Dissertations / Theses: 'Self-perception'

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Löbler, Helge, Markus Maier, and Daniel Markgraf. "Risk perception or self perception." Konferenzbeitrag zur IECER 2005, Amsterdam (NL), 2005. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A17062.

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In cognitive entrepreneurship research one main question is: Do entrepreneurs think differently than others in various ways? Especially in the area of risk perception cognition is thought of as information processing. In later streams of cognitive science it has developed from a state where cognition is seen as information processing to a state where cognition is mainly seen as an effective act, where experiences play an important role. We use risk perception as an indicator for information processing and self perception as an indicator for past experience. We found that past experience explains starting a real venture whereas risk information processing explains starting a case study venture.

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Scarborough, Larry. "Self-perception of Smile Aesthetics and Self-esteem." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2508.

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Introduction: Self-perception of smile aesthetics has been suggested as the most common reason for seeking orthodontic treatment. A recent study concluded that an improvement of dental attractiveness at the end of orthodontic treatment had positive effects on self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between one’s self-perceived smile aesthetics and their self-esteem. Methods: A survey was conducted where each subject completed an evaluation of their smile aesthetics and a Rosenberg Self-esteem Test (RST). A smiling photograph of each subject was evaluated by dental professionals for dental aesthetics and straightness. Results: Female students rated their teeth straighter than males (mean = 78.5, p value < .0001). Self-esteem varied by race (p = 0.0017). African Americans had the highest self-esteem. There was a significant relationship between a subject’s satisfaction with their smile and their self-esteem (r = .30, p < .0001), but not with their self rating of their smile straightness (r = 0.11, p = 0.0528). Conclusions: Subjects with straight teeth perceived their smile as more aesthetic. Subjects that perceived themselves as having a more aesthetic smile had a higher self-esteem. Subjects that had orthodontic treatment in the past perceived their teeth were straighter and their smile was more aesthetic. There was no relationship between previous orthodontic therapy and self-esteem. Perception of smile aesthetics may be a more important aspect and a better predictor of self-esteem than a subject’s actual smile aesthetics.

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Renfro, Carol Jean 1943. "Self-esteem and self-perception of adolescent mothers." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291790.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ratings of self-esteem and self-perception by adolescent mothers who participated in an adolescent parent program. Self-esteem and self-perception were measured prior to participation in the program and again upon completion. The population for this study consisted of adolescent mothers between the ages of 15 and 20, none of which had completed high school. The two instruments utilized in the study were the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1985) and the Harter Self-Perception Scale for Adolescents (1988). Self-esteem and scholastic competence scores increased to a statistically significant degree after participation in the program. The values represented a 12.8% increase in self-esteem scores and an 18.2% increase in scholastic competence scores. Although not statistically significant, all other subscales increased between 5.4% and 12.2%, with an average of 9.2%.

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QUISTGAARD, PATRICIA WILLIAMS. "TEACHER PERCEPTION, PEER PERCEPTION, SELF-PERCEPTION, CLASSROOM VARIABLES, AND SOLITARY BEHAVIOR (MINNESOTA)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183967.

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Various assessment measures have been used to identify socially isolated children. A model relating constructs associated with social behavior was developed to examine causal relationships among various types of assessment measures. The subjects were 267 third and fourth grade children from public school classrooms in Minnesota. Teacher perception, peer perception, self-discomfort, assertiveness, positive solitary behavior and negative solitary behavior were conceptualized as dependent latent variables. The effects of academic achievement and sex on the dependent latent variables also were examined. Observable indicators of the latent variables include peer sociometric measures; three teacher ratings of social interaction; self-report measures of assertiveness, anxiety, and loneliness; classroom observations of solitary behavior; and the Iowa Test of Basic Skills. Covariance structure analysis procedures (LISREL) were used to link observed measures of social behavior to their respective latent variables through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and to examine hypothesized causal relationships among the latent variables. CFA of the dependent variables indicated that the initial model did not provide an acceptable fit with the data. T-values indicated that the observed variables loaded on the hypothesized latent constructs except for two self-report measures. Subsequent model testing indicated that some observed variables loaded on more than one latent variable. The initial covariance structure model was revised based on the CFA. The LISREL analysis indicated that neither the initial nor the revised models of social behavior provided an adequate fit with the data. The significance of individual parameters was examined. The observed self-report measures of assertiveness, loneliness, and anxiety demonstrated low reliability. Hypotheses supported include that academic achievement was causally related to peer perception and that teacher perception, peer perception and academic achievement were causally related to the level of negative solitary behavior. The results support the assessment of perceptions of significant others and academic achievement as screening measures to identify socially isolated children. Additionally, the validity and reliability of using self-report measures with elementary students needs further investigation.

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Learmonth, Nicola. "Self-perception in Paradise lost." Thesis, University of Canterbury. English, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7058.

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Milton's God can derive satisfaction from relationships with the Son, the angels and Man, and hold these creatures accountable for maintaining this union only if he allows them free choice. Creatures demonstrate their love and obedience, and so maintain their relationships with God, by choosing to carry out the divine will. The choice either to maintain or break union with God must be deliberate, and involve an internal process if that creature is to be free and held accountable for their actions. The intellectual faculties of reason, will, and self-perception enable created beings to exercise their freedom consciously. All free agents must apply their self-knowledge to comprehend and fulfil their respective roles in Creation. An accurate creaturely self-perception involves creatures knowing their identity and nature; understanding the limits of their power to act; appreciating God as the source of their existence and their power to act; and recognising their places and roles in the divine order. Self-understanding is connected to happiness and together these form an appreciation that motivates free agents to establish and continue their alliances with God. The Son, Satan, Adam and Eve all behave in accordance with the way they understand themselves. The Son's selfless obedience to God is motivated by his appreciation for God as his Maker, and his perception of his role in the divine order as the physical manifestation of God's will. This frees the Son to pursue his desire to promote the divine purpose without consideration for himself. Inaccurate self-perception is self-deception, allowing creatures to believe that their happiness consists in independence from God. Satan deceives himself into believing that he can be God's adversary and that opposition to God is a realistic possibility. Adam's and Eve's individual acts self disobedience are the result of a gradually developing inaccuracy in their self-perception. Adam comes to believe that Eve is the source of his happiness, and this misconception is confounded with his fear of solitude. He disobeys God after allowing his immoderate love for Eve to become a higher priority than his relationship with God. Eve's self-perception is confused when she becomes aware of a disparity between her husband's assessment of her and her own understanding of herself because hitherto Adam has been her primary source of knowledge about God, Creation, and her being. The Serpent inspires a sense of injured merit that corresponds with Eve's impression that Adam judged her unfairly. She disobeys God's law because she comes to believe that obeying God impedes her happiness. These creatures behave in accordance with the way they understand themselves, and can make righteous choices by applying their reason in conjunction with their self-knowledge.

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Dierksen, Frederick William Turk Randall. "Wellness of Kansas principals self-perception /." Diss., Access through your commercial service, 2005. http://il.proquest.com/products_umi/dissertations/.

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Thesis (Ed.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Education.
"May 2005." Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 29, 2006). UMI number: AAT3189238 Thesis adviser: Randall Turk. Includes bibliographic references (leaves 151-173).

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VANN, BARBARA HOLCOMBE. "GENDER, SELF-PERCEPTION AND EATING BEHAVIOR." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184190.

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This research, based on a random sample of undergraduates at the University of Arizona, is an exploration of the relationships between normative conformity, self-perception, and eating behavior. The goal of this study was to examine how norms governing appearance and sex roles contribute to a view of self that may result in serious eating problems. Three dimensions of self were included in the study: body image, control, and orientation to others. Specifically, it was hypothesized that overconformity would contribute to a self-concept defined in terms of negative body image, including a high degree of weight consciousness, strong need to exercise self-constraint, and high degree of orientation to others. In turn, this negative self image is likely to be associated with eating behavior which may be described as "weight obsessed," although not necessarily meeting clinical criteria for eating disorders. One of the major purposes of this research was to examine gender differences in the processes contributing to disturbances in eating behavior. It was hypothesized that definitions of the female and male self would have different outcomes in terms of eating behavior. It was also hypothesized that conformity to norms would be a more salient issue for females than for males. Findings of this research indicate that females experience more disturbed eating than males; that societal standards of appearance do affect eating behavior of both females and males, although this effect is greater for females; and that a self-concept defined in terms of negative body image, high weight consciousness, need for constraint, and feelings of failure/inadequacy contribute to problematic eating among females. These results imply that solutions to the problem of disordered eating must be examined in terms of social causes: specifically, current definitions of femininity, attractiveness, and self-concept.

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Vandiver, Robert J. "A self-esteem seminar curriculum materials and outcome assessment /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.

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Walker, Lucinda L. M. "Self perception and self esteem in overweight children and adolescents." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446148.

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Burling, John 1956. "UTILIZING THE BEHAVIOR-ATTITUDE RELATIONSHIP TO ENHANCE SELF-ESTEEM (SELF-PERCEPTION, SELF-REWARD, SELF-FOCUS, SELF-AWARENESS)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275499.

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Lindqvist, Felicia. "Who are the Hilltop Youth? : Perception of self vs. Perception of researchers." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96446.

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This qualitative study focuses on perceptions of actors within protracted social conflicts and the value of using self-categorization as a tool to increase understanding of conflict actors as a step towards to finding alternative solutions. It compares self-perceptions of the Hilltop Youth, a radical settler group in the West Bank region in the Middle East, to categorizations used in all of the established literature on the group. Five categories that are recurring in the literature on the Hilltop Youth (terrorists, vigilantes, active flank within a social movement, gang, and activist) are contrasted with Self-Categorization theory and will be used as a tool to determine the self-image of the group as displayed in the digital and social media. The findings show that the category that finds common ground between the two perspectives is activists. The Hilltop Youth view themselves as freedom fighters, doing what they are chosen to do: settle the land, already promised to them. Their actions and beliefs translate to political activism this both including building homes and creating outposts as well as conducting “price tag” attacks. The findings underline the difference in perceived realities between the Hilltop Youth and researchers. Concluding the need to incorporate the perspective of the actor itself in order to create a sustainable peace based on the same reality, something that have been overlooked in previous Hilltop Youth research.

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Dunn, Lindsay, and n/a. "Management training and change in self-perception." University of Canberra. Education, 1990. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060706.162407.

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This quasi-experimental study was to make a comparison between the level of self-perception prior to and following a training process. The study attested the view that the action learning based program in question was an effective mechanism for change in self-perception. The population studied were officers of the Australian Public Service and the Commonwealth Teaching Service located in the Australian Taxation Office, Austrade, ACT Schools Authority and the Department of Community Services and Health. A pilot study conducted in the Public Service Board in 1987 suggested that an action learning training process may be impacting on management competencies. Respondent's attitudes to nine personality variables were measured using the Saville Holdsworth Occupational (OPQ) Concept 5 Questionnaire. The variables were Assertive, Gregarious, Empathy, Field of Use, Abstract, Structure, Anxieties, Controls and Energies. Using the Solomon's Four quasi-experimental design, containing three experimental and two control groups, pre-test, change and post-test scores were compared using a one-way Analysis of Variance. Where pre-tests were statistically significantly different an Analysis of Covariance was used, The general conclusion from the study was that the experimental groups showed an overall insignificant relationship with training particularly as control groups showed similar differences over time. Apart from few exceptions the results did not support any strong notion of positive change in self-perception as a result of a training intervention.

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Wardman, Victoria. "Physical disabilities : pictorial representation and self-perception." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.491143.

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Submitted by Victoria Wardman for the Doctor of Clinical Psychology (Clin.Psy.D) and entitled Physical Disabilities: Pictorial Representation and Self-Perception, June 2008. Background: Adults and children with physical disabilities are known to be vulnerable to stigma, abuse and psychological distress. 'In My Shoes', an existing computer assisted interview, was designed to help vulnerable children communicate about their feelings and experiences. In order to develop 'In My Shoes' to meet the needs of those with physical disabilities, evidence needed to be gathered for the ways in which people with physical disabilities would choose to be represented pictorially and to examine factors which would influence this. The physically disabled population is under researched, with no previous studies having examined this field. Objectives: The aim of the research was to explore how adults and children with physical disabilities would choose to be shown in pictures, specifically examining whether a persons' mobility aid becomes incorporated into their pictorial selfrepresentation. A factor hypothesised to be related to pictorial representation was selfperception. Therefore, the differences in self-perception scores of those who included their mobility aids and those who did not were analysed. Design: Two exploratory studies using non-experimental single group designs were utilised. Study One examined pictorial representation in adults with physical disabilities through the use of an Image Selection task and compared those who included their aid in their image selection and those who did not on their Adult Self-Perception Scale (ASPP) scores. Study Two examined pictorial representation in children with physical disabilities using a Self-Portrait task and Image Selection task. The scores on the SelfPerception Profile for Learning Disabled Students (SPP-LD) were compared for those who included their aid in the pictorial representation tasks and those who did not. Methods: For Study One, 78 adult participants were recruited from discussion groups on the internet. Adult participants completed an Image Selection task and the ASPP. For Study Two, 28 children and young people were recruited from a specialist database, sports academy and educational organisations. The children completed a Self-Portrait task, Image Selection task and the SPP-LD. Results: For Study One, the majority (77%) of adult participants included their mobility aid in their choice of image to represent them. There were no significant differences in ASPP scores between those who included their aid and those who did not on the Image Selection task. For Study Two, the majority (70%) of child participants did not include their mobility aid in the Self-Portrait task, but the majority (75%) did include it in the Image Selection task. There were no significant differences in SPP-LD scores between those who included their aids and those who did not on the pictorial representation tasks. For both studies, no clear trends emerged to reveal which factors predicted the inclusion of a mobility aid in the pictorial representation tasks. Conclusions: These two studies revealed that the majority of people with physical disabilities would choose to be represented pictorially by an image which contains their mobility aid. Self-perception was found not to be related to how people would choose to be represented pictorially. The findings have demonstrated that tools such as 'In My Shoes' need to ensure that people with physical disabilities are considered in their development in order to make them accessible and relevant to the users.

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Barry, Robert. "Self and other perception : a holistic framework." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335346.

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Rogers, Paul. "Person perception amongst self-perceived high intuitives." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391367.

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Smith, Michael Thomas. "Perception and processing of self-motion cues." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8893.

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The capacity of animals to navigate through familiar or novel environments depends crucially on the integration of a disparate set of self motion cues. The study begins with one of the most simple, planar visual motion, and investigates the cortical organisation of motion sensitive areas. It finds evidence of columnar organisation in hMT+ and a large scale map in V1. Chapter 3 extends this by using stimuli designed to emulate visual and auditory forward motion. It finds that participants are able to determine their direction with a precision close to that predicted by Bayesian integration. Predictions were made regarding neural processing through a modified divisive normalisation model, which was also used to fit the behavioural adaptation results. The integration of different modalities requires visual and auditory streams to combine at some stage within the sensory processing hierarchy. Previous research suggests the ventral intraparietal region (VIP) may be the seat of such integration. Chapter 4 tests whether VIP does combine these cues and whether the correlation between VIP and the unimodal regions changes depending on the coherence of unimodal stimuli. The presence of such modulation is predicted by some models, such as the divisive normalisation model. The processing of such egocentric self motion cues leads to the updating of allocentric representations, these are believed to be encoded by head direction cells and place cells. The experiment in chapter 5 uses a virtual reality stimulus during fMRI scanning to give participants the sense of moving and navigating. Their location in the virtual environment was decoded above chance from voxels in the hippocampus. No head direction signal was classified above chance from any of the three cortical regions investigated. We tentatively conclude that head direction is considerably more difficult to classify from the BOLD signal, possibly due to the homogeneous organisation of head direction cells.

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Coronado-Aliegro, Javier. "Students' perception of performance through self-assessment." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1786.

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Thesis (M.A.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 80 p. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-69).

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Mo, Yimei. "Self-perception of the Chinese in Tasmania." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11017.

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Despite worlds of literature on ethnic relations and overseas Chinese history, little has been systematically written about how the Chinese outside China see themselves in both the inter- and intra- ethnic contexts. This thesis seeks to remedy this omission by providing a combination of empirical research and theoretical analysis with its setting in Tasmania, an island state off the southern coast of mainland Australia. Sparsely dispersed amongst the Australians, the Tasmanian Chinese at present largely originated from five geographical areas: Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore, China, Tasmania and Laos. The thesis first stresses the heterogeneity in terms of their self-perception in both inter- and intra- ethnic contexts. Towards an understanding of this, the study provides an insight into how self-perception is shaped, from an interdisciplinary approach involving history, sociology, social psychology and psychological anthropology. Theoretical study and empirical research indicate two attributes are essential in the constitution of self-perception: the individual self's interaction with the other in the inter- and the intra-ethnic contexts; and all kinds of symbols which enable such interaction to make sense. The author accordingly proposes that self-perception consists of three components: the actual self (the person himself), the ideal self (the one he wants to become), and the denied self (the one he avoids to become); and that the standard of ideal self is the core of self-perception. With rich empirical evidence, the study supports the theory of psychological anthropologists that the self is closely related to the cultural pattern which an individual belongs to; and that the essential difference between different cultures lies in the relation between the self and the other. From this perspective, the shaping of selfperception of the Chinese in Tasmania is, in essence, the process in which a.n individual re-formulates his relation with the other in different contexts of ethnic interaction. This re-formulation of the relation between the self and the other takes the form of continuity and/ or change of the standard of ideal self. To those who directly immigrated from China, three sources of stimuli under which such continuity and change takes place are identified, i.e., China, Tasmania and media, and, to those who immigrated indirectly, one more source of stimuli is added, i.e., the transitional region such as Hong Kong, Malaysia and Laos. The study concludes that the heterogeneity of self-perception stems from the variation of the standard of ideal self throughout the phase of post-emigration from China. It differs with individuals at the outset of emigration from China; it undergoes continuity and change after emigration, under the three or four sources of stimuli. All kinds of individuals' daily activities, including the relation between the self and the other, education, race relation, religion and attachment to China, may contribute to this variation. The study also indicates the importance of regional backgrounds for providing similar stimuli to residents within them and the limited power of self-perception in influencing the individual's cognitive and behavioural activities.

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Perkins, Andrew Wayne. "The implicit self-concept : the structure of the self-concept and its influence on attitude formation at an unconscious level /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8741.

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Hoek, Trevor Martin. "An existential phenomenological study of gaining insight into oneself through perceiving another person." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004594.

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The aim of this study was to examine the structure of the experience of gaining insight into oneself through perceiving another person. Such a one-to-one situation was selected in order to ensure a minimal level of complexity. The researcher conducted a pilot study in order to check whether people could relate such an experience in response to a long and difficult interview question. One female first year student responded from among a group of thirty to whom the question was posed. She was then interviewed. The data appeared acceptable. This was confirmed after the data analysis using the phenomenological-psychological method of textual analysis. The analysis showed that the subject, while comparing herself with the person whom she was with, discovered that she structured her life too rigidly in her attempt to meet the expectations of others. This discovery gave her the opportunity to restructure her approach to her world and to the others whom she had seen in only a narrow and abstracted way. Lengthier interviews were then conducted with a further six potential subjects. These were then transcribed. Two of those subjects, though, were found to have experienced insight through perceiving more than one other person. The data from the four remaining subjects were then analysed using the phenomenological psychological method. The researcher discovered that insight involves a clarity of perception which is achieved when the person becomes aware of clearly differentiated possibilities; these are revealed to him through his intensely reflecting on where he stands in relation to the other person whom he perceives, or in relation to alternatives revealed to him by the other. The polarities that are revealed allow the person to take up a new approach to his world, since the person discovers that his experience has revealed that he has been inauthentic in his muddled concern about others, and this gives the person a perception of truth that he was previously unaware of. These findings were dialogued with the writing of psychologists and philosophers who have written on the subject of becoming aware of oneself in relation to others.

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Pilling-Cormick, Jane. "Development of the Self-Directed Learning Perception Scale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ41543.pdf.

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Niehorster, Diederick Christian. "The perception of object motion during self-motion." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196466.

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When we stand still and do not move our eyes and head, the motion of an object in the world or the absence thereof is directly given by the motion or quiescence of the retinal image. Self-motion through the world however complicates this retinal image. During self-motion, the whole retinal image undergoes coherent global motion, called optic flow. Self-motion therefore causes the retinal motion of objects moving in the world to be confounded by a motion component due to self-motion. How then do we perceive the motion of an object in the world when we ourselves are also moving? Although non-visual information about self-motion, such as provided by efference copies of motor commands and vestibular stimulation, might play a role in this ability, it has recently been shown that the brain possesses a purely visual mechanism that underlies scene-relative object motion perception during self-motion. In the flow parsing hypothesis developed by Rushton and Warren (2005; Warren & Rushton, 2007; 2009b), the brain uses its sensitivity to optic flow to detect and globally remove retinal motion due to self-motion and recover the scene-relative motion of objects. Research into this perceptual ability has so far been of a qualitative nature. In this thesis, I therefore develop a retinal motion nulling paradigm to measure the gain with which the flow parsing mechanism uses the optic flow to remove the self-motion component from an object’s retinal motion. I use this paradigm to investigate how accurate scene-relative object motion perception during self-motion can be based on only visual information, whether this flow parsing process depends on a percept of the direction of self-motion and the tuning of flow parsing, i.e., how it is modulated by changes in various stimulus aspects. The results reveal that although adding monocular or binocular depth information to the display to precisely specify the moving object’s 3D position in the scene improved the accuracy of flow parsing, the flow parsing gain was never up to the extent required by the scene geometry. Furthermore, the flow parsing gain was lower at higher eccentricities from the focus of expansion in the flow field and was strongly modulated by changes in the motion angle between the self-motion and object motion components in the retinal motion of the moving object, the speeds of these components and the density of the flow field. Lastly, flow parsing was not affected by illusory changes in the perceived direction of self-motion. In conclusion, visual information alone is not sufficient for accurate perception of scene-relative object motion during self-motion. Furthermore, flow parsing takes the 3D position of the moving object in the scene into account and is not a uniform global subtraction process. 8e observed tuning characteristics are different from those of local perceived motion interactions, providing evidence that flow parsing is a separate process from these local motion interactions. Finally, flow parsing does not depend on a prior percept of self-motion direction and instead directly uses the input retinal motion to construct percepts of scene-relative object motion during self-motion.
published_or_final_version
Psychology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Thilo, Kai Volker. "Physiological correlates of visually induced self-motion perception." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246911.

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Pillai, Sudeep. "SLAM-aware, self-supervised perception in mobile robots." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/114054.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 152-171).
Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a fundamental capability in mobile robots, and has been typically considered in the context of aiding mapping and navigation tasks. In this thesis, we advocate for the use of SLAM as a supervisory signal to further the perceptual capabilities in robots. Through the concept of SLAM-supported object recognition, we develop the ability for robots equipped with a single camera to be able to leverage their SLAM-awareness (via Monocular Visual-SLAM) to better inform object recognition within its immediate environment. Additionally, by maintaining a spatially-cognizant view of the world,we find our SLAM-aware approach to be particularly amenable to few-shot object learning. We show that a SLAM-aware, few-shot object learning strategy can be especially advantageous to mobile robots, and is able to learn object detectors from a reduced set of training examples. Implicit to realizing modern visual-SLAM systems is its choice of map representation. It is imperative that the map representation is crucially utilized by multiple components in the robot's decision-making stack, while it is constantly optimized as more measurements are available. Motivated by the need for a unified map representation in vision-based mapping, navigation and planning, we develop an iterative and high-performance mesh-reconstruction algorithm for stereo imagery. We envision that in the future, these tunable mesh representations can potentially enable robots to quickly reconstruct their immediate surroundings while being able to directly plan in them and maneuver at high-speeds. While most visual-SLAM front-ends explicitly encode application-specific constraints for accurate and robust operation, we advocate for an automated solution to developing these systems. By bootstrapping the robot's ability to perform GP Saided SLAM, we develop a self-supervised visual-Slam front-end capable of performing visual ego-motion, and vision-based loop-closure recognition in mobile robots. We propose a novel, generative model solution that it is able to predict ego-motion estimates from optical flow, while also allowing for the prediction of induced scene flow conditioned on the ego-motion. Following a similar bootstrapped learning strategy, we explore the ability to self-supervise place recognition in mobile robots and cast it as a metric learning problem, with a GPS-aided SLAM solution providing the relevant supervision. Furthermore, we show that the newly learned embedding can be particularly powerful in discriminating visual scene instances from each other for the purpose of loop-closure detection. We envision that such self-supervised solutions to vision-based task learning will have far-reaching implications in several domains, especially facilitating life-long learning in autonomous systems.
by Sudeep Pillai.
Ph. D.

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Girardi, Alessandra. "Perception of self and others in healthy ageing." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7978.

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Processing information related to the self and inferring the mental state of another person is known to involve the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) in both younger and older adults (Stone et al., 2008; Kelley et al., 2002; Hynes et al., 2006; Ruby et al., 2009). According to the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPF) theory of cognitive ageing, processing of the self should not be affected by healthy adult ageing as functions related to the VMPFC remain relatively preserved compared to functions related to the DLPF cortex (MacPherson et al., 2002). Similarly, no age difference should emerge in those tasks thought to tap functions of the VMPFC. The aim of this PhD is to investigate the effect of healthy adult ageing on the ability to process information related to the self and others. A series of experiments was designed to compare the performance of younger and older adults on tasks that investigate processing and retrieval of self-related information (e.g. behaviour prediction, personality judgement, mental state inferences, self-referential). The tasks differ in the extent to which they rely on cognitive effort. The results show that ageing does not affect self-related judgements. A further series of experiments designed to investigate affective and cognitive Theory of Mind (ToM) show that the affective performance, thought to rely on VMPFC activity, is not affected by age. In contrast, the performance of older participants differs from that of younger adults on cognitive ToM task, thought to involve DLPFC brain areas. A final experiment investigated the ability to make self versus other related judgments in a confabulating patient. The results show that the ability to reflect on the self but not on others was intact. In summary, the findings demonstrate that processing self-information and making ToM inferences remains intact in older individuals and is not overtly impaired by confabulation.

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Loughnan, Steve, Peter Kuppens, Jüri Allik, Katalin Balazs, Lemus Soledad De, Kitty Dumont, Rafael Gargurevich, et al. "Economic Inequality Is Linked to Biased Self-Perception." Association for Psychological Science, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/324770.

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People’s self-perception biases often lead them to see themselves as better than the average person (a phenomenon known as self-enhancement). This bias varies across cultures, and variations are typically explained using cultural variables, such as individualism versus collectivism. We propose that socioeconomic differences among societies—specifically, relative levels of economic inequality—play an important but unrecognized role in how people evaluate themselves. Evidence for selfenhancement was found in 15 diverse nations, but the magnitude of the bias varied. Greater self-enhancement was found in societies with more income inequality, and income inequality predicted cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement better than did individualism/collectivism. These results indicate that macrosocial differences in the distribution of economic goods are linked to microsocial processes of perceiving the self.
Steve Loughnan is a postdoctoral research associate funded by the Leverhulme Trust (F/00236/W). Peter Kuppens is a postdoctoral research fellow with the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders and is supported by Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Research Council Grants GOA/05/04 and OT/11/031. Anu Realo and Jüri Allik were supported by a grant from the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (SF0180029s08). Junqi Shi was supported by a grant from the National Nature Foundation of China (NSFC:71021001).
Revisión por pares

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Chai, Hannah H. "The Writing Self-Perception of Four Girl Writers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1353154354.

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Freese, Whitney Jordan. "Advertising's Effects on Body Image and Self Perception." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144349.

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Hammerton, Rachel. "Novice Therapists' Perception and Use of Self-Care." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39826.

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Self-care is necessary for psychotherapists to prevent burnout and to provide ethical services for clients. Counselling students often recognize the need for self-care, but neglect to implement it, preventing them from building the necessary practices to endure hardships related to practicing psychotherapy. Previous research, such as Butler and colleague’s work (2017), has examined the importance of self-care in counselling education, but has not examined how it is applied in practice. Therefore, this project’s research questions included: 1) How do novice therapists engage in professional self-care? 2) How do novice therapists bridge the gap between conceptual knowledge and practice of professional self-care? 3) What are the barriers to self-care? Thematic Analysis (TA) was used to distil meaning from common experiences of participants. Four psychotherapists with an average of 1.5 years of experience were interviewed using an in-depth semi-structured interview protocol. Eighteen subthemes were generated from the data, further categorized under four themes: (1) obstacles to self-care; (2) work-life balance; (3) pathways to self-care; and (4) effects of self-care. Implications of this research include structured self-reflection in counsellor training programs, integration of flexibility and self-care provisions in workplace cultures, and a strong policy emphasis on the need for counsellor self-care and improving professional guidelines to allow for counsellor self-care practices.

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Chew, Barry. "Self-esteem, self-complexity, and reactions to naturally-occurring events." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26796.

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Prior research has established that individual differences in self-esteem moderate reactions to self-relevant events. Although all people generally favour positive outcomes to negative outcomes, low self-esteem (LSE) people exhibit more affective extremity in response to artificially-contrived events than high self-esteem (HSE) people. That is, LSE people exhibit more positive affective reactions to positive outcomes and more negative affective reactions to negative outcomes than HSE people. Two competing theoretical models have been proposed to account for the self-esteem differences in mood extremity in the laboratory setting—the defensive-styles hypothesis and the life-events composition hypothesis. Evidence from two studies, the Mood-Diary Study and the Role-Playing Study, provide support for the first hypothesis by demonstrating that (a) esteem-related differences in the cognitive interpretations and causal attributions for positive and negative self-relevant events exist for naturally-occurring events as well as laboratory-contrived feedback, (b) LSE subjects claimed that these events had a greater impact on their mood and that they considered them to be more personally important than did HSE subjects, and finally, (c) LSE subjects were more variable in their moods across time than their HSE counterparts. Although esteem-related differences in mood variability were predicted for both differences in the extremity and frequency of mood changes, the differences were obtained only on the frequency of change measure. Although the evidence for the defensive-styles model was substantial, there was also some evidence for the life-events composition model, which essentially postulates that the lives of HSE and LSE which essentially postulates that the lives of HSE and LSE individuals differed markedly. Finally, an exploratory investigation of the relationship between self-esteem, self-complexity, and mood indicated that the two individual difference variables were positively correlated and that both were related to the frequency of change in mood but not mood extremity.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

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31

Hong, Jihee. "Development of self-concept scale for Korean-American adults." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2006. http://www.tren.com/search.cfm?p090-0326.

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Malmberg, Sofie, and Hanna Nilsson. "Fysisk aktivitet i förhållande till global self-esteem, self-perception och social kroppsångest." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-482.

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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka samband mellan global self-esteem, fysisk aktivitet och social kroppsångest. Vidare var syftet att undersöka skillnader mellan kön, ålder och fysisk aktivitet angående global self-esteem, self-perception och social kroppsångest. 171 försökspersoner deltog i studien genom att svara på en enkät, besående av instrumenten Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP) (Fox & Corbin, 1989) och Social Physic Anxiety Scale (SPAS) (Hart, Leary & Rejeski, 1989). Resultatet visade negativa signifikanta samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och global self-esteem och även mellan global self-esteem och social kroppsångest. Däremot fanns inget signifikant samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och social kroppsångest. Män fanns ha högre global self-esteem än kvinnor, däremot fanns kvinnor uppleva högre social kroppsångest än män. Det fanns ingen signifikant ålderskillnad när det gällde global sef-esteem. Vidare upplevde yngre högre social kroppsångest än medelålders. Resultaten visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan fysiskt aktiva och icke fysiskt aktiva när det gäller global self-esteem och social kroppsångest. Detta kan bero på att fysisk aktivitets påverkan på dessa till viss grad har blivit överdriven. Global self-esteem och social kroppsångest är enligt föreliggande studie inte beroende av fysisk aktivitet utan beror på något annat i individens omgivning.

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Seymour, Carla. "Possible selves, self-perception, and current self-concept in adolescents with learning disabilities." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23701.pdf.

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Hanselka, Larry L. (Larry Lynn). "Age/Cohort Differences in Aspects of the Self-System." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279210/.

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Age/cohort differences in several aspects of the self-system were investigated utilizing a sentence completion paradigm. Eighty-eight adults over age sixty and one hundred eight adults under age forty served as subjects. Subjects were asked to complete 30 self-referent sentence stems which were pre-structured to elicit information from the self-system. Responses were subjected to a content analysis utilizing a coding system which contained concepts used by subjects in their self-representations. Contents were coded for dimensions conceptually related to Physical Health, Autonomy, Self-Evaluation, Depression, Spirituality, and Altruism. Frequencies of codings were counted and subjected to statistical analysis for performing age group comparisons.

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Walker, Pamela Arnold. "The effect of audio subliminal messages on the enhancement of self-esteem /." Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1991.

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36

Bosson, Jennifer Kathrin. "When conscious and non-conscious self-views clash : interpersonal and physiological correlates of discrepant implicit and explicit self-esteem /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p9992754.

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37

Markow, Jody R. "The relationship between the self-perception of psychological empowerment and perceived control in a university population." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26292.

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This study explored the self-perception of psychological empowerment in a classroom setting. Specifically, the purpose of this research was to determine if the self-perception of psychological empowerment was related to perceived control and academic achievement in a population of university students. Subjects consisted of 24 students between the ages of 22 and 37. The majority of the subjects were enrolled in a diploma program in the Faculty of Education at McGill University. These students had all completed a previous university degree and were working towards teacher certification.
The primary methods of data collection consisted of an empowerment survey, a locus of control measure specific to achievement goals, and an interview with two key informants from the sample.
Results indicated that those students who perceived themselves to be empowered (Y Emp) reported a significantly more external locus of control than those students who did not perceive themselves to be empowered (N Emp). Descriptive data from the empowerment survey and the interview suggested that there were mitigating circumstances which were of direct concern to the sample and which might account for the results. The findings offer tentative support for the context specific nature of empowerment as predicted by empowerment theory.
Consideration is given to the diverse ways that empowerment can be conceptualized and the implications of this for a student population. Some suggestions for further research are offered.

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38

Stinson, Emily Davis. "The school psychologist's morale, perception of administrators' leadership style, role expectation and self-role perception." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1989. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/1520.

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Application of the school psychologist's skills in schools and other work-related issues led to an investigation of relationships among Morale (M) of school psychologists, perceptions of Administrators' Leadership Style (ALS), Role Expectations for school psychologists (RE) and Self-Role Perceptions (S-RP). Twenty-one school psychologists in three equal groups responded to a 48-item original "School Psychology Survey." Strong positive relationships (Pearson r = .78, .77 & .69) between Morale and Administrators' Leadership Style existed for Groups II, III and the Total Group. For Group I, an average (.40) relationship was found. Correlations were critical at p School psychologists attributed the narrow tester or psychometrician role perception to administrators' expectations for them to give priority to individual stUdent assessments. According to the 1987-1988 annual reports of school psychology services in Georgia and in the targeted school district, stUdent assessment activities consumed upwards of 65% and 75% respectively of the schon I psychologist's time (Appendix C). From these data, it would appear that teachers and other school based personnel rarely got a chance to see school psychologists pp.rform in roles other than test related roles--conducting evaluations, reporting, and consulting. Therefore, the researcher posits that the number of school based persons with first hand knowledge of the extent nf the school pSYCl10logist's expertise is small. Psychologists generally agree that testing begets testing and that other approaches are more preventive (Zins, 19B1; Gutkin, 1980; Ritter, 1978; and Jason & Ferone, 1978). However, judging from the annual data, almost all stUdents referred are still tested. Best practices (Gerken, 1985) indicate that the routineness of individual testing alone is not in the hest interest of stUdents. Testing alone aSSIJmes except Group I (r = .11); no M/S-RP relationships were critical. Morale of school"psychologists could be predicted from Administrators' Leadreship Style and Role Expectations 47% to 49% of the time at p 1. It is recommended that the dynamics surrounding the variables investigated in this study (i.e., role expectations, self-role perceptions, leadership style. and morale) be scrutinized for their effect, if any, on the performance of school psychologists. 2. It is recommended that school psychologists make school administrators more aware of what constitutes best-practices in the field of School Psychology. 3. It is recommended that school psychologists and school administrators institute an ecological approach to the evaluation of School Psychology Programs. Conditions with potential to retard services to students should be identified, understood, and manipulated to the benefit of students where possible.

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Segar, Allyson Adrianne. "Personality type and self-perception of hearing aid benefit." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3739.

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Thesis (Au. D) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Thesis research directed by: Hearing and Speech Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Huang, Guohua. "Workplace self-concept : a new conceptualization of self-concept in organizations /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MGTO%202007%20HUANG.

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Rice, Jennifer Renee. "Quality or quantity?: Refining the definition of the means efficacy construct and its relationship to task specific self-efficacy." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3326.

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The purpose of this study was to expand on the definition of the means efficacy construct and its relationship to task-specific self-efficacy. The current research has three studies: assesssing quality means efficacy from a self-report method, study two assessing quality means efficacy from a self-report method, and study three comparing quality and quantity means efficacy to determine which would be a better predictor of confidence in various tasks.

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Shellabarger, Krista. "ATTACHMENT STYLE'S IMPACT ON THE PERCEPTION OF SELF-VERIFYING AND SELF-ENHANCING COMFORTING MESSAGES." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2629.

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This study investigates the connection between one's adult attachment style and one's evaluation of verifying or enhancing comforting messages. Drawing from research by Swann (2005) and Katz and Joiner (2002), the hypothesis predicted that an individual would prefer verifying messages over enhancing messages regardless of attachment style. A research question was also posed: Will an individual's adult attachment style moderate the degree to which a person perceives the communication of verifying or enhancing messages as helpful or effective? In an effort to find these answers, a questionnaire was completed by 251 individuals. Results indicate a preference for verifying messages among participants regardless of attachment style. This is consistent with the findings of Katz and Joiner (2002) and Swann (2005). However, results did not indicate a significant difference between attachment style and a preference of enhancing or verifying messages.
M.A.
Nicholson School of Communication
Sciences
Communication MA

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43

Wyatt, Timothy John. "Self-concept development, self-esteem and television viewing." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1986. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26031.

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Although there has been a great amount of research into both the effects of television on children's behaviour, and into the nature, antecedents and consequences of possession of a concept of self, there has been little previous research into the relationship between television viewing and the viewer's self—concept.

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Yeung, Fung-yi. "Academic, social and general self-concepts of students with learning disabilities." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23476576.

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Brenner, Bradley R. "A study of self-awareness, self-efficacy, and sojourner adjustment over time." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/37.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2003.
Thesis research directed by: Counseling and Personnel Services. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Johnson, Melanie Kay. "Effects of family structure on children's self-concepts." Virtual Press, 1987. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/495215.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of family structure (intact, stepparent, and single-parent) on children's self-concepts using Parish & Parish's Personal Attribute Inventory for Children (PAIC). A review of the literature indicated that there seemed to be a trend for children living in single-parent families and stepfamilies to have a lower self-concept when compared to children living in intact homes.Participants in the present study were one hundred ninety-nine (199) students in grades 7 through 12 attending Burris Laboratory School. All were given the PAIC and a demographic questionnaire during their usual class times. A 3 X 3 (family structure by grade level) and a 3 X 2 (family structure by sex) factorial design analysis of variance was computed utilizing the .05 level of confidence. Although a trend was noted for students from stepfamilies to check fewer positive adjectives on the PAIC, they did not differ significantly from the means of children from single-parent or intact families. Adjectives actually chosen by children in each of the three family structures were also identified in an attempt to determine the relationships between the adjectives checked and the family structure. sex, and grade level of the student.

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Cook, Peggy Jo. "A Meta-Analysis of Studies on Self-Concept Between the Years of 1976 and 1986." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332076/.

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This meta-analysis investigated the efficacy of counseling to favorably change self-concept; the effectiveness of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) in measuring self-concept change; and whether the TSCS is consistent with other self-concept instruments in measuring self-concept change when used in the same research study. The meta-analysis inclusion criteria were: one or more psychotherapy or counseling treatments administered to the subjects; comparison of two groups, including an alternate treatment or control condition; investigated self-concept change; pre-post-test measurements of self-concept dependent variable were reported; sample was randomized and/or matched for equivalence; and sufficient information was reported to calculate or reconstruct an effect size.

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Weissenburger, Jan E. (Jan Elizabeth). "Personal Construction of the Self in Outpatients with Major Depression." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1996. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278066/.

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Clinical depression is characterized by alterations in thoughts, judgment, cognition and social behavior. This study focuses on non-optimal views of self and significant others that are proposed to underlie many of these alterations. Perceptions of self and significant others were elicited using the Role Construct Repertory Grid (Kelly, 1955a). Participants included depressed outpatients with high levels of trait anxiety (n = 27), depressed outpatients with lower levels of trait anxiety (n = 29) and a control group of never-depressed volunteers (n = 28). Consistent with prediction, significant group differences were found for negative self perception, discrepancies between actual self and self goals, alienation from significant others, and inconsistencies in self image. Results provided partial support for the self discrepancy theory of emotionality (Higgins, 1987). Among depressed patients, higher levels of anxiety were associated with increased self negativity and greater discrepancies between actual self and self goals. Increased levels of depression were associated with more alienation from significant others and more consistency in self image. Depressed patients' judgments of self and others were altered from optimal ratios, as predicted by the theory of interpersonal judgment (LeFebvre, LeFebvre & Adams-Webber, 1986). Findings have theoretical and clinical importance for the understanding and treatment of persons with clinical depression. They suggest that self image and interpersonal perceptions may be important characteristics to consider in chosing the most effective treatment for these individuals.

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Alvmyren, Ingela. "ATHLETES’ PERCEIVED HEALTH, GOAL ORIENTATION, ATHLETIC IDENTITY, SELF-ESTEEM, PHYSICAL SELF PERCEPTION AND SPORT SATISFACTION." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1045.

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The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to develop and to test the Perceived Health & Sport Participation Profile (PHSPP) Questionnaire; (b) to examine the relationship between athletes’ perceived health, goal orientation, self-esteem, physical self perception and sport satisfaction. The main theoretical framework used in this study is the Perceived Health & Sport Participation model (PH&SP) (Stambulova, Johnson, Lindwall & Hinic, 2005). A package of five questionnaires was completed by 139 competitive athletes representing different types and levels of sport. The data treatment involved descriptive statistics, correlation, factor, and regression analyses performed with the SPSS. A test-re-test was also performed on the PHSPP questionnaire with 30 subjects.

The study confirmed major parts of the PH&SP-model and its link to some established concepts and theories, e.g., athletic identity and goal orientation. Factor analyses of the PHSPP resulted in eight extracted factors explaining 61.46% of the total variance of the questionnaire with alpha values between 0.71 and 0.89 for all the factors. Test-re-test reliability appeared as satisfactory. Regression analyses showed that social influences on athletes contribute more to unhealthy than to healthy sport participation. Analyses also confirmed that healthy sport participation contributes to satisfaction with health and sport participation, and unhealthy sport participation contributes to dissatisfaction with health and sport participation. The results are discussed in relation to the corresponding literature and the PH&SP-model.

Key words: competitive athletes, perceived health, social influences, sport satisfaction.

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Mansurov, Behzod, and Richard Rosengren. "SELF-SERVICE TECHNOLOGIES : INVESTIGATION ON HOW SELF-SERVICE TECHNOLOGIES INFLUENCE THE CONSUMER’S PERCEPTION OF QUALITY." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-36041.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Self-perception'

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