Academic literature on the topic 'Self-interested individuals'
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Journal articles on the topic "Self-interested individuals"
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Charness, Gary, and Matthias Sutter. "Groups Make Better Self-Interested Decisions." Journal of Economic Perspectives 26, no. 3 (August 1, 2012): 157–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.157.
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In this paper, we describe what economists have learned about differences between group and individual decision-making. This literature is still young, and in this paper, we will mostly draw on experimental work (mainly in the laboratory) that has compared individual decision-making to group decision-making, and to individual decision-making in situations with salient group membership. The bottom line emerging from economic research on group decision-making is that groups are more likely to make choices that follow standard game-theoretic predictions, while individuals are more likely to be influenced by biases, cognitive limitations, and social considerations. In this sense, groups are generally less “behavioral” than individuals. An immediate implication of this result is that individual decisions in isolation cannot necessarily be assumed to be good predictors of the decisions made by groups. More broadly, the evidence casts doubts on traditional approaches that model economic behavior as if individuals were making decisions in isolation.
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Emett, Scott A., Ronald N. Guymon, William B. Tayler, and Donald Young. "Controls and the Asymmetric Stickiness of Norms." Accounting Horizons 33, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/acch-52487.
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SYNOPSIS This study investigates how formal control systems and the behavior of peers influence behavior in accounting settings with imperfect controls. We manipulate formal controls and social norms in a laboratory experiment, allowing us to precisely investigate the interactive effect of these two factors on behavior. We provide evidence that when initial controls are strong and subsequently weakened, individuals behave in a more self-interested manner in subsequent settings than individuals who are in a setting where initial controls are weak and subsequently strengthened. We also provide evidence that individuals conform more to social norms that conflict with the behavior that changes in formal controls induce. Finally, we find that individuals preferentially attend and conform to the self-interested actions of peers (as opposed to the socially interested actions of their peers), causing self-interested norms to be “stickier” than socially interested norms for behavior. JEL Classifications: M40; M41; M49; C91. Data Availability: Contact the authors.
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Marciano, Alain. "BUCHANAN’S NON-COERCIVE ECONOMICS FOR SELF-INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS: ETHICS, SMALL GROUPS, AND THE SOCIAL CONTRACT." Journal of the History of Economic Thought 38, no. 1 (February 16, 2016): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1053837215000735.
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Market failures, which are usually viewed as a consequence of self-interest, are also supposed to be a major justification for coercive state interventions. This was the view of, among others, Richard Musgrave and Paul Samuelson, but not of James Buchanan. The latter certainly admitted that individuals are self-interested, that markets fail to allocate resources efficiently, but did not believe in the need for coercion. In this paper, we show that, to Buchanan, coercion can be unnecessary if certain post-constitutional conditions are satisfied. We show that he believed that self-interested individuals voluntarily adopt pro-social behavior in small groups. Small groups or small numbers represent a post-constitutional alternative to the veil of ignorance.
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Dietrich, Michael, and Donna Rowen. "Ethical Principles and Economic Analysis." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 16, no. 3 (April 2005): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x05001600303.
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Traditional economics assumes that economic agents are self-interested, whereas arguably individuals are ethically motivated and aware, and hence economic analysis can benefit from an incorporation of ethical motivation, awareness and intention. We argue that ethics can be incorporated into the individual decision-making process by adapting the assumption that individuals are self-interested through an expansion of the notion of self-interest which is consistent with rationality. Ethical motivation therefore has a self-interested foundation, as ethical motivation appears as an extension of self-interest rather than as pure ethical motivation alone. The ethical behaviour which is most appealing is where individuals act ethically due both to an intrinsic valuation of ethics and because it is in their self-interest, rather than because it is in their self-interest alone. This type of ethical behaviour can be represented using a two-stage process, whereby individuals firstly adopt ethical principles because they value ethics in itself, and secondly because it is in their interest to do so. This two-stage process builds on insights provided by, among others, Sen and Etzioni. The first stage of the two-stage process (where the individual makes a commitment to ethical principles due to the intrinsic value of ethics rather than its instrumental value) is the most challenging for economic analysis. Two possible frameworks are suggested based on commitment and learned behaviour and institutional analysis. We find that both frameworks are suggestive but a complete analysis requires inputs from wider socio-political factors.
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Dobra, Alexandra. "Rawls' two principles of justice: their adoption by rational self-interested individuals in A Theory of Justice." E-LOGOS 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.e-logos.273.
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Warren, Mark. "Democratic Theory and Self-Transformation." American Political Science Review 86, no. 1 (March 1992): 8–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1964012.
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Democratic theories that argue for expanding the scope and domain of democracy assume that democratic experiences will transform individuals in democratic ways. Individuals are likely to become more public-spirited, tolerant, knowledgeable, and self-reflective than they would otherwise be. This assumption depends on viewing the self as socially and discursively constituted, a view that contrasts with the standard liberal-democratic view of the self as prepolitically constituted and narrowly self-interested. The importance of the social and discursive view of the self is that it highlights how standard assumptions about the self help to justify limits to democratic participation. As now conceptualized, however, the transformational assumption does not meet standard objections to expanding democracy. I sketch an approach that distinguishes classes of interests according to their potentials for democratic transformation, and strengthens—by qualifying—transformative expectations in democratic theory.
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Chen, Feiyu, Hong Chen, Jiahui Yang, Ruyin Long, and Qianwen Li. "Impact of Information Intervention on the Recycling Behavior of Individuals with Different Value Orientations—An Experimental Study on Express Delivery Packaging Waste." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 10, 2018): 3617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103617.
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Changing residents’ recycling behavior at the source of waste generation is a fundamental way to solve the environmental and resource problems caused by express delivery packaging waste. Information intervention is a common means to help transform individual environmental protection behavior. In this study, behavioral experiments were used to examine the changes in individual express packaging waste recycling behaviors under the intervention of written and pictorial information. Differences in information processing and behavior decision-making among individuals (N = 660) categorized as self-interested, pro-relation, or pro-social were analyzed. Results showed that (1) recycling behavior is divided into persuasive, purchasing, disposal, and civil behavior. (2) Recycling behavior is differs significantly due to an individual’s education background, state of health, and interpersonal relationships. (3) Both written and pictorial information can positively change an individual’s recycling behavior, and their effectiveness is not significantly different. (4) Pictorial information has a stronger impact on purchasing behavior than written information. (5) Feedback from written information cannot effectively promote the overall recycling behavior of self-interested groups, but it can improve the overall recycling behavior of pro-relationship groups and pro-social groups. (6) Information intervention cannot effectively impact civil behavior, even among pro-social individuals. The research provides an important theoretical reference and practical basis for improving individual recycling behavior at its source.
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Herold, Florian. "Carrot or Stick? The Evolution of Reciprocal Preferences in a Haystack Model." American Economic Review 102, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 914–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.2.914.
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We study the evolution of both characteristics of reciprocity: the willingness to reward and the willingness to punish. First, both preferences for rewarding and preferences for punishing can survive provided that individuals interact within separate groups. Second, rewarders survive only in coexistence with self-interested preferences, but punishers either vanish or dominate the population entirely. Third, the evolution of preferences for rewarding and the evolution of preferences for punishing influence each other decisively. Rewarders can invade a population of self-interested players. The existence of rewarders enhances the evolutionary success of punishers, who then crowd out all other preferences. (JEL C71, C72, C73, D64, K42)
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Bowles, S., and S. Polanía-Reyes. "Economic Incentives and Social Preferences: Substitutes or Complements? (Part 1)." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 4 (April 20, 2013): 24–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2013-4-24-48.
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Explicit economic incentives designed to increase contributions to public goods and to promote other pro-social behavior sometimes are counterproductive or less effective than would be predicted among entirely self-interested individuals. This may occur when incentives adversely affect individuals’ altruism, ethical norms, intrinsic motives to serve the public, and other social preferences. The opposite also occurs—crowding in — though it appears less commonly.
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Hou, Chenxuan, Emine Sarigöllü, Myung-Soo Jo, and Dapeng Liang. "Stepping Outside the Self Promotes Pro-Environmental Behaviors." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2018): 3128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093128.
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Although different self-perspectives can prompt different mindsets, leading to different responses, little is known about how self-perspective impacts pro-environmental behaviors. This study explores the effect of self-perspective, i.e., either self-immersed or self-distanced perspective, on environmental attitudes and behavior. Based on an online survey of 409 respondents in the United States, we find that pro-environmental behaviors are perceived as more important and less costly from a self-distanced perspective, compared to a self-immersed one, which in turn facilitates more engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Furthermore, a self-distanced perspective is more prevalent than a self-immersed perspective when individuals are less satisfied with and perceive less control over their pro-environmental behaviors. This study extends the self-perspective theory to research on pro-environmental behaviors, and offers useful implications for individuals to address conflicts between environmental and self-interested considerations, as well as for public policy makers and practitioners to promote more engagement in pro-environmental behaviors.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Self-interested individuals"
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Robottom, Ian Morris, and kimg@deakin edu au. "Contestation and continuity in educational reform: A critical study of innovations in environmental education." Deakin University. School of Education, 1985. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20031126.092202.
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This study explores the notion of contestation in environmental education. Contestation is a process in which self-interested individuals and groups in a social organisation cooperate, compete and negotiate in a complex interaction aimed at solving social problems. A "framework for critique" is developed, comprising technicist, liberalBooks on the topic "Self-interested individuals"
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Kurakin, Roman. Stock markets in Asia, Australia and the Pacific. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1041929.
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The monograph describes the basic institutions of exchange rights of States Asia, Australia and the Pacific, analyzes the basic legal acts constituting the exchange legislation of the States, Asia, Australia and the Pacific; examined the procedure of state regulation of the exercise of economic activities on the stock market in Asia, Australia and the Pacific; describes the features of self-regulation of economic activities on the stock market in Asia, Australia and the Pacific.
For students and teachers, and anyone interested in world trade issues and the stock markets of individual regions and States.
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Lipskiy, Boris, Stanislav Gusev, Grigoriy Tul'chinskiy, and Boris Markov. Fundamentals of Philosophy. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014627.
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"The textbook consists of five sections, each of which is devoted to one of the fundamental areas of philosophical knowledge. The first section describes the problem of the emergence of philosophy as a field of scientific knowledge and its main objectives; the second identifies the problems of the knowability of the world and examines the main forms of organization of knowledge; the third section is devoted to the problem of man and his place in the world; the fourth section concerns the analysis of social relations from family to political; the fifth section discusses the main ideas of the philosophy of history. It is designed for the level of basic training of students of secondary vocational education institutions, written in simple language, includes numerous examples from history, mythology, ethnography and art. Each section contains individual and group questions and tasks focused on both self-control and checking the depth of understanding of the educational material.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation.
For students and teachers, as well as anyone interested in philosophy."
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Voigt, Stefan. Constitutional Economics and the Law. Edited by Francesco Parisi. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199684267.013.016.
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The economic analysis of constitutions, also known as ‘constitutional economics’ or ‘constitutional political economy’ is a young research program. Standard economics used to focus on the analysis of choices within rules, thus assuming rules to be exogenously given and fixed. Constitutional economics broadens this research program by analyzing the choice of rules, using the established method of economics, i.e. rational choice. This article discusses the two broad research avenues in constitutional economics: the normative branch, which is interested in legitimizing the state and its most basic rules by drawing solely on the self-interest of rational individuals; and the positive branch, which is interested in explaining, firstly, the (economic) effects of alternative constitutional rules and, secondly, the emergence and modification of constitutional rules.
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Hudnut-Beumler, James. Afterword. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190280192.003.0010.
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The essays in this volume present the case for attending to the business aspects of religious activities in American religious history. Individual essays model useful approaches for pursuing these dimensions of religious organizations without neglecting their religious dimensions. Some of the essays are also models for critical inquiry into the sometimes self-serving compromises religious individuals and groups make with market capitalism in contemporary American life. The essay considers why previous theologically inclined scholars have neglected the kind of inquiry represented by the volume and celebrates the Business Turn as a “Big Idea” in the historiography of American religion worthy of emulation by other scholars interested in pursuing the nature of the American religious enterprise. By following flows of funds and bodies, watching who is raising money for what philanthropy, and how religious businessman and philanthropists justify themselves, the volume’s authors upset common assumptions about American religion.
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Sugden, Robert. The Community of Advantage. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825142.001.0001.
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Normative analysis in economics has usually aimed at satisfying individuals’ preferences. Its conclusions have supported a long-standing liberal tradition of economics that values economic freedom and views markets favourably. However, behavioural research shows that individuals’ preferences, as revealed in choices, are often unstable, and vary according to contextual factors that seem irrelevant for welfare. The Community of Advantage proposes a reformulation of normative economics that is compatible with what is now known about the psychology of choice. Other such reformulations have assumed that people have well-defined ‘latent’ preferences which, because of psychologically-induced errors, are not always revealed in actual choices. According to these reformulations, the economist’s job is to reconstruct latent preferences and to design policies to satisfy them. The argument of this book is that latent preference and error are psychologically ungrounded concepts, and that economics needs to be more radical in giving up rationality assumptions. The book advocates a kind of normative economics that does not use the concept of preference. Its recommendations are addressed, not to an imagined ‘social planner’, but to citizens, viewed as potential parties to mutually beneficial agreements. Its normative criterion is the provision of opportunities for individuals to participate in voluntary transactions. Using this approach, many of the normative conclusions of the liberal tradition are reconstructed. It is argued that a well-functioning market economy is an institution that individuals have reason to value, whether or not their preferences satisfy conventional axioms of rationality, and that individuals’ motivations in such an economy can be cooperative rather than self-interested.
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Rhode, Deborah L. Ambition. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197538333.001.0001.
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Ambition is a dominant force in human civilization, driving its greatest achievements and most horrific abuses. Our striving has brought art, airplanes, and antibiotics, as well as wars, genocide, and despotism. This mixed record raises obvious concerns about how we can channel ambition in the most productive directions. To that end, the book begins by exploring three central focuses of ambition: recognition, power, and money. It argues that an excessive preoccupation with these external markers for success can be self-defeating for individuals and toxic for society. Discussion then shifts to the obstacles to constructive ambition and the consequences when ambitions are skewed or blocked by inequality and identity-related characteristics such as gender, race, class, and national origin. Attention also centers on the ways that families, schools, and colleges might play a more effective role in developing positive ambition. The book concludes with an exploration of what sorts of ambitions contribute to sustained well-being. Contemporary research makes clear that even from a purely self-interested perspective, individuals would do well to strive for some goals that transcend the self. Pursuing objectives that have intrinsic value, such as building relationships and contributing to society, generally brings greater fulfillment than chasing extrinsic rewards such as wealth, power, and fame. And society benefits when ambitions for self-advancement do not crowd out efforts for the common good. The hope is to prompt readers to reconsider where their ambitions are leading and whether that destination reflects their deepest needs and highest aspirations.
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Butt, Daniel. Law, Governance, and the Ecological Ethos. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.5.
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This chapter examines the limitations of both command-and-control and market-based legal mechanisms in the pursuit of environmental justice. If the environment is to be protected to at least a minimally acceptable degree, approaches that focus on the coercive force of the state must be complemented by the development of an “ecological ethos,” whereby groups and individuals are motivated to act with non-self-interested concern for the environment. The need for this ethos means that the state is dependent on the cooperation of a wide range of non-state actors. Recent work on environmental governance emphasizes the delegation of aspects of governing to such actors and supports efforts to increase popular participation in governmental processes. The chapter therefore advocates a governance approach that seeks to rectify some of the limitations of state-led environmental law, while encouraging popular participation in a way that can encourage the development of an ecological ethos among the citizenry.
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Eller, Jonathan R. Exploring the Human Condition. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036293.003.0018.
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This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's exploration of the human condition during the war years, and how he broadened his horizons through books and beyond. In July 1944, Henry Kuttner suggested a trip East. Bradbury turned to the South instead. Later that summer, he traveled to Mexico. He was interested in understanding not only the multiplicity of cultures in the region, but also his own personality—who he was, and what he believed in. Bradbury believed that the wartime boom in novels exploring faith and the modern crisis of faith distracted from what he called the “real, factual, scientific problems” of the day. This chapter discusses Bradbury's views on the causes of World War II, along with his evolving sense of the challenges facing the future postwar world, and how they were influenced by Philip Wylie's books such as Generation of Vipers (1942). It also considers Bradbury's sentiments about living with the choices we make as individuals, with self-reflection as the key, as well as education, philosophies, aesthetics, and science and technology.
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Kayama, Misa, Wendy Haight, May-Lee Ku, Minhae Cho, and Hee Yun Lee. Disability, Stigma, and Children's Developing Selves. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844868.001.0001.
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Stigmatization is part of the everyday lives of children with disabilities, their families, and their friends. Negative social encounters, even with perfect strangers, can dampen joyful occasions, add stress to challenging situations, and lead to social isolation. This book describes a program of research spanning a decade that seeks to understand disabilities in their developmental and cultural contexts. The authors are especially interested in understanding adults’ socialization practices that promise to reduce stigmatization in the next generation. Guided by developmental cultural psychology, including the concept of “universalism without uniformity,” the authors focus on the understandings and responses to disability and associated stigmatization of elementary-school educators practicing in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and the U.S. Educators from all four cultural groups expressed strikingly similar concerns about the impact of stigmatization on the emerging cultural self, both of children with disabilities and their typically developing peers. Educators also described culturally nuanced socialization goals and practices pertaining to inclusive education. In Japan, for instance, educators emphasized the importance of peer group belonging and strategies to support the participation of children with disabilities. In the U.S., educators placed relatively more emphasis on individual development and discussed strategies for the equitable treatment of children with disabilities. Educators in South Korea and Taiwan emphasized the cultivation of compassion in typically developing children. The understanding gained through examination of how diverse individuals address common challenges using cultural resources available in their everyday lives provides important lessons for strengthening theory, policy, and programs.
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Sutcliffe-Braithwaite, Florence. Class in Thatcherite Ideology and Rhetoric. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812579.003.0008.
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This chapter examines Thatcherite rhetoric about class and individualism. Thatcher needed to distance herself from her own, narrow, upper-middle-class image; she also wanted to rid politics of class language, and thought that class was—or should be—irrelevant in 1980s Britain because of ‘embourgeoisement’. For Thatcher, ‘bourgeois’ was defined by particular values (thrift, hard work, self-reliance) and she wanted to use the free market to incentivize more of the population to display these values, which she thought would lead to a moral and also a prosperous society. Thatcherite individualism rested on the assumption that people were rational, self-interested, but also embedded in families and communities. The chapter reflects on what these conclusions tell us about ‘Thatcherism’ as a political ideology, and how these beliefs influenced Thatcherite policy on the welfare state, monetarism, and trade unionism. Finally, it examines Major’s rhetoric of the ‘classless society’ in the 1990s.
Book chapters on the topic "Self-interested individuals"
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Peary, Alexandria. "Taking Self-Help Books Seriously: The Informal Aesthetic Education of Writers." In New Directions in Book History, 217–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53614-5_9.
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AbstractAesthetic education with a writing focus has occurred in the United States through two vehicles: textbooks in classroom-based instruction or self-help books in extracurricular instruction. Writing self-help books, or texts which address a readership interested in learning about writing independent of a teacher or university, played a significant role in guiding countless individuals during the twentieth century and continue to do so today (For the purposes of this article, “self-help” refers exclusively to self-help literature offering advice about the act of writing and not to any of the myriad of other self-help topics [dieting, relationships, and so forth]). The evolution of these self-help books paralleled the development of college and university writing courses that arose early in the twentieth century: indeed, a powerful informal aesthetic education has been occurring through self-help books. In this chapter, I perform a textual analysis of five twentieth-century self-help books, all attracting substantial readership: Dorothea Brande’s Becoming a Writer (1934); Brenda Ueland’s If You Want to Write (1938); Peter Elbow’s Writing Without Teachers (1973); Natalie Goldberg’s Writing Down the Bones (1986); and Anne Lamott’s Bird by Bird (1995). An examination of these popular twentieth-century self-help books reveals four areas of overlapping content. Collectively, self-help books on writing address the role of the unconscious in composing, issues of control, the holistic nature of composing, and failures in traditional teaching, and they all formulate a broader argument about the universal ability of humans to be creative.
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Moningka, Clara. "Self-Comparison." In Identity, Sexuality, and Relationships among Emerging Adults in the Digital Age, 18–26. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1856-3.ch002.
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In this chapter, the author is interested in studying more about self-comparison through social media; especially in Jakarta, Indonesia. In Indonesia, social media are commonly used and widely used by various groups. As many as 93% of Internet users in Indonesia are accessing Facebook. Jakarta is even referred as the capital of a text-based social media. The use of social media can be influenced by the collective culture in Indonesia. In this case social media is not just a tool but also the social environment, in which social interaction occurs. This is also influences how individuals view themselves. The topic of the psychological effects of social media has been much discussed. A lot of research conducted on the effect of social on development of self-concept and including self-esteem. Social media becoming a place for comparing oneself to others and it turn out it has a great effect.
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Bromley, Daniel W. "Escaping Possessive Individualism." In Possessive Individualism, 171–206. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190062842.003.0006.
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Contemporary economics stands implicated in the triumph of possessive individualism. In viewing the individual as nothing but a utility-maximizing consumer, economic theory offers apologetics for the self-interested tendencies that imperil personhood. Managerial capitalism reifies the acquisitive urges embedded in contemporary economics. As the defects of managerial capitalism become apparent, escape seems impossible. This mental barrier persists because economics is not an evolutionary science. An economy is always in the process of becoming, and yet economic theory denies this “becoming” to consumers whose tastes and preferences are assumed to be unchanging—and none of our business. The escape requires an evolutionary economics that recognizes the individual as constantly engaged in a process of experiencing life and necessarily adapting to it. In that dynamic process, individuals are also crafting their own future. An evolutionary economics can help light the way as societies seek escape from the grip of possessive individualism.
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Joseph, Claude. "The Role of Government in a Liberal Market Economy." In Advances in Public Policy and Administration, 53–61. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-4177-6.ch005.
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This essay is a critical assessment of the market failure theory and public choice theory. While the market failure theory provides a justification for government intervention in the economy, the public choice theorists are very skeptical about the role of government as a corrector of market failures. Since government failures can be worse than market failures, the imperfections in the market process, they argue, do not necessarily call for government intervention. These two theoretical perspectives, notwithstanding their difference, do share something in common. Both assume that individuals are self-interested. This essay contends that a shift from rational self-interested behavior to bounded-rational behavior provides a less contested role for the government. With bounded-rational behavior, the state should no longer be viewed as a mere surrogate of the market, but as “a choice architect,” “an entrepreneur,” and “a manager of conflict.”
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Moningka, Clara. "Self-Comparison in the Digital World." In Recent Advances in Digital Media Impacts on Identity, Sexuality, and Relationships, 231–40. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1063-6.ch012.
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In this chapter, the author is interested in studying self-comparison in social media and its effect to the self-esteem in emerging adults. In Indonesia, social media are widely used by various groups. Jakarta is even referred as the capital of a text-based social media. Data in 2016 indicated that social media users in Indonesia have reached high ranking. Indonesia ranked fourth in the world for social media users and ranked first with Facebook with 111 million users, followed by Twitter. Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association explained that the biggest users were dominated by adolescents, amounting to 75.50% of the total users. The use of social media can be influenced by collective culture. This culture can influence how individuals evaluate themselves, including their self-esteem. The topic of the psychological effects of social media has been much discussed. A lot of research conducted on the effect of social on development of self-esteem. Social media becoming a place for comparing oneself to others and it turn out it has a great effect.
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Sillitoe, Paul. "Economics and the Self-Interested Individual." In From Land to Mouth, 26–55. Yale University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300142266.003.0002.
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Løgstrup, K. E. "The Ethical Decision." In The Ethical Demand, translated by Bjørn Rabjerg and Robert Stern, 128–40. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198855989.003.0010.
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This chapter considers a variety of ways in which, as fundamentally self-interested individuals, we try to camouflage that self-interest by making it look as if we are behaving rightly: for example, by evading an ethical action by insisting that it requires further reflection, or by inspecting our motives so that the time for action has passed. We reason in this way because we do not like being griped by the decision, and required to act. Nonetheless, our conscience can make us aware of these evasions, while also, in certain extreme or ‘heightened’ situations, we can still come to do the right thing, even while in more ordinary circumstances, when the risks are a lot less, we remain oblivious to the needs of others.
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Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Desmond King. "The Rise of the Fed State." In Fed Power, 64–104. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197573129.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 analyzes the growth of America’s central bank from humble beginnings into the institutional behemoth it is now—what we call the Fed State. Two elements shaped the Bank’s developments since its establishment in 1913. First, the confluence of financial crises and the Fed’s self-interested maneuvering propelled it from a limited and marginalized body to a large and national institution with administrative capacity and independence that is unparalleled on the domestic front. Second, the Fed’s structures embody a “mobilization of bias” toward the organized, well-connected financial interests and corporations at the expense of disorganized, poorly resourced, and diffuse individuals and businesses.
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Johnson, Laurie M. "Conclusion." In Thucydides, Hobbes, and the Interpretations of Realism, 201–30. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747809.003.0004.
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This concluding chapter argues that Thucydides' approach to politics is more preferable than Hobbes's. Hobbes, despite his pessimistic assumptions about human nature, is not realistic. Is it realistic to assume that all people act predictably, that they are always guided strictly by self-interest, that all other motivations are a sham—or, if genuine, so rare that to take them into account is useless? According to Thucydides, human beings are multifaceted, so that it becomes necessary, for example, to examine individual leaders and to listen seriously to their reasons for acting a certain way. Thucydides also shows that there is a natural sociability in people that goes beyond vying for power and glory and, indeed, coexists with these urges, so that it is unrealistic not to take into account a certain amount of genuine altruism. Does Hobbes's account of leadership deal with the impact of great individuals on history? Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War contains individuals with varying motivations, some altruistic, some self-interested, some acting on rage and revenge. In other words, it reflects reality. As such, Thucydides, as often as Hobbes, has been dubbed the father of international realism. The chapter then discusses how realism and neorealism, despite their differences, share the same philosophical roots. It also suggests that Thucydides has been misunderstood and that he actually provides an interesting alternative approach to realism in the study of international politics.
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Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. "The Evolution of Strong Reciprocity." In A Cooperative Species. Princeton University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691151250.003.0009.
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This chapter focuses on the evolution of strong reciprocity. A predisposition to cooperate and a willingness to punish defectors is known as strong reciprocity, and it is the combination of the two that is essential to human cooperation. Punishment reduces the gain to free-riding, and may induce even entirely self-interested individuals to cooperate. Before explaining how a willingness to punish those who violate social norms even at personal cost could have evolved, the chapter considers how punishment is coordinated among group members so that it is contingent on the number of others predisposed to participate in the punishment. It also shows that punishment is characterized by increasing returns to scale, so the total cost of punishing a particular target declines as the number of punishers increases. Finally, it discusses the results of simulations that illustrate the emergence of strong reciprocity and examines why coordinated punishment succeeds.
Conference papers on the topic "Self-interested individuals"
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Safarkhani, Salar, Ilias Bilionis, and Jitesh H. Panchal. "Understanding the Effect of Task Complexity and Problem-Solving Skills on the Design Performance of Agents in Systems Engineering." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85941.
Full textAbstract:
Systems engineering processes coordinate the efforts of many individuals to design a complex system. However, the goals of the involved individuals do not necessarily align with the system-level goals. Everyone, including managers, systems engineers, subsystem engineers, component designers, and contractors, is self-interested. It is not currently understood how this discrepancy between organizational and personal goals affects the outcome of complex systems engineering processes. To answer this question, we need a systems engineering theory that accounts for human behavior. Such a theory can be ideally expressed as a dynamic hierarchical network game of incomplete information. The nodes of this network represent individual agents and the edges the transfer of information and incentives. All agents decide independently on how much effort they should devote to a delegated task by maximizing their expected utility; the expectation is over their beliefs about the actions of all other individuals and the moves of nature. An essential component of such a model is the quality function, defined as the map between an agent’s effort and the quality of their job outcome. In the economics literature, the quality function is assumed to be a linear function of effort with additive Gaussian noise. This simplistic assumption ignores two critical factors relevant to systems engineering: (1) the complexity of the design task, and (2) the problem-solving skills of the agent. Systems engineers establish their beliefs about these two factors through years of job experience. In this paper, we encode these beliefs in clear mathematical statements about the form of the quality function. Our approach proceeds in two steps: (1) we construct a generative stochastic model of the delegated task, and (2) we develop a reduced order representation suitable for use in a more extensive game-theoretic model of a systems engineering process. Focusing on the early design stages of a systems engineering process, we model the design task as a function maximization problem and, thus, we associate the systems engineer’s beliefs about the complexity of the task with their beliefs about the complexity of the function being maximized. Furthermore, we associate an agent’s problem solving-skills with the strategy they use to solve the underlying function maximization problem. We identify two agent types: “naïve” (follows a random search strategy) and “skillful” (follows a Bayesian global optimization strategy). Through an extensive simulation study, we show that the assumption of the linear quality function is only valid for small effort levels. In general, the quality function is an increasing, concave function with derivative and curvature that depend on the problem complexity and agent’s skills.
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Mattei, Nicholas, Paolo Turrini, and Stanislav Zhydkov. "PeerNomination: Relaxing Exactness for Increased Accuracy in Peer Selection." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/55.
Full textAbstract:
In peer selection agents must choose a subset of themselves for an award or a prize. As agents are self-interested, we want to design algorithms that are impartial, so that an individual agent cannot affect their own chance of being selected. This problem has broad application in resource allocation and mechanism design and has received substantial attention in the artificial intelligence literature. Here, we present a novel algorithm for impartial peer selection, PeerNomination, and provide a theoretical analysis of its accuracy. Our algorithm possesses various desirable features. In particular, it does not require an explicit partitioning of the agents, as previous algorithms in the literature. We show empirically that it achieves higher accuracy than the exiting algorithms over several metrics.
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Li, Shuxin, Xiaohong Li, Jianye Hao, Bo An, Zhiyong Feng, Kangjie Chen, and Chengwei Zhang. "Defending Against Man-In-The-Middle Attack in Repeated Games." In Twenty-Sixth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2017/523.
Full textAbstract:
The Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack has become widespread in networks nowadays. The MITM attack would cause serious information leakage and result in tremendous loss to users. Previous work applies game theory to analyze the MITM attack-defense problem and computes the optimal defense strategy to minimize the total loss. It assumes that all defenders are cooperative and the attacker know defenders' strategies beforehand. However, each individual defender is rational and may not have the incentive to cooperate. Furthermore, the attacker can hardly know defenders' strategies ahead of schedule in practice. To this end, we assume that all defenders are self-interested and model the MITM attack-defense scenario as a simultaneous-move game. Nash equilibrium is adopted as the solution concept which is proved to be always unique. Given the impracticability of computing Nash equilibrium directly, we propose practical adaptive algorithms for the defenders and the attacker to learn towards the unique Nash equilibrium through repeated interactions. Simulation results show that the algorithms are able to converge to Nash equilibrium strategy efficiently.