Journal articles: 'Self-incompatibility system'

1

Haring, V., J. Gray, B. McClure, M. Anderson, and A. Clarke. "Self-incompatibility: a self-recognition system in plants." Science 250, no. 4983 (November 16, 1990): 937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2237440.

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Uyenoyama, M. K. "On the evolution of genetic incompatibility systems. VI. A three-locus modifier model for the origin of gametophytic self-incompatibility." Genetics 128, no. 2 (June 1, 1991): 453–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/128.2.453.

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Abstract Recent genetic analyses have demonstrated that self-incompatibility in flowering plants derives from the coordinated expression of a system of loci. To address the selective mechanisms through which a genetic system of this kind evolves, I present a three-locus model for the origin of gametophytic self-incompatibility. Conventional models assume that a single locus encodes all physiological effects associated with self-incompatibility and that the viability of offspring depends only on whether they were derived by selfing or outcrossing. My model explicitly represents the genetic determination of offspring viability by a locus subject to symmetrically overdominant selection. Initially, the level of expression of the proto-S locus is insufficient to induce self-incompatibility. Weak gametophytic self-incompatibility arises upon the introduction of a rare allele at an unlinked modifier locus which enhances the expression of the proto-S locus. While conventional models predict that the origin of self-incompatibility requires at least two- to threefold levels of inbreeding depression, I find that the comparatively low levels of inbreeding depression generated by a single overdominant locus can ensure the invasion of an enhancer of self-incompatibility under sufficiently high rates of receipt of self-pollen. Associations among components of the incompatibility system promote the origin of self-incompatibility. Enhancement of heterozygosity at the initially neutral proto-S locus improves offspring viability through associative overdominance. Further, the modifier that enhances the expression of self-incompatibility develops a direct association with heterozygosity at the overdominant viability locus. These results suggest that the evolutionary processes by which incompatibility systems originate may differ significantly from those associated with their breakdown. The genetic mechanism explored here may apply to the evolution of other systems that restrict reproduction, including maternal-fetal incompatibility in mammals.

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Stephens, Loren C. "Self-incompatibility in Echinacea purpurea." HortScience 43, no. 5 (August 2008): 1350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.5.1350.

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Progenies derived from self-pollination and parent–offspring backcrosses of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench accession PI 631307 revealed that a sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system was operating in this germplasm. Offspring of progenies from the original accession were self-incompatible, but most self-pollinations resulted in some self-seed set. One seedling from such a self-pollination was reciprocally crosscompatible with its parent, proving that a sporophytic SI system was operational. The F3BC1 progeny could be classified into two offspring groups. The first group of two seedlings was reciprocally compatible with its seed parent but reciprocally incompatible with its pollen parent based on stigma collapse of the seed parent florets 2 to 4 days after pollination. The second offspring group of three seedlings was reciprocally incompatible with its seed parent but reciprocally compatible with its pollen parent. Seed set data were in agreement with classification by stigma collapse in seven of 10 backcrosses, including in several reciprocally compatible backcrosses that provided further proof of a sporophytic SI system. Additionally, a χ2 test showed that the data fit a sporophytic SI model with S allele dominance operating in pollen and pistil. Assuming that S allele dominance is widespread within Echinacea purpurea, it should be possible to produce inbred lines by making successive generations of full-sib crosses.

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Franklin-Tong, Vernonica E., and F. C. H. Franklin. "The different mechanisms of gametophytic self–incompatibility." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1434 (June 29, 2003): 1025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1287.

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Self–incompatibility (SI) involves the recognition and rejection of self or genetically identical pollen. Gametophytic SI is probably the most widespread of the SI systems and, so far, two completely different SI mechanisms, which appear to have evolved separately, have been identified. One mechanism is the RNase system, which is found in the Solanaceae, Rosaceae and Scrophulariaceae. The other is a complex system, so far found only in the Papaveraceae, which involves the triggering of signal transduction cascade(s) that result in rapid pollen tube inhibition and cell death. Here, we present an overview of what is currently known about the mechanisms involved in controlling pollen tube inhibition in these two systems.

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Uyenoyama, M. K. "A generalized least-squares estimate for the origin of sporophytic self-incompatibility." Genetics 139, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 975–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.2.975.

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Abstract Analysis of nucleotide sequences that regulate the expression of self-incompatibility in flowering plants affords a direct means of examining classical hypotheses for the origin and evolution of this major feature of mating systems. Departing from the classical view of monophyly of all forms of self-incompatibility, the current paradigm for the origin of self-incompatibility postulates multiple episodes of recruitment and modification of preexisting genes. In Brassica, the S locus, which regulates sporophytic self-incompatibility, shows homology to a multigene family present both in self-compatible congeners and in groups for which this form of self-incompatibility is atypical. A phylogenetic analysis of S-allele sequences together with homologous sequences that do not cosegregate with self-incompatibility permits dating the change of function that marked the origin of self-incompatibility. A generalized least-squares method is introduced that provides closed-form expressions for estimates and standard errors for function-specific divergence rates and times of divergence among sequences. This analysis suggests that the age of the sporophytic self-incompatibility system expressed in Brassica exceeds species divergence within the genus by four- to fivefold. The extraordinarily high levels of sequence diversity exhibited by S alleles appears to reflect their ancient derivation, with the alternative hypothesis of hypermutability rejected by the analysis.

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LUNDQVIST, ARNE. "The self-incompatibility system in Caltha palustris (Ranunculaceae)." Hereditas 117, no. 2 (February 14, 2008): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00168.x.

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Lundqvist, Arne. "The Self-Incompatibility System in Lotus Tenuis (Fabaceae)." Hereditas 119, no. 1 (May 28, 2004): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1993.00059.x.

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Lundqvist, Arne. "The Self-Incompatibility System in Ranunculus Repens (Ranunculaceae)." Hereditas 120, no. 2 (May 28, 2004): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1994.00151.x.

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9

Reed, Sandra M. "Self-incompatibility in Cornus florida." HortScience 39, no. 2 (April 2004): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.2.335.

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Low seed set has been reported following self-pollinations of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.). The objective of this study was to verify the presence of self-incompatibility in C. florida. `Cherokee Princess' stigmas and styles were collected 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after cross- and self-pollinations, stained with aniline blue and observed using a fluorescence microscope. Pollen germinated freely following self-pollinations, but self-pollen tubes grew slower than those resulting from cross-pollinations. By 48 hours after cross-pollination, pollen tubes had reached the bottom of the style while pollen tubes in self-pollinated flowers had only penetrated the upper third of the style. Evidence of reduced pollen tube growth rate in self-pollinations of `Cherokee Chief' and `Cherokee Brave' was also obtained. This study provides evidence of a gametophytic self-incompatibity system in C. florida. It was also determined that stigmas of C. florida `Cherokee Princess' are receptive to pollen from 1 day prior to anthesis to 1 day after anthesis.

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Kubo, K. i., T. Entani, A. Takara, N. Wang, A. M. Fields, Z. Hua, M. Toyoda, et al. "Collaborative Non-Self Recognition System in S-RNase-Based Self-Incompatibility." Science 330, no. 6005 (November 4, 2010): 796–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1195243.

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Loehrlein, Marietta, and Sandy Siqueira. "(234) Self-incompatibility in Pink Tickseed, Coreopsis rosea Nutt." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1001E—1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1001e.

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Coreopsis rosea is important as a landscape plant and is of some impor-tance for restoration of native species. In both situations it is important to understand the breeding system so that the pollination process may be controlled for optimal seed production. The study of the incompatibility system is important to seed production. In commercial crops, seeds may be products of open pollination or F1 hybrids. In the former, genetic variability exists. In conservation and recovery programs of local flora, seeds with genetic variability are desirable. In development of commercial crops, uniform seeds and plants are desirable. Regardless of whether seeds will ultimately be used for commercial crops or for species restoration, an understanding of self-incompatibility will allow the pollination process to be manipulated for optimal seed production. The purpose of this research was to investigate the sexual reproduction mode in Coreopsis rosea. The objectives were to determine whether Coreopsis rosea operates with a self-incompatibility system, and, if so, to discover whether it is a sporophytic or gametophytic mode. The sporophytic form of self-incompatibility has been found in other plants in the Asteraceae family, but no one has studied self-incompatibility in Coreopsis rosea. The purpose of this research was to identify the self-incompatibility system in Coreopsis rosea. A series of self- and cross-pollinations were made in situ, and in vivo pollinations were made and the pistils studied under the microscope. Results indicate that Coreopsis rosea is self-incompatible and operates under the sporophytic mode.

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Duarte, Mariana Oliveira, Denise Maria Trombert Oliveira, and Eduardo Leite Borba. "Two Self-Incompatibility Sites Occur Simultaneously in the Same Acianthera Species (Orchidaceae, Pleurothallidinae)." Plants 9, no. 12 (December 11, 2020): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9121758.

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In most species of Pleurothallidinae, the self-incompatibility site occurs in the stylar canal inside the column, which is typical of gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI). However, in some species of Acianthera, incompatible pollen tubes with anomalous morphology reach the ovary, as those are obstructed in the column. We investigated if a distinct self-incompatibility (SI) system is acting on the ovary of A. johannensis, which is a species with partial self-incompatibility, contrasting with a full SI species, A. fabiobarrosii. We analyzed the morphology and development of pollen tubes in the column, ovary, and fruit using light, epifluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. Our results show that the main reaction site in A. johannensis is in the stylar canal inside the column, which was also recorded in A. fabiobarrosii. Morphological and cytological characteristics of the pollen tubes with obstructed growth in the column indicated a process of programmed cell death in these tubes, showing a possible GSI reaction. In addition, partially self-incompatible individuals of A. johannensis exhibit a second SI site in the ovary. We suggest that this self-incompatibility site in the ovary is only an extension of GSI that acts in the column, differing from the typical late-acting self-incompatibility system recorded in other plant groups.

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TRAVERS, STEVEN E., JORGE MENA-ALI, and ANDREW G. STEPHENSON. "Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of Solanum carolinense." Plant Species Biology 19, no. 3 (December 2004): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00109.x.

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14

McClure, Bruce. "Plant Self-Incompatibility: Ancient System Becomes a New Tool." Current Biology 22, no. 3 (February 2012): R86—R87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.12.034.

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McClure, Bruce. "Plant Self-Incompatibility: Ancient System Becomes a New Tool." Current Biology 22, no. 5 (March 2012): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.027.

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EHLERS, BODIL K., and MIKKEL H. SCHIERUP. "When gametophytic self-incompatibility meets gynodioecy." Genetics Research 90, no. 1 (February 2008): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672307009007.

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SummaryThe occurrence of gynodioecy among angiosperms appears to be associated with self-compatibility. We use individual-based simulations to investigate the conditions for breakdown of a gametophytic self-incompatibility system in gynodioecious populations and make a comparison with hermaphroditic populations where the conditions are well known. We study three types of mutations causing self-compatibility. We track the fate of these mutations in both gynodioecious and hermaphroditic populations, where we vary the number of S-alleles, inbreeding depression and selfing rate. We find that the conditions for breakdown are less stringent if the population is gynodioecious and that the breakdown of self-incompatibility tends to promote stability of gynodioecious populations since it results in a higher frequency of females. We also find that fecundity selection has a large effect on the probability of breakdown of self-incompatibility, in particular if caused by a mutation destroying the female function of the S-locus.

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Jacquemyn, Hans, and Olivier Honnay. "Mating system evolution under strong clonality: towards self-compatibility or self-incompatibility?" Evolutionary Ecology 22, no. 3 (September 5, 2007): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10682-007-9207-3.

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18

Chen, Wendi, Bin Zhang, Wenjing Ren, Li Chen, Zhiyuan Fang, Limei Yang, Mu Zhuang, Honghao Lv, Yong Wang, and Yangyong Zhang. "An Identification System Targeting the SRK Gene for Selecting S-Haplotypes and Self-Compatible Lines in Cabbage." Plants 11, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11101372.

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Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) self-incompatibility is important for heterosis. However, the seed production of elite hybrid cannot be facilitated by honey bees due to the cross-incompatibility of the two parents. In this study, the self-compatibility of 58 winter cabbage inbred lines was identified by open-flower self-pollination (OS) and molecular techniques. Based on the NCBI database, a new class I S-haplotype-specific marker, PKC6F/PKC6R, was developed. Verification analyses revealed 9 different S-haplotypes in the 58 cabbage inbred lines; of these lines, 46 and 12 belonged to class I (S6, S7, S12, S14, S33, S45, S51, S68) and class II (S15) S-haplotypes, respectively. The coincidence rate between the self-compatibility index and S-haplotype was 91%. This study developed a Tri-Primer-PCR amplification method to rapidly select plants with specific S-haplotypes in biased segregated S-locus populations. Furthermore, it established an S-haplotype identification system based on these nine S-haplotypes. To overcome parental cross-incompatibility (18-503 and 18-512), an inbred line (18-2169) with the S15 haplotype was selected from the sister lines of self-incompatible 18-512 (S68, class I S-haplotype). The inbred line (18-2169) showed self-compatibility and cross-compatibility with 18-503. This study provides guidance for self-compatibility breeding in cabbage and predicts parental cross-incompatibility in elite combinations.

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Baskorowati, L., M. W. Moncur, S. A. Cunningham, J. C. Doran, and P. J. Kanowski. "Reproductive biology of Melaleuca alternifolia (Myrtaceae) 2. Incompatibility and pollen transfer in relation to the breeding system." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 5 (2010): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt10036.

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The onset of stigma receptivity in Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel was evaluated by observing pollen-tube growth and seed set following controlled pollination. Pollen-tube numbers in the style, following controlled pollinations, increased from Day 1 to Day 6, then declining rapidly. The stigma was most receptive during Days 3–6, and still receptive at low levels as early as shortly after anthesis and as late as 10 days after pollination. The present study found that individuals of M. alternifolia differed in their degree of expression of self-incompatibility. Artificial self-pollination, with emasculation, in several families resulted in complete self-incompatibility, with no capsule retention. The microscopic observation of pollen-tube development revealed a mechanism of self-incompatibility in M. alternifolia. A self-incompatibility system operates in the style, although a few self-pollen grains are capable of germinating and producing pollen tubes. It also appears that late-acting self-incompatibility mechanisms discriminate against self-pollen tubes when they descend to the ovary. Artificial cross-pollination of selected parents produced seed with greater germination capacity and seedlings that grew faster than the corresponding open-pollinated seed and seedlings from the same parent. Freeze-dried pollen stored at −18°C maintained viability (22%) over 1 year of storage. This finding will allow greater flexibility in undertaking controlled pollinations, because stored pollen can be substituted for fresh pollen when insufficient quantities are available from new-season flowers. A wide variety of insects was observed visiting the flowers of M. alternifolia, and capsule set was high even in bags that excluded flower visitors greater than 2 mm. Thrips species seem likely to be important pollinators of this species because they are small and were abundant inside and outside of exclusion bags, although several other insect species such as bees, flies and wasps were also identified as frequent floral visitors.

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Gutierrez, Agustina, Daiana Scaccia Baffigi, and Monica Poverene. "Assessment of Mating System in Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris (Asteraceae) Populations." Helia 43, no. 72 (August 27, 2020): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helia-2019-0016.

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AbstractHelianthus annuus subsp. annuus and H. petiolaris are wild North American species that have been naturalized in central Argentina. They have a sporophytic self-incompatibility genetic system that prevent self-fertilization but the occurrence of self-compatible plants in Argentina was observed in both species and could in part explain their highly invasive ability. Their geographical distribution coincides with the major crop area. The domestic sunflower is self-compatible, can hybridize with both species and presents a considerable amount of gene flow. The aim of this study is to understand the self-incompatibility mechanism in both wild Helianthus species. Reciprocal crossing and seed production were used to identify self-compatible genotypes, the number and distribution of self-incompatibility alleles within populations and the type and extent of allelic interactions in the pollen and pistil. The behaviour of S alleles within each population was explained by five functional S alleles and one non-functional allele in each species, differing in their presence and frequency within accessions. In both species, the allelic interactions were of dominance/recessiveness and codominance in pollen, whereas it was only codominance in the pistil. Inbreeding effects in wild materials appeared in the third generation of self-pollination, with lethal effects in most plants. The number of S alleles is low and they behave in a similar way of other Asteraceae species. The self-compatibility was addressed to non-functional S alleles introgressed in wild Helianthus plants through gene flow from self-compatible sunflower.

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NIELSEN, LENE ROSTGAARD, HANS R. SIEGISMUND, and MARIANNE PHILIPP. "Partial self-incompatibility in the polyploid endemic species Scalesia affinis (Asteraceae) from the Galápagos: remnants of a self-incompatibility system?" Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 142, no. 1 (May 2003): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00168.x.

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Liao, Jugou, Jinran Dai, Hongmei Kang, Kongfeng Liao, Wenguang Ma, Jianguang Wang, and Suiyun Chen. "Plasticity in the self-incompatibility system of cultivated Nicotiana alata." Euphytica 208, no. 1 (November 30, 2015): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-015-1606-x.

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23

Gómez, Eva M., Ángela S. Prudencio, and Encarnación Ortega. "Protein Profiling of Pollen–Pistil Interactions in Almond (Prunus dulcis) and Identification of a Transcription Regulator Presumably Involved in Self-Incompatibility." Agronomy 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2022): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020345.

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The cultivated almond displays a gametophytic self-incompatibility system, which avoids self-fertilization, and it is controlled by a multi-allelic locus (S-locus) containing two genes specifically expressed in pistil (S-RNase) and pollen (SFB). Studies on almonds with the same S-haplotype but different phenotype pointed to the existence of unknown components in this system to explain its functioning. The increase of knowledge on this reproductive barrier would allow better management of fruit production and germplasm selection. This work proposes candidates to components of the almond gametophytic self-incompatibility system, by identifying differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) after compatible and incompatible pollen–pistil interactions in almonds with the same S-haplotype but a different incompatibility phenotype using iTRAQ and 2D-nano-LC ESI/MSMS analyses. The protein quantitation analysis revealed 895 DEPs, which were grouped into different functional categories. The largest functional group was “metabolic proteins”, followed by “stress resistance and defense proteins”, with higher up-regulation after pollination. The identity of certain DEPs, such as Thaumatin, LRR receptors, such as kinase and pathogenesis related protein PR-4, indicated that some pollen–pistil interactions in almond could have the same bases as host–parasite interactions. Furthermore, additional RT-qPCR analysis revealed the differentially expressed transcription regulator GLABROUS1 enhancer-binding protein-like (GEBPL) could be involved in the gametophytic self-incompatibility system in almond.

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Herrera, Sara, Javier Rodrigo, José Hormaza, and Jorge Lora. "Identification of Self-Incompatibility Alleles by Specific PCR Analysis and S-RNase Sequencing in Apricot." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (November 15, 2018): 3612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113612.

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Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of the most efficient mechanisms to promote out-crossing in plants. However, SI could be a problem for fruit production. An example is apricot (Prunus armeniaca), in which, as in other species of the Rosaceae, SI is determined by an S-RNase-based-Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility (GSI) system. Incompatibility relationships between cultivars can be established by an S-allele genotyping PCR strategy. Until recently, most of the traditional European apricot cultivars were self-compatible but several breeding programs have introduced an increasing number of new cultivars whose pollination requirements are unknown. To fill this gap, we have identified the S-allele of 44 apricot genotypes, of which 43 are reported here for the first time. The identification of Sc in 15 genotypes suggests that those cultivars are self-compatible. In five genotypes, self-(in)compatibility was established by the observation of pollen tube growth in self-pollinated flowers, since PCR analysis could not allowed distinguishing between the Sc and S8 alleles. Self-incompatible genotypes were assigned to their corresponding self-incompatibility groups. The knowledge of incompatibility relationships between apricot cultivars can be a highly valuable tool for the development of future breeding programs by selecting the appropriate parents and for efficient orchard design by planting self-compatible and inter-compatible cultivars.

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Obrien, SP, and DM Calder. "The Breeding Biology of Epacris impressa. Is This Species Heterostylous?" Australian Journal of Botany 37, no. 1 (1989): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890043.

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The suggestion that Epacris impressa is heterostylous is discussed in relation to an examination of the morphological characteristics and the incompatibility system of the species. The conclusion is reached that, although the style length is variable, the species does not exhibit either the full morphological or incompatibility syndromes associated with heterostylic systems. An interpretation is given suggesting E. impressa may represent the early stages of the evolution of heterostyly. The results of self- and crosspollination experiments are presented which confirm the view that E. impressa is a species which is essentially self-infertile, but a significant minority of individuals within each population demonstrate self-fertility.

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Zhao, Hong, Yue Zhang, Hui Zhang, Yanzhai Song, Fei Zhao, Yu’e Zhang, Sihui Zhu, et al. "Origin, loss, and regain of self-incompatibility in angiosperms." Plant Cell 34, no. 1 (November 4, 2021): 579–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab266.

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Abstract The self-incompatibility (SI) system with the broadest taxonomic distribution in angiosperms is based on multiple S-locus F-box genes (SLFs) tightly linked to an S-RNase termed type-1. Multiple SLFs collaborate to detoxify nonself S-RNases while being unable to detoxify self S-RNases. However, it is unclear how such a system evolved, because in an ancestral system with a single SLF, many nonself S-RNases would not be detoxified, giving low cross-fertilization rates. In addition, how the system has been maintained in the face of whole-genome duplications (WGDs) or lost in other lineages remains unclear. Here we show that SLFs from a broad range of species can detoxify S-RNases from Petunia with a high detoxification probability, suggestive of an ancestral feature enabling cross-fertilization and subsequently modified as additional SLFs evolved. We further show, based on its genomic signatures, that type-1 was likely maintained in many lineages, despite WGD, through deletion of duplicate S-loci. In other lineages, SI was lost either through S-locus deletions or by retaining duplications. Two deletion lineages regained SI through type-2 (Brassicaceae) or type-4 (Primulaceae), and one duplication lineage through type-3 (Papaveraceae) mechanisms. Thus, our results reveal a highly dynamic process behind the origin, maintenance, loss, and regain of SI.

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Hiscock, Simon J., and David A. Tabah. "The different mechanisms of sporophytic self–incompatibility." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1434 (June 29, 2003): 1037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1297.

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Flowering plants have evolved a multitude of mechanisms to avoid self–fertilization and promote outbreeding. Self–incompatibility (SI) is by far the most common of these, and is found in ca . 60% of flowering plants. SI is a genetically controlled pollen–pistil recognition system that provides a barrier to fertilization by self and self–related pollen in hermaphrodite (usually co–sexual) flowering plants. Two genetically distinct forms of SI can be recognized: gametophytic SI (GSI) and sporophytic SI (SSI), distinguished by how the incompatibility phenotype of the pollen is determined. GSI appears to be the most common mode of SI and can operate through at least three different mechanisms, two of which have been characterized extensively at a molecular level in the Solanaceae and Papaveraceae. Because molecular studies of SSI have been largely confined to species from the Brassicaceae, predominantly Brassica species, it is not yet known whether SSI, like GSI, can operate through different molecular mechanisms. Molecular studies of SSI are now being carried out on Ipomoea trifida (Convolvulaceae) and Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae) and are providing important preliminary data suggesting that SSI in these two families does not share the same molecular mechanism as that of the Brassicaceae. Here, what is currently known about the molecular regulation of SSI in the Brassicaceae is briefly reviewed, and the emerging data on SSI in I. trifida , and more especially in S. squalidus , are discussed.

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Goldway, M., R. Stern, A. Zisovich, A. Raz, G. Sapir, D. Schnieder, and R. Nyska. "THE SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY FERTILIZATION SYSTEM IN ROSACEAE: AGRICULTURAL AND GENETIC ASPECTS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 967 (November 2012): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2012.967.7.

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Gibbs, Peter E. "Late-acting self-incompatibility-the pariah breeding system in flowering plants." New Phytologist 203, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 717–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nph.12874.

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Tedder, A., S. W. Ansell, X. Lao, J. C. Vogel, and B. K. Mable. "Sporophytic self-incompatibility genes and mating system variation in Arabis alpina." Annals of Botany 108, no. 4 (August 5, 2011): 699–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcr157.

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Bowman, Robert N. "CRYPTIC SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY AND THE BREEDING SYSTEM OF CLARKIA UNGUICULATA (ONAGRACEAE)." American Journal of Botany 74, no. 4 (April 1987): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1987.tb08667.x.

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Saupe, Sven J. "Molecular Genetics of Heterokaryon Incompatibility in Filamentous Ascomycetes." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.64.3.489-502.2000.

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SUMMARY Filamentous fungi spontaneously undergo vegetative cell fusion events within but also between individuals. These cell fusions (anastomoses) lead to cytoplasmic mixing and to the formation of vegetative heterokaryons (i.e., cells containing different nuclear types). The viability of these heterokaryons is genetically controlled by specific loci termed het loci (for heterokaryon incompatibility). Heterokaryotic cells formed between individuals of unlike het genotypes undergo a characteristic cell death reaction or else are severely inhibited in their growth. The biological significance of this phenomenon remains a puzzle. Heterokaryon incompatibility genes have been proposed to represent a vegetative self/nonself recognition system preventing heterokaryon formation between unlike individuals to limit horizontal transfer of cytoplasmic infectious elements. Molecular characterization of het genes and of genes participating in the incompatibility reaction has been achieved for two ascomycetes, Neurospora crassa and Podospora anserina. These analyses have shown that het genes are diverse in sequence and do not belong to a gene family and that at least some of them perform cellular functions in addition to their role in incompatibility. Divergence between the different allelic forms of a het gene is generally extensive, but single-amino-acid differences can be sufficient to trigger incompatibility. In some instances het gene evolution appears to be driven by positive selection, which suggests that the het genes indeed represent recognition systems. However, work on nonallelic incompatibility systems in P. anserina suggests that incompatibility might represent an accidental activation of a cellular system controlling adaptation to starvation.

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Shore, J. S., and S. C. H. Barrett. "Genetic modifications of dimorphic incompatibility in the Turnera ulmifolia L. complex (Turneraceae)." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 796–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-112.

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Diploid and tetraploid populations of Turnera ulmifolia are distylous and exhibit a strong self-incompatibility system. Distyly is governed by a single locus with two alleles. Several self-compatible variants were, however, obtained and the nature and genetic control of self-compatibility was assessed using controlled crosses. The study documented the occurrence of self-compatible variants in four contrasting situations. These included the following. (i) Self-compatibility in a diploid short-styled variant. The gene(s) governing self-compatibility interact with the distyly locus and are expressed only in short-styled plants. When tetraploids carrying the genes were synthesized, self-incompatibility reappeared. (ii) Self-compatibility occurred in a cross between geographically separate diploid populations. Self-compatibility appeared sporadically in the F1. Crosses revealed that self-compatibility is likely under polygenic control. (iii) Low levels of self-compatibility occurred in a tetraploid population. Crosses revealed that self-compatibility was under polygenic control. A small response to selection for increased self-compatibility was observed, (iv) Hexaploids were synthesized from crosses between distylous diploids and tetraploids. All hexaploids obtained were long- or short-styled indicating that hexaploidy per se does not cause homostyly. A single long-styled plant showed aberrant pollen behaviour, resulting in a moderate degree of self-compatibility. All of the variants studied exhibited either aberrant pollen or stylar incompatibility responses. In no instance was the genetic control of self-compatibility solely the result of segregation at the distyly locus.Key words: Turnera, dimorphic incompatibility, polyploidy, self-compatibility, distyly.

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Stetsenko, Roman, Thomas Brom, Vincent Castric, and Sylvain Billiard. "Balancing selection and the crossing of fitness valleys in structured populations: diversification in the gametophytic self-incompatibility system." Evolution 77, no. 3 (December 26, 2022): 907–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/evolut/qpac065.

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Abstract The self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) of flowering plants displays a striking allelic diversity. How such a diversity has emerged remains unclear. In this article, we performed numerical simulations in a finite island population genetics model to investigate how population subdivision affects the diversification process at a S-locus, given that the two-gene architecture typical of S-loci involves the crossing of a fitness valley. We show that population structure slightly reduces the parameter range allowing for the diversification of self-incompatibility haplotypes (S-haplotypes), but at the same time also increases the number of these haplotypes maintained in the whole metapopulation. This increase is partly due to a higher rate of diversification and replacement of S-haplotypes within and among demes. We also show that the two-gene architecture leads to a higher diversity in structured populations compared with a simpler genetic architecture, where new S-haplotypes appear in a single mutation step. Overall, our results suggest that population subdivision can act in two opposite directions: it renders S-haplotypes diversification easier, although it also increases the risk that the self-incompatibility system is lost.

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Uyenoyama, Marcy K. "Evolutionary Dynamics of Self-Incompatibility Alleles in Brassica." Genetics 156, no. 1 (September 1, 2000): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.1.351.

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Abstract Self-incompatibility in Brassica entails the rejection of pollen grains that express specificities held in common with the seed parent. In Brassica, pollen specificity is encoded at the multipartite S-locus, a complex region comprising many expressed genes. A number of species within the Brassicaceae express sporophytic self-incompatibility, under which individual pollen grains bear specificities determined by one or both S-haplotypes of the pollen parent. Classical genetic and nucleotide-level analyses of the S-locus have revealed a dichotomy in sequence and function among S-haplotypes; in particular, all class I haplotypes show dominance over all class II haplotypes in determination of pollen specificity. Analysis of an evolutionary model that explicitly incorporates features of the Brassica system, including the class dichotomy, indicates that class II haplotypes may invade populations at lower rates and decline to extinction at higher rates than class I haplotypes. This analysis suggests convergence to an evolutionarily persistent state characterized by the maintenance in high frequency of a single class II haplotype together with many class I haplotypes, each in low frequency. This expectation appears to be consistent with empirical observations of high frequencies of relatively few distinct recessive haplotypes.

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Sanzol, Javier, and Maria Herrero. "Self-incompatibility and Self-fruitfulness in Pear cv. Agua de Aranjuez." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 2 (March 2007): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.2.166.

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Most pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars are impaired to set fruit under self-pollination, because self-fertilization is prevented by a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. However, accumulated information in this species shows that often for a same cultivar, after self-pollination, a variable response in fruit set can be obtained in different years or growing conditions. In this work, we characterize self-incompatibility and self-fruitfulness in ‘Agua de Aranjuez’, the main Spanish pear cultivar, which also shows a variable response to self-pollination. Two years with a different fruit setting response after self-pollination, one with no fruit set and the other with a moderate fruit set, were compared for parthenocarpic fruit development and for pollen tube performance. Results show that in both years, this cultivar behaves as self-incompatible with absence of parthenocarpy. In selfed flowers, most pollen tubes are arrested in the upper half of the style, although in a small proportion of the styles, a pollen tube can reach the base of the style and eventually effect fertilization. Self-fertilization, although occurring at a low level, can explain the fruit set levels obtained under self-pollination given that flowers with just one fertilized ovule are able to set fruit. This behavior could explain confusing results about self-fruitfulness in ‘Agua de Aranjuez’ and other pear cultivars.

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Dickinson, H. G., and I. N. Roberts. "A molecular basis for the self-incompatibility system operating in Brassica sp." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 50, no. 1-2 (2014): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1981.037.

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Molecules contained in the sporophytically-derived coating of the pollen grain and in the superficial pellicle of the stigmatic papillae control the self-incompatibility response of the breeding system of <em>Brassica</em>. The stigmatic pellicle consists of a lipidic matrix in which float a mosaic of proteins many of which can rapidly be renewed from pools in the papillar cyto-plasm. A fraction of these proteins are involved in facilitating the passage of water to the pollen whilst another, possibly a glycoprotein, suppresses this activity in an incompatible mating. The pollen coating must also contain two sets of active molecules, one for identifying the stigmatic recognition molecules, and another for effecting the changes that take place tothe coat itself on compatible pollination. In essence, the self -incompatibility mechanism appears to operate through the control of water flow from 'the papilla to the grain. Even when incompatible grains manage to germinate by obtaining atmospheric water, their proteins will often stimulate a reaction in the stigmatic papilla once the cuticle has been penetrated.

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Matsumoto, Daiki, and Ryutaro Tao. "Distinct Self-recognition in the Prunus S-RNase-based Gametophytic Self-incompatibility System." Horticulture Journal 85, no. 4 (2016): 289–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2503/hortj.mi-ir06.

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Kubo, Ken-ichi, Mai Tsukahara, Sota Fujii, Kohji Murase, Yuko Wada, Tetsuyuki Entani, Megumi Iwano, and Seiji Takayama. "Cullin1-P is an Essential Component of Non-Self Recognition System in Self-Incompatibility inPetunia." Plant and Cell Physiology 57, no. 11 (August 26, 2016): 2403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcw152.

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Lanaud, Claire, Olivier Fouet, Thierry Legavre, Uilson Lopes, Olivier Sounigo, Marie Claire Eyango, Benoit Mermaz, et al. "Deciphering the Theobroma cacao self-incompatibility system: from genomics to diagnostic markers for self-compatibility." Journal of Experimental Botany 68, no. 17 (October 7, 2017): 4775–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx293.

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Ramanauskas, Karolis, and Boris Igić. "The evolutionary history of plant T2/S-type ribonucleases." PeerJ 5 (September 11, 2017): e3790. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3790.

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A growing number of T2/S-RNases are being discovered in plant genomes. Members of this protein family have a variety of known functions, but the vast majority are still uncharacterized. We present data and analyses of phylogenetic relationships among T2/S-RNases, and pay special attention to the group that contains the female component of the most widespread system of self-incompatibility in flowering plants. The returned emphasis on the initially identified component of this mechanism yields important conjectures about its evolutionary context. First, we find that the clade involved in self-rejection (class III) is found exclusively in core eudicots, while the remaining clades contain members from other vascular plants. Second, certain features, such as intron patterns, isoelectric point, and conserved amino acid regions, help differentiate S-RNases, which are necessary for expression of self-incompatibility, from other T2/S-RNase family members. Third, we devise and present a set of approaches to clarify new S-RNase candidates from existing genome assemblies. We use genomic features to identify putative functional and relictual S-loci in genomes of plants with unknown mechanisms of self-incompatibility. The widespread occurrence of possible relicts suggests that the loss of functional self-incompatibility may leave traces long after the fact, and that this manner of molecular fossil-like data could be an important source of information about the history and distribution of both RNase-based and other mechanisms of self-incompatibility. Finally, we release a public resource intended to aid the search for S-locus RNases, and help provide increasingly detailed information about their taxonomic distribution.

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Sakurai, Kenji, Susan K. Brown, and Norman F. Weeden. "Determining the Self-incompatibility Alleles of Japanese Apple Cultivars." HortScience 32, no. 7 (December 1997): 1258–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1258.

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The S alleles of 15 Japanese apple cultivars were determined by using the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme digestion system developed by Janssens et al. (1995). Both S alleles were identified in eight diploid cultivars, two S alleles in three triploid cultivars, and one S allele in the remaining four diploid cultivars. Two cultivars had S alleles different than those predicted by their parentage, and in one comparison of a cultivar with its sport, an identity problem was discovered. The technique helped to indicate the parent contributing the unreduced gamete in triploids.

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Ellis, MF, and M. Sedgley. "Floral Morphology and Breeding System of Three Species of Eucalyptus, Section Bisectaria (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 40, no. 3 (1992): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9920249.

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Aspects of the breeding system, floral morphology and pistil cytology were studied in three trees each of E. spathulata, E. cladocalyx and E. leptophylla. E. spathulata and E. leptophylla were found to be highly self incompatible, setting very low levels of seed from controlled self pollination. E. cladocalyx trees ranged from self compatible to self incompatible. Reductions were seen in both the number of capsules and the numbers of seeds per capsule, from self pollination. The mechanism of self incompatibility was investigated in the pistil by following the success of cross and self pollinations with fluorescence microscopy. In E. cladocalyx and E. leptophylla no reduction in ovule penetration was seen from self pollination while in E. spathulata a significant reduction was seen in two trees but not the third, indicating that the post-zygotic mechanism of self incompatibility operates in all three species, and with mixed pre-zygotic and post-zygotic mechanisms in E. spathulata. Floral architecture differed between the three species in the structure of the inflorescence units, flower morphology, and anther, pollen and ovule numbers per flower. Pistil cytology was similar for all three species but differed in the length of the stylar canal, degree of sclerotinisation, stigma morphology and volume of transmitting tissue. The implications of floral structure and of the location and extent of outcrossing control are discussed in relation to seed genotypes and seed output.

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Stace, HM. "Protogyny, Self-Incompatibility and Pollination in Anthocercis gracilis (Solanaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 5 (1995): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950451.

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The pollination biology of A. gracilis was examined in glasshouse plants and natural populations. The species is both protogynous and pre-zygotically self-sterile (self-incompatible). Protogyny prevents autopollination (autogamous self-pollination), and self-incompatibility avoids geitonogamous self-fertilisation. This sequence is essential because prior selfing blocks the style with pollen tubes and prevents subsequent outcrossing. Flowers have no discernible daytime odour, the pollen is clumped and not easily shaken from opened anthers, and daytime insect visitors are rarely observed in the field. However in long-established populations, mast plants carry one or a few capsules during winter-spring and seeds per capsule are generally high. Reproduction of natural populations involves reliable pollinators of unknown identity, possibly small flies, bees or moths lured by a tiny amount of sucrose-rich nectar secreted by the hypogynous disc. It is not anomalous that A. gracilis has two devices for preventing self-fertilisation, protogyny and strong self-incompatibility, as both are functional aspects of the same outcrossing system. This is the first report of self-incompatibility in the Anthocercideae which is an old and apparently basal lineage in the Solanaceae.

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Bittencourt, Nelson S., and João Semir. "Floral biology and late-acting self-incompatibility in Jacaranda racemosa (Bignoniaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 3 (2006): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt04221.

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Breeding-system studies have been conducted with 38 of the approximately800 species of Bignoniaceae, and self-incompatibility was found in 31 of these. In species for which the site of self-incompatibility barrier was studied, self-pollinated flowers consistently failed to develop into fruits, even though pollen tubes grew down to the ovary and penetrated most of the ovules. In this study, we have investigated the floral biology and the breeding system in Jacaranda racemosa Chamisso, with hand-pollination experiments and the histology of post-pollination events. Flower anthesis lasted 1–3 days, and although the frequency of flower visitation was extremely low, natural pollination seemed to be effected mainly by medium-sized bees. Because the conspicuous staminodium favours eventual pollination by small bees, a possible role of the staminodium in the increase of potential pollinators is suggested. Hand-pollinations indicated that J. racemosa is a self-sterile species. Histological analysis of post-pollination events indicated the occurrence of a kind of late-acting self-incompatibility in which the processes of ovule penetration, fertilisation and endosperm initiation were slower in selfed than in crossed pistils. Until the time of self-pollinated pistil abscission, no signs of endosperm malfunction or proembryo development were observed in selfed pistils. Therefore, inbreeding depression is an unlikely explanation for self-sterility in J. racemosa.

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Del Duca, Stefano, Iris Aloisi, Luigi Parrotta, and Giampiero Cai. "Cytoskeleton, Transglutaminase and Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility in the Malinae (Rosaceae)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010209.

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Self-incompatibility (SI) is a complex process, one out of several mechanisms that prevent plants from self-fertilizing to maintain and increase the genetic variability. This process leads to the rejection of the male gametophyte and requires the co-participation of numerous molecules. Plants have evolved two distinct SI systems, the sporophytic (SSI) and the gametophytic (GSI) systems. The two SI systems are markedly characterized by different genes and proteins and each single system can also be divided into distinct subgroups; whatever the mechanism, the purpose is the same, i.e., to prevent self-fertilization. In Malinae, a subtribe in the Rosaceae family, i.e., Pyrus communis and Malus domestica, the GSI requires the production of female determinants, known as S-RNases, which penetrate the pollen tube to interact with the male determinants. Beyond this, the penetration of S-RNase into the pollen tube triggers a series of responses involving membrane proteins, such as phospholipases, intracellular variations of cytoplasmic Ca2+, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altered enzymatic activities, such as that of transglutaminase (TGase). TGases are widespread enzymes that catalyze the post-translational conjugation of polyamines (PAs) to different protein targets and/or the cross-linking of substrate proteins leading to the formation of cross-linked products with high molecular mass. When actin and tubulin are the substrates, this destabilizes the cytoskeleton and inhibits the pollen-tube’s growth process. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge of the relationship between S-RNase penetration, TGase activity and cytoskeleton function during GSI in the Malinae.

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Saumitou-Laprade, P., P. Vernet, C. Vassiliadis, Y. Hoareau, G. de Magny, B. Dommee, and J. Lepart. "A Self-Incompatibility System Explains High Male Frequencies in an Androdioecious Plant." Science 327, no. 5973 (March 25, 2010): 1648–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1186687.

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Marra, Robert E., and Michael G. Milgroom. "The mating system of the fungus Cryphonectria parasitica: selfing and self-incompatibility." Heredity 86, no. 2 (February 2001): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00784.x.

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Aguilar, R., and Gabriel Bernardello. "The breeding system of Lycium cestroides : a Solanaceae with ovarian self-incompatibility." Sexual Plant Reproduction 13, no. 5 (May 16, 2001): 273–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004970100068.

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Aguiar, Bruno, Jorge Vieira, Ana E. Cunha, Nuno A. Fonseca, Amy Iezzoni, Steve van Nocker, and Cristina P. Vieira. "Convergent Evolution at the Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility System in Malus and Prunus." PLOS ONE 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2015): e0126138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126138.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Self-incompatibility system'

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