacrificing its liberal credentials.
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Kotsko, Adam. Conclusion: Agamben as a Reader of Agamben. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474423632.003.0032.
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Thus far, the contributors to this volume have considered the many and varied bodies of work that have left their mark on Agamben’s project. In this concluding chapter, I would like to take up one final body of work that Agamben must somehow account for, if only implicitly – namely, his own. The task is more difficult than it may sound, because Agamben is not nearly as self-referential as some major twentieth-century thinkers. Unless his habits change drastically, he will not leave behind a voluminous legacy of interviews on the stakes and intentions of his work, as Foucault did. His explicit cross-references between his own works are few and far between. Heidegger spent his entire career attempting to unpack the significance and shortcomings of Being and Time, while the later Derrida provided exhaustive footnotes demonstrating that the themes of his so-called ‘ethical turn’ were always already present in his earliest work. By contrast, Agamben rarely reflects directly on the relationship between any given text and the texts that preceded it. And within individual texts, the reader rarely finds the kinds of ‘signposts’ that explain why each book is structured in the way that it is.
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McDevitt, Michael. Where Ideas Go to Die. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190869953.001.0001.
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Where Ideas Go to Die explores the troubled relationship of US journalism and intellect. A defender of common sense, the press is irked at intellect yet often dependent on its critical autonomy. A postwar observation from Richard Hofstadter applies to contemporary journalists: “Men do not rise in the morning, grin at themselves in their mirrors, and say: ‘Ah, today I shall torment an intellectual and strangle an idea!’ ” The book nevertheless documents the prowess of news media in policing intellect. Control extends beyond suppression of ideas and ways of thinking to the aggressive rendering of dissent into deviance. The social control of intellect by journalism is accompanied by social control of journalism in newsrooms and in classrooms where norms are cultivated. Anti-intellectualism consequently operates like dark matter in media, a presence inferred by its effects rather than directly observed or acknowledged. When journalists anticipate a punitive public, the reified resentment is no more real than the fiction of omnipotent citizens in democratic theory, yet the audience imagined compels how intellect is rendered in the news as nuisance, deviance, or object of ridicule. Journalism’s contribution to the social control of ideas is poignantly democratic: audiences are cast in consequential roles that affirm their wisdom in a closed, self-referential system. The book concludes with a discussion about what intellectual journalism would look like. Interviews with 25 “dangerous professors” demonstrate how alliances in the academic-media nexus can seed intellect in newswork.
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Alonso, Paul. Satiric TV in the Americas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190636500.001.0001.
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In the post-truth era, postmodern satiric media have emerged as prominent critical voices playing an unprecedented role at the heart of public debate, filling the gaps left not only by traditional media but also by weak social institutions and discredited political elites. Satiric TV in the Americas analyzes some of the most representative and influential satiric TV shows on the continent (focusing on cases in Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Mexico, Chile, and the United States) in order to understand their critical role in challenging the status quo, traditional journalism, and the prevalent local media culture. It illuminates the phenomenon of satire as resistance and negotiation in public discourse, the role of entertainment media as a site where sociopolitical tensions are played out, and the changing notions of journalism in today’s democratic societies. Introducing the notion of “critical metatainment”—a postmodern, carnivalesque result of and a transgressive, self-referential reaction to the process of tabloidization and the cult of celebrity in the media spectacle era—Satiric TV in the Americas is the first book to map, contextualize, and analyze relevant cases to understand the relation between political information, social and cultural dissent, critical humor, and entertainment in the region. Evaluating contemporary satiric media as distinctively postmodern, multilayered, and complex discursive objects that emerge from the collapse of modernity and its arbitrary dichotomies, Satiric TV in the Americas also shows that, as satiric formats travel to a particular national context, they are appropriated in different ways and adapted to local circumstances, thus having distinctive implications.