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1
Charness, Gary, and Matthias Sutter. "Groups Make Better Self-Interested Decisions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.157.
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In this paper, we describe what economists have learned about differences between group and individual decision-making. This literature is still young, and in this paper, we will mostly draw on experimental work (mainly in the laboratory) that has compared individual decision-making to group decision-making, and to individual decision-making in situations with salient group membership. The bottom line emerging from economic research on group decision-making is that groups are more likely to make choices that follow standard game-theoretic predictions, while individuals are more likely to be influenced by biases, cognitive limitations, and social considerations. In this sense, groups are generally less “behavioral” than individuals. An immediate implication of this result is that individual decisions in isolation cannot necessarily be assumed to be good predictors of the decisions made by groups. More broadly, the evidence casts doubts on traditional approaches that model economic behavior as if individuals were making decisions in isolation.
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Emett, Scott A., Ronald N. Guymon, William B. Tayler, and Donald Young. "Controls and the Asymmetric Stickiness of Norms." Accounting Horizons 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-52487.
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SYNOPSIS This study investigates how formal control systems and the behavior of peers influence behavior in accounting settings with imperfect controls. We manipulate formal controls and social norms in a laboratory experiment, allowing us to precisely investigate the interactive effect of these two factors on behavior. We provide evidence that when initial controls are strong and subsequently weakened, individuals behave in a more self-interested manner in subsequent settings than individuals who are in a setting where initial controls are weak and subsequently strengthened. We also provide evidence that individuals conform more to social norms that conflict with the behavior that changes in formal controls induce. Finally, we find that individuals preferentially attend and conform to the self-interested actions of peers (as opposed to the socially interested actions of their peers), causing self-interested norms to be “stickier” than socially interested norms for behavior. JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M49; C91. Data Availability: Contact the authors.
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Marciano, Alain. "BUCHANAN’S NON-COERCIVE ECONOMICS FOR SELF-INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS: ETHICS, SMALL GROUPS, AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 38, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837215000735.
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Market failures, which are usually viewed as a consequence of self-interest, are also supposed to be a major justification for coercive state interventions. This was the view of, among others, Richard Musgrave and Paul Samuelson, but not of James Buchanan. The latter certainly admitted that individuals are self-interested, that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently, but did not believe in the need for coercion. In this paper, we show that, to Buchanan, coercion can be unnecessary if certain post-constitutional conditions are satisfied. We show that he believed that self-interested individuals voluntarily adopt pro-social behavior in small groups. Small groups or small numbers represent a post-constitutional alternative to the veil of ignorance.
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Dietrich, Michael, and Donna Rowen. "Ethical Principles and Economic Analysis." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 16, no. 3 (April 2005): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x05001600303.
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Traditional economics assumes that economic agents are self-interested, whereas arguably individuals are ethically motivated and aware, and hence economic analysis can benefit from an incorporation of ethical motivation, awareness and intention. We argue that ethics can be incorporated into the individual decision-making process by adapting the assumption that individuals are self-interested through an expansion of the notion of self-interest which is consistent with rationality. Ethical motivation therefore has a self-interested foundation, as ethical motivation appears as an extension of self-interest rather than as pure ethical motivation alone. The ethical behaviour which is most appealing is where individuals act ethically due both to an intrinsic valuation of ethics and because it is in their self-interest, rather than because it is in their self-interest alone. This type of ethical behaviour can be represented using a two-stage process, whereby individuals firstly adopt ethical principles because they value ethics in itself, and secondly because it is in their interest to do so. This two-stage process builds on insights provided by, among others, Sen and Etzioni. The first stage of the two-stage process (where the individual makes a commitment to ethical principles due to the intrinsic value of ethics rather than its instrumental value) is the most challenging for economic analysis. Two possible frameworks are suggested based on commitment and learned behaviour and institutional analysis. We find that both frameworks are suggestive but a complete analysis requires inputs from wider socio-political factors.
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Dobra, Alexandra. "Rawls' two principles of justice: their adoption by rational self-interested individuals in A Theory of Justice." E-LOGOS 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.e-logos.273.
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Warren, Mark. "Democratic Theory and Self-Transformation." American Political Science Review 86, no. 1 (March 1992): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964012.
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Democratic theories that argue for expanding the scope and domain of democracy assume that democratic experiences will transform individuals in democratic ways. Individuals are likely to become more public-spirited, tolerant, knowledgeable, and self-reflective than they would otherwise be. This assumption depends on viewing the self as socially and discursively constituted, a view that contrasts with the standard liberal-democratic view of the self as prepolitically constituted and narrowly self-interested. The importance of the social and discursive view of the self is that it highlights how standard assumptions about the self help to justify limits to democratic participation. As now conceptualized, however, the transformational assumption does not meet standard objections to expanding democracy. I sketch an approach that distinguishes classes of interests according to their potentials for democratic transformation, and strengthens—by qualifying—transformative expectations in democratic theory.
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Chen, Feiyu, Hong Chen, Jiahui Yang, Ruyin Long, and Qianwen Li. "Impact of Information Intervention on the Recycling Behavior of Individuals with Different Value Orientations—An Experimental Study on Express Delivery Packaging Waste." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103617.
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Changing residents’ recycling behavior at the source of waste generation is a fundamental way to solve the environmental and resource problems caused by express delivery packaging waste. Information intervention is a common means to help transform individual environmental protection behavior. In this study, behavioral experiments were used to examine the changes in individual express packaging waste recycling behaviors under the intervention of written and pictorial information. Differences in information processing and behavior decision-making among individuals (N = 660) categorized as self-interested, pro-relation, or pro-social were analyzed. Results showed that (1) recycling behavior is divided into persuasive, purchasing, disposal, and civil behavior. (2) Recycling behavior is differs significantly due to an individual’s education background, state of health, and interpersonal relationships. (3) Both written and pictorial information can positively change an individual’s recycling behavior, and their effectiveness is not significantly different. (4) Pictorial information has a stronger impact on purchasing behavior than written information. (5) Feedback from written information cannot effectively promote the overall recycling behavior of self-interested groups, but it can improve the overall recycling behavior of pro-relationship groups and pro-social groups. (6) Information intervention cannot effectively impact civil behavior, even among pro-social individuals. The research provides an important theoretical reference and practical basis for improving individual recycling behavior at its source.
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Herold, Florian. "Carrot or Stick? The Evolution of Reciprocal Preferences in a Haystack Model." American Economic Review 102, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 914–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.914.
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We study the evolution of both characteristics of reciprocity: the willingness to reward and the willingness to punish. First, both preferences for rewarding and preferences for punishing can survive provided that individuals interact within separate groups. Second, rewarders survive only in coexistence with self-interested preferences, but punishers either vanish or dominate the population entirely. Third, the evolution of preferences for rewarding and the evolution of preferences for punishing influence each other decisively. Rewarders can invade a population of self-interested players. The existence of rewarders enhances the evolutionary success of punishers, who then crowd out all other preferences. (JEL C71, C72, C73, D64, K42)
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Bowles, S., and S. Polanía-Reyes. "Economic Incentives and Social Preferences: Substitutes or Complements? (Part 1)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 20, 2013): 24–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-4-24-48.
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Explicit economic incentives designed to increase contributions to public goods and to promote other pro-social behavior sometimes are counterproductive or less effective than would be predicted among entirely self-interested individuals. This may occur when incentives adversely affect individuals’ altruism, ethical norms, intrinsic motives to serve the public, and other social preferences. The opposite also occurs—crowding in — though it appears less commonly.
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Hou, Chenxuan, Emine Sarigöllü, Myung-Soo Jo, and Dapeng Liang. "Stepping Outside the Self Promotes Pro-Environmental Behaviors." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 3128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093128.
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Although different self-perspectives can prompt different mindsets, leading to different responses, little is known about how self-perspective impacts pro-environmental behaviors. This study explores the effect of self-perspective, i.e., either self-immersed or self-distanced perspective, on environmental attitudes and behavior. Based on an online survey of 409 respondents in the United States, we find that pro-environmental behaviors are perceived as more important and less costly from a self-distanced perspective, compared to a self-immersed one, which in turn facilitates more engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Furthermore, a self-distanced perspective is more prevalent than a self-immersed perspective when individuals are less satisfied with and perceive less control over their pro-environmental behaviors. This study extends the self-perspective theory to research on pro-environmental behaviors, and offers useful implications for individuals to address conflicts between environmental and self-interested considerations, as well as for public policy makers and practitioners to promote more engagement in pro-environmental behaviors.
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Stoker, Laura. "Interests and Ethics in Politics." American Political Science Review 86, no. 2 (June 1992): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964226.
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I examine the place of self-interest in political life as given by a conception of politics that invokes ethics. This conception portrays each citizen as an individual with unique hopes and desires who is at the same time joined with others—part of, and continually giving shape to, a shared social and political life. It sees in political diversity and controversy not just conflicting interests but also competing claims about what “we”—unique individuals, linked to particular others through social roles and relationships, and together forming a single citizenry—ought to do or seek. Research that simply adopts a broad conception of utility or interest to admit nonselfish preferences or that employs typologies contrasting self-interested with non-self-interested motives will reveal neither the significance nor the limits of self-interest in this politics. Rather, we must explore how citizens' interests are both championed and challenged by the understandings of “good” and “right” to which our politics gives voice.
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Tait, Sophie E., and Debora Jeske. "Hello Stranger!" International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 5, no. 1 (January 2015): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2015010104.
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The current study examined the role of personality attributes and online profile characteristics as predictors of self-disclosure. The authors were specifically interested to learn how personality and profile attractiveness influenced the quantity and type of information individuals would be willing to share about themselves with a potential dating partner who they have never met before. The results of the online survey with 149 female participants revealed that the propensity to trust and extraversion were significant positive predictors of self-reported tendency to self-disclose potentially sensitive and identifying information, while greater profile attractiveness further increased the amount of information they were willing to share. These findings suggest that information disclosure is in part driven by personality and context, which has potential implications for how careful individuals are about revealing potentially sensitive information to strangers.
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Sugden, Robert. "Thinking as a Team: Towards an Explanation of Nonselfish Behavior." Social Philosophy and Policy 10, no. 1 (1993): 69–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500004027.
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For most of the problems that economists consider, the assumption that agents are self-interested works well enough, generating predictions that are broadly consistent with observation. In some significant cases, however, we find economic behavior that seems to be inconsistent with self-interest. In particular, we find that some public goods and some charitable ventures are financed by the independent voluntary contributions of many thousands of individuals. In Britain, for example, the lifeboat service is entirely financed by voluntary contributions. In all rich countries, charitable appeals raise large amounts of money for famine relief in the Third World. The willingness of individuals to contribute to such projects is an economic fact that requires an explanation.
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Agran, Martin, William E. MacLean, and Katherine Anne Kitchen Andren. "“My Voice Counts, Too”: Voting Participation Among Individuals With Intellectual Disability." Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 54, no. 4 (August 1, 2016): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1934-9556-54.4.285.
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Abstract Despite a strong societal commitment to ensuring that individuals with intellectual disability (ID) fully participate in their communities, few people with ID vote. Little is known about voting experiences from the perspective of people with ID. In-person, semistructured interviews were conducted with 28 adults with ID (Mage = 37 years) to obtain their input on voting. Constant comparison and content analysis methods were used to characterize themes. Results indicated that people with ID are interested in voting and desire to be included in the voting process yet receive little education on political issues or on how to make voting-related decisions. Support from family or service providers and self-advocacy facilitated their ability to vote. Implications of these findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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Nardin, Luis G., Craig R. Miller, Benjamin J. Ridenhour, Stephen M. Krone, Paul Joyce, and Bert O. Baumgaertner. "Planning horizon affects prophylactic decision-making and epidemic dynamics." PeerJ 4 (November 8, 2016): e2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2678.
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The spread of infectious diseases can be impacted by human behavior, and behavioral decisions often depend implicitly on a planning horizon—the time in the future over which options are weighed. We investigate the effects of planning horizons on epidemic dynamics. We developed an epidemiological agent-based model (along with an ODE analog) to explore the decision-making of self-interested individuals on adopting prophylactic behavior. The decision-making process incorporates prophylaxis efficacy and disease prevalence with the individuals’ payoffs and planning horizon. Our results show that for short and long planning horizons individuals do not consider engaging in prophylactic behavior. In contrast, individuals adopt prophylactic behavior when considering intermediate planning horizons. Such adoption, however, is not always monotonically associated with the prevalence of the disease, depending on the perceived protection efficacy and the disease parameters. Adoption of prophylactic behavior reduces the epidemic peak size while prolonging the epidemic and potentially generates secondary waves of infection. These effects can be made stronger by increasing the behavioral decision frequency or distorting an individual’s perceived risk of infection.
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Seier, Markus. "The Intuition of Punishment: A Study of Fairness Preferences and Cognitive Ability." Games 11, no. 2 (May 7, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11020021.
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Can differences in cognitive reflection explain other-regarding behavior? To test this, I use the three-item Cognitive Reflection Task to classify individuals as intuitive or reflective and correlate this measure with choices in three games that each subject participates in. The main sample consists of 236 individuals who completed the dictator game, ultimatum game and a third-party punishment task. Subjects afterwards completed the three-item Cognitive Reflection Test. Results showed that intuitive individuals acted more prosocially in all social dilemma tasks. These individuals were more likely to serve as a norm enforcer and third-party punish a selfish act in the dictator game. Reflective individuals were found more likely to act consistently in a self-interested manner across the three games.
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Eder, Klaus. "The Public Sphere." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 2-3 (May 2006): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406062705.
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The article situates the issue of the public sphere as a phenomenon that is historically bound and culturally specific. According to this point of view, the Western practices and the Western way of thinking about the public sphere appear as a historically particular way of dealing with the more general phenomenon which is the creation of a social bond beyond the family. Looking at the self-contradictory effects of the ‘modern’ Western public sphere, the question is asked whether the public association of self-interested or self-governing individuals might have to be theorized as a partial and insufficient solution to the social bond. A comparative perspective shows that it is not individuals but cultural forms that link people in the public sphere. They do so by providing a narrative basis of discourses and/or markets that in the self-understanding of modernity shape social life.
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Held, Virginia. "Non-contractual Society: A Feminist View." Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supplementary Volume 13 (1987): 111–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1987.10715932.
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Contemporary society is in the grip of contractual thinking. Realities are interpreted in contractual terms, and goals are formulated in terms of rational contracts. The leading current conceptions of rationality begin with assumptions that human beings are independent, self-interested or mutually disinterested, individuals; they then typically argue that it is often rational for human beings to enter into contractual relationships with each other.
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Bruni, Coral M., P. Wesley Schultz, and Anna Woodcock. "The Balanced Structure of Environmental Identity." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 8168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158168.
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Connectedness with nature refers to an individual’s beliefs about their relationship with the natural environment. The current paper integrates connectedness with nature into a broader framework of balanced identity theory as a form of self-concept, and presents new data showing that individuals tend toward balanced-congruity and hold cognitive configurations that balance self-concept, environmental attitudes, and self-esteem. In essence, when an individual scores highly on one of these constructs, it is likely that they will score highly on the other two constructs. Two hundred and seventy-six undergraduate students completed explicit and implicit measures of connectedness with nature, attitudes toward nature, and self-esteem. The balanced-congruity principle was supported with implicit measures (e.g., Implicit Association Test), but not explicitly with self-report measures. Results suggest that attitudes toward nature, connectedness with nature, and self-esteem form a balanced triadic structure of implicit environmental identity. The findings extend our understanding of connectedness with nature, by integrating it into a broader framework that links connectedness, attitudes, and self-esteem as a triadic form of environmental identity. This finding has important implications for practitioners interested in fostering environmental identities and promoting sustainability.
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Cisneros-Velarde, Pedro, and Francesco Bullo. "A network formation game for the emergence of hierarchies." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): e0255990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255990.
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We propose a novel network formation game that explains the emergence of various hierarchical structures in groups where self-interested or utility-maximizing individuals decide to establish or severe relationships of authority or collaboration among themselves. We consider two settings: we first consider individuals who do not seek the other party’s consent when establishing a relationship and then individuals who do. For both settings, we formally relate the emerged hierarchical structures with the novel inclusion of well-motivated hierarchy promoting terms in the individuals’ utility functions. We first analyze the game via a static analysis and characterize all the hierarchical structures that can be formed as its solutions. We then consider the game played dynamically under stochastic interactions among individuals implementing better-response dynamics and analyze the nature of the converged networks.
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Weikard, Hans-Peter. "Fairness as Mutual Advantage? A Comment on Buchanan and Gauthier." Economics and Philosophy 10, no. 1 (April 1994): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100001711.
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The concept of fairness as mutual advantage has been developed in the tradition of social contract theory. In this framework society is seen as an enterprise that coordinates the activities of its members in order to advance their interests. All acceptable social rules are in the interest of each member of society. Rules are agreed unanimously – no rules can be enforced against the interest of someone. It is assumed that individuals are basically self-interested and rational. Radical libertarianism claims that individuals do not have to accept any a priori constraints on their behavior. “Libertarianism focuses on negative freedom” (Schokkaert, 1992, p. 89).
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Austen-Smith, David. "Jon Elster's Securities against Misrule: Juries, Assemblies, Elections: A Review Essay." Journal of Economic Literature 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.53.1.65.
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The standard economic approach to designing institutions for collective decision making recognizes individuals' strategically rational motivations for misrepresentation and asks how best, given an objective function, to design a set of incentives and constraints to internalize or negate such motivations. Securities Against Misrule offers, in the author's phrase, an “essay in persuasion” to the effect that such an approach is fundamentally misguided. Instead, Elster argues for a behavioral approach centered on designing institutions for good decision making, rather than good outcomes, by individuals whose actions are chronically subject to emotional, self-interested, and prejudicial distortions. (JEL D02, D71, D72, D82)
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Ervasti, Mari, Johanna Kallio, Ilmari Määttänen, Jani Mäntyjärvi, and Markus Jokela. "Influence of Personality and Differences in Stress Processing Among Finnish Students on Interest to Use a Mobile Stress Management App: Survey Study." JMIR Mental Health 6, no. 5 (May 13, 2019): e10039. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/10039.
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Background Excessive stress has a negative impact on many aspects of life for both individuals and societies, from studying and working to health and well-being. Each individual has their unique level of stress-proneness, and positive or negative outcomes of stress may be affected by it. Technology-aided interventions have potential efficacy in the self-management of stress. However, current Web-based or mobile stress management solutions may not reach the individuals that would need them the most, that is, stress-sensitive people. Objective The aim of this study was to examine how personality is associated with stress among Finnish university students and their interest to use apps that help in managing stress. Methods We used 2 structured online questionnaires (combined, n=1001) that were advertised in the University of Helsinki’s mailing lists. The first questionnaire (n=635) was used to investigate intercorrelations between the Big Five personality variables (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) and other stress-related background variables. The second questionnaire (n=366) was used to study intercorrelations between the above-mentioned study variables and interest in using stress management apps. Results The quantitative findings of the first questionnaire showed that higher levels of extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness were associated with lower self-reported stress. Neuroticism, in turn, was found to be strongly associated with rumination, anxiety, and depression. The findings of the second questionnaire indicated that individuals characterized by the Big Five personality traits of neuroticism and agreeableness were particularly interested to use stress management apps (r=.27, P<.001 and r=.11, P=.032, respectively). Moreover, the binary logistic regression analysis revealed that when a person’s neuroticism is one SD above average (ie, it is higher than among 84% of people), the person has roughly 2 times higher odds of being interested in using a stress management app. Respectively, when a person’s agreeableness is one SD above average, the person has almost 1.4 times higher odds of being interested in using a stress management app. Conclusions Our results indicated that personality traits may have an influence on the adoption interest of stress management apps. Individuals with high neuroticism are, according to our results, adaptive in the sense that they are interested in using stress management apps that may benefit them. On the contrary, low agreeableness may lead to lower interest to use the mobile stress management apps. The practical implication is that future mobile stress interventions should meaningfully be adjusted to improve user engagement and support health even among less-motivated users, for instance, to successfully engage individuals with low agreeableness.
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Rathbun, Brian C., Joshua D. Kertzer, and Mark Paradis. "Homo Diplomaticus: Mixed-Method Evidence of Variation in Strategic Rationality." International Organization 71, S1 (April 2017): S33—S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000412.
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AbstractPsychology is traditionally used in political science to explain deviations from rationality. Lost in the debate between rationalists and their critics, however, is a sense of whether the kinds of strategic self-interested behavior predicted by these models has psychological microfoundations: what wouldhomo economicuslook like in the real world? We argue that strategic rationality varies across individuals and is characterized by a pro-self social-value orientation and a high level of epistemic motivation. Testing our argument in the context of international relations, we employ a laboratory bargaining game and integrate it with archival research on German foreign policy-making in the 1920s. We find in both contexts that even among those interested in maximizing only their own egoistic gains, those with greater epistemic motivation are better able to adapt to the strategic situation, particularly the distribution of power. Our results build a bridge between two approaches often considered to be antithetical to one another.
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MINES, MATTISON. "Courts of Law and Styles of Self in Eighteenth-Century Madras: From Hybrid to Colonial Self." Modern Asian Studies 35, no. 1 (February 2001): 33–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x01003687.
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My concern is public representations of individuals and how these were affected by British East India Company courts, judicial proceedings, and the law in Madras city during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Company records reveal that this was a period of dramatic transformation in self-representation, just as it also was in Company rule. My purpose is to trace the transformation of the manner in which individuals represented themselves and others and what this process reveals about the constitution of Madras society and Company rule before and after the establishment of an independent judiciary at the end of the eighteenth century. Most particularly, in this paper I seek to demonstrate how the transformation of East India Company courts of judicature from interested courts, strictly controlled by the Company, to independent courts is associated with changes that greatly affected the manner in which individuals—both British and Indian—thought of themselves and others in Madras city public life. This transformation was of a piece with the establishment of independent judiciaries in England and North America at the time and indicates how Madras too was influenced by these political developments.
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Bruni, Luigino, and Robert Sugden. "FRATERNITY, INTRINSIC MOTIVATION AND SACRIFICE: A REPLY TO GUI AND NELSON." Economics and Philosophy 25, no. 2 (July 2009): 195–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026626710999006x.
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This paper responds to Gui and Nelson's separate comments on our paper ‘Fraternity’, which analysed sociality in markets as joint commitment to mutual assistance. We argue that our analysis is fundamentally different both from Nelson's analysis (a mixture of self-interested and intrinsic motivations) and from that provided by theories of warm glow or guilt aversion, as discussed by Gui. We agree with Gui that, in initiating and maintaining cooperative relationships, individuals sometimes incur personal costs to benefit others without any certainty of reciprocation, but we argue that the intentions underlying such actions are cooperative rather than self-sacrificing.
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Perez, Eddie, and Paul Thompson. "Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects: A Course in Disaster Management." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 9, no. 1 (March 1994): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00040905.
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This self-study course will meet the needs of people involved in disaster management for both sudden-onset natural disasters (i.e., earthquakes, floods, hurricanes) and slow-onset disasters (i.e., famine, drought). The course is designed for government personnel, representatives of private, voluntary agencies, and other individuals interested in disaster management.The nine lessons for the course will be published successively in Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. Self-assessment tests will accompany each lesson. There also is a final examination offered for those who wish to earn continuing education units (CEUs) through the University of Wisconsin—Disaster Management Center (UW-DMC).
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Huffman, Ann Hergatt, Louis H. Irving, and Heidi A. Wayment. "The Quiet Ego: Assuaging Organizational Concerns About Mindfulness." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 8, no. 4 (December 2015): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.96.
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Hyland, Lee, and Mills (2015) provide ample evidence regarding the value of mindfulness to individuals and the industrial–organizational community as a whole. However, as they noted, mindfulness programs and practices have not yet found widespread implementation among businesses and other organizations. Hyland et al. suggest two primary reasons for this. First, the move toward a nonjudgmental, presently aware, and accepting mind is a tall order for most individuals in our Western society who are heavily conditioned to be relatively self-interested, judgmental, and future oriented. Second, typical mindfulness programs (e.g., mindfulness based stress reduction; MBSR) may be too costly and time consuming for organizations.
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Lee Hamilton, V., and Joseph Sanders. "The Second Face of Evil: Wrongdoing in and by the Corporation." Personality and Social Psychology Review 3, no. 3 (August 1999): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0303_5.
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The second face of evil is hurtful, rather than malevolent. We argue that this is likely to be the form of wrongdoing characteristic of corporate actors. This article views the corporation at 3 levels: the individual self-interested actors within it, the individual actors who respond to their hierarchical position, and the hierarchy (corporation) it-self Research shows that action inside complex organizations such as corporations is not necessarily more rational and informed by greater foresight than individual actions, but several studies indicate that individuals hold organizations to a higher level of responsibility than individuals committing similar acts, and they do so in part because they perceive organizations to enjoy greater foresight. We address this paradox by suggesting that future research address how the corporation 's obligations to foresee consequences and the sheer, primitive consequences themselves may shape perceptions of corporate foreseeability.
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Hennecke, Marie, Wiebke Bleidorn, Jaap J. A. Denissen, and Dustin Wood. "A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood." European Journal of Personality 28, no. 3 (May 2014): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.1945.
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Recently, researchers interested in personality development have begun to acknowledge the roles of motivation and self–regulation for why traits change across adulthood. We propose three preconditions under which individuals may change their own levels of a personality trait through self–directed efforts. Firstly, individuals need to desire changing their trait–related behaviours either as an end in itself or in order to achieve other goals. Secondly, they need to consider behavioural changes feasible and be able to implement the desired changes. Thirdly, behavioural changes need to become habitual in order to constitute a stable trait. After elaborating on these three conditions, we review evidence attesting to the importance of motivation and self–regulation for trait development. We conclude with a discussion of the mutual interdependence of traits and goals, as well as the limits of self–regulated personality change. From our framework, we derive why personality changes across adulthood tend to be small to medium only, namely because they may require that all three preconditions for self–regulated personality change are fulfilled. We provide reasons for why people might not view change as desirable, feasible or fail to maintain it over time. Finally, we propose ideas for potential study designs to research self–regulated personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Filippelli, Sandra Elaine. "An Inquiry into Self-Immolation as Social Protest." Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29258.
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This poetic inquiry paper is a reflection on the phenomenon of self-immolation committed as compassionate protest. Whether the self-directed social protest of Vietnamese monk, Thích Quảng Đức, and Tibetan monastics and lay people, expresses selfless, altruistic action, dedicated to the greater good, merits reflection. Individuals seeking social justice in today’s troubled times may be interested in cultivating ahimsa, or non-violence, within themselves before attempting to implement it within their communities. In brief, they should change themselves before they change the world. With self-compassion that broadens to loving kindness and compassion for all, they may try to understand those from whom they seek justice before they commit to action. This inquiry concludes with ekphrastic poetry, “interpreting, troubling and addressing” (poets.org) the Tibetan painting, “Wheel of Life,” a depiction of the Buddhist concept of the “three poisons,” ignorance, desire, and anger, and contemplates their antidotes.
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Snyder, Aaron W., Stephen C. Yanchar, and Edwin E. Gantt. "Learning for Another: From Self-Interest to Altruism." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 57, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 252–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167815605427.
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This qualitative study offers an examination of the learning experiences of six individuals, each of whom initially learned for self-interested purposes, but later experienced a shift in their desire and pursued learning to benefit others. We conducted interviews that described this phenomenon and provided insight into the following question: What is the experience of a learner who transitions from learning out of self-interest to learning for the sake of another? Findings of this study include narrative case summaries for each participant and a cross-case analysis that includes six major themes regarding participants’ transition to altruistic forms of learning: humility as a prerequisite, communal learning, emphasis on the success of others, becoming more self-confident, becoming a more effective learner, and becoming more other centered. Overall, participants in this study found the most meaning by helping recipients achieve their own growth and development rather than by merely accomplishing tasks.
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Wrong, Dennis H. "Inequality and the division of labor: the Davis-Moore theory reexamined." European Journal of Sociology 40, no. 2 (November 1999): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007463.
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Social inequality has long been subject to theoretical dispute with moral and political overtones. The most recent debate was over the argument of American sociologists Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore that unequal rewards were ‘functionally’ necessary to maintain a complex division of labour. Their theory has gained new credibility as a market model of occupational selection assuming competition among self-interested individuals. Its abstractness and limited scope need recognition, but it remains a valuable starting point for the consideration of inequality.
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Tobias, Andrada. "Steps on Life Change and Spiritual Transformation: The Project of the Self." Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai Sociologia 61, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/subbs-2016-0013.
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Abstract The aim of the present paper is to analyse how individuals in contemporary Romania come to adopt a new life-style centred on the self and how new forms of spirituality contribute to this project. In order to document how powerfully immersed alternative forms of spirituality (yoga practices, transcendental meditation, bioenergy, holistic medicine etc.) and subjectification techniques (personal development, motivational practices) look like for people in Romania, I have combined participant observations with semi-structured in-depth interviews. First of all I have reviewed the literature on spirituality and self-development and overviewed the specific techniques of subjectification. These techniques have the power to change the individual’s view of life and have elements that serve the neoliberal governmentality. To continue, I have attended courses and workshops centred on spiritual development to uncover the communalities between literature and discourses on change. I was mainly interested in analysing the discourse of trainers, speakers and religious guiders and outlining the participants’ experiences, while understanding how they utilise the knowledge and support given throughout these courses when trying to enhance their day-to-day lives and careers. 2
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Louis, Kenneth O. St, Seyhun Topbaş, and R. Sertan OÖzdemir. "Turkish Stuttering Association: A Model Project to Bring Stuttering Self-help to Turkey." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 18, no. 3 (November 2008): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd18.3.119.
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Abstract A new self-help organization has been established to serve stuttering individuals and their families and/or friends in Turkey and other Turkish-speaking areas of the world. This Turkish Stuttering Association (TKB for “Türkiye Kekemelik Birliği” in Turkish) was inaugurated with a Web site in both Turkish and English. The Web site permits discussions among those who stutter and other interested persons. The next step is to foster face-to-face chapters of the TKB through the Web site and via annual workshops at the Education, Research, and Training Center for Speech and Language Disorders (DILKOM) at Anadolu University in Eskisehir, Turkey.
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BASHIR, SAIMA, TESFA GEBREMEDHIN, and MUHAMMAD ARSHAD CHAWDHRY. "DOES SELF-EMPLOYMENT ENHANCE REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 19, no. 04 (December 2014): 1450025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946714500253.
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Creative and qualified self-employed individuals contribute to economic growth by inventing new products, production processes, distribution methods and employing other people. Researchers are interested in self-employment if it can provide jobs to the unemployed population and also for those who face job discrimination. However, increase in self-employment is uncertain because entrepreneurial skills are assumed to be risky and self-employed workers can learn their skills gradually after starting their businesses. Economists pay special attention to finding the conceptual relationship between entrepreneurship as self-employment and economic development. Furthermore, studies show that the process of entrepreneurship has significant spatial autocorrelation and affects neighboring counties. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify and estimate the spatial impacts of self-employment in the economic development of the northeastern United States. The study expects to provide policy makers with vital information for policy measures designed for economic development. The study uses the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to estimate the relationship of employment, population and per capita income against self-employment. The results indicate that employment and population are positively linked to self-employment. Also, results highlight the positive contribution of self-employment on rural economic development.
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Driver, Morgan, Sally Kuo, and Danielle Dick. "Interest in Genetic Feedback for Alcohol Use Disorder and Related Substance Use and Psychiatric Outcomes among Young Adults." Brain Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10121007.
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An exponential growing number of individuals are accessing genetic risk information via direct to consumer companies. Alcohol dependence is the third most accessed genetic risk score on a publicly available direct to consumer website. Better understanding of the degree to which individuals are interested in receiving personalized genetic feedback, the factors that relate to interest, and genetic knowledge will be critical to lay the foundation for precision medicine initiatives, especially for substance use and psychiatric outcomes, where less is known. To assess interest in receiving genetic feedback for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and understanding of genetic concepts related to psychiatric conditions, we conducted a survey with participants recruited from a registry that enrolled incoming cohorts of freshmen at an urban public university; 205 participants (76.5% female; 58.9% self-reported as White; Mage = 24.48 years) completed the survey. Results indicated that participants are highly interested in receiving genetic feedback for AUD (79.0%) but there is a lack of understanding of complex genetic concepts in a sizable proportion of the sample (25.4%). Additional research is needed to assess how to address this lack of knowledge before genetic feedback for AUD can be returned in a way that benefits the individual.
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Friedman, Stewart D., and Alyssa Westring. "Empowering individuals to integrate work and life: insights for management development." Journal of Management Development 34, no. 3 (April 13, 2015): 299–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmd-11-2012-0144.
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Purpose – In efforts to improve employee recruitment and retention and enhance productivity and morale, organizations have implemented policies and practices (e.g. flextime, telework to address employee work-life concerns). However, there is mixed evidence regarding their effectiveness. The purpose of this paper is to complement work-life policies, initiatives aimed at empowering employees with the knowledge and skills to manage multiple life roles may be valuable. Little information is available regarding the nature or effectiveness of such initiatives. Through an in-depth analysis of one initiative, Total Leadership, the authors provide insights that can be used in the selection, design, implementation, and evaluation of work-life empowerment efforts. Design/methodology/approach – The authors use a mixed methods approach to explore the experiences of 316 participants in the Total Leadership program. Self-assessments (pre and post) were analyzed using quantitative methods (e.g. Cohen’s d-value). Inductive and iterative qualitative methods were employed to understand the types of experiments participants created as part of the program. Findings – The authors found that participants reported significant increases in satisfaction and performance in all domains of life (work, home, community, and self). Further, the authors identified nine types of experiments that individuals used to enhance performance in all life domains. Implications for management development specialists are provided. Originality/value – This study provides unique and valuable insight for those interested in supporting employee work-life development, leadership, and performance in all domains of life. It represents one of the first efforts to provide evidence-based guidance for the design and implementation of such initiatives.
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Barrett, Jacob. "Punishment and disagreement in the state of nature." Economics and Philosophy 36, no. 3 (October 17, 2019): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267119000233.
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AbstractHobbes believed that the state of nature would be a war of all against all. Locke denied this, but acknowledged that in the absence of government, peace is insecure. In this paper, I analyse both accounts of the state of nature through the lens of classical and experimental game theory, drawing especially on evidence concerning the effects of punishment in public goods games. My analysis suggests that we need government not to keep wicked or relentlessly self-interested individuals in line, but rather to maintain peace among those who disagree about morality.
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Pei, Yan. "Algorithmic Mechanism Design of Evolutionary Computation." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2015 (2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/591954.
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We consider algorithmic design, enhancement, and improvement of evolutionary computation as a mechanism design problem. All individuals or several groups of individuals can be considered as self-interested agents. The individuals in evolutionary computation can manipulate parameter settings and operations by satisfying their own preferences, which are defined by an evolutionary computation algorithm designer, rather than by following a fixed algorithm rule. Evolutionary computation algorithm designers or self-adaptive methods should construct proper rules and mechanisms for all agents (individuals) to conduct their evolution behaviour correctly in order to definitely achieve the desired and preset objective(s). As a case study, we propose a formal framework on parameter setting, strategy selection, and algorithmic design of evolutionary computation by considering the Nash strategy equilibrium of a mechanism design in the search process. The evaluation results present the efficiency of the framework. This primary principle can be implemented in any evolutionary computation algorithm that needs to consider strategy selection issues in its optimization process. The final objective of our work is to solve evolutionary computation design as an algorithmic mechanism design problem and establish its fundamental aspect by taking this perspective. This paper is the first step towards achieving this objective by implementing a strategy equilibrium solution (such as Nash equilibrium) in evolutionary computation algorithm.
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Anderson, Merrick. "Immorality or Immortality? An Argument for Virtue." Rhetorica 37, no. 2 (2019): 97–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2019.37.2.97.
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In the 5th century a number of sophists challenged the orthodox understanding of morality and claimed that practicing injustice was the best and most profitable way for an individual to live. Although a number of responses to sophistic immoralism were made, one argument, in fact coming from a pair of sophists, has not received the attention it deserves. According to the argument I call Immortal Repute, self-interested individuals should reject immorality and cultivate virtue instead, for only a virtuous agent can win the sort of everlasting reputation that makes a life truly admirable and successful.
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Marshall, James A. R., and Jonathan E. Rowe. "Viscous Populations and Their Support for Reciprocal Cooperation." Artificial Life 9, no. 3 (July 2003): 327–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454603322392497.
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Viscous populations (those whose members are spatially distributed and have limited mobility and locality of interaction and mating) have been proposed to support the evolution of reciprocal cooperation among self-interested individuals. Here we present a model of such a population and describe how its examination yielded the realization that different classes of viscous populations exist with differing levels of support for reciprocal cooperation. Specifically we find from our model that, in a spatially distributed population with increased viscosity, the reciprocally cooperative tit-for-tat strategy may not be globally stable due to a corresponding increase in local population density.
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Cohen, Jennifer. "COVID-19 Capitalism: The Profit Motive versus Public Health." Public Health Ethics 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 176–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/phe/phaa025.
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Abstract Market incentives in capitalist economies and public health requirements are contradictory. In the COVID-19 pandemic, market-rewarded self-interested behavior has been exposed as a source of mortality and morbidity. Profit-motivated behaviors can keep people from accessing necessities for health thereby harming individuals and possibly damaging population health. The profit motive can also undermine healthcare system capacity by maldistributing goods that are inputs to healthcare. Furthermore, because profit-seeking is economically rational in capitalism, capitalist imperatives may be incompatible with public health. The ways markets misallocate resources provide a rationale for state responsibility for health, which is a public good.
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Elliott, Jane, and JD Carpentieri. "Narrating future selves: perspectives on ageing from a Scottish cohort born in 1936." Anthropology & Aging 41, no. 2 (December 14, 2020): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/aa.2020.245.
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In this paper we investigate the perspectives individuals take on their future at a particular chronological age, the late 70s. We seek to provide insights into the diverse ways that older people incorporate narratives about possible future selves into their decision making and planning for the future, and how this supports wellbeing. This paper is based on detailed analysis of qualitative biographical interviews conducted with 33 men and women who were all born in Scotland in 1936.These individuals were chosen because they formed part of a longitudinal cohort study called the ‘6-day sample study’ that was initiated in Scotland in 1947. The material we draw on enables us to examine individuals’ biographical narratives as recounted in a research interview alongside insights into individual capacities and wellbeing derived from more structured quantitative questionnaires. We are interested in the presentation of the ageing self in an ethnographic interview, and how these presentations may complement or conflict with insights from the structured quantitative data collected in the study.
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Schueller, Stephen M., and Acacia C. Parks. "The Science of Self-Help." European Psychologist 19, no. 2 (January 1, 2014): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000181.
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Positive psychology aims to understand the positive side of human functioning, expanding research on positive behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and character traits. The findings of this research have highlighted strategies (e.g., savoring, gratitude, kindness, social relationships, and hope and meaning) that, when practiced, lead to increases in individual happiness. Researchers and practitioners have translated these strategies into effective interventions that can be disseminated directly to individuals, allowing them to actively pursue greater levels of happiness. We present a summary of the current state of positive psychological interventions as they pertain to self-help. A major focus in the application of positive psychological interventions for self-help is dissemination – ensuring that those interested have access to evidence-based strategies to increase their happiness. The future of self-help involves spreading these practices through classes, workshops, books, and increasingly prevalent technologies such as Internet sites and mobile applications. We outline unique concerns related to providing self-help in the absence of professional support including motivation and engagement, variety and flexibility, and person-activity fit. As positive psychology has developed a host of evidence-based practices, the next stage of research requires implementing these strategies in ways to support their use in real-world contexts.
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Rho, Sungmin, and Michael Tomz. "Why Don't Trade Preferences Reflect Economic Self-Interest?" International Organization 71, S1 (April 2017): S85—S108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818316000394.
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AbstractThe dominant approach to the study of international political economy assumes that the policy preferences of individuals and groups reflect economic self-interest. Recent research has called this assumption into question by suggesting that voters do not have economically self-interested preferences about trade policy. We investigate one potential explanation for this puzzling finding: economic ignorance. We show that most voters do not understand the economic consequences of protectionism. We then use experiments to study how voters would respond if they had more information about how trade barriers affect the distribution of income. We find that distributional cues generate two opposing effects: they make people more likely to express self-serving policy preferences, but they also make people more sensitive to the interests of others. In our study both reactions were evident, but selfish responses outweighed altruistic ones. Thus, if people knew more about the distributional effects of trade, the correlation between personal interests and policy preferences would tighten. By showing how the explanatory power of economic self-interest depends on beliefs about causality, this research provides a foundation for more realistic, behaviorally informed theories of international political economy.
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Knight, George P., M. Dalal Safa, and Rebecca M. B. White. "Advancing the assessment of cultural orientation: A developmental and contextual framework of multiple psychological dimensions and social identities." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 5 (October 4, 2018): 1867–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941800113x.
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AbstractThis paper aims to advance the scientific understanding of the role of culture, particularly cultural orientation, in development and psychopathology. We advance a theoretical framework that conceptualizes cultural orientation as a developmental construct represented by multiple psychological dimensions and social identities, and influenced by the contexts in which individuals are embedded. This perspective suggests that cultural orientation changes within individuals over time as a function of their experiences with and memberships in multiple groups, including the mainstream and ethnic culture groups, as well as a function of their normative developmental changes (i.e., the development of cognitive, social, and emotional capabilities). In addition, this framework places the development of an ethnic culture social identity (e.g., an ethnic identity) and a mainstream culture social identity in broader developmental perspectives that recognize these as two of the many social identities that are simultaneously embedded within the individual's self-concept and that simultaneously influence one's cultural orientation. To support the successful integration of culture into the study of development and psychopathology, we describe how highly reliable and valid measures of cultural orientation, indexed by individuals’ social identities, are essential for generating a scientifically credible understanding of the role of cultural orientation in development and psychopathology. Further, we detail some best research practices associated with our developmental and contextual framework, and note some important considerations for researchers interested in studying cultural orientation, development, and psychopathology.
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Zaki, Jamil, Eric Neumann, and Dean Baltiansky. "Market Cognition: How Exchange Norms Alter Social Experience." Current Directions in Psychological Science 30, no. 3 (May 14, 2021): 236–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721421995492.
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Market exchange and the ideologies that accompany it pervade human social interaction. How does this affect people’s beliefs about themselves, each other, and human nature? Here we describe market cognition as social inferences and behaviors that are intensified by market contexts. We focus on prosociality and two countervailing ways in which market cognition can affect it. On the one hand, marketplaces incentivize individuals to behave prosocially in order to be chosen as exchange partners—thereby generalizing cooperation and trust beyond group boundaries. On the other hand, markets encourage a view of people as self-interested and can thus taint people’s interpretation of prosocial actions and erode more communal forms of cooperation. We close by considering how market cognition can become self-fulfilling, altering relationships, communities, and cultural norms.
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Mansell, Jordan. "Ideology and social cognition." Politics and the Life Sciences 39, no. 1 (2020): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pls.2019.24.
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AbstractResearch links liberal and conservative ideological orientations with variation on psychological and cognitive characteristics that are important for perceptual processes and decision-making. This study investigates whether this variation can impact the social behaviors of liberals and conservatives. A sample of subjects (n = 1,245) participated in a modified public goods game in which an intragroup inequality was introduced to observe the effect on individuals’ tendency toward self-interested versus prosocial behavior. Overall, the contributions of neither liberal- nor conservative-oriented individuals were affected by conditions of a general intragroup inequality. However, in response to the knowledge that group members voted to redress the inequality, levels of contribution among liberals significantly increased in comparison to the control. This was not true for conservatives. The results provide evidence that differences in ideological orientation are associated with individual differences in social cognition.
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Daniels, Joseph, Tim Lane, Helen Struthers, Kabelo Maleke, Winta Moges, James McIntyre, and Thomas Coates. "Assessing the Feasibility of Smartphone Apps for HIV-Care Research with MSM and Transgender Individuals in Mpumalanga, South Africa." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 16, no. 5 (August 9, 2017): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325957417724207.
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There is an urgent need to develop the HIV treatment cascade for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender individuals in rural Mpumalanga, South Africa. Mhealth tools such as smartphone applications have the potential to support HIV self-care behaviors. We conducted an exploratory study with HIV-positive community leaders to understand their current uses of cell phones and smartphones and to assess their interest in an HIV research study that utilized a smartphone application for HIV care support. A total of 18 community leaders were recruited to complete a questionnaire and focus group. We found that a large proportion of participants had smartphone access and were interested in a research study that utilized a smartphone application with secure access measures. We conclude that smartphone applications for HIV care research are feasible based on access and interest by MSM and transgender individuals in this rural setting.