Journal articles: 'Self healing circuits'

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Nair, Manju S., Oppili Prasad, Kruti Trivedi, Piyush Ranjan, Virendra Parab, Sreelal Pillai, and Sanjiv Sambandan. "Self-healing circuits for space technology." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 5 (August 2, 2021): 054101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0056545.

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Harikrishna, B., and S. Ravi. "Autonomous Self Healing Of Reconfigurable Circuits." i-manager's Journal on Digital Signal Processing 1, no. 2 (June 15, 2013): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26634/jdp.1.2.2328.

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Chu, Kunmo, Byong Gwon Song, Yongsung Kim, and Chang Seung Lee. "Smart Passivation Materials with a Microencapsulated Liquid Metal for Self-Healing Conductors in Sustainable Electronic Devices." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2018, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 000293–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4505-2018.1.000293.

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Abstract Passivation and self-healing of electric circuits are of importance in the area of electronic packaging for improving durability of devices. In particular, flexible or stretchable devices are vulnerable to mechanical stimuli, such as cutting, piercing, scratching, and pressing. The damage to a circuit results in the breakdown of devices. Therefore, a passivation layer has been essential to preserve the soft circuits and provide self-healing of the electrical pathways after they are damaged.

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Lai, G. W., S. J. Chang, J. T. Lee, H. Liu, and C. C. Li. "Conductive microcapsules for self-healing electric circuits." RSC Advances 5, no. 126 (2015): 104145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra22021a.

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Ding, Li, Pushkaraj Joshi, James Macdonald, Virendra Parab, and Sanjiv Sambandan. "Self‐Healing Thin‐Film Transistor Circuits on Flexible Substrates." Advanced Electronic Materials 7, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 2001023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aelm.202001023.

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LEE, JANGJOON, SRIKAR BHAGAVATULA, SWARUP BHUNIA, KAUSHIK ROY, and BYUNGHOO JUNG. "SELF-HEALING DESIGN IN DEEP SCALED CMOS TECHNOLOGIES." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 21, no. 06 (October 2012): 1240011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126612400117.

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CMOS technologies are suffering from increased variability due to process, supply voltage and temperature (PVT) variations as we enter the tens-of-nanometer regime. Analog and mixed-signal circuits have failed to effectively exploit the high-speed and low-noise properties that deep scaled CMOS technologies provide due to marginality issues. Large variations in leakage current and threshold voltage also make highly integrated digital designs challenging. In addition, device aging introduces a temporal dimension to variations in circuit performance. Consequently, there is an increasing need for a new design methodology that can provide high yield and reliability under severe parametric variations. Although several post-silicon calibration and repair strategies have been proposed to address the PVT variations, no coherent design strategy for a SoC has been developed so far. We espouse a self-healing technique based on real-time sensing and built-in feedback due to its inherent advantage of dynamic adaptation to temporal variations. This tutorial paper outlines our vision of improving marginalities in deep scaled CMOS technologies using a generic and systematic self-healing design including a system-level auto-correction algorithm. It also illustrates this methodology with design examples.

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Meyyappan, S., and V. Alamelumangai. "Black Box Model based Self Healing Solution for Stuck at Faults in Digital Circuits." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 5 (October 1, 2017): 2451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i5.pp2451-2458.

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<p>The paper proposes a design strategy to retain the true nature of the output in the event of occurrence of stuck at faults at the interconnect levels of digital circuits. The procedure endeavours to design a combinational architecture which includes attributes to identify stuck at faults present in the intermediate lines and involves a healing mechanism to redress the same. The simulated fault injection procedure introduces both single as well as multiple stuck-at faults at the interconnect levels of a two level combinational circuit in accordance with the directives of a control signal. The inherent heal facility attached to the formulation enables to reach out the fault free output even in the presence of faults. The Modelsim based simulation results obtained for the Circuit Under Test [CUT] implemented using a Read Only Memory [ROM], proclaim the ability of the system to survive itself from the influence of faults. The comparison made with the traditional Triple Modular Redundancy [TMR] exhibits the superiority of the scheme in terms of fault coverage and area overhead. </p>

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Bandodkar, Amay J., Cristian S. López, Allibai Mohanan Vinu Mohan, Lu Yin, Rajan Kumar, and Joseph Wang. "All-printed magnetically self-healing electrochemical devices." Science Advances 2, no. 11 (November 2016): e1601465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601465.

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The present work demonstrates the synthesis and application of permanent magnetic Nd2Fe14B microparticle (NMP)–loaded graphitic inks for realizing rapidly self-healing inexpensive printed electrochemical devices. The incorporation of NMPs into the printable ink imparts impressive self-healing ability to the printed conducting trace, with rapid (~50 ms) recovery of repeated large (3 mm) damages at the same or different locations without any user intervention or external trigger. The permanent and surrounding-insensitive magnetic properties of the NMPs thus result in long-lasting ability to repair extreme levels of damage, independent of ambient conditions. This remarkable self-healing capability has not been reported for existing man-made self-healing systems and offers distinct advantages over common capsule and intrinsically self-healing systems. The printed system has been characterized by leveraging crystallographic, magnetic hysteresis, microscopic imaging, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical techniques. The real-life applicability of the new self-healing concept is demonstrated for the autonomous repair of all-printed batteries, electrochemical sensors, and wearable textile-based electrical circuits, indicating considerable promise for widespread practical applications and long-lasting printed electronic devices.

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Nithya, G., and Muthiah Ramaswamy. "VLSI-based self-healing solution for delay faults in synchronous sequential circuits." International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology 15, no. 1 (2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcaet.2021.115948.

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Ramaswamy, Muthiah, and G. Nithya. "VLSI-based self-healing solution for delay faults in synchronous sequential circuits." International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology 15, no. 1 (2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcaet.2021.10037856.

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Nithya, G., and M. Ramaswamy. "A Novel Self-Healing Methodology for Stuck at Faults in Digital Circuits." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 15, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2018.7305.

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Blaiszik, Benjamin J., Sharlotte L. B. Kramer, Martha E. Grady, David A. McIlroy, Jeffrey S. Moore, Nancy R. Sottos, and Scott R. White. "Self-Healing Circuits: Autonomic Restoration of Electrical Conductivity (Adv. Mater. 3/2012)." Advanced Materials 24, no. 3 (January 10, 2012): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201290010.

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Sun, Shupeng, Fa Wang, Soner Yaldiz, Xin Li, Lawrence Pileggi, Arun Natarajan, Mark Ferriss, et al. "Indirect Performance Sensing for On-Chip Self-Healing of Analog and RF Circuits." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers 61, no. 8 (August 2014): 2243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsi.2014.2333311.

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Kong, Shuyu, Hai Zhou, and Jie Gu. "Design and Synthesis of Self-Healing Memristive Circuits for Timing Resilient Processor Design." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 26, no. 12 (December 2018): 2648–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2834827.

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Goyal, Abhilash, Madhavan Swaminathan, Abhijit Chatterjee, Duane C. Howard, and John D. Cressler. "A New Self-Healing Methodology for RF Amplifier Circuits Based on Oscillation Principles." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 20, no. 10 (October 2012): 1835–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2011.2163953.

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Meyyappan, S., and V. Alamelumangai. "Black box model-based self healing solution for stuck-at-faults in combinational circuits." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 8, no. 2 (December 2017): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2017.8.2.3.

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The paper unveils a black box model-based self healing strategy to suppress the ill effects of stuck-at-faults occurring in combinational circuits. The primary theory endeavours to attach a sense of reliability in the performance of digital systems and makes them insensitive to the negative impact of faults present in the system. The proposed methodology employs a dynamic fault tolerant approach to protect digital systems from the incursion of stuck-at-faults and enables the system to come up with fault free outputs. The simulation results affirm the authenticity of the proposed strategy to cancel out the influence of faults and facilitate the system to heal itself. The work utilizes the attributes of an FPGA to demonstrate the practical viability of the proposed approach. The performance analysis endorses the definite dominance of the proposed healing scheme over the traditional Triple Modular Redundancy [TMR] in terms of fault coverage and area overhead.

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Cheng, Yuanqing, Aida Todri-Sanial, Jianlei Yang, and Weisheng Zhao. "Alleviating Through-Silicon-Via Electromigration for 3-D Integrated Circuits Taking Advantage of Self-Healing Effect." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 24, no. 11 (November 2016): 3310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2016.2543260.

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Jin, Subin, Yewon Kim, Donghee Son, and Mikyung Shin. "Tissue Adhesive, Conductive, and Injectable Cellulose Hydrogel Ink for On-Skin Direct Writing of Electronics." Gels 8, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8060336.

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Flexible and soft bioelectronics used on skin tissue have attracted attention for the monitoring of human health. In addition to typical metal-based rigid electronics, soft polymeric materials, particularly conductive hydrogels, have been actively developed to fabricate biocompatible electrical circuits with a mechanical modulus similar to biological tissues. Although such conductive hydrogels can be wearable or implantable in vivo without any tissue damage, there are still challenges to directly writing complex circuits on the skin due to its low tissue adhesion and heterogeneous mechanical properties. Herein, we report cellulose-based conductive hydrogel inks exhibiting strong tissue adhesion and injectability for further on-skin direct printing. The hydrogels consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose, tannic acid, and metal ions (e.g., HAuCl4) were crosslinked via multiple hydrogen bonds between the cellulose backbone and tannic acid and metal-phenol coordinate network. Owing to this reversible non-covalent crosslinking, the hydrogels showed self-healing properties and reversible conductivity under cyclic strain from 0 to 400%, as well as printability on the skin tissue. In particular, the on-skin electronic circuit printed using the hydrogel ink maintained a continuous electrical flow under skin deformation, such as bending and twisting, and at high relative humidity of 90%. These printable and conductive hydrogels are promising for implementing structurally complicated bioelectronics and wearable textiles.

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Yang, Jinghao, Fangjie Mo, Jiaming Hu, Shuyang Li, Lizhao Huang, Fang Fang, Dalin Sun, Guangai Sun, Fei Wang, and Yun Song. "Revealing the dynamic evolution of Li filaments within solid electrolytes by operando small-angle neutron scattering." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 16 (October 17, 2022): 163901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110830.

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Lithium dendrite (filaments) propagation in solid electrolytes (SEs) leading to short circuits is one of the biggest obstacles to the application of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Due to the lack of operando techniques that can provide high resolution, the insufficient knowledge of the lithium dendrite growth inside SEs makes it difficult to suppress the dendrite growth. To reveal the mechanism of the Li filament growth in SEs, we achieved real-time monitoring of the nanoscale Li filament growth by operando small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in representative Li6.5La3Zr1.5Nb0.5O12 SEs. On continuous plating, the Li filament growth is not simply an accumulation of Li, but there is a dynamic evolution due to the competition between the Li filament growth and self-healing. With the aid of simulations and experiments, this dynamic competition was demonstrated to be highly dependent on temperature variation. The enhanced self-healing ability of Li at elevated temperatures plays a positive role in suppressing the Li filament growth. The heat therapy improved the cell's cycle life, which provided insight into suppressing the Li filament growth. Operando SANS with high Li sensitivity provides a platform for investigating Li filaments in SEs.

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Majidi, Carmel, Kaveh Alizadeh, Yunsik Ohm, Andre Silva, and Mahmoud Tavakoli. "Liquid metal polymer composites: from printed stretchable circuits to soft actuators." Flexible and Printed Electronics 7, no. 1 (February 14, 2022): 013002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ac515a.

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Abstract Soft polymers embedded with liquid metals like eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) exhibit unique combinations of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties that are not possible with other material systems. For example, a soft silicone elastomer embedded with a percolating network of EGaIn microdroplets can function as a highly soft and elastic conductor that can be stretched to 600% strain without significant change in electrical resistance. Depending on the choice of polymer matrix and EGaIn microstructure, these soft material composites can be engineered to exhibit mechanical and electrical self-healing properties as well as high fracture toughness and resistance to tearing. Moreover, when solid filler particles like silver flakes are added to EGaIn-polymer composites, they can function as printable conductive inks that are fully elastic, non-marking, and non-smearing when cured. In this short review, we present different classes of EGaIn-polymer composites, discuss approaches to materials synthesis and patterning, and compare their properties with other material systems. Additionally, we will review applications of this emerging class of materials in domains ranging from wearable bioelectronics to soft robotics, shape programmable smart materials, as well as energy storage and harvesting devices.

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Liu, Jenny Yi-Chun, Ian Huang, Yen-Hung Kuo, Wei-Tsung Li, Wei-Heng Lin, Wen-Jie Lin, Jeng-Han Tsai, Hamed Alsuraisry, Hsin-Chia Lu, and Tian-Wei Huang. "Smart RF Integrated Circuits: A Millimeter-Wave Gigabit Transceiver with Digitally-Enabled Built-In Self-Healing and Auto-Switching Functions." IEEE Microwave Magazine 20, no. 1 (January 2019): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmm.2018.2875620.

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Abd, Hamam, and Andreas König. "Design of a CMOS memristor emulator-based, self-adaptive spiking analog-to-digital data conversion as the lowest level of a self-x hierarchy." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 11, no. 2 (August 10, 2022): 233–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-11-233-2022.

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Abstract. The number of sensors used in modern devices is rapidly increasing, and the interaction with sensors demands analog-to-digital data conversion (ADC). A conventional ADC in leading-edge technologies faces many issues due to signal swings, manufacturing deviations, noise, etc. Designers of ADCs are moving to the time domain and digital designs techniques to deal with these issues. This work pursues a novel self-adaptive spiking neural ADC (SN-ADC) design with promising features, e.g., technology scaling issues, low-voltage operation, low power, and noise-robust conditioning. The SN-ADC uses spike time to carry the information. Therefore, it can be effectively translated to aggressive new technologies to implement reliable advanced sensory electronic systems. The SN-ADC supports self-x (self-calibration, self-optimization, and self-healing) and machine learning required for the internet of things (IoT) and Industry 4.0. We have designed the main part of SN-ADC, which is an adaptive spike-to-digital converter (ASDC). The ASDC is based on a self-adaptive complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) memristor. It mimics the functionality of biological synapses, long-term plasticity, and short-term plasticity. The key advantage of our design is the entirely local unsupervised adaptation scheme. The adaptation scheme consists of two hierarchical layers; the first layer is self-adapted, and the second layer is manually treated in this work. In our previous work, the adaptation process is based on 96 variables. Therefore, it requires considerable adaptation time to correct the synapses' weight. This paper proposes a novel self-adaptive scheme to reduce the number of variables to only four and has better adaptation capability with less delay time than our previous implementation. The maximum adaptation times of our previous work and this work are 15 h and 27 min vs. 1 min and 47.3 s. The current winner-take-all (WTA) circuits have issues, a high-cost design, and no identifying the close spikes. Therefore, a novel WTA circuit with memory is proposed. It used 352 transistors for 16 inputs and can process spikes with a minimum time difference of 3 ns. The ASDC has been tested under static and dynamic variations. The nominal values of the SN-ADC parameters' number of missing codes (NOMCs), integral non-linearity (INL), and differential non-linearity (DNL) are no missing code, 0.4 and 0.22 LSB, respectively, where LSB stands for the least significant bit. However, these values are degraded due to the dynamic and static deviation with maximum simulated change equal to 0.88 and 4 LSB and 6 codes for DNL, INL, and NOMC, respectively. The adaptation resets the SN-ADC parameters to the nominal values. The proposed ASDC is designed using X-FAB 0.35 µm CMOS technology and Cadence tools.

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Cesano, Federico, Mohammed Jasim Uddin, Alessandro Damin, and Domenica Scarano. "Multifunctional Conductive Paths Obtained by Laser Processing of Non-Conductive Carbon Nanotube/Polypropylene Composites." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030604.

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Functional materials are promising candidates for application in structural health monitoring/self-healing composites, wearable systems (smart textiles), robotics, and next-generation electronics. Any improvement in these topics would be of great relevance to industry, environment, and global needs for energy sustainability. Taking into consideration all these aspects, low-cost fabrication of electrical functionalities on the outer surface of carbon-nanotube/polypropylene composites is presented in this paper. Electrical-responsive regions and conductive tracks, made of an accumulation layer of carbon nanotubes without the use of metals, have been obtained by the laser irradiation process, leading to confined polymer melting/vaporization with consequent local increase of the nanotube concentration over the electrical percolation threshold. Interestingly, by combining different investigation methods, including thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, scanning electron and atomic force microscopies (SEM, AFM), and Raman spectroscopy, the electrical properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube/polypropylene (MWCNT/PP) composites have been elucidated to unfold their potentials under static and dynamic conditions. More interestingly, prototypes made of simple components and electronic circuits (resistor, touch-sensitive devices), where conventional components have been substituted by the carbon nanotube networks, are shown. The results contribute to enabling the direct integration of carbon conductive paths in conventional electronics and next-generation platforms for low-power electronics, sensors, and devices.

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Pei, Zhaodi, Xiaoxu Zhao, Huimei Yuan, Zhen Peng, and Lifeng Wu. "An Equivalent Circuit Model for Lithium Battery of Electric Vehicle considering Self-Healing Characteristic." Journal of Control Science and Engineering 2018 (June 10, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5179758.

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Considering the self-healing phenomenon of lithium batteries during intermittent discharge, a self-healing characteristic-based equivalent circuit model of lithium batteries is proposed. The mathematical description of the lithium battery in the self-healing process is obtained through the analysis of the equivalent circuit model. Based on experimental platform, an experiment considering self-healing characteristic was performed. Result shows that the self-healing characteristic-based lithium battery equivalent circuit model can describe the voltage of the lithium battery accurately during the self-healing process.

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Kong, Zhong Hua, Li Gang Wu, and Zai Fei Luo. "ATP Simulation Hybrid Electrode Capacitor Self-Healing Circuit." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.1893.

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In the paper hybrid electrode capacitor self-healing circuit is simulated through ATP. It illustrates the equivalent circuit of self-healing is correct, so self-healing process can be analysised quantitatively. The results are that the smaller is the plasma resistance, the larger is self-healing waveform amplitude, The larger is the experimental capacitor, the longer is self-healing time.

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De Fazio, Roberto, Vincenzo Mariano Mastronardi, Matteo Petruzzi, Massimo De Vittorio, and Paolo Visconti. "Human–Machine Interaction through Advanced Haptic Sensors: A Piezoelectric Sensory Glove with Edge Machine Learning for Gesture and Object Recognition." Future Internet 15, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15010014.

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Human–machine interaction (HMI) refers to systems enabling communication between machines and humans. Systems for human–machine interfaces have advanced significantly in terms of materials, device design, and production methods. Energy supply units, logic circuits, sensors, and data storage units must be flexible, stretchable, undetectable, biocompatible, and self-healing to act as human–machine interfaces. This paper discusses the technologies for providing different haptic feedback of different natures. Notably, the physiological mechanisms behind touch perception are reported, along with a classification of the main haptic interfaces. Afterward, a comprehensive overview of wearable haptic interfaces is presented, comparing them in terms of cost, the number of integrated actuators and sensors, their main haptic feedback typology, and their future application. Additionally, a review of sensing systems that use haptic feedback technologies—specifically, smart gloves—is given by going through their fundamental technological specifications and key design requirements. Furthermore, useful insights related to the design of the next-generation HMI devices are reported. Lastly, a novel smart glove based on thin and conformable AlN (aluminum nitride) piezoelectric sensors is demonstrated. Specifically, the device acquires and processes the signal from the piezo sensors to classify performed gestures through an onboard machine learning (ML) algorithm. Then, the design and testing of the electronic conditioning section of AlN-based sensors integrated into the smart glove are shown. Finally, the architecture of a wearable visual-tactile recognition system is presented, combining visual data acquired by a micro-camera mounted on the user’s glass with the haptic ones provided by the piezoelectric sensors.

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Liu, Jinyong. "Design of Remote Environmental Monitoring Network Based on Intelligent Sensor Network Address Allocation and Addressing." Journal of Sensors 2021 (December 24, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5618538.

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Based on the wireless sensor network, this paper combines node monitoring data with intelligent network address management. Users can view real-time environmental data through a computer or mobile phone and can manually remotely manage the environmental adjustment equipment of the network address through the mobile phone. This article first discusses the research background of the subject, introduces the current domestic and foreign research status of WSN in environmental detection, and analyzes the reasons for choosing ZigBee network as the wireless transmission environment of the intelligent monitoring system. Secondly, the structure, layered model, and key technologies of wireless sensor networks are introduced, and it is pointed out that ZigBee technology, which has the characteristics of low power consumption, reliable communication, self-organization of the network, strong self-healing ability, and low cost, is very suitable for application in the environment. Then, it analyzes TI’s protocol stack Z-Stack based on the ZigBee2006 standard and analyzes the network address assignment and addressing in Z-Stack, the process and steps of node binding, the routing mechanism and routing maintenance, and channel configuration. The realization of other functions was discussed in depth. During the simulation experiment, in the hardware design of the intelligent monitoring system, the network node was divided into two parts: the core board and the backplane. The crystal oscillator, power supply, antenna, and I/O port circuits of the core board were designed, and the data acquisition, relay, and power supply of the backplane were designed. Finally, this paper studies the data security issues in the environmental monitoring network and proposes two solutions to control network access and data encryption. Experimental results show that in terms of low-power design, the energy of the entire system is calculated to determine the factors that affect the power consumption of the system and methods such as increasing the node sleep time to ensure that the system can work for a long time.

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Illoul, Aboubaker Essedik, Vincent Caldeira, Marian Chatenet, and Laetitia Dubau. "Approaches Towards Improving Zinc-Nickel Batteries Performance." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01121mtgabs.

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The zinc/nickel electrochemical system has long been proposed as a good candidate of secondary alkaline batteries due to its excellent performance versus other aqueous batteries, such as high practical specific energy, excellent specific power, high open circuit voltage, low cost and low toxicity [1,2]. These advantages make it suitable for replacing lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries [3]. However, the high solubility of zinc in concentrated alkaline electrolytes is still a significant problem that induces two main failure mechanisms: a shape-change of the zinc electrode and a redistribution of the zinc active material due to its dissolution/redeposition during cycling. Dendritic growth can occur as a consequence of zinc dissolution/redeposition, and if severe, may lead to separators’ perforation and internal electrical short-circuits [4]. These drawbacks reduce the cell's capacity and lifetime, especially compared to traditional competing systems [5]. In addition, since the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is thermodynamically possible (especially during charging), the coulombic efficiency of the zinc electrode can be lowered by this parasite reaction [6]. The undesirable HER consumes water and some of the active material, yielding zinc hydroxide which in turn can generate a passivation layer that lowers the usability of the zinc anode materials [7]. There are different approaches to overcome these problems, such as the integration of additives in the active material formulation and/or in the electrolyte. In this contribution, we will show how regeneration of the active material can be obtained via appropriate steps of rest submitted to the active material and without the need for additional energy input. The so-called “self-healing” of the active material allows to recover a substantial part of the electrochemical performance. The concept was deeply studied and monitored by scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental mapping by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, and operando tomography. An increase in the coulombic efficiency has been demonstrated making this discovery very promising for the future of zinc-based alkaline batteries. Keywords: Zinc-nickel batteries, additives, self-healing References: [1] M. Ma et al., “Electrochemical performance of ZnO nanoplates as anode materials for Ni/Zn secondary batteries,” J. Power Sources, vol. 179, no. 1, pp. 395–400, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.01.026. [2] S. H. Lee, C. W. Yi, and K. Kim, “Characteristics and electrochemical performance of the TiO 2-coated ZnO anode for Ni-Zn secondary batteries,” J. Phys. Chem. C, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 2572–2577, 2011, doi: 10.1021/jp110308b. [3] B. Yang, Z. Yang, R. Wang, and Z. Feng, “Silver nanoparticle deposited layered double hydroxide nanosheets as a novel and high-performing anode material for enhanced Ni-Zn secondary batteries,” J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 785–791, 2014, doi: 10.1039/c3ta14237j. [4] Q. Zhang, J. Luan, Y. Tang, X. Ji, and H. Wang, “Interfacial Design of Dendrite-Free Zinc Anodes for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries,” Angew. Chemie - Int. Ed., vol. 59, no. 32, pp. 13180–13191, 2020, doi: 10.1002/anie.202000162. [5] C. Chemist and B. Hill, “Introduction,” pp. 191–192, 1800. [6] S. Bin Lai et al., “A promising energy storage system: rechargeable Ni–Zn battery,” Rare Met., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 381–396, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s12598-017-0905-x. [7] H. Kim, G. Jeong, Y. U. Kim, J. H. Kim, C. M. Park, and H. J. Sohn, “Metallic anodes for next generation secondary batteries,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 42, no. 23, pp. 9011–9034, 2013, doi: 10.1039/c3cs60177c. Figure 1

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Wang, Nan Tian, Yan Ling Qian, and Yue Li. "A Hormone-Transmission Inspired Multi-Layer Embryonics Supporting Hierarchical Self-Healing." Key Engineering Materials 667 (October 2015): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.667.555.

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Embryonics, a branch of bio-inspired hardware, is a circuit with self-healing capability. Aiming at solving the problems of low efficiency, complexity and etc. during cellular communicating in Embryonics, inspired by the transmission mechanism of hormone, a new type of four-layer Embryonics based on NoC and neighborhood connections is presented in the paper. Operational mechanism and hierarchical four-level self-healing capability of the Embryonics is also analyzed in detail. The proposed Embryonics provides a new approach for self-healing electronic systems design, which may be used in self-healing machine design.

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Комаров, Павел Вячеславович, and Максим Дмитриевич Малышев. "INVESTIGATION OF WELDING PROCESS OF VITRIMER-BASED MATERIAL: MESO-SCALE SIMULATION." Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Study of Clusters, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, no. 14 (December 15, 2022): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/pcascnn/2022.14.435.

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Рассматривается самовосстанавливающийся эпоксидный материал на основе диглицидилового эфира бисфенола A и отвердителя трикарбоновой жирной кислоты, относящийся к новому классу полимеров, называемых витримерами. Восстановление целостности таких систем при повреждениях происходит благодаря реакции обмена ковалентными связями между сомономерами, образующими полимерную сетку. В нашей предыдущей работе мы разработали модель данного материала на основе метода реакционной диссипативной динамики частиц. В данной работе мы применяем нашу модель для изучения процесса сварки образцов витримера, разрезанного на две части. Контроль целостности структуры систем проводился с помощью топологического анализа посредством расчета распределений по длинам простых циклов и плотности числа несущих нагрузку цепей. Показано, что скорость восстановления целостности систем определяется концентрацией катализатора и степенью сшитости полимера. Полученные результаты также свидетельствуют, что в случае высокой степени сшитости полимера, а также низкой концентрации катализатора структура системы получается сильно неоднородной. A self-healing epoxy material is considered, based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether and a tricarboxylic fatty acid hardener, belonging to a new class of polymers called vitrimers. The restoration of the integrity of such systems in the case of a damage occurs due to the exchange reaction of covalent bonds between the comonomers forming a polymer network. In our previous work, we have developed a model of this material based on the method of reactive dissipative particle dynamics. In this work, we apply our model to study the welding process of vitrimer samples cut into two parts. The control of the integrity of the structure of the systems was carried out using a topological analysis by calculating the distributions over the lengths of simple cycles and the density of the number of load-bearing circuits. It has been shown that the rate of restoration of the integrity of the systems is determined by the concentration of the catalyst and the degree of crosslinking of the polymer. The results obtained also indicate that in the case of a high degree of crosslinking of the polymer, as well as a low catalyst concentration, the structure of the system is highly inhomogeneous.

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Naumov, I. V. "Issues of electric energy transport reliability (on example of JSC Krasnoyarskenergosbyt)." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 16, no. 1 (May 24, 2023): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2023-16-1-15-26.

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Analysis has been performed of the transmission of electric energy through the power distribution networks of PJSC Krasnoyarskenergosbyt over the period of 2016 – 2022. The structure of the company is considered, the characteristics of the main elements of the studied power networks are given, the degree of wear of the main electrical equipment is estimated. Based on the information from public media on the level of accidents in the company's power networks, an estimate has been made of the number of emergencies that occurred during the study period, the share of self-healing failures in the total amount of damage has been determined. The duration of interruptions of power supply to consumers, as well as the amount of undersupply of electric energy caused by these interruptions, has been estimated. The influence of the seasonal component on the number of emergencies during the study period is considered. Based on the data for the first half of 2022, the analysis of the main causes of damage to the elements of electrical networks has been performed. The classification of failures is made, with their main characteristics over the period under study considered. The possibility of using various methods of forecasting the reliability level of the power networks under consideration is evaluated. The results of the analysis of the use of statistical and cybernetic methods of preventive assessment of undersupply of electrical energy are presented. Based on the comparison of the results obtained, it is concluded that statistical methods are the most effective. The research uses general scientific methods, numerical methods of analysis, methods of the theory of electrical circuits, theories of mathematical statistics, data interpolation and forecasting. To visualize the results of the analysis, the technologies of the MATLAB graphics editor were used. The results obtained may be of interest to the heads of power grid companies, as well as researchers and engineers engaged in research in the field of reliability of power supply.

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Alraho, Senan, Qummar Zaman, and Andreas König. "Wide Programmable Range Fourth-Order, Fully-Differential Sallen-Key MOSFET-C LPF for Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements and Self-X Sensory Electronics in Industry 4.0." tm - Technisches Messen 88, s1 (August 24, 2021): s77—s82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/teme-2021-0064.

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Abstract This paper picks up the need for a wide range programmable corner frequency for anti-aliasing and antiimaging filters in on-chip impedance spectroscopy and sensor signal readout circuitry with self-X properties (selfdiagnosing/healing) for industry 4.0 applications. A fourthorder wide tunable range MOSFET-C low pass filter is designed by using XFAB 0.35 μm CMOS technology and Cadence design tools. The proposed circuit is based on fully differential Sallen-Key architecture with Butterworth approximation. It covers a frequency range from 30 Hz up to 7 MHz. Tunability is achieved using a potentially high resistance and linearized configurable MOS resistor to control the filter pole frequency. The configurable elements in the circuit serve as tuning knobs to be controlled by machine learning. The physical design area is 0.39mm2.

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Zhang, Jun-an, Chao Li, Dan Li, Chuandao Zhang, Tiehu Li, Yunhua Lu, and Qingwei Zhang. "A HCI self-healing circuit of a bandgap reference circuit with curvature compensation." Microelectronics Reliability 149 (October 2023): 115225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.microrel.2023.115225.

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Maxey, Christopher, Sanjay Raman, Kari Groves, Tony Quach, Len Orlando, Aji Mattamana, Gregory Creech, and Jay Rockway. "Mixed-Signal SoCs With In Situ Self-Healing Circuitry." IEEE Design & Test of Computers 29, no. 6 (December 2012): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mdt.2012.2226014.

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Hu, Xingliu, Haifei Si, Junhui Mao, and Yizhi Wang. "Self-Healing and Shortest Path in Optical Fiber Sensor Network." Journal of Sensors 2022 (August 3, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5717041.

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In this study, a new square-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor network model is proposed to address possible link failures in FBG sensor networks and improve their reliability. Graph theory and optical switching are simultaneously applied to these sensor networks to improve their self-healing ability; the FBG sensor network is regarded as a directed graph. Three commonly used self-short-circuit algorithms are compared in terms of the self-healing capabilities that they provide to the optical fiber sensor network. Among these, the shortest-path faster algorithm achieved a high, nearly 90% repair accuracy and had an average repair time of 0.103 s, the shortest in this study. The newly designed FBG self-healing network can be reorganized and repaired when local damage occurs, thereby improving its reliability.

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Palleau, Etienne, Stephen Reece, Sharvil C. Desai, Michael E. Smith, and Michael D. Dickey. "Self-Healing Stretchable Wires for Reconfigurable Circuit Wiring and 3D Microfluidics." Advanced Materials 25, no. 11 (January 18, 2013): 1589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201203921.

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Hu, Han Mei, Jun Lei Zhao, and Ping Wen Tu. "On the Diagnostic Methods of Bayesian-Network in Smart Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2424–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2424.

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Aiming at the smart grid self-healing characteristics, puts forward a Bayesian network fault diagnosis method. According to the protection movement signal and the circuit breaker tripping signal, establish the face of components of the smart grid line fault diagnosis model. The fault diagnosis method is real-time and accuracy, and fault-tolerant ability etc. characteristics. This method not only satisfy intelligent power grid self-healing characteristics on fault diagnosis real-time, accuracy and automatic fault diagnosis of the requirements, but also provide the smart grid fault isolation and system of self recover with strong guarantee.

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Reiz, Cleberton, Caio E. M. Pereira, and Jonatas B. Leite. "A Self-Healing Strategy for Modern Distribution Networks." Energies 16, no. 16 (August 9, 2023): 5890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16165890.

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Electrical distribution companies have been investing in modernizing their structures, especially operation automation. The integration of information technologies and communications makes fast power restoration during fault events, providing better profit to companies and a more reliable and safe distribution network for customers. A self-healing strategy can be implemented for protection and control devices to work cooperatively, achieving the global purpose of automatic distribution system restoration. Thus, this work proposes a methodology for short-circuit fault detection, isolation of the faulted section, and restoration of downstream sections using neighbor feeders. The protection devices use standardized IEC and ANSI/IEEE functions to sensitize faults in the system and to promote adequate isolation, allowing the consequent restorative process. A genetic algorithm optimizes the devices’ parameters used in the protection scheme, making fastest the isolation process and ensuring the protection system coordination and selectivity. Results obtained using Simulink® allows for verifying the proposed methodology’s behavior and efficiency.

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Lin, Zhenxing, Liangjun Huang, Boyang Yu, Chenhao Qi, Linbo Pan, Yu Wang, Chengyu Ge, and Rongrong Shan. "Method of Fault Self-Healing in Distribution Network and Deep Learning Under Cloud Edge Architecture." International Journal of Information Technologies and Systems Approach 16, no. 3 (April 20, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitsa.321753.

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At present, the distribution network fault self-healing method based on deep learning in smart grid work often has problems such as low accuracy and insufficient feature extraction ability. To overcome this, the authors propose a method of fault self-healing in a distribution network based on robot patrol and deep learning in a cloud edge architecture. Firstly, the data collected by the robot fault collection system is preprocessed by using one-hot coding and normalization methods to prevent data flooding. Secondly, they propose an improved bi-directional short-term memory (BiLSTM) fault location method which combines the advantages of both BiLSTM and attention mechanism, adjusts attention weight, filters, or weakens redundant information. Finally, the I-BiLSTM network and the U-BiLSTM network are trained, respectively, and the fault section can be accurately located based on the data of each node of the robot fault collection system topology. Experimental results show that this method has achieved accuracy scores of 0.928, 0.933, 0.948, and 0.942, respectively, in four fault types, namely single-phase grounding, two-phase grounding, phase-to-phase short circuit, and three-phase short circuit, which outperform those in previous literature. The proposed method is well suited for applications in smart grid work because of its desirable fault self-healing ability.

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Zaman, Qummar, Senan Alraho, and Andreas König. "Efficient transient testing procedure using a novel experience replay particle swarm optimizer for THD-based robust design and optimization of self-X sensory electronics in industry 4.0." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 10, no. 2 (August 10, 2021): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-10-193-2021.

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Abstract. This paper aims to improve the traditional calibration method for reconfigurable self-X (self-calibration, self-healing, self-optimize, etc.) sensor interface readout circuit for industry 4.0. A cost-effective test stimulus is applied to the device under test, and the transient response of the system is analyzed to correlate the circuit's characteristics parameters. Due to complexity in the search and objective space of the smart sensory electronics, a novel experience replay particle swarm optimization (ERPSO) algorithm is being proposed and proved a better-searching capability than some currently well-known PSO algorithms. The newly proposed ERPSO expanded the selection producer of the classical PSO by introducing an experience replay buffer (ERB) intending to reduce the probability of trapping into the local minima. The ERB reflects the archive of previously visited global best particles, while its selection is based upon an adaptive epsilon greedy method in the velocity updating model. The performance of the proposed ERPSO algorithm is verified by using eight different popular benchmarking functions. Furthermore, an extrinsic evaluation of the ERPSO algorithm is also examined on a reconfigurable wide swing indirect current-feedback instrumentation amplifier (CFIA). For the later test, we proposed an efficient optimization procedure by using total harmonic distortion analyses of CFIA output to reduce the total number of measurements and save considerable optimization time and cost. The proposed optimization methodology is roughly 3 times faster than the classical optimization process. The circuit is implemented by using Cadence design tools and CMOS 0.35 µm technology from Austria Microsystems (AMS). The efficiency and robustness are the key features of the proposed methodology toward implementing reliable sensory electronic systems for industry 4.0 applications.

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Qin, Pin. "Stretchable and self-healable conductive hydrogel-based multifunctional triboelectric nanogenerator for energy harvesting and dance motion sensing." APL Materials 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 031117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0139951.

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Hydrogels with the integrated characteristics of adhesion, self-healing, deformability, and conductivity hold enormous potential for the design of next-generation flexible human body posture sensor and energy device. Here, we proposed a double-network hybrid polyacrylamide/poly(acrylic acid)/MXene/PEDOT:PET (PPMP) hydrogel with excellent flexibility, self-healing capabilities, and stability. Furthermore, the proposed PPMP conductive hydrogel with MXene/PDMS encapsulation layer can play the role of a wearable strain sensor that can be used to detect various dance movement postures, including those of facial expressions, blinking, and elbow joints. Additionally, the proposed PPMP hydrogel with MXene/PDMS encapsulation layer can function as a flexible and stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator (FS-TENG) to harvest human motion energy. The FS-TENG can obtain an open-circuit voltage ( V oc) of 169.2 V and a short-circuit current ( I sc) of 9.6 µA. Moreover, the electric energy generated by these FS-TENGs can be used to drive hygrothermographs. This research offers a feasible strategy to design self-powered strain sensors for use in dance posture monitoring and energy harvesting in human motion.

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Cooper, Christopher B., Samuel E. Root, Lukas Michalek, Shuai Wu, Jian-Cheng Lai, Muhammad Khatib, Solomon T. Oyakhire, Renee Zhao, Jian Qin, and Zhenan Bao. "Autonomous alignment and healing in multilayer soft electronics using immiscible dynamic polymers." Science 380, no. 6648 (June 2, 2023): 935–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adh0619.

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Self-healing soft electronic and robotic devices can, like human skin, recover autonomously from damage. While current devices use a single type of dynamic polymer for all functional layers to ensure strong interlayer adhesion, this approach requires manual layer alignment. In this study, we used two dynamic polymers, which have immiscible backbones but identical dynamic bonds, to maintain interlayer adhesion while enabling autonomous realignment during healing. These dynamic polymers exhibit a weakly interpenetrating and adhesive interface, whose width is tunable. When multilayered polymer films are misaligned after damage, these structures autonomously realign during healing to minimize interfacial free energy. We fabricated devices with conductive, dielectric, and magnetic particles that functionally heal after damage, enabling thin-film pressure sensors, magnetically assembled soft robots, and underwater circuit assembly.

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Mishra, Brajendra, A. Chaudhry, and Vikas Mittal. "Development of Polymer-Based Composite Coatings for the Gas Exploration Industry: Polyoxometalate Doped Conducting Polymer Based Self-Healing Pigment for Polymer Coatings." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.60.

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This study deals with the evaluation of self-healing ability of conducting polymer corresponding to a corrosion process. Poly ortho-anisidine (PoA) was doped with Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) and Tungstosilicic acid (TSA) and incorporated in polyvinyl butyral (PVB) coatings. The self-healing abilities of coatings were evaluated using open circuit potential (OCP) in 0.1 M NaCl solution for 45 hours of immersion. The coatings containing doped PoA showed increased positive potential of OCP after 45 hours of immersion as compare toblank PVB which showed a constant profile of OCP over the time indicating uniform corrosion under the coating.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that PoA doped with TSA is more stable and more effective in the coating. High resolution Transmission Electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirms the doping of PoA.

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Liu, Chuan, Zai Chao Huang, Peng Wu, Zhi Gang Wu, and Lei Chen. "Research of Reliable Design of Printed Circuit Board Suited for Smart Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 229-231 (November 2012): 1503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.229-231.1503.

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Electric utilities faced with the prospect of increasing customer rates are seeking solutions to challenges presented by rising global energy demand, aging infrastructure, increasing fuel costs and renewable portfolio standards in light of climate change. Many consider Smart Grid to be one such solution. The most two significant characteristics of Smart Grid are self-healing ability and high reliability. As the bottom stage of development of Smart Grid communication system, the signal quality and self reliability of PCB design directly influence the entire performance of the communication system. This article focuses on analyzing reliable PCB design suited for Smart Grid communication system from power supply, thermal dispersion and trace routing.

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Fu, Harold J., Ivan A. Moreno-Hernandez, Pakpoom Buabthong, Kimberly M. Papadantonakis, Bruce S. Brunschwig, and Nathan S. Lewis. "Enhanced stability of silicon for photoelectrochemical water oxidation through self-healing enabled by an alkaline protective electrolyte." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 11 (2020): 4132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee02250k.

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Fayomi, Oyo Sunday I., Sunday O. Oyedepo, D. E. Ighravwe, and Daniel O. Aikhuele. "Nanocrystalline Composite Smart Coating Deposition for Corrosion Self-Healing of Mild Steel." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 55 (August 10, 2021): 132–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.55.132.

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This work examine the potential of ZrB2 in the presence of Ni-P-Zn sulphate rich bath coating on mild steel under change in time from 10-25 min. The coating pH of 5, current density of 1 A/cm2, and stirring rate of 250 rpm was considered in the fabrication process. The microstructure evolution and properties of the deposited coating was analysed using a scanning electron microscope enhanced with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). All deposited composite coating was investigated in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 3.5% NaCl with the help of linear polarization and open circuit potential. From the result, a solid crystal formation containing zirconium boride was seen from the SEM study. At 25 min a remarkable dispersed and even thin film was noticeable at the interface. From all indication, coating produced with Ni-P-Zn-10ZrB2 at 25 min provides a passive response against corrosion damage. Keywords: Electrodeposition, interface, nanocrystalline, structure, coating

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Ren, Kai, Yu Cheng, Chao Huang, Rui Chen, Zhao Wang, and Jie Wei. "Self-healing conductive hydrogels based on alginate, gelatin and polypyrrole serve as a repairable circuit and a mechanical sensor." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 7, no. 37 (2019): 5704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tb01214a.

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Zaman, Qummar, Senan Alraho, and Andreas König. "Low-Cost Indirect Measurements for Power-Efficient In-Field Optimization of Configurable Analog Front-Ends with Self-X Properties: A Hardware Implementation." Chips 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2023): 102–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chips2020007.

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This paper presents a practical implementation and measurement results of power-efficient chip performance optimization, utilizing low-cost indirect measurement methods to support self-X properties (self-calibration, self-healing, self-optimization, etc.) for in-field optimization of analog front-end sensory electronics with XFAB 0.35 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The reconfigurable, fully differential indirect current-feedback instrumentation amplifier (CFIA) performance is intrinsically optimized by employing a single test sinusoidal signal stimulus and measuring the total harmonic distortion (THD) at the output. To enhance the optimization process, the experience replay particle swarm optimization (ERPSO) algorithm is utilized as an artificial intelligence (AI) agent, implemented at the hardware level, to optimize the performance characteristics of the CFIA. The ERPSO algorithm extends the selection producer capabilities of the classical PSO methodology by incorporating an experience replay buffer to mitigate the likelihood of being trapped in local optima. Furthermore, the CFIA circuit has been integrated with a simple power-monitoring module to assess the power consumption of the optimization solution, to achieve a power-efficient and reliable configuration. The optimized chip performance showed an approximate 34% increase in power efficiency while achieving a targeted THD value of −72 dB, utilizing a 1 Vp-p differential input signal with a frequency of 1 MHz, and consuming approximately 53 mW of power. Preliminary tests conducted on the fabricated chip, using the default configuration pattern extrapolated from post-layout simulations, revealed an unacceptable performance behavior of the CFIA. Nevertheless, the proposed in-field optimization successfully restored the circuit’s performance, resulting in a robust design that meets the performance achieved in the design phase.

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Nair, Aswathi, Karthik Raghunandan, Vaddi Yaswant, Sreelal S. Pillai, and Sanjiv Sambandan. "Maze solving automatons for self-healing of open interconnects: Modular add-on for circuit boards." Applied Physics Letters 106, no. 12 (March 23, 2015): 123103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4916513.

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Yaswant, Vaddi, Amit Kumar, and Sanjiv Sambandan. "Self healing of open circuit faults: With active re-configurability and mimicry of synaptic plasticity." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 024101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4958729.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Self healing circuits'

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