Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Self-esteem Scale'

In order of measuring the relationship between Tinder intensity and self-esteem, the Tinder Intensity Scale was developed in this present study. The scale was developed with help from exploratory factor analysis (EFA) measuring dimensionality and Cronbach's alpha testing the interrelations between the scale items. The EFA found that the Tinder Intensity Scale (Cronbach’s alpha 0.75) consists of two dimensions, one measuring frequency and emotional connection and the other measured dating behavior, such as being the first one to contact a match. The index-scores were used to measure the relationship between the self-esteem score and Tinder Intensity Scale and the scales’ two dimensions. The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between self-esteem and Tinder intensity is rather weak for both men and women, but slightly higher for men’s dating behavior and self-esteem. A reason for this could be due to the low intensity on Tinder in this sample. For future research, it is suggested to examine the relationship on a larger sample. Another suggestion is to determine causality between Tinder use and self-esteem by doing a longitudinal study, where self-esteem is measured pre-Tinder usage and after using Tinder.

Body image dissatisfaction (BID) is increasing among U.S. men and is associated with body-enhancing behaviors that threaten physical health, such as excessive dieting and exercising. A research gap was identified about the relationships between men's body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and the possible mediating effect of self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and self-esteem in adult males. Sociocultural and social comparison theory served as the theoretical frameworks for this study, which included 103 participants recruited through a university participant pool and gyms. Participants completed questionnaires including the Body-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Exercise Dependence Scale-21, Revised Restraint Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between all constructs and to test self-esteem as the mediating variable. A mediation model showed a relationship between dieting and self-esteem and BID in that high BID was related to low self-esteem. However, self-esteem did not mediate the relationship between diet and exercise. Findings indicated a significant relationship between higher BID and lower self-esteem. Results also indicated a significant relationship between BID and dieting. Results may be used to improve the lives of men affected by BID by informing them about factors that may affect BID and/or self-esteem. Enhancing the understanding of males' low self-esteem and body image may help researchers and practitioners develop more effective interventions.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych)<br>This study focuses and draws on the fields of dance, psychology and the self-concept. Dance is seen as a powerful tool for expression of self. The Self-Concept is one of the most researched constructs in psychology. Previous research has focused on one element of the self-concept, such as self-esteem; this research considered the self-concept holistically, comprising of: self-image, self-esteem and ideal self. The theoretical framework of this research was the Self-Concept, and dance was employed as an intervention or method of researching the self-concept. The overall aim of this research was to explore the self-concept of a group of peer mentors prior to and after participating in a structured dance programme at a South African University. This research used a mixed-method approach with the primary method being qualitative. The quantitative research design was a quasi-experimental, one-group pre-test post-test design, using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The qualitative research design was ethnography. A seven session structured dance programme was conducted consisting of various aspects of dance. Non-probability sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used. Data was collected in four phases; quantitative pre-test data collection using the RSES scale; qualitative intervention data collection via observations (field notes and audio-visual recordings); quantitative post-test data collection using the RSES scale; and qualitative in-depth interviews. Informed consent was received through informed consent forms and information sessions prior to the dance programme. There were two steps of data analysis. First was to analyse the quantitative data from the RSES on IBM’s Statistical Software Package for Social Sciences, version 25 (SPSS v.25) and Microsoft Excel tools. Second was to analyse the data from the observations and interviews using thematic analysis.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det fanns skillnader i engagemanget till Facebook beroende på graden av extraversion, självkänsla, ålder och kön. Självkänsla handlar om hur man uppskattar sitt eget värde och kompetens. Extroverta individer trivs i sociala sammanhang och söker konstant efter bekräftelse, vilket är deras drivande kraft. Facebook är den mest populära sociala median tillgänglig idag. En hypotes för studien var att kvinnor hade större engagemang till Facebook än män. Deltagarna var 150 studenter varav 56 män. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med en enkät som bestod av fyra delar för att mäta Facebookengagemang, hur aktiv man är i andras aktiviteter på Facebook, självkänsla och extraversion. Resultatet visade att det fanns ett negativt samband mellan Facebookengagemang och självkänsla. Kvinnor hade ett större engagemang till Facebook än män. Ett bredare urval hade varit till studiens fördel. Flera hypoteser bekräftades av undersökningen. Framtida forskning kan fokusera på sociala jämförelser på Facebook.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate post-burn adjustment in light of the self-esteem of child burn survivors. The study attempted to assess the viability of using a single, explicit self-report measure of self-esteem (Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale) as an index of post-burn adjustment. It appears that pediatric burn patients do not suffer a compromised self-concept secondary to the burn injury and, rather, are successful in incorporating their post-burn state, physically and psychologically, into a positive self-concept. It is suggested that evaluation of overall self-esteem incorporate a comprehensive picture of post-burn adjustment, based upon psychological and physiological parameters. Further research is justified and suggestions for future examinations are presented.

Culturally specific development of Emotional Literacy (EL) skills suggest that self report and observer ratings on EL scales would differ across cultures. This study is the first of two which explores and compares the Nfer-Nelson Emotional Literacy scale (Faupel, 2003) scores reported in the manual with those found in an Irish sample with a view to demonstrating its appropriateness as a cross cultural measure of EL. The three part scale comprise student (N=188), teacher (N=163) and parent (N=175) scales. The scales were completed in schools with a disadvantaged (74% of sample) or non-disadvantaged status (26%). Irish scores were organised into categories using percentile ranges to allow for comparative analysis with the original UK sample. Overall patterns of scores were similar but the cut off point for children in need of intervention was higher in the Irish sample. Within sample differences were explored using t-tests and children from disadvantaged backgrounds rated themselves with statistically lower EL than their non-disadvantaged counterparts. Inter-correlations were run to explore the relationships between and within the three scales. A mixed pattern of correlations was found and some evidence supporting Goleman’s construct of EL came from strong consistent relationships (correlation range 0.41-0.77) between the empathy and self-regulation subscales in the three scales. Differences between teacher scores suggests cultural differences in perception of EL and strong relationships between parent and student scales suggests a qualitatively stronger understanding of emotions shared between Irish children and parents compared with their counterparts in the UK. A major limitation of this study is that the Irish sample was largely disadvantaged (74%), whereas the UK sample was nationally representative. Abstract (paper 2/2) This is the second of two papers which explores and compares the Nfer-Nelson Emotional Literacy scale in an Irish context. Emotional Literacy (EL) Scores obtained in paper one are used to explore the reliability (Study 1) and predictive validity (study 2) of the tripartite Nfer-Nelson scale. This scale is comprised of parent, teacher and student scales. Reliability is established, using internal consistency measures for the Total EL for all three scales (α range 0.77-0.92) and also for the majority of component subscales in the teacher scale (α range 0.77-0.88). The children (n= 153) who completed the student scale for paper one were assessed for their academic achievement using a reading attainment test, the Mary Immaculate College Reading Attainment Test (MICRA-T) and also for self esteem using The Culture Fair Self Esteem Inventory (CFSEI). Bivariate regression analysis indicated that academic achievement is predicted by the majority of the components (r range 0.247-0.329) comprising EL and the Total EL (r=0.314) from the teacher scale. Self esteem is predicted by all the components (r range 0.212-0.272) and the Total EL (r=0.285) from the teacher scale and the majority of components (r range 0.2-0.361) and the Total EL (r= 0.384) from the student scale. The items which constitute the scales were investigated and overlaps between the: self-awareness subscale and self esteem items as well as: motivation subscale and aspects of academic achievement bring the discreteness of the associated EL subscales into question. Statistical findings suggest the cross cultural use of the Nfer-Nelson scale. However, difficulties with the face validity of the scale items question the appropriateness of the items used to assess the EL construct. These findings suggest the EL construct to be otherwise acceptable

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka sambanden samt eventuella könsskillnader mellan Social Jämförelse, Självkänsla och användande av Sociala  Medier hos gymnasieelever . Enkäter delades ut till 127  elever på en skola i södra Sverige. Eleverna ombads besvara frågor om användningen av Sociala Medier samt uppskatta deras Självkänsla som bygger på Rosenberg self-esteem scale och deras upplevda grad av Social Jämförelse som baserades på en förkortad version (Schneider &amp; Schupp, 2013) av the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (Buunk &amp; Gibbons, 1999). Resultatet visade signifikanta samband samt könsskillnader mellan användning av Sociala Medier, Social Jämförelse och Självkänsla. Det visade sig att elever som spenderade mer tid på Sociala Medier och hade högre grad av Social Jämförelse tenderade att ha lägre Självkänsla. Kvinnor tenderade även spendera mer tid på Sociala Medier, ha högre grad av Social Jämförelse och lägre grad av Självkänsla än männen. I linje med Findahl och Davidsson (2015) studie fanns det tendenser till att Sociala Medier ökat men att aktiviteten minskar. I vår studie tenderade eleverna att lägga ut uppdateringar när positiva händelser hade skett eller bilder på Selfies och vänner samt bilder som redigerats. Detta skulle kunna bidra till en allvarligt skev bild av verkligheten som kan leda till negativa effekter (som lägre självskänsla). Mot bakgrund av resultaten bör fördjupade undersökningar kring Sociala Mediers och Social Jämförelses inverkan på vårt välmående utredas.<br>The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between Social Media use, Self-esteem and Social Comparison. Questionnaires were distributed to 127 pupils at a school in southern Sweden. Students were asked to answer questions about the use of social media and assess their self-esteem based on Rosenberg self-esteem scale and their perceived level of social comparison that was based on a shortened version (Schneider &amp; Schupp, 2013) of the Iowa-Netherlands Comparison Orientation Measure (Buunk &amp; Gibbons, 1999 ). The results showed significant relationships, and also gender differences in the use of social media, social comparison and self-esteem. The study showed that students who spent more time on social media and had greater social comparison tended to have lower self-esteem. Women also tended to spend more time on social media, have greater social comparison and lower levels of self-esteem than men. The study confirmed Findahl och Davidsson (2015), showing that social media is increasing, but that the activity decreases. Students tended to only post positive events or images on Selfies and friends as well as images edited. This could contribute to a serious distortion that can lead to negative effects (such as lower self-esteem). Given the results, we propose that future studies focus on in-depth research about social media impact on our wellbeing and how modern social comparison works.

Tidigare forskning har visat att föräldrars anknytningsstil och personlighet samverkar och påverkar varandra. Men hur ser förhållandena ut mellan anknytningsstil, självkänsla, välmående och personlighet? I den här uppsatsen prövades fem hypoteser huruvida det fanns samband mellan dessa. Detta gjordes via en enkät som mätte de fem grundläggande dimensioner (vänlighet, extraversion, neuroticism, öppenhet och samvetsgrannhet), subjektivt psykiskt välmående, självkänslan samt anknytningen utifrån fem aspekter; två otrygga av karaktären avståndstagande (distans och sakorientering) och två av ängslig/närhetssökande karaktär (relationsfixering och bifallsbehov) samt tillit, den trygga anknytningsstilen som utmärks av ett tryggt och tillitsfullt förhållande till sig själv och till andra. De verktyg som användes var Big Five Inventory (BFI), Välmåendeformuläret, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) samt Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Enkätens reliabilitet var genomgående god. Totalt svarade 853 deltagare på enkäten i åldrarna mellan 20-74 år (M = 43.3, SD = 10.15) där 67.3% var kvinnor. Korrelationsanalyser och multipla regressionsanalysen genomfördes. Hypoteserna fick stöd i studien, anknytningsstilen kan prediceras av personlighetsdrag, välmående och självkänsla. Resultaten visade att anknytningsstilen tillit prediceras med positiva samband av vänlighet, extraversion, självkänsla och välmående samt ett negativt samband av neuroticism, vilket övriga anknytningsstilar inte har.<br>Previous research has shown that parents' attachment style and personality interact and influence each other. But what do the relationships between attachment style, self-esteem, well-being and personality look like? In this essay, five hypotheses were tested to see how these correlates with each other. This was done by a survey that measured the five basic dimensions (agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness), subjective well-being, self-esteem and attachment style based on five aspects; two insecure of distancing nature and two of an anxious / closeness-seeking nature, the secure attachment style is characterized by a secure relationship with oneself and others. The survey was based on Big Five Inventory (BFI), Questionnaire on well-being, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). The reliability of the survey was good. A total of 853 participants responded to the survey between the ages of 20-74 (M = 43.3, SD = 10.15), where 67.3% were women. Correlation analyzes and multiple regression analyzes were performed. The hypotheses were confirmed, attachment style can be predicted by personality traits, well-being and self-esteem. The results showed that the secure attachment is predicted by and has a positive correlation with agreeableness, extraversion, self-esteem and well-being as well as a negative correlation to neuroticism, which the other attachment styles did not have.

Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el sobrepeso/obesidad y la autoestima en universitarios de 19 a 24 años de una universidad privada de Lima. Metodología: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico en el cual participaron 177 estudiantes de 19 a 24 años, estos fueron seleccionados por conveniencia. Se les aplicó el cuestionario de la Escala de Rosenberg de autollenado para medir la autoestima y se les realizó mediciones de peso y talla para calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Resultados: Del total de alumnos, el 42,2% presentó sobrepeso/obesidad. No se encontró una asociación directa entre el IMC y autoestima, pero sí entre la edad y autoestima (p<0,005). Se encontró que los alumnos de 19 a 20 años fueron los que presentaron autoestima más baja y los de 23 a 24 años tenían una autoestima más alta. Asimismo, se encontró que en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud el nivel de autoestima es menor en el grupo de sobrepeso/obesidad que en el de peso normal, a diferencia de las demás carreras, donde no se encontraron estas diferencias. Por último, se encontró que en el grupo de 19 a 20 años sí existen diferencias en el puntaje de la Escala de Rosenberg entre los grupos de sobrepeso/obesidad y peso normal. Conclusiones: No se hallaron diferencias significativas acerca de la asociación entre sobrepeso/obesidad y baja autoestima en los jóvenes universitarios. Sin embargo, se encontró que la autoestima es menor a los 19 a 20 años y conforme aumenta la edad, la autoestima aumenta.<br>Background: To determine the association between overweight / obesity and self-esteem in university students aged 19 to 24 from a private university in Lima. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in which 177 students from 19 to 24 years old participated, they were selected for convenience. The self-filled Rosenberg Scale questionnaire was applied to measure self-esteem, and weight and height measurements were made to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Results: Of the total number of students, 42,2% were overweight/obese. A direct association was not found between BMI and self-esteem, but there was between age and self-esteem (p <0,005). It was found that students from 19 to 20 years old had the lowest self-esteem and those from 23 to 24 years old had the highest self-esteem. Likewise, it was found that in health science students the level of self-esteem is lower in the overweight/obesity group than in the normal weight group, unlike the careers, where these differences were not found. Finally, it was found that in the 19 to 20-year-old group there are differences in the Rosenberg Scale score between the overweight/obesity and normal weight groups. Conclusion: No significant differences were found regarding the association between overweight obesity and low self-esteem in young university students. However, it was found that self-esteem is lower at 19 to 20 years and as age increases, self-esteem also does.<br>Trabajo de investigación

The problem of this study was to determine if there was a difference in the self-concept of two groups of ninth-grade students when one group received the services of junior and senior students in a Peer Assistance and Leadership class. The results of the Piers-Harris Children's—Self—Concept Scale were used to determine the difference between the mean self-concept scores of the two groups and also to determine if there was a relationship between the criterion variable of the total self-concept score and eight predictor variables as identified by House Bill 1010: Limited English proficiency, age, school attendance, achievement scores two or more years below grade level in reading and mathematics on a norm-referenced test, failure to master any portion of the Texas Educational Assessment of Minimum Skills, failure in two or more subjects, grade retention, and eligibility for free or reduced-price lunch. A total of 105 students, 50 in the experimental group and 55 in the control group, participated. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean self-concept scores of the two groups. The correlation revealed that there were significant differences between self-concept and the variables of mathematics achievement scores, failing grades, and eligibility for free lunch.

Assertiveness is a learned fundamental interpersonal communication skill that helps individuals to meet the social demands of society. Although various personality factors associated with assertiveness have previously been studied, no recently published studies were identified in the review of assertiveness literature. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between assertiveness and the five factors of personality (extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness), self-esteem, social anxiety, and shyness to update past research findings. Participants completed the College Self-Expression Scale, the IPIP representation of the NEO PI-R, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, and the Revised Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale. It was hypothesized that assertiveness would correlate positively with extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and self-esteem. Assertiveness was further hypothesized to correlate negatively with neuroticism, social anxiety, and shyness. Results revealed direct relationships between assertiveness and self-esteem, extraversion, openness to experience, and conscientiousness, as well as inverse relationships to neuroticism, shyness, and fear of disapproval. No significant relationship was found between assertiveness and agreeableness. This study aimed to advance the understanding of the complex personality structure of low-assertive individuals.<br>B.S.<br>Bachelors<br>Sciences<br>Psychology

Dissertação de Mestrado em Psicopatologia e Psicologia Clínica<br>O objectivo principal desta investigação consistiu em tentar compreender de que forma os factores emocionais maternos podem influenciar o desenvolvimento precoce de um indivíduo. Partindo de teorias psicanalíticas da "Relação de Objecto", procurou-se criar um instrumento que permitisse um rápido diagnóstico de situações de risco de desenvolvimento de patologia mental futura, em bebés Foi delineada a seguinte hipótese: Mães com níveis de auto-estima elevados têm mais recursos para lidar com os seus bebés, diminuindo o risco de desenvolvimento de patologia mental. A amostra correspondeu a uma amostra de conveniência, e foi recolhida, essencialmente, na sede e em gabinetes da Associação "Ajuda de Mãe", sendo constituída por 31 mães, com bebés de idades compreendidas entre os 4 e os 12 meses. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos: uma adaptação de The Maternal Self-Report Inventory de Shea e Tronik (1988), realizada por Galvão (2002) e a Escala de Apgar de Saúde Mental (instrumento criado para este estudo com o propósito de calcular o índice de risco de ocorrência de patologia posterior). Os dados recolhidos através do Inventário de Auto-estima Materna e da Escala de Apgar de Saúde Mental sofreram uma análise quantitativa, mediante técnicas estatísticas, tendo sido ainda utilizado um programa de computador estatístico: SPSS. O teste estatístico utilizado foi o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Os resultados indicam que: a aceitabilidade da função materna, os sentimentos respeitantes à gravidez, parto e pós parto e a expectativa de competências maternas relacionam-se de uma forma directa e inter-inftuenciam-se; quanto mais sinais de saúde o bebé demonstre, menores são as condições para o acontecimento de perturbações; quanto maior o suporte sentido pela mãe, mais disponível está para fazer face às angústias relacionadas com as alterações de vida inerentes ao nascimento de um filho; quanto maior o suporte familiar sentido, maior é a possibilidade de serem detectadas situações clínicas atípicas; mães que apresentam um suporte familiar marcado, poderão fazer com maior facilidade delegação de competências maternas, potenciando perturbações ao nível da relação mãe-bebé e, consequentemente, a ocorrência de situações clínicas atípicas mais frequentes. Tendo em consideração as correlações emergentes entre os dois instrumentos utilizados, pondera-se que, apesar de existir uma tendência para a confirmação da hipótese de partida, a sua aceitação é precipitada. De facto, considera-se imprescindível um aumento substancial da dimensão da amostra.

Syftet är att undersöka hur självkänsla är relaterat till användandet av sociala medier, samt om det föreligger några skillnader mellan pojkar och flickor gällande självkänsla, spenderad tid på och beteende i sociala medier. Frågorna som ska besvaras är: (I) Finns det ett samband mellan självkänsla och spenderad tid på sociala medier? (II) Finns det ett samband mellan självkänsla och aktiv användning av sociala medier? (III) Finns det en skillnad i självkänsla mellan aktiva och passiva användare av sociala medier? (IV) Finns det en skillnad mellan flickor och pojkar gällande självkänsla, spenderad tid på och beteende i sociala medier? Studien utgår från en kvantitativ ansats och materialet samlades in med hjälp av enkäter. Urvalet bestod av 140 stycken ungdomar (13–16 år) och valdes ut genom ett bekvämlighetsurval. Deltagarna fyllde i enkäten under lektionstid. Enkäten var en sammanställning av tre olika mätinstrument, RSES (Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale), Social Media Engagement Questionnaire (SMEQ) och Passive and Active Facebook Use Measure (PAUM). Enkätsvaren bearbetades slutligen statistiskt med korrelationsanalyser och t-tester. Resultatet visade på svaga negativa samband mellan självkänsla och de tre variablerna spenderad tid, aktiv social användning respektive aktiv icke-social användning. Resultatet visade inte på någon signifikant skillnad mellan passiva och aktiva användare. Pojkar rapporterade högre nivåer av självkänsla än flickor. Flickor rapporterade högre nivåer av passiv användning, aktiv social användning och aktiv icke-social användning än pojkar. En möjlig slutsats är att det finns en koppling mellan användningen av sociala medier och individens självkänsla. Resultatet i denna studie visade på att hög användning av sociala medier kan vara relaterat till en sämre självkänsla. Det verkar även finnas tendenser till skillnader mellan pojkar och flickor gällande både självkänsla och användningen av sociala medier. Det behövs ytterligare forskning på den yngre generationen för att ta reda på hur den unga individen kan använda sociala medier på ett sätt som främjar självkänslan.<br>The aim of this study is to examine how self-esteem is related to usage of social media, and if there are any gender differences between boys and girls regarding self-esteem, spent time and behavior on social media. The questions to be answered are: (I) Is there a relation between self-esteem and spent time on social media? (II) Is there a relation between self-esteem and active usage of social media? (III) Is there a difference in self-esteem between active and passive users of social media? (IV) Is there a difference between girls and boys regarding self-esteem, spent time and behavior on social media? The study has a quantitative approach and the material was collected by using surveys. The sample consisted of 140 adolescents (age 13-16) and was selected through a convenience sample. The participants filled in the survey during class. The survey was a compilation of three different measuring instruments; Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSES), Social Media Engagement Questionnaire (SMEQ) and Passive and Active Facebook Use Measure (PAUM). The answers were processed statistically with correlation analyses and t-test. The result showed weak negative correlations between self-esteem and the three variables spent time, active social usage respective active non-social usage. The result didn’t show any significant difference between passive and active users. Boys reported higher levels of self-esteem than girls. Girls reported higher levels of passive usage, active social usage and active non-social usage. A possible conclusion could be that there is a connection between social media usage and self-esteem. The result in this study showed that large amount of social media usage could be related to lower self-esteem. There seems to be a difference between boys and girls regarding self-esteem and social media usage. Further research on the younger generation is needed to find out how the young individual could use social media in ways that promotes self-esteem.

Although eating disorders have been the focus of much research, the inclusion of minority populations has been minimal. A recent review of the literature by Dolan (1991) has found that eating disorders were most likely to be present in non-White women who were exposed to Western societies and cultures. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine personality, physical, and cultural correlates of bulimic symptomatology in a sample of African American college women. The Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R) was used to assess bulimia symptoms. The African American Acculturation Scale (AAAS), the Beliefs about Attractiveness Scale Revised (BAAR factors 1 and 2), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), the Centers for Epidemiological Depression Scale (CES-D), Body Parts Satisfaction Scale (BPSS), and body mass were the independent variables hypothesized to predict bulimic symptoms. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that body mass, depression, and low self-esteem were the best predictors of bulimic symptomatology, together accounting for 38% of the variance. Beliefs about attractiveness and body satisfaction were related to bulimic symptoms but not when considered simultaneously with the other variables. Acculturation was not predictive of bulimic symptoms. 0-ordered correlations revealed that beliefs about attractiveness and body satisfaction were correlated with bulimic symptoms. Acculturation was not related to any variables except depression. Implications for counseling interventions as well as directions for future research are discussed.

Children growing up in poor areas with high crime rates are shown to easily get involved in violent actions and criminal gangs. In South Africa, despite considerable efforts to reduce youth delinquency, youth crime rates are still disturbingly high – specifically, in the townships of the Cape Flats. This paper points out an important aspect previously unaddressed by most youth crime prevention: the subconscious roots of youth crime. What if we could develop youth crime prevention programs that manage to impact the subconscious behavioral patterns of youth in high crime areas? This paper proposes a  promising and cost-effective approach that has great potential to affect multipe causes of crime: mindfulness meditation. Built upon newest findings in Neuroscience, this paper suggests that mindfulness meditation classes are associated with a reduction in aggressive behavior, a risk factor for youth crime, and an increase in self-efficacy, a protective factor. The impact of mindfulness classes at a high school in Khayelitsha, a poor and violent-stricken township of Cape Town, is analyzed. Self-reported aggression and self-efficacy are measured via a psychometric survey questionnaire created from two well-tested and validated scales. Regression analyses of 384 survey answers provided mixed results. Whilst novice meditators were not associated with higher self-efficacy and lower aggression, long-term meditators performed better in several dimensions of self-efficacy and aggression, yet no significant relationship was found. Further research specifically needs to investigate the moderating effect of age (a proxy for psychological development) on meditation. This study aims to bridge the gap between the outdated paradigms of youth crime prevention and ancient wisdom via ground-breaking new evidence from the field of Neuroscience. This study furthermore hopes to point policy makers toward developing new, integrative and sustainable approaches to youth crime prevention – approaches that give back agency to our youth.<br><p>Anders Westholm har inget med betygssättningen att göra annat än i rent formellt hänseende (examinator). Det är han som rapporterar in och skriver under men i sak är det seminarieledaren som har beslutet i sin hand. Statsvetenskapliga institutet har som princip att skilja på handledning och examination vilket innebär att handledaren inte får vara seminarieledare. Seminarieledare och personen som satt betygget var i det här fallet Sven Oskarsson: Sven.Oskarsson@statsvet.uu.se</p>

Yes<br>This paper outlines the development of a new scale to measure adolescent selfesteem. The new scale addresses weaknesses in existing measures which have failed to consider the growth of the consumer society in the western world and the impact of this on the formation of adolescent self-esteem. The development of this scale includes extensive qualitative research with over 100 high school pupils, which led to a series of quantitative data collection and analysis processes to develop the scale. In the final stage, data was collected from 889 pupils and analysed to confirm the validity and reliability of the new measure. The result of this work is a 21 item self-esteem scale comprising of 4 distinct, yet interrelated factors: self-evaluation; social ability; social comparison effects and notably, brand ownership. The findings provide an updated and upgraded measure of self-esteem which takes into consideration the specific audience of adolescents living in a consumer culture. The scale development process demonstrates that when considering the formation of self-esteem, the influence of the use and possession of commercial brands is as relevant as the traditional factors/components such as academic achievement or sporting prowess.

As people meet their basic biological needs, they become increasingly concerned with higher level needs, such as personal development and positive well-being. The term "subjective well-being" (SWB) refers to people's evaluations of their lives and although relatively stable, people's levels of SWB are influenced by life events. The high position of esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs reflects the importance of self-esteem in people's judgement of their quality of life. A one group post test only, analytical research design was utilised with 570 residents of an informal settlement in Soweto. A structured questionnaire was designed to obtain information on demographic variables, levels of SWB and levels of self-esteem. The levels of SWB and self-esteem within the community were relatively high. Multiple regression analyses models confirmed that demographic factors are weakly correlated with SWB and self-esteem. Self-esteem was highly correlated with life satisfaction.<br>Psychology<br>M.A. (Psychology)

The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale (RSES). The RSES is a ten-item self-administered instrument intended to measure global self-esteem. The RSES was administered to a group of 1,443 Canadian university students, including 569 males and 874 females. Professor Alex Michalos, as part of his International Study of Quality of Life, collected the data in 1980. Ages of participants ranged from 17 to 65 years. Mean ages were 21.94 years for males and 22.59 years for females. Coefficient alpha for the sample was 0.86. A two tailed t-test found no significant gender group differences for RSES total test scores. Factor analysis revealed one factor, accounting for 44.8% of variance in test scores. This result is indicative that the RSES is measuring one main variable, and that the RSES is a homogenous unidimensional measure. A gender group differential item functioning analysis was conducted using Zumbo's (1999) Logistic Regression method. DIF analyses found that three test items displayed statistically significant DIF (mainly uniform) at a probability level of 0.005 (which is the Bonferroni corrected Type I error rate). Effect sizes were less than the minimum R-squared of 0.130 required for significance according to the Zumbo-Thomas effect sizes for Likert data. Due to the extremely small effect sizes, it was concluded that the DIF findings were not significant.

abstract: Collective self-esteem is defined as the aspect of identity that relates to how one evaluates the value or worth of the social group to which they belong (Luttanen and Croker, 1992). For African American youth, little research has been conducted to understand how they assess the value or worth they place on their ethnic social grouping as opposed to their racial identity (Hecht, Jackson, & Ribeau, 2003). Moreover, African American scholars for decades have theorized about the importance of applying African centered frameworks to ground community solutions for these youth. Drawing from both the African centered and collective self-esteem literature, the purpose of the present study is to develop a measure of collective self-esteem derived from an African framework to examine its relationship with African American youths’ ethnic identity perceptions. The first phase of the study consisted of a content analysis to generate a pool of items derived from Bantu philosophical text. The second phase consisted of cognitive interviewing to understand the mental processing of African American youth answering the developed items. In the final phase, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the factor structure of the tested items. A single factor was identified, which was strongly correlated with African American youth perceptions of ethnic belonging further supporting that self-perceptions amongst African American youth is associated with how they positively or negatively perceive their ethnic identity.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Social Work 2019

The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the topics of self-concept and motherhood. The part that deals with self-concept contains its definition, possible ways for it to be studied, its aspects, structure and dynamics. It also describes aspects examined in the research part i.e. self-concept clarity and self-esteem and provides an overview of commonly used methods for self-concept research. The part about motherhood formulates motherhood as a social construct and a biological aspect; it deals with the ambivalence to motherhood, motherhood and partner relationships, motherhood and work. Finally, it deals with the published research on the topic of self-concept in motherhood. The research part deals with self-concept clarity and self-esteem during motherhood. The aim is to explore self-concept clarity and self-esteem of mothers on parental leave with their first child old between (0.5-4 years) and compare them with mothers, which are also on parental leave with their first child old between (0.5-4 years) and work regularly; and also childless women aged 25 to 35 years. The following diagnostic tools were used that purpose: Self-concept Clarity Scale, Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale, NEO-FFI.

Tese de doutoramento em Psicologia, na área de especialização de Avaliação Psicológica, apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra<br>O modelo de Rasch é o modelo mais simples da teoria de resposta ao item (TRI) e constitui uma abordagem potencialmente útil ao nível da construção e refinamento psicométrico de instrumentos de avaliação psicológica. Trata-se de um modelo logístico de um parâmetro da TRI no qual a quantidade de traço latente existente na pessoa e a quantidade do mesmo traço latente reflectido nos vários itens do instrumento podem ser estimados de forma independente e comparados directamente entre si, uma vez que sujeitos e itens foram medidas numa mesma métrica comum, a escala logit. Esta, definida em unidades de probabilidades logarítmicas, é uma escala intervalar na qual a unidade dos intervalos entre as localizações conjuntas pessoas-itens têm um valor ou um significado consistente. O objectivo da presente dissertação visou a apresentação das potencialidades do modelo de Rasch, comparativamente à abordagem da teoria clássica dos testes (TCT), quando aplicado ao caso específico de instrumentos de avaliação psicológica que recorrem a itens politómicos aos quais os sujeitos respondem numa escala do tipo de Likert, designado Rating Scale Model (RSM). Metodologia Para concretizar este objectivo, relativo à aplicação do Rasch RSM, foram conduzidos quatro estudos psicométricos com amostras independentes de alunos do ensino secundário. O primeiro estudo, com alunos do 12º ano de escolaridade (N = 265), foi realizado com a Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale — Short Form (CDSESF). No segundo e terceiro estudos, com alunos dos 10º, 11º e 12º anos de escolaridade, procedeu-se à análise da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), numa abordagem TCT com recurso à análise factorial exploratória/confirmatória (AFE/ VI AFC) (N = 528) e à modelação Rasch (N = 519), respectivamente. Finalmente, no quarto e último estudo, também com alunos dos 10º, 11º e 12º anos de escolaridade (N = 508), fez-se a análise Rasch da Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Em cada um dos estudos, para além das medidas dos itens, foram ainda recolhidos dados para caracterização sociodemográfica das amostras. Resultados Dos resultados obtidos, salientam-se aqueles que se revestem de maior importância para os objectivos estipulados. No âmbito dos três estudos realizados com o Rasch RSM, os resultados alcançados permitiram reunir evidência psicométrica que corrobora, para a CDSE-SF, a PANAS e a RSES a respectiva: (1) validade de conteúdo (i.e., o bom ajustamento dos dados ao modelo permitiu que a parametrização dos sujeitos e a calibração dos itens tenha sido feita com elevada precisão na); (2) validade estrutural (i.e., unidimensionalidade e ausência de DIF), e (3) validade substantiva (i.e., as categorias da escala de resposta funcionam de forma adequada). Os resultados do único estudo baseado na TCT, com a PANAS, revelaram dificuldade de ajustamento do modelo aos dados que só parcialmente conseguiram replicar a estrutura factorial original do instrumento. Conclusões Os resultados sugerem que o RSM proporciona um quadro de referência útil para o refinamento psicométrico dos instrumentos de avaliação psicológica. Da sua aplicação resulta que, no caso específico das versões Portuguesas da CDSE-SF, da PANAS e da RSES, os seus respectivos itens são representativos e relevantes para os domínios dos construtos avaliados (e.g., validade de conteúdo), têm correspondência com os construtos definidos em cada um dos instrumentos (e.g., validade estrutural) e são avaliados através de escalas de resposta cujo diagnóstico ao funcionamento empírico das respectivas categorias revelou adequação das mesmas (e.g., validade substantiva).<br>Rasch model is the simplest Item Response Theory (ITR) model and constitutes a potentially useful approach at both the construction and refinement psychometric levels of psychological assessment instruments. It is an ITR one parameter logistic model in which the quantity of the latent trait existing in the person and the quantity of the same latent trait reflected in the various items of the instrument can be independently estimated and compared, because both items and subjects are measured using the same common metric, the logit scale. This scale, defined in logarithmic probabilities units, is an interval scale, in which the interval units between the response categories have a consistent value or significance. The goal of this dissertation is focused on the presentation of the Rasch model potentiality as compared with the classical test theory (CTT) approach when applied to the specific case of psychological assessment instruments that recur to polytomous items to which the subjects respond using a Likert type rating scale - the Rating Scale Model (RSM). Methodology In order to achieve this goal, related to the application of the Rasch RSM, four psychometric studies were carried out with independent samples of students attending secondary education. The first study, with a sample of 12th grade students (N = 265), was carried out using the Career Decision Self-Efficacy Scale — Short Form (CDSE-SF). In the second and third studies, comprising students attending respectively the 10th, 11th and 12th grades, we ran an analysis of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), using both exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis (EFA/ CFA), and Rasch modeling (N = 519), respectively. Finally, in the fourth and last study, also comprising 10th, 11th and 12th grade students (N = VIII 508), a Rasch analysis of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was made. In each of these four studies, in addition to the items’ measurements, data needed for the sociodemographic characterization of the samples were collected. Results From the results obtained we highlight those that are more relevant to the goals previously stated. Within the three studies carried out with the RSM the results obtained gathered psychometric evidence that confirms, concerning the CDSESF, the PANAS and the RSES, their respective: 1) content validity (i.e. the good adjustment of the data to the model allowed both the parameterization of the subjects and the calibration of the items to be made with high precision); 2) structural validity (i.e. unidimensionality and lack of DIF) and; 3) substantive validity (i.e. the categories of the response scale function adequately). The results of the only study which was based on CTT, and in which the PANAS was used, revealed some adjustment difficulties of the model to the data, which only partially replicated the original factorial structure of the instrument. Conclusions The results suggest that the RSM provides a reference framework useful for the psychometric refinement of psychological assessment instruments. In fact, from its application it can be concluded that, in the specific case of the Portuguese versions of the CDSE-SF, the PANAS and the RSES, their respective items are representative and relevant for the domains of the constructs under assessment (e.g. content validity), have correspondence with the constructs defined in each of the instruments (e.g. structural validity), and are assessed using response scales whose diagnostic to the empirical functioning of their respective categories revealed their adequacy (e.g. substantive validity).

This thesis explores the relationships between self-esteem and socio-economic factors and characteristics of maternity group home program participation. Self-esteem is used sometimes as the independent variable and sometimes as the dependent variable in this study. A sample of 268 women was used representing the data available in an administrative database on women admitted to the Villa Rosa program for the period from May 1998 to February 2009, after removing cases with too much of the self-esteem measure missing. Methods of analysis included; paired samples t-tests, independent samples t-tests, analysis of variance, repeated measures analysis of variance, standard multiple regression, sequential multiple regression, and multinomial logistic regression. Attempts were made to control for the influence of the several factors. The main findings of the research included: 1) Ethnicity was not found to be significantly related to discharge self-esteem. 2) Self-esteem of residents was found to be significantly healthier at discharge from the program than at intake to the program. 3) Self-esteem was not found to be significantly different between women who participated in a post-natal semi-independent living component of the program and those who did not when controlling for control variables. When the control variable of length of time in the program was removed self-esteem was found to be significantly healthier for women who participated in the post-natal semi-independent living component of the program than those who did not. 4) A significant difference was not found between the discharge self-esteem of women who reported as living with a disability at intake, and women who did not. 5) Self-esteem at discharge was found to be healthier with an increased number of days spent at Villa Rosa. 6) Less healthy intake self-esteem was associated with plans not to breastfeed. 7) More supportive attitudes of social support network as measured at intake were shown to be linked to healthier self-esteem at discharge. 8) Experiences of abuse were not shown to be significantly related to discharge self-esteem. Both support received from the significant findings, and a lack of support from insignificant findings, were found for several self-esteem theories.

This thesis focuses on the concept of self-compassion - a healthy attitude toward oneself which could be more easily attainable than unconditional self-acceptance and have less downsides than self-esteem. The first part of the thesis offers the most widely used conceptualisation of self-compassion, a comparison between self-compassion, self-esteem and unconditional self-acceptance, a summary of application areas of self-compassion, a list of relevant psychometric tools and a description of the Czech translation of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS-CZ). The second part of the thesis consists of a quantitative study designed to further assess the construct validity of the SCS-CZ using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the trait form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI X2) and the Unconditional Positive Self-Regard Scale (UPSRS) and to explore the connection between self-compassion and unconditional positive self-regard. A battery of web-based inventories was administered to a non-clinical sample (n = 415). The SCS-CZ shows a strong negative correlation with the BDI-II and the STAI X2, and a strong positive correlation with the UPSRS. The SCS-CZ is a valid measure of self-compasssion, suitable for comparing groups and population samples. For drawing conclusions about individuals, it is...

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário<br>Os objectivos deste trabalho consistiram, num primeiro momento, na validação estrutural da versão adaptada para adultos idosos do Inventário Clínico de Auto-Conceito (ICAC; Vaz Serra, 1986) e da versão portuguesa da Self-Liking and Self-Competence Scale – Revised version (SLCS-R; Tafarodi & Swann, 2001) e num segundo momento, na criação de um Modelo Preditor da Auto-Eficácia em adultos idosos, para testar a validade divergente da versão portuguesa da SLCS-R, a Escala de Auto-Aprovação e Auto-Competência - Revista (EAAAC-R; Pelouro, 2006). A amostra foi constituída por 240 sujeitos de ambos os géneros (leque etário: 65-90 anos; M = 72), que voluntariamente colaboraram no estudo, autónomos e funcionais, residentes na área da Grande Lisboa. Recorrendo à análise factorial confirmatória (LISREL 8.53), verificou-se que a Escala de Auto-Competência Diária (EACD; Vieira & Diniz, 2006), versão adaptada do ICAC, apresentou boa fiabilidade compósita e boa validade convergente em ambos os seus factores (auto-eficácia e aceitação/rejeição social); a EAAACR apresentou boa validade convergente nos seus dois factores (auto-competência e autoaprovação), assim como boa fiabilidade compósita mas não tinha boa validade discriminante. Os resultados encontrados no teste de validade externa da EAAAC-R sugerem que apenas um dos factores da auto-estima (auto-competência), no teste de validade divergente, se relacionou com a auto-eficácia.<br>ABSTRACT: The aim of this work consisted, firstly, in the structural validation of the adapted version for the old adults of the Inventário Clínico de Auto-Conceito (ICAC; Vaz Serra, 1986) and the portuguese version of the Self-Liking and Self-Competence Scale - Revised Version (SLCS-R; Tafarodi & Swann, 2001) and secondly, in the creation of a Preditor Model of Self-Esteem in old-adults, to test the divergent validity of the portuguese version of the SLCS-R, the Escala de Auto-Aprovação e Auto-Competência - Revista (EAAAC-R; Pelouro, 2006). The sample was constituted by 240 individuals of both genders (aged: 65-90 years, M = 72), which voluntarily cooperated in the study, independent and functional, living in the greater Lisbon area. Using the confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL 8.53), it was found that the Escala de Auto-Competência Diária (EACD; Vieira & Diniz, 2006), adapted version of the ICAC, showed good composite reliability and good convergent validity in both its factors (selfefficacy and social acceptance/rejection); the EAAAC-R had good convergent validity in the two factors (self-competence and self-linking), as well as good composite reliability but not so good discriminant validity. The results of extern validity of the EAAAC-R suggest that only one of the factors of self-esteem (self-competence), in the divergente validity test, captures the relation with self-efficacy

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário<br>Os objectivos do presente trabalho consistiam na validação estrutural das versões portuguesas da Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS; Webster, 2003) e da Rosenberg Self- Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) e na validação externa da versão portuguesa da SAWS, através da criação e teste de um Modelo Preditor da Auto-Estima (MPAE) em adultos idosos. Por métodos não probabilísticos, seleccionou-se uma amostra de 240 sujeitos autónomos e voluntários, com um leque etário entre os 65 e os 90 anos (M=72,7), residentes na área da Grande Lisboa e maioritariamente pertencentes ao género feminino (60,8%). Através da modelação de equações estruturais (LISREL 8.53), obteve-se um modelo tetrafactorial hierárquico de 21 itens da SAWS e um modelo unifactorial de sete itens da RSES, ambos bem ajustados e com boas qualidades psicométricas. Por fim, obteve-se um bom ajustamento do MPAE em adultos idosos, em que a sabedoria foi tida como preditora da Auto-Estima (AE), tendo-se concluído que a sabedoria exerce uma influência positiva sobre a AE global.<br>ABSTRACT: The aims of this work were to validate the portuguese versions of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS; Webster, 2003) and of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1965) and to test the external validity of the Portuguese version of the SAWS, through the creation and test of a Predictor Model of the Self-Esteem (PMSE) in old adults. Using non-probabilistic methods, we selected a sample of 240 autonomous and volunteer subjects, with an age range between 65 and 90 years old (M=72,7), living in Lisbon and mostly women (60,8%). Through structural equation modelling (LISREL 8.53), we obtained a 21-item hierarchical model with four factors of the SAWS and a seven-item model of the RSES, both well adjusted and with good psychometric qualities. At last, we obtained a good adjustment of the PMSE in the elderly, in which wisdom was predicting Self-Esteem (SE). We concluded that wisdom has a positive influence on global SE.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.<br>O actual conceito de saúde considera a imagem corporal e a auto-estima positivas, aspectos fundamentais a um desenvolvimento saudável do indivíduo. É importante o pré-adolescente sentir-se bem com o seu corpo, senti-lo como atractivo, musculado e magro. A opinião dos pares e outros significativos é fundamental nessa construção saudável. A auto-estima é também aceite como um indicador do bem-estar e reflexo de um desenvolvimento físico, com consequências no desenvolvimento psíquico. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar a relação entre a imagem corporal e a auto-estima. Os participantes foram 59 pré-adolescentes rapazes de 13 anos dos concelhos de Bombarral e Óbidos. Recorreu-se ao Questionário da Imagem do Corpo e à Escala de Auto-estima de Rosenberg. Efectuou-se uma análise descritiva e posteriormente uma análise correlacional aos dados. Verificou-se a existência de uma correlação positiva entre a imagem corporal e a auto-estima.<br>The actual concept of health considers body image and positive self-esteem as essential aspects for an individual healthy development. It’s important for the early adolescent to feel well with his body, feel it as attractive, muscled and slim. The opinion of pairs and significant others is essential for a healthy construction of this concept. Self-esteem also is accepted as an indicator of welfare and reflects the physical development, and its consequences on psychical development. This study had as objective the evaluation of the relation between body image and selfesteem. The participants were 59 early adolescent boys with 13 years old, from Bombarral and Óbidos. Body Image Questionnaire and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were used in this study. We made a descriptive analysis and a subsequent correlational analysis of the data. The existence of a positive correlation between body image and self-esteem was verified.

This thesis examines how cultural competency operates as a regime of governmentality. Inspired by Foucauldian genealogy, institutional ethnography, and Said’s concept of contrapuntality, this thesis problematizes the seamless production of racialized bodies in relation to mental disorder. I begin by elaborating a theoretical framework for interpreting race and madness as mutually constructed ordering practices. I then analyze what cultural competence produces and sustains in a position paper published by the Ontario Federation of Community Mental Health and Addiction Programs. I argue the Federation dismisses ongoing institutional violence—suggesting it is simply the perception, as opposed to the everyday reality, of discrimination that causes problems such as low educational attainment among youth of colour. To further support this claim, I deconstruct narratives of low self-esteem, maladaptive coping, depression, and denial of mental illness in the community needs assessments of two of the Federation’s member organizations: Hong Fook and Across Boundaries.