Journal articles on the topic 'Self-esteem in adolescence Case studies'
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1
Park, Young Suk. "The Effect of Self-Esteem on Aggression in Adolescents Who Have Experienced Delinquency: Focusing on Mediating Effects of Social Withdrawal." Correction Welfare Society of Korea 79 (August 31, 2022): 33–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35422/cwsk.2022.79.33.
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In the case of early adolescents, it has been reported that if they do not adequately radiate aggression, they are more likely to cause delinquency in the future. In addition, aggression in adolescence can predict not only current maladaptation but also future maladaptation, and is highly likely to continue as adult aggression. In addition to this, many studies claim that aggression is a major factor in adolescent delinquency.
Regarding aggression, many scholars argue that self-esteem and social withdrawal are related to aggression. In other words, when self-esteem is high, aggression is low, and when the degree of social withdrawal is high, aggression is high. In this study, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the two, namely, to examine whether social withdrawal has a mediating effect in the process of self-esteem affecting aggression.
As a result of the study, self-esteem was found to have a significant effect of wealth on social withdrawal. Also, social withdrawal was found to have a significant positive effect on aggression, and self-esteem was found to have a significant positive effect on aggression. Therefore, it can be seen that social withdrawal has a mediating effect in the process of self-esteem affecting aggression. As a result of bootstrapping to verify the mediating effect, the indirect effect of social withdrawal was significant in the process of self-esteem affecting aggression, indicating that self-esteem affects aggression through social withdrawal.
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Prastuti, Ikromilah Yety, Budi Purwoko, and Retno Tri Hariastuti. "Overview of Self-Esteem in Adolescent Behavior that do Self-Injury (Case Studies)." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 3 (August 6, 2019): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.926.
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This study aims to look at the picture of adolescent self-esteem that performs self-injury behavior. The subjects of this study were 3 junior high school students in Tulangan District, Sidoarjo. The method of data collection carried out was an independent interview and observation. Analysis of the data used in this study is qualitative analysis. The results showed that individuals who engage in self-injury with the kind of slashing body parts using the help of sharp objects (broken glass, needles, and a small knife), inhaling hazards, as well as hitting themselves they basically have self-esteem is low due to the factors from personal-social, parents, friends and academics. The three subjects carried out self-injury behaviors on the basis of their perceived worthlessness both from lack of attention from parents, inability to accept themselves, conflict with parents and friends, failure in academic activities and social interaction. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that further research can carry out development studies for developing a model in increasing self-esteem and reducing or overcoming self-injury behavior in adolescents.
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Cotter, Richard P. "High Risk Behaviors in Adolescence and Their Relationship to Death Anxiety and Death Personifications." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 47, no. 2 (October 2003): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/38ct-e5mb-12ng-yxar.
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This study examines adolescent perceptions of death with a sample of 220 high school students. Variables examined were personifications of death, death anxiety, locus of control, self-esteem, and level of risk. Chi-square, regression analysis, and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. High risk behaviors were negatively correlated with death anxiety. Males had higher risk scores and lower death anxiety scores than females. Females revealed higher death anxiety scores than males and lower self-esteem scores. High self-esteem correlated with an internal locus of control. Most students selected a male, cold, remote death personification image; females were more likely to select a female death personification image than males. These results suggest that adolescents have formulated a perception of death. When asked to personify death most students chose a negative, cold, remote image, with females more likely to select a gentle, comforting death image than males. The grim, terrifying, and robot-like images were more likely to be selected by males but were chosen much less frequently than the cold, remote, and gentle well-meaning images.
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Ihbour, Said, Hammou Anarghou, Abdelmounaim Boulhana, Mohamed Najimi, and Fatiha Chigr. "Mental health among students with neurodevelopment disorders: case of dyslexic children and adolescents." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 15, no. 4 (December 2021): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642021dn15-040014.
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ABSTRACT Several research studies have been devoted to study the links between emotional disorders and learning disabilities. However, very minimal of this research has focused on dyslexic students. Objective: The objectives of this study were as follows: (1) to assess self-esteem, anxiety, and depression in dyslexic Arabic-speaking children and adolescents and (2) to describe psychiatric comorbidities in these subjects by comparing them to their non-dyslexic peers. Methods: In total, 205 students (56 dyslexics and 149 good readers), pursuing their education in ordinary schools in the Beni Mellal-Khenifra region of Morocco responded to Taylor’s Self-Assessment Scale of Anxiety, Beck’s Depression Questionnaire, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI). Results: Overall, dyslexics were more anxious, more depressed, and had disturbed self-esteem compared to their non-dyslexic peers. The percentage of psychiatric comorbidity was higher in the dyslexic group. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the need for a multidisciplinary approach that integrates emotional needs assessment into the rehabilitation care of dyslexic children and adolescents.
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Sander, Johanna, Markus Moessner, and Stephanie Bauer. "Depression, Anxiety and Eating Disorder-Related Impairment: Moderators in Female Adolescents and Young Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052779.
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Adolescents and young adults, particularly females, are highly vulnerable to the development of anxiety disorders, depression, and eating disorders. Comorbid anxiety disorder or depression in eating disorders are associated with greater symptom severity, poorer prognosis, and burden of illness. Nonetheless, studies on what affects the relationship between anxiety, depression, and eating disorders in female at-risk samples are scarce. Using hierarchical linear modeling, the present study examined potential moderators to explain between-person differences in the association between anxiety, depression, and eating disorder-related impairment within 12- to 25-year-old females (N = 320). High impairment in anxiety/depression was associated with more severe eating disorder symptoms. Older age as well as greater impairment in mood dysregulation, self-esteem, and perfectionism were linked to more severe eating disorder symptomatology. Whereas mood dysregulation, self-esteem, and perfectionism had no statistically significant moderating effects, younger age appeared to augment the association of anxiety/depression and eating disorder symptomatology. Preventive care in particular needs to consider age-related effects as eating disorder symptoms are associated more strongly with symptoms of anxiety and depression in early adolescence.
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Konaszewski, Karol, and Tomasz Sosnowski. "Self-esteem of socially maladjusted adolescents in the context of selected personality and environmental determinants." Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny 63, no. 1 (247) (May 2, 2018): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.8245.
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The article is an analysis of the results of the studies conducted in a group of socially maladjusted youth in whose case the family court applied educational measures, i.e. placed them in a Youth Educational Centre. The aim of the study was to find out the correlations between self-esteem, personality traits of maladjusted adolescents, and the environmental determinants (support factors and limiting factors). A total of 481 juveniles staying in Youth Educational Centres (YEC) participated in the study. The analysis showed that in the model the significant predictors of self-esteem were neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness and negative relations at school. The obtained research results are to be used in designing methodological solutions in order to support social rehabilitation and education activities carried out both in an open environment and in social rehabilitation facilities.
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Ţarcă, Elena, Elena Cojocaru, Alina Costina Luca, Laura Mihaela Trandafir, Solange Tamara Roşu, Valentin Munteanu, Viorel Țarcă, Cristian Constantin Budacu, and Claudia Florida Costea. "Unusual Case of Masseter Muscle Hypertrophy in Adolescence—Case Report and Literature Overview." Diagnostics 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020505.
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Unilateral hypertrophy of the masseter muscle is a very rare pathological entity in children. Its etiology is uncertain and it requires a high degree of suspicion, as it must be differentiated from other conditions of the masseter area. As there are few pathological studies to elucidate this condition, we report a rare case of unilateral masseter muscle hypertrophy in a 16-year-old female patient with gradual onset of a painless swelling in the posterior left cheek which caused facial asymmetry with repercussions on the patient’s self-image. The diagnosis of unilateral masseter muscle hypertrophy was suggested by clinical examination, ultrasound scanning, and nuclear magnetic resonance, and was confirmed by histologic examination two years later when the patient returned for the surgical correction. The pathological findings report showed fragments of skeletal muscle with hypertrophic fibers associated with normal-sized muscle fibers in both longitudinal and transverse sections. The postoperative evaluation was favorable as both the adolescent and her family were satisfied with her look on the 14th day, 1st year, and 3rd year follow-ups. In conclusion, unilateral masseter muscle hypertrophy in adolescence is a sensitive problem due to the psychological implications of facial appearance. Definite diagnosis and treatment of the hypertrophied muscle is the ideal solution.
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Mandava, Prasad, Gowri Sankar Singaraju, Sobitha Obili, Venkatesh Nettam, Sasipriya Vatturu, and Seshu Erugu. "Impact of self-esteem on the relationship between orthodontic treatment and the oral health-related quality of life in patients after orthodontic treatment – a systematic review." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 94, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/mpr-1843.
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Objective. The treatment protocol in the modern health care paradigm has shifted considerably towards enhancing the quality of life in the last decade. This is particularly important in cosmetic and elective treatments, and hence the interest in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) also has increased. OHRQoL always been measured by endogenous, functional, social, or psychological determinants. Self-esteem (SE) is one of the internal factors that affect the perception of malocclusion and hence OHRQoL before and after treatment. The purpose of this review is to assess whether there exists any correlation between the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life, Self-esteem (SE) in patients following orthodontic treatment.
Methods. A literature search was confined to the English language using Medical Subject Heading terms (MeSH) in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Ovid® covering the period from January 1, 1951 to May 15, 2020. Search in Google Scholar, grey literature, and hand search on cross-references was performed to find additional data. The studies found to be suitable were selected based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of assessment and risk of bias for the included studies were evaluated independently by two invigilators utilizing “The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias” and “Modified version of the Newcastle Ottawa scale” for Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and non-randomized trials respectively.
Results. A total of 7688 studies were retrieved from all the sources. After screening all the titles and excluding the duplicates, 28 studies were finally included for text review, and all of them were fit for quality appraisal. The design of the final studies included comprised of 3 RCTs, 14 cohort studies, 9 cross-sectional studies, and 2 case-control studies.
Conclusion. There is moderate evidence to show that fixed orthodontic treatment improves OHRQoL and SE in children. OHRQoL also increased in adolescents and adults. However, there is a weak correlation between SE and OHRQoL. More evidence-based studies are needed to analyze the relationship.
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Klitynska, O. V., V. Z. Ivaskevych, and N. V. Hasiuk. "Comprehensive Analysis of the Quality of Orthodontic Treatment of Transcarpathian Teenagers." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.237.
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The high prevalence of dental anomalies and deformities requires a careful approach to orthodontic treatment, especially to improve quality of life. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of orthodontic care by index assessment of the results of correction of dental anomalies and determination of the psychosocial profile in adolescents of the Transcarpathian region. Material and methods. The object of the study were 68 adolescents from the Transcarpathian region. Determination of the correction of dental and maxillary apparatus anomalies was performed by calculating the relevant part of the ICON index, calculating the evaluation of the results. The quality of life of adolescents was assessed using the OHIP-14 quality of life questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed after consolidation of results using the application package Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, Inc., USA) and Microsoft Office Excel 2010. Results and discussion. Many studies in the field of psychology have determined that self-esteem is a core characteristic of the individual and together with the level of claims is a regulator of human activity and significantly affects its development. The result of self-esteem depends on how a person evaluates his/her success in joint activities where he/she is a member. This is especially true for teenagers and adolescence. The most important aspect of impaired quality of life in patients of this subgroup were problems of psychological and social nature, issues of external attractiveness, which prevailed even over the physical aspects of the impact, which is quite typical of adolescence. In patients with moderate orthodontic treatment there was a statistically significant improvement on the scales of psychological discomfort (from 6.4±0.6 points to 3.96±0.6 points; p <0.05), psychological disability (from 6.5±0.5 points to 2.18±0.5 points; p <0.05) and social disability (from 5.4±0.5 points to 3.36±0.5 points; p <0.05). Patients in this group after solving problems related to the aesthetics of the smile, as well as discomfort during communication, felt greater psychological comfort, relief in interaction with others and peers. There was a noteworthy shift of accentuation in such patients from problems with appearance to study and active social life. Among patients with severe orthodontic treatment, the most pronounced dynamics was observed on all scales of dental quality of life: on the scale of masticatory dysfunction (from 5.7±1.0 points to 3.12±1.0 points; p <0.05), physical pain (from 7.5±0.7 points to 2.01±0.7 * points; p <0.05), psychological discomfort (from 7.9±0.6 points to 3.48±0.6 points; p <0.05) physical disability (from 7.7±0.5 points to 3.20±0.5 points; p <0.05), psychological disability (from 7.5±0.4 points to 3.41±0.5 points; p <0.05). Conclusion. According to the study results, the success of orthodontic treatment (indicators of severity and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment according to the ISO index) directly correlated with the level of quality of life (r = 0.62; p <0.05)
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Norfatmazura Che Wil and Nooraini Othman. "Individual and Spiritual Factors Contributing to the Social and Mental Health Problems of Adolescents in Malaysia." global journal al thaqafah SI, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.7187/gjatsi062022-2.
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The rise of social issues among adolescents from time to time proves that the level of mental health among adolescents is alarming. Various factors should give serious attention to curb this issue from spreading. This study was conducted to explore the extent of individual and spiritual factors that cause social and mental health problems among adolescents. It uses a qualitative study approach through a case study strategy. Through interviews with respondents in an individual counseling session, this study involves the purposive sampling method aimed at eleven adolescents aged 16 to 20 years who are undergoing rehabilitation. The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed thematically using the Atlas.ti application. Data analysis enabled the identification of underlying themes that further contributed to the main themes for this study. Results show three main themes identified for individual factors: low self-esteem, social interest, and personality formation. Meanwhile, for spiritual factors, two elements were successfully formed: belief and confidence and the motivation to worship. This study provides vital information and implications that may guide the stakeholders to create various models, modules, and interventions to treat and prevent adolescents from engaging in social problems that affect their mental health.
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Sari, Niken Yuniar, and Sri Maryuni. "Peningkatan harga diri melalui intervensi Cognitive behavioral therapy pada remaja korban bullying." Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan 13, no. 4 (January 9, 2020): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v13i4.1561.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy for bully‐victims among adolescents in Islamic school, IndonesiaBackground: Bullying is aggressive behavior, illegal, negative both physically and psychologically that is social environment and it was now are more prevalent in the education world. Sign of symptoms that by the bullying of them in the form of low self-esteem. On the sacrificial offering, health effort has never been bullying at the school health psychology as psychotherapy.Purpose: Effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy to bully‐victims in adolescents.Methods: The method of this study used case studies, with the amount of 21 respondents.Results: The results of this study showed that teenagers bullying victims to the girl who the majority of the age of 14 years old, there was increased in self-esteem especially on aspects of cognitive and behavior after giving nursing intervention and cognitive behavior therapy.Conclusion: The handling of this is cognitive behavior therapy that can be used as one of the preventive efforts of teenagers the bullying of low self-esteem.Keywords: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Bully‐Victims; Adolescents; Islamic SchoolPendahuluan: Bullying merupakan suatu perilaku agresif, ilegal, negatif baik secara fisik maupun psikis yang ada dilingkungan sosial dan saat ini lebih banyak terjadi di dunia pendidikan. Tanda gejala yang muncul akibat bullying diantaranya berupa harga diri rendah. Upaya kesehatan pada korban bullying disekolah belum bersifat kesehatan psikologi seperti psikoterapi.Tujuan: Hasil penanganan kasus ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perubahan tanda gejala harga diri remaja santri korban bullying setelah diberikan intervensi Cognitive Behaviour Therapy menggunakan penerapan teori stres adaptasi Stuart.Metode: Penanganan kasus ini menggunakan metode case study, dengan jumlah responden 21 orang.Hasil: Hasil penanganan kasus menunjukan bahwa remaja santri korban bullying dengan jenis kelamin perempuan yang sebagian besar berusia 14 tahun, terjadi peningkatan harga diri terutama pada aspek kognitif dan perilaku setelah diberikan tindakan keperawatan ners dan ners spesialis berupa Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Simpulan: Penanganan kasus ini berupa Cognitive Behavior Therapy dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu upaya preventif remaja santri remaja korban bullying terjadinya harga diri rendah.
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Lara, Ma Asunción, Pamela Patiño, Laura Navarrete, Zaira Hernández, and Lourdes Nieto. "Association between depressive symptoms and psychosocial factors and perception of maternal self-efficacy in teenage mothers." Salud mental 40, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.026.
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Introduction. Teenage pregnancy is a national health priority. Having to deal with pregnancy during adolescence can cause the mother, at an already vulnerable age, to doubt her maternal capacity to cope with a challenge of this magnitude. The teenage mother’s assessment of her maternal self-efficacy is associated with her performance, in other words, the way she relates and responds to the needs of her infant, which has major implications for the latter’s development. Objective. To study the association between personal (depressive symptoms, self-esteem) and environmental characteristics (social support, partner satisfaction) and those of the infant (problems with infant care, the infants’s temperament) and the perception of maternal self-efficacy (PME) in adolescent mothers. Method. Cross-sectional study. The following instruments were applied: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Post-partum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R), and Maternal Efficacy Questionnaire to 120 mothers under 20 during the first six months postpartum. Bivariate lineal regression and hierarchical linear regression analyses were used for the data analysis. Results. When adjusting for other variables, symptoms of depression and difficult infant temperament were associated with lower PME. Social support was only associated with increased PME in the bivariate analysis. Discussion and conclusion. These findings contribute to the limited literature on the subject and provide elements for designing strategies to improve adolescent mothers’ PME to encourage behaviors that are more relevant and sensitive to infants’ physical and emotional needs.
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Marques Pinto, Alexandra, Celeste Simões, Paula Lebre, and Kathy Evans. "Special Issue on Social and Emotional Competences." PSICOLOGIA 30, no. 2 (December 7, 2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v30i2.1251.
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Mental health problems are a major cause of disability and morbidity of modern societies, as several epidemiological studies have evidenced. International reports indicate that before the age of 18 at least 20% of children and young people have a mental health problem, which highlights the importance of early intervention in order to promote good mental health. In this context, in the last two decades scientific research has consistently focused on the role of Social and Emotional competencies as predictors of mental health, well-being and academic success along the life course. Less adjusted social and emotional functioning is associated with various behavioral, personal, social and academic difficulties. The study and promotion of social and emotional competencies in children and young people, as part of their healthy development, is therefore considered as a national priority in many countries. The importance of social and emotional competences promotion has been reinforced with the acknowledgment of the resilience concept as a crucial process for overcoming successfully the adversities that we face throughout our life. This process draws on a combination of external resources that are available to children and young people, as well as internal assets that encompass social and emotional competences. Promoting resilience in children and adolescents that have had to deal with with adversity has been the focus of many researchers who work in this field. If social and emotional skills are one of the pillars of resilience, the promotion of resilience naturally implies the learning of these skills and how they can be used when we are confronted with challenges or significant life events. This special issue draws on six articles, arising from a call for papers exploring on Social and Emotional Competences and Resilience, following the 5th ENSEC Conference, hosted by the University of Lisbon, Portugal, in July 2015, and includes national and international contributions on this topic. The first article, by Diego Gomez-Baya and colleagues, entitled Emotional basis of gender differences in adolescent self-esteem, explores gender differences in emotional intelligence and self-esteem in Spanish adolescents. Results showed that girls presented lower overall self-esteem and lower perceived emotional intelligence than boys. Additionally, high-perceived emotional attention was related to lower self-esteem in girls and to higher perceived emotional clarity and repair in boys, which in turn were associated with higher self-esteem. The authors close the article with some important implications for the design of programmes to improve girls’ self-esteem through a focus on emotional attention. Valéria Silva and colleagues study, called the Preliminary study for validation of questionnaire “CDC - body, dance and community” for teenagers, describes the validation of a questionnaire for young dance practitioners. This study was developed in dance classes for young people aged between 6 to 12 years old, organized by Art Centers of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, aiming at looking into the benefits of dance, both in physical (expressiveness and self-perception of emotions), affective (self-confidence and well-being) and social dimensions (interaction and social participation with family, school and community). A questionnaire developed, comprised 105 items in a 5 point Likert scale, demonstrated adequate validity and reliability which allowed the researchers to identify the benefits of dance in two dimensions, the first called affective and social representations of dance and the second designated as personal and social representations of dance. The article by Anjali Ghosh, entitled Expressive Differences for Emotions in Hearing Impaired and with Hearing Individuals, explores difference between hearing impaired and hearing adolescents in an Indian context. Results demonstrated interesting differences between the two groups which have implications for developing work with both groups, and some particular insights relating to how work might be developped in an Indian context. The article of Paulo Dias and colleagues, entitled Further evidence for the structure of the resilience scale in Portuguese language countries: an invariance study with Brazilian and Portuguese adolescents, explores the resilience concept, its associated factors and outcomes, and in particular the measurement issues around this concept. The study presented by the authors aimed to analyze the structural invariance of the Wagnild and Young’s Resilience Scale, as one of the most know and widely used resilience measure across the world, in this case with a sample of Portuguese and Brazilian adolescents. In this article two models, namely the original five and two factor solutions, were tested with the full 25 items version scale, as well as an alternative one factor model for the14-item short version. The results suggested that the short version can be used for cross-cultural studies since the one factor model tested with the short version scale presented a good fit for the Portuguese and Brazilian samples. Sandra Roberto and colleagues research, “The place I long to be": Resilience processes in migrants, aims at understanding the contexts of adversity and resilience resources of migrants in Portugal. This study was conducted to understand the migration process, particularly, the meanings attributed by Cape Verdean migrants to their life in the country of origin, including the decision to migrate, as well as adversities, resources and adjustment. Using biographical narratives two main dimensions of relevance were identified: cultural differences and interpersonal relationships with the Portuguese concluding that resilience is an ongoing process, changing over time, which includes the annulment of adversity's impact, developing alternative possibilities or overcoming adversities by integrating them into trajectories and life paths. Finally, the last article, Resilience and self-concept of competence in institutionalized and non-institutionalized youth, by Maria Helena Martins and Vanessa Neto, focuses also on resilience, in this case in institutionalized and non-institutionalized youth. Considerations about institutionalization are made by the authors highlighting positive and negative impacts on youth development. Their research explored the relations between resilience and the self‑concept of competence in these two groups. Interestingly the results showed no significant differences between the two groups in terms of resilience, but the non-institutionalized sample revealed higher scores on the self-concept of competence, while the correlation between these two variables is stronger in the institutionalized group. The influence of other variables, such as gender, age, school grade, and school retentions is also investigated. Implications for practice are suggested namely the importance of resilience promotion in care institutions.
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Iannattone, Sara, Marina Miscioscia, Alessia Raffagnato, and Michela Gatta. "The Role of Alexithymia in Social Withdrawal during Adolescence: A Case–Control Study." Children 8, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8020165.
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Although social withdrawal is becoming increasingly common among adolescents, there is still no consensus on its definition from the diagnostic and psychopathological standpoints. So far, research has focused mainly on social withdrawal as a symptom of specific diagnostic categories, such as depression, social phobia, or anxiety disorders, or in the setting of dependence or personality disorders. Few studies have dealt with social withdrawal in terms of its syndromic significance, also considering aspects of emotion control, such as alexithymia. The present case-control study aimed to further investigate the issue of social withdrawal, and try to clarify the part played by alexithymia in a sample of Italian adolescents diagnosed with psychological disorders (n = 80; Average Ageg = 15.2 years, SD = 1.49). Our patients with social withdrawal (cases) scored significantly higher than those without this type of behavior (controls) in every domain of alexithymia investigated, using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and with the scales in the Youth Self-Report (YSR) regarding internalizing problems, anxiety–depression, social problems, and total problems. Internalizing problems and total levels of alexithymia also emerged as predictors of social withdrawal. These variables may therefore precede and predispose adolescents to social withdrawal, while social problems may develop as a consequence of the latter.
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Turner, Georgina. "‘Bizarre Sapphic midlife crisis’: (Re)thinking LGBTQ representation, age and mental health." Sexualities 22, no. 7-8 (November 12, 2018): 997–1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363460718794132.
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This article looks at viewers’ responses to the romance between two older women on the BBC medical drama Holby City. In the context of a continuing lack of representation of (older) women-loving women, viewers of all ages describe a transformative experience, with an emphasis on positive mental health outcomes – yet older women also orient to something implicitly problematic about this being the case. This is premised, I suggest, in the foregrounding of youth and adolescence in academic and public discussions of the role of the media in sexual self-realisation. The research demonstrates the need for qualitative case studies capturing LGBTQ portrayals, taking account of the experiences of older viewers, and of network television even in a fragmented and queer(er) digital market.
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Khodayarifard, M., J. McClenon, and S. Khodayarifard. "Family therapy in iran: An OCD case study." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72677-3.
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Iranian clinical psychologists have devised family therapy methods, based on cognitive behavioral models, fitting their collectivist, Islamic culture. We review Islamic-based strategies and describe family therapy in a culturally-specific childhood OCD case. In %80 of adults diagnosed with OCD, obsession is observed to have started in childhood and adolescence. Studies showed that cognitive-behaviour therapy, although efficient in treatment of OCD, fails in the case of children, due to their limited cognitive ability and their lower level of development. On the other hand, since children's response to medication cannot be anticipated, and because of the side-effects and the probability of recurrence after termination of medication, parents do not agree to medical treatment for their children. The purpose the present research was therefore designed to investigate the efficiency of family therapy based on cognitive behavioral approach in treatment of OCD case. The family therapy techniques used in this study are encounter, self-reporting, relaxation, modeling, and positive thinking. The OCD client was studied and exposed to the method. The results showed that the family therapy method using integrated, religious-based cognitive behavioral therapy, seems more appropriate for clients from collectivist, religious cultures. The final part of the research discusses the findings in relation to those of the previous studies.
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Le, Thien-An P., Katie Merricks, Joshua M. Nadeau, Amaya Ramos, and Eric A. Storch. "Intensive Exposure and Response Prevention for Adolescent Body Dysmorphic Disorder With Comorbid Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder." Clinical Case Studies 16, no. 6 (November 2, 2017): 480–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534650117737176.
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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) primarily onsets during adolescence, and symptoms typically worsen when left untreated. Although use of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has established efficacy for adults with BDD, there is limited research and few case studies to suggest the same for adolescents and children. The present case describes the implementation of intensive (daily) treatment for Erin (pseudonym), a 17-year-old Caucasian female with primary BDD, as well as comorbid obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), who was initially nonresponsive to outpatient supportive psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Treatment consisted of exposure and response prevention (ERP), concurrent with behavioral activation (BA). At discharge, Erin’s total score on the Children’s Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale–Self-Report version (CY-BOCS-SR) decreased from 32 ( extreme severity) at pretreatment to 11 ( mild severity), as well as demonstrating improvement on other self-report measures. Despite significant reductions in ritual engagement, Erin’s symptoms never fully remitted. Based on telephone contact with her mother, Erin discontinued ERP upon returning home, where treatment gains were not maintained and symptoms returned to baseline severity. Thus, this case study demonstrates the effectiveness of intensive ERP for adolescent BDD, as well as demonstrating the lack of gain durability associated with withdrawing early from treatment. Furthermore, this case demonstrates that withdrawal from ERP prior to complete remission may lead to a resurgence of symptoms, thus making previous progress obsolete.
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Sadowski, Michael. "From Adolescent Boys to Queer Young Men." Boyhood Studies 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 76–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3149/thy.0601.76.
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Gilligan (1996) and other feminist relational psychologists have identified a “silencing” to which adolescent girls are vulnerable when they confront pressures to conform to patriarchal values and norms in various social contexts. As Machoian (2005) and other researchers have noted, the silencing of girls’ authentic voices at adolescence is associated with heightened risk for depression and for suicide, cutting, eating disorders, and other self-harming behaviors. This article is based on in-depth interviews that examined the ways in which lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer-identifying youth might be subject to an analogous silencing of their authentic “queer voices.” Drawing on four case studies of male youth who participated in a larger qualitative research project, the article examines how schools, families, and communities both supported and silenced the authentic expression of their voices as gay- or queer-identifying boys. Since two of the case studies are based on interviews with participants at both late adolescence and young adulthood, the article also examines the effects of supportive factors over time and how they helped contribute to a purposeful, voiced sense of queer male identity as the participants reached manhood.
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Cannon, Mary, Ian Kelleher, Fionnuala Lynch, Michelle Harley, Charlene Molloy, Sarah Roddy, and Carol Fitzpatrick. "PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN ADOLESCENCE INDEX RISK FOR SELF HARM AND SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR: FINDINGS FROM TWO POPULATION-BASED CASE-CONTROL CLINICAL INTERVIEW STUDIES." Schizophrenia Research 136 (April 2012): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(12)70239-6.
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Talwar, Vipan, and Gourav Talwar. "Assessment of Depression Among Adolescent Indian Girls With PCOS." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1501.
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Abstract Background: Prevalence of PCOS is increasing among Indian women due to growing changes in environment and lifestyle and also due to awareness of symptoms and willingness to seek medical help. Six out of ten females diagnosed with PCOS are teenage girls. Studies have shown that the women with PCOS often suffer from psychiatric comorbidities including depression but the data regarding the prevalence of depression in adolescent Indian girls with PCOS are scarce. Aim: To find out the prevalence of depression and its associations among adolescent Indian girls with PCOS. Methods: This was a cross sectional, case-control study conducted in the Endocrinology department of a speciality hospital of North India. We evaluated 160 newly diagnosed adolescent PCOS girls aged between 13-19 years, diagnosed by Revised Rotterdam criteria. Control group included 80 healthy, age matched, non-PCOS girls. Detailed history, Anthropometric measurements and standard hormonal evaluation were done. Depression was assessed by administering Patient Health Questionnaire-Adolescents (PHQ-A), a self-administered questionnaire based on DSM IV criteria. PHQ-A score of >10 was considered as the threshold for significant depression. Statistical evaluation was done with SPSS and P value of <0.05 was significant. Results: Mean age of the patients was 16.3 +/- 3.2yrs. The frequencies of significant depression in PCOS and control groups were 36.5% and 11.9% respectively. PCOS adolescents having higher HOMA-IR value (p-0.03), higher hirsutism score (P-0.01) and higher BMI (p-<0.01) had a higher risk of significant depression. Menstrual irregularity, acne, dyslipidaemia, serum testosterone, 17-OHP, prolactin and serum TSH levels had no significant correlation with depression. Discussion: PCOS commonly prevails during adolescence, a phase when girls are more concerned about their physiology and physical health. Negative body image and chronic stress can lead to disturbed mental health. Our study by using a simple and patient friendly clinical tool the PHQ-A has found higher prevalence of depression (almost 3 times) in Indian adolescent PCOS girls as compared to controls and it significantly corelates with insulin resistance, hirsutism and obesity. PCOS puts tremendous burden, on both physical as well as mental health, especially in adolescents, due to its effects on physical appearance, self-esteem, fertility and also due to other long term metabolic complications associated with it. PCOS is an urgent health problem that needs careful assessment and appropriate treatment of its all aspects. Timely recognition of mental health issues in these girls can help with early interventions including referral to mental health specialists (if needful) and add to the wellbeing of these young girls. Conclusion: The initial evaluation of PCOS in adolescent girls should also include the assessment of mental health disorders.
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Gavala-González, Juan, Amanda Torres-Perez, Ismael Gálvez-Fernández, and José Carlos Fernández-García. "Lifestyle and Self-Perceived Quality of Life in Sports Students: A Case Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031598.
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Adolescence has been considered a crucial stage for the adoption of healthy habits such as physical activity. In addition, numerous research studies have shown that physical activity is a positive factor for health behaviors and quality of life. In this sense, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity levels and perceived quality of life in a sample of students studying physical activity and sport. This is a descriptive observational study with a population of physical activity and sports students from the San Pablo High School in Seville, Spain. The participants (N = 86), with a mean age of 18.56 ± 1.88 years, were pursuing professional qualifications in Physical Activity and Sport. They were administered the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF) and the SF-36 questionnaire on perceived health status. For data analysis, a correlation analysis (Spearman’s rho) was performed. The results indicate that students attending sports-related vocational training programs engaged in more physical activity (96.9%) than the population average suggested by the World Health Organization (20%). In addition, a direct relationship was shown between participating in physical activity and perceived health. Depending on the intensity of the physical activity, students found less physical interference (IPAQ Vigorous—Physical Function (rho = 0.252; p = 0.019); IPAQ Sedentary—Bodily Pain (rho = 0. 223; p < 0.039); IPAQ Total—Physical Function (rho = 0.256; p = 0.018)) and emotional interference (IPAQ Moderate—Emotional Role (rho = 0.237; p = 0.028)) when performing exercise or activities of daily life; therefore, physical activity appears to be beneficial for self-perception of quality of life.
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Sánchez-Queija, Inmaculada, Alfredo Oliva, and Águeda Parra. "Stability, change, and determinants of self-esteem during adolescence and emerging adulthood." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 34, no. 8 (November 2, 2016): 1277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407516674831.
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This research studied the development of self-esteem through adolescence and emerging adulthood. It also analyzed sex differences and the role of family and peers in developmental trends in self-esteem. Data comes from a longitudinal study in which we administered the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale to 90 Spanish boys and girls at ages 13, 15, 17, and 21 years. Results showed a linear increase in self-esteem, higher for boys than for girls, during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Initial variability was related to care received from the mother during childhood, whereas the increase in self-esteem throughout adolescence and emerging adulthood was related to peer attachment.
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DuBois, David L., and Barton J. Hirsch. "Self-Esteem in Early Adolescence:." Journal of Early Adolescence 20, no. 1 (February 2000): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431600020001001.
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Catone, Gennaro, Luisa Almerico, Anna Pezzella, Maria Pia Riccio, Carmela Bravaccio, Pia Bernardo, Pietro Muratori, Antonio Pascotto, Simone Pisano, and Vincenzo Paolo Senese. "The Relation of Callous–Unemotional Traits and Bullying in Early Adolescence Is Independent from Sex and Age and Moderated by Conduct Problems." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 12, 2021): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081059.
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In youths, callous–unemotional (CU) traits and conduct problems (CP) are independently associated with bullying perpetration and these effects are also observed when controlling for sex. Moreover, research indicates that the co-existence of high levels of both CU and CP further increase the risk. Although several studies have examined the relationship between CU traits and traditional bullying, few have also included a measure of cyberbullying and very few of them have focused the early adolescence. The aim of this study was to replicate and extend these findings in a large sample of Italian early adolescents considering both traditional and cyberbullying behaviors. Data were extracted from the Bullying and Youth Mental Health Naples study (BYMHNS) which included 2959 students of 10–15 years of age. CP, CU traits, traditional bullying behaviors, and cyberbullying behaviors were assessed by multi-item self-report scales. As expected, we replicated the significant and specific association between CU traits and traditional bullying, extending the findings to cyberbullying. In addition, in the latter case the effect was moderated by CP. The theoretical and clinical implications of these results were discussed.
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Arbeit, Miriam R., Haley E. Johnson, Anita A. Grabowska, Victoria A. Mauer, and Nancy L. Deutsch. "Leveraging Relational Metaphors: An Analysis of Non-Parental Adult Roles in Response to Youth Needs." Youth & Society 53, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 104–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x19842747.
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The present study takes a strength-based approach to understand how young people’s individual needs shape their relationships with significant non-parental adults across adolescence. The analyses drew from qualitative interviews with 27 youth across five time-points (3 years). Three types of youth needs were identified and labeled using metaphors that refer to other prominent relationships in youth lives: coach-like adults were providing help toward a specific achievement or skill development, friend-like adults were providing positive youth-focused companionship, and parent-like adults were nurturing a budding sense of self amid a plethora of life challenges. Each of these sets of youth needs was further examined through thematic analysis and case studies. Implications for future research and models of effective youth mentorship are discussed.
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Hirsch, Barton J., and David L. DuBois. "Self-Esteem in Early Adolescence Revisited:." Journal of Early Adolescence 20, no. 2 (May 2000): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431600020002001.
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Rahma Dilla Arnanda and Ahmad Gimmy Prathama. "FAKTOR RISIKO DAN PROTEKTIF PEKERJA PENGGUNA NARKOBA YANG MENJALANI REHABILITASI DI BNNP JAWA BARAT." Psychopedia Jurnal Psikologi Universitas Buana Perjuangan Karawang 6, no. 1 (June 3, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/psychopedia.v6i1.1462.
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Drug abuse is increasing and spreading throughout all circles, including workers. During this time many studies related to drug abuse focused on adolescents, even though workers also have a high-risk factor. Risk factor is something that can predict an increase in the likelihood of violations or mistakes later on. One step that can be done to reduce risk factors of drug abuse is to undergo rehabilitation. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the risk factors of drug abuse on workers who are undergoing rehabilitation in the Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi (BNNP) Jawa Barat. This study involved four drug user workers who are undergoing rehabilitation at BNNP Jawa Barat, which was obtained using convenience sampling technique. Data collection was carried out by structured interviews. This research used a qualitative approach with collective case studies design. The results showed that risk factors of drug abuse involved internal and external factors. Internal factors such low of self-esteem and difficulties to reject invitations from friends to use drugs. External factors consist of family factor, friends, environment, and socio-economic status. In addition to risk factors, researcher also found protective factors that are the user’s awareness about negative impact of drug abuse and motivation for having a better life. Besides family factors, especially social support that come from their wife and work environment that demand for professionals also become a protective factor for drug abuse.
Keywords: Risk Factor, Protective Factor, Drug Abuse, Workers, BNNP Jawa Barat
Penyalahgunaan narkoba semakin hari semakin meningkat dan menyebar di berbagai kalangan, termasuk pada kalangan pekerja. Selama ini banyak penelitian terkait penyalahgunaan narkoba yang berfokus pada remaja, padahal para pekerja juga memiliki faktor risiko yang tinggi. Faktor risiko adalah sesuatu yang dapat memprediksi peningkatan kemungkinan pelanggaran atau kesalahan di kemudian hari. Salah satu langkah yang dapat dilakukan mengurangi faktor risiko penggunaan narkoba adalah dengan menjalani rehabilitasi. Maka dari itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi faktor risiko pada pekerja pengguna narkoba yang menjalani rehabilitasi di Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi (BNNP) Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini melibatkan empat orang pekerja pengguna narkoba yang sedang menjalani rehabilitasi di BNNP Jawa Barat, yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan teknik convenience sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui cara wawancara terstruktur. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan collective case studies. Berdasarkan penelitian, diperoleh hasil bahwa faktor risiko yang berperan terhadap penggunaan narkoba berasal dari faktor internal dan faktor eksternal. Faktor internal berupa self-esteem yang rendah dan sulitnya menolak ajakan dari teman. Adapun faktor eksternal terdiri dari faktor keluarga, teman dan lingkungan, serta keadaan sosio-ekonomi. Selain faktor risiko, peneliti juga menemukan adanya faktor protektif yang berasal dari internal pengguna berupa kesadaran akan dampak negatif dari narkoba dan keinginan akan kehidupan yang lebih baik. Selain itu faktor keluarga, terutama dukungan dari istri dan lingkungan kerja yang menuntut untuk profesional juga menjadi faktor protektif penggunaan narkoba.
Kata Kunci: Faktor Risiko, Faktor Protektif, Penyalahgunaan Narkoba, Pekerja, BNNP Jawa Barat.
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Barendregt, Charlotte S., André M. van der Laan, Ilja L. Bongers, and Chijs van Nieuwenhuizen. "Longitudinal Relation Between General Well-Being and Self-Esteem." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 60, no. 16 (July 28, 2016): 1836–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x15588773.
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This study investigated the longitudinal relation between general well-being and self-esteem of male adolescents with severe psychiatric disorders. Moreover, the transition out of secure residential care was studied. Adolescents ( N = 172) were assessed three times with 6 months between each assessment. The sample comprised adolescents who were admitted throughout the entire study ( n = 116) and who had been discharged at 6/12 months follow-up ( n = 56). General well-being and self-esteem were stable concepts over time. The relation between general well-being and self-esteem differed for both groups. Among the admitted group general well-being positively predicted self-esteem and self-esteem negatively predicted general well-being from Time 2 to Time 3. Among the discharged adolescents, self-esteem at Time 1 positively predicted general well-being at Time 2 and general well-being at Time 2 positively predicted self-esteem at Time 3. Changing social contexts, as well as problems experienced during the transition out of secure care, might affect this relationship.
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Roque Gonçalves, M., A. Elias De Sousa, A. S. Machado, A. Silva, and M. Vieira-Coelho. "Cannabis use and violent behavior." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2159.
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Introduction Cannabis is the most commonly used psychoactive drug, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Accordingly, to the European Drug Report 2021, the prevalence of cannabis use is about five times that of other substances, so that last year cannabis use among EU inhabitants aged 15 to 24y is estimated at 19.2 %. Even though most human research has concluded that Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), tends to dampen rather than provoke aggression in acute doses, recent evidence suggests a relationship between cannabis usage and violent behavior, especially when associated with neurodevelopment stages. Objectives To review the existing evidence on the association between cannabis and violence in young adults and provide an overview of possible mechanisms explaining this relation. Methods Literature review was based on PubMed/ MEDLINE, using key words inclusive for violence, cannabis and adolescence. Studies included focused the young-adults population and considered the relation between cannabis use and behaviors reported as acts of physical violence. Studies were excluded if they included self-harm behaviors. Results Recent studies, including case-reports, showed a global moderate association between cannabis use and violence. Preliminary data has even highlighted a potential larger effect in more frequent users. Also, the cannabis role in the central nervous system (CNS), with most expression in the limbic cortices, and especially as it participates in a variety of brain function modulations - including executive functions, inhibition/impulsivity, and emotional control, has been pointed as one of the main arguments for this relation. Conclusions Further studies may shed light on the effects of cannabis use on behavior. Disclosure No significant relationships.
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Al-Bahri, S., A. Tariq, B. Lowentritt, and D. V. Nasrallah. "Giant Bilateral Adrenal Myelolipoma with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia." Case Reports in Surgery 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/728198.
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Myelolipomas are rare and benign neoplasms, predominant of the adrenal glands, consisting of adipose and mature hematopoietic tissue, commonly discovered incidentally with increased use of radiologic imaging. Few cases of giant bilateral adrenal masses are reported, especially in the setting of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). We report the case of a 39-year-old male with a history of CAH secondary to 21-αhydroxylase deficiency on steroids since childhood, self-discontinued during adolescence, presenting with abdominal distension, fatigue, decreased libido, and easy bruising. Imaging revealed giant bilateral adrenal masses. He subsequently underwent bilateral adrenalectomy found to be myelolipomas measuring 30 × 25 × 20 cm on the left and weighing 4.1 kg and 25 × 20 × 13 cm on the right and weighing 2.7 kg. Adrenal myelolipomas are found to coexist with many other conditions such as Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease, and CAH. We discuss the association with high adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) states and review the studies involving ACTH as proponent leading to myelolipomas. Massive growth of these tumors, as in our case, can produce compression and hemorrhagic symptoms. We believe it is possible that self-discontinuation of steroids, in the setting of CAH, may have resulted in the growth of his adrenal masses.
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Pérez-Fuentes, María del Carmen, María del Mar Molero Jurado, José Jesús Gázquez Linares, Nieves Fátima Oropesa Ruiz, María del Mar Simón Márquez, and Mahia Saracostti. "Parenting Practices, Life Satisfaction, and the Role of Self-Esteem in Adolescents." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 22, 2019): 4045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204045.
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Introduction: Studies have shown significant associations between parenting practices, life satisfaction, and self-esteem, and the role of parenting practices in adolescent adjustment, emphasizing its influence on wellbeing. Objectives: To analyze the relationships between parenting practices, self-esteem, and life satisfaction, and test the mediating effect of self-esteem on the relationship between the different parenting practices and life satisfaction of adolescents. Method: The sample came to a total of 742 adolescents, with an average age of 15.63 (SD = 1.24; range 13–19). The Parenting Style Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were used. Results: Perception by adolescents of high levels of affect and communication, self-disclosure, and a sense of humor related to their parents, as well as low levels of psychological control, explained the life satisfaction of the adolescents. Self-esteem exerted a partial mediating effect on the relationship between parenting practices and satisfaction with the life of the adolescent. Finally, self-esteem also appeared to be a moderator variable, specifically in the effect of self-disclosure on the life satisfaction of the adolescent. Conclusions: The results reinforce the role of personal variables, especially self-esteem, in parent-child interaction and in the improved subjective wellbeing of the adolescent.
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Asturias, Alicia M., Tracey P. Bastrom, Andrew T. Pennock, and Eric W. Edmonds. "Posterior Shoulder Instability: Surgical Outcomes and Risk of Failure in Adolescence." American Journal of Sports Medicine 48, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 1200–1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546520907156.
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Background: Arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction has proven to be effective in treating posterior shoulder instability. Few studies have examined the risk factors that may contribute to poor outcomes in the adolescent population. Purpose: To identify risk factors for surgical failure by comparing anatomic and subjective variations in children who underwent surgical intervention for posterior shoulder instability. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery at one institution between 2011 and 2018 were reviewed. Patients >18 years old at presentation and those with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome were excluded. Posterior instability was defined as unidirectional subluxation on posterior drawer testing while under anesthesia. Two-year minimum follow-up was required, but those whose treatment failed earlier were included for calculation purposes. Demographics and intraoperative findings were recorded, as were Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scoring, Pediatric and Adolescent Shoulder Survey (PASS), and the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) results. Major complication was defined as revision arthroscopy or redislocation, and minor complications included self-reporting a poor outcome score (eg, SANE score <65). Results: A total of 48 children (23 girls and 25 boys) met criteria, with a mean age of 16.5 years (range, 12.4-17.9 years) and a mean follow-up of 3.75 years. Fifteen (31.3%) patients had a complication by our criteria, including 12.5% with surgical failures; regarding major complications, boys were treated successfully 96% of the time and girls 78% of the time ( P = .049). Of the anatomic and subjective variables tested, only younger age ( P≤ .001) and presentation type ( P < .05) were correlated with complications. SANE scores differed significantly ( P < .002) by presentation type, with mean scores of 52 (trauma), 94 (recurrent instability), and 81 (pain). QuickDASH scores demonstrated patients with a history of trauma (mean, 37), instability (mean, 9), and pain (mean, 11). Conclusion: Adolescents treated surgically for posterior shoulder instability are at risk of treatment failure (when including outcome scores), and it appears that patients of female sex, younger age, and traumatic presentation are at the highest risk to require revision surgery or experience continued limitations secondary to their shoulder.
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Impett, Emily A., Lynn Sorsoli, Deborah Schooler, James M. Henson, and Deborah L. Tolman. "Girls' relationship authenticity and self-esteem across adolescence." Developmental Psychology 44, no. 3 (May 2008): 722–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.44.3.722.
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KOŞAN, Yavuz, and İsmail SEÇER. "Adaptation of Adolescent Behavioral Activation Program and Investigation of Its Effectiveness by Mixed Method." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 14, Ek 1 (December 29, 2022): 293–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1188941.
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In this study, the Adolescent Behavioral Activation Program (A-BAP) based on behavioral activation (BA) therapy to reduce depressive symptoms in adolescents was adapted to Turkish culture, and its effectiveness was tested with intervention design, one of the mixed method designs. In this direction, experimental and control groups were formed with 20 students studying in three different high schools in Turkey and with highly elevated depressive symptoms. The study group was determined by nested sampling from mixed-method sampling strategies. The starting point of this study is the absence of any BA-based practice to reduce adolescent depression in Turkey. In this direction, experimental and control groups were formed with 20 students studying in three different high schools in Turkey and with highly elevated depressive symptoms. The adapted A-BAP was applied individually to the students in the experimental group for 12 weeks. Three sessions were also held with the parents of the students in the experimental group. In the quantitative phase of the study, pre-test and post-test control groups paired patterns from semi-experimental designs, and a case study was used in the qualitative stage. The qualitative data of the study were collected from adolescents and their parents through semi-structured interviews and session evaluation forms. It was determined that the adapted BA-based A-BAP was an effective intervention in reducing depressive symptoms in the Turkish adolescent sample and provided a significant decrease in the depression scores of the participants in the experimental group . The qualitative findings show that adolescents perceive the A-BAP process as a factor contributing to making them feel better. Adolescents have reported that A-BAP is effective in reducing avoidance behavior, achieving anger control, and increasing self-esteem and social interaction. Parents consider A-BAP as a developer, educator, and practice that reduces depressive symptoms in their children. In addition, it was determined that the qualitative findings obtained supported the quantitative results. Since the study is the first application of BA therapy in Turkey, it is thought that it will contribute to new studies in Turkey and intercultural studies at the international level.
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Williams, Joanne M., and Candace Currie. "Self-Esteem and Physical Development in Early Adolescence:." Journal of Early Adolescence 20, no. 2 (May 2000): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431600020002002.
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Park, Woochul. "Body Image Dissatisfaction and Self-esteem among Korean Pre- and Early Adolescent Girls and Boys: A Five-year Longitudinal Panel Study." Family and Environment Research 58, no. 2 (May 21, 2020): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/fer.2020.012.
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Longitudinal studies have shown mixed findings on the association between body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem among adolescents. This study examined the longitudinal, reciprocal influences between body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem among Korean pre- and early adolescents by using nationally representative longitudinal panel data from the Korean Youth Panel Study (KYPS). Analyses based on 2,230 participants indicated that girls’ body image dissatisfaction was significantly higher than boys’. The trajectory of body image dissatisfaction increased sharply during pre- and early adolescence, but stabilized afterwards for both boys and girls. Self-esteem deteriorated rapidly initially, but began to recover as adolescent girls and boys matured. Structural equation modeling showed that reciprocal influences between body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem were detected for boys. Body image dissatisfaction among girls predicted self-esteem during the entire period, while the opposite direction from self-esteem to body image dissatisfaction emerged two years later. The present study found that, during pre- and early adolescence, body image dissatisfaction and self-esteem develop in a circular fashion by forming a vicious cycle. Implications for the development of intervention and prevention programs are discussed in consideration of age and gender.
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Cleusix, Martine, Ines Khadimallah, Elodie Toffel, Paul Klauser, Kim Q. Do, Kerstin von Plessen, Philippe Conus, and Alessandra Solida. "S69. CLINICAL HIGH RISK STATE: STRATIFICATION BASED ON CLINICAL PROFILE AND REDOX STATUS." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa031.135.
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Abstract Background The Clinical High Risk state (CHR) concept was implemented to promote the early detection of young help-seeking patients with higher risk of psychotic transition. This category is based on specific clinical criteria (EPA, 2015) and require narrow frequency/duration ratings of subclinical positive psychotic symptoms to allow its definition. Prevalence of CHR “category” appears nevertheless rare in help-seeking young people and the rate of psychotic transition of CHR state is lower than predicted by early studies. Therefore, the binary outcome of transition to psychosis proposed by the “CHR model” actually fails to be an efficient marker to stratify, in neurobiological studies, people with different psychopathological trajectories, notably those who develop psychosis from those who do not. In order to rely on a vulnerability model for schizophrenic psychosis more sensitive to psychosocial functioning and negative dimension, we study prospectively with three years of follow-up a population of help-seekers addressed for clinical suspicion of prodromal state of psychosis. We aimed here to identify subgroups of patients in a sample of subclinical psychotic states using psychological and cognitive outcomes as profiling criteria, focusing not only on transition but also on psychosocial functioning as main outcome. Methods A total of 32 help-seeking adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 35 were referred by health care providers for a specialized evaluation in case of suspicion of a prodromal psychotic state and/or detected by the French version of the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16; cut-off 6/16). Their CHR status was assessed by the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes (SIPS) and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Adult (SPI-A). Individuals included in the study presented either a CHR status, a subclinical CHR status or negative symptomatology. All subjects performed an additional neuropsychological battery and blood test for redox markers (Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) activities) (Xin et al, 2016). Based on their clinical profile, we made a stratification of the patients using a Principal Component Analysis. Results Cognitive and psychological outcome stratification of all help-seekers revealed two subgroups (called group1 and group2) of patients with distinct profiles. Individuals in group1 (n=18) had greater levels of basic symptoms and general symptomatology. On the other hand, in group2 (n=14), individuals showed a weaker self-esteem and a lower rate of “living independently”. Cognitive scores for speed processing, attention, verbal learning and social cognition were significantly lower in group2 compared to group1. In addition, these cognitive outcomes were negatively correlated with negative symptoms only in group2. Analysis of redox markers revealed a positive correlation between GPx and GR activities in group1, a correlation disrupted in group2. Discussion Stratification of a cohort of young help-seekers with suspicion of prodromal psychosis, regardless of their CHR status, allowed us to distinguish two subgroups with different clinical profiles: group1 with higher levels of basic symptoms and general symptomatology, and group2 with weaker self-esteem, less autonomy and poorer neurocognition. In addition, analysis of redox markers revealed a redox dysregulation in patients with poorer cognitive profile. Considering the impact of neurocognitive impairment on functioning, special focus to patients of group2 is needed, mostly in clinical practice. Moreover, they might benefit of supplementation with antioxidant compounds such as NAC, which may improve cognitive deficits (Conus et al, 2018).
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Saint-Georges, Zacharie, and Tracy Vaillancourt. "The temporal sequence of depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and self-esteem across adolescence: Evidence for an integrated self-perception driven model." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000865.
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AbstractDepression is associated with a multiplicity of adverse outcomes in adolescence, including peer victimization and low self-esteem. Depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and self-esteem are linked in cross-sectional studies, but no longitudinal study has been conducted assessing their developmental pathways in one integrated model across adolescence. We explored their temporal sequencing in a normative sample of 612 Canadian adolescents (54% girls) assessed annually over 5 years (Grade 7 to Grade 11). Potential confounders such as biological sex, ethnicity/race, and parent income and education were statistically controlled. We found evidence for the vulnerability model (self-esteem predicting depression) and the symptoms-driven model (depression predicting peer victimization). Our findings also supported the integration of these pathways into a self-perception driven model characterized by the indirect effect of self-esteem on later peer victimization via depressive symptoms. Specifically, poor self-esteem initiated a developmental cascade that led to poor mood and poor peer relations. These results highlight the importance of helping youth form a healthy identity that promotes positive mental health and peer relations, and the need to intervene with depressed, victimized, and at-risk adolescents to instill positive self-regard. Our results also emphasize the central role that self-perceptions play in the onset and maintenance of poor outcomes.
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Menon, Meenakshi, Harriet C. A. Moyes, and Christina M. Bradley. "Interactive Influences of Narcissism and Self-Esteem on Insecure Attachment in Early Adolescence." Journal of Early Adolescence 38, no. 7 (April 29, 2017): 966–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431617704955.
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We hypothesized that in adolescence, maladaptive narcissism interacts with low self-esteem to predict a preoccupied attachment style ( attachment for self-affirmation hypothesis), and with high self-esteem to predict an avoidant attachment style ( attachment for self-enhancement hypothesis). We expected gender differences in narcissistic adolescents’ attachment strategies, with girls more likely to be motivated to self-affirm, and boys more likely to self-enhance. Early adolescents in England ( N = 306, 156 girls, 150 boys, [Formula: see text] age = 13.38 years) responded to self-report measures of narcissism, self-esteem, and attachment styles to mother and a friend. Results supported the attachment for self-enhancement hypothesis only. For adolescent boys (but not girls) with high self-esteem, narcissism was associated with higher avoidant attachment toward the mother and a friend. The results suggest that maladaptive narcissism might derail normative separation-individuation processes in adolescent boys, thus contributing to their adoption of an avoidant attachment style with close relationship partners.
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Nottelmann, Editha D. "Competence and self-esteem during transition from childhood to adolescence." Developmental Psychology 23, no. 3 (1987): 441–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.3.441.
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Cella, Stefania, Annarosa Cipriano, Cristina Aprea, and Paolo Cotrufo. "Self-Esteem and Binge Eating among Adolescent Boys and Girls: The Role of Body Disinvestment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 14, 2021): 7496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147496.
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Although low self-esteem and body disinvestment have been recognized as potential risk factors for disordered eating, no studies have explored how these factors may work together to predict binge eating in adolescents. Therefore, we hypothesized a path model for girls and boys separately to investigate whether the body’s investment dimensions (feelings towards the body, physical touch, body care, body protection) mediate the relationship between self-esteem and binge eating, and age moderate such relationships. Participants were 1046 Italian students aged between 11 and 19 years (472 girls, Mage = 14.17; 574 boys, Mage = 14.60) screened through self-report measures. Both models showed an acceptable fit (males: χ2(22) = 30.441; RMSEA = 0.026; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.97; SRMR = 0.023; females: χ2(22) = 34.723; RMSEA = 0.35; CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.95; SRMR = 0.029). Negative body feelings and reduced body protection fully mediated the relationship between self-esteem and binge eating, regardless of gender. Our findings highlight the importance of interventions promoting body emotional investment to reduce adolescents’ vulnerability to binge eating.
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Barker, Erin T., and Marc H. Bornstein. "Global Self-Esteem, Appearance Satisfaction, and Self-Reported Dieting in Early Adolescence." Journal of Early Adolescence 30, no. 2 (March 6, 2009): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431609332936.
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Grassia, Vincenzo, Rossana Patricia Rotolo, Ludovica Nucci, Fabrizia D'Apuzzo, and Letizia Perillo. "Bullying and malocclusion in adolescence: a case report." South European Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Research 7, no. 2(S) (March 24, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/sejodr7-29700.
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Adolescents with bad malocclusion can more often be victims of bullying and the improvement of their facial appearance through oral rehabilitation is nowadays an important issue.
The aim of this case report was to describe the orthodontic treatment in a teenager with a dentoskeletal malocclusion exposed to bullying to correct his occlusal problems and improve facial esthetics and quality of life. The patient, a boy aged 13.5 years, had a class II, division 1, malocclusion with hyperdivergent pattern, mandibular asymmetry, constricted maxillary arch and molar crossbite, increased overjet, lower mild crowding and lip sucking. A two-phase approach was necessary to achieve proper occlusion, better esthetics and promote the patient's self-esteem with consequent greater serenity of his family.
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Galvão, Rafael, Camilla Figueira, Anderson Borovac-Pinheiro, Daiane Paulino, Debora Faria-Schützer, and Fernanda Surita. "Hazards of Repeat Pregnancy during Adolescence: A Case-control Study." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 40, no. 08 (August 2018): 437–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1666811.
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Objective To evaluate the social, obstetric and psychological risk factors related to repeat pregnancy in teenagers. Methods A case control study conducted at Centro de Atenção à Saúde Integral da Mulher (Caism, in the Portuguese acronym), in Campinas, Brazil, from 2015 to 2017. Three groups were selected: a case-group of adolescents who had repeat pregnancy and two control-groups, one consisting of adolescents who had delivered at first time and another one of adult women with more than one deliveries. Participants were asked about habits, socio-demographics characteristics, reproductive and obstetric history and assessed psychological issues. Results Ninety women were enrolled, 30 in each study group. Adolescents with repeat pregnancy have lower self-esteem scores and more ineffective contraceptive use. When compared with teens at first delivery, they had less schooling level (odds ratio [OR] 4.03 [1.37–11.8]), more school abandon (OR 8.16 [2.36–28.2]) and drugs use (OR 4.97[1.39–17.8]). Non-white skin color (OR 6.2 [1.15–41.0]), drugs use (OR 17.5 [2.62–116.6]) and first sexual intercourse under 15y (OR 18.0[2.82–115.0]) were found as higher risk factors for repeat pregnancy when comparing adolescents and adults. Moreover, adolescents with more than one gestation had lower self-esteem and greater susceptibility to unplanned pregnancy. Conclusion There was an association between repeat pregnancy among adolescents and lower education, early onset of sexual activity, non-white skin color, low use of contraception and increased use of drugs.
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Scalas, L. Francesca, Herbert W. Marsh, Walter Vispoel, Alexandre J. S. Morin, and Zhonglin Wen. "Music self-concept and self-esteem formation in adolescence: A comparison between individual and normative models of importance within a latent framework." Psychology of Music 45, no. 6 (October 26, 2016): 763–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305735616672317.
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We examined the possible effects of six dimensions of music self-concept on determination of self-esteem, through the application of models based on individual and normative-group importance. Previous studies have supported the individual model of importance in narrowly defined self-domains such as spiritual self-concept that might be unimportant for most people, but very important for some people. However, results from more recent studies of spiritual, academic, and physical self-concepts involving latent variable methodologies support the normative-group model. Here, we extended the use of latent variable methods to music self-concept using a sample of 512 junior high students (11–16 years old). Our results for music-reading skills supported the individual importance model rather than the normative-group importance model. Additional results revealed that singing, instrument playing, and the importance of instrument playing had direct rather than interactive linkages with self-esteem. Collectively, these results highlight differential effects of performance (singing, instrument playing) and knowledge (reading) on self-esteem, and imply that strategies to enhance self-esteem may vary within different domains of music instruction and participation. At a more general level, the findings together with those from previous studies indicate that interconnections between specific and global aspects of self-concept vary across domains and are more complex than previously thought.
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Palermiti, Anna L., Maria G. Bartolo, Pasquale Musso, Rocco Servidio, and Angela Costabile. "Self-esteem and adolescent bullying/cyberbullying and victimization/cybervictimization behaviours: A person-oriented approach." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 18, no. 3 (August 31, 2022): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.5379.
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Although previous studies seemed to recognize negative associations between self-esteem and bullying/cyberbullying and victimization/cybervictimization behaviours, the findings are controversial. The current study tried to shed light on this issue by using a person-oriented approach among Italian adolescents. Participants included 936 students aged 13-16 years. Different domains of self-esteem and bullying/cyberbullying and victimization/cybervictimization behaviour during the previous 2-3 months were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. The results suggested four self-esteem profiles, i.e., school/family-oriented, consistently high, self-derogation, and body/peer-oriented. Students in the consistently high self-esteem profile seemed to be more protected against bullying/cyberbullying and victimization/cybervictimization behaviours compared to those in the self-derogation profile. The findings showed that among adolescents there is a degree of heterogeneity in the self-esteem domain associated with different levels of bullying/cyberbullying and victimization/cybervictimization behaviour. This suggests that different domains of self-esteem and their interdependencies play a crucial role during adolescence, with consequences also in terms of diverse patterns of active and passive aggressive behaviour.
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Singh, Rashmi, and Jogendra Kumar Nayak. "Effect of family environment on adolescent compulsive buying: mediating role of self-esteem." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 28, no. 3 (June 13, 2016): 396–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-05-2015-0082.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent compulsive buying behaviour. Using a sample of 300 adolescents (15-18 years) in India and the structural equation modelling technique, the findings reveal that self-esteem mediates the relationship between parent-adolescent relationship and adolescent compulsive buying behaviour. Design/methodology/approach – The present study is the first to experimentally manipulate important parent-adolescent relationship and measures its impact on compulsive buying among a sample of 15-18-year old adolescents. Next, the authors investigate the mediating role of self-esteem for the above relationship. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling have been used in the study. Findings – The study also establishes that familial conflict and cohesion acts as major sources of adolescent compulsivity. The authors have also examined the mediating role of self-esteem on the above relationships and found that adolescents’ compulsivity varies with the level of self-esteem (i.e. higher level of self-esteem leads to lower levels of adolescents’ compulsivity). The practical and theoretical implications are discussed within the context of adolescents’ compulsivity. Originality/value – The study makes some inimitable and significant contributions to the literature. It portrays one of few studies to investigate compulsive buying during adolescence period – a hard to reach population. Here authors experimentally manipulate parent-adolescent relationship to investigate its impact on compulsive buying. The study’s findings in regard to mediating effect of self-esteem on the parent-adolescent relationship and adolescents’ compulsive buying behaviour suggest that compulsive buying begins during adolescence period and is a common coping strategy for both boys and girls.
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Oropesa Ruiz, Nieves Fátima, Isabel Mercader Rubio, Nieves Gutiérrez Ángel, and María Araceli Pérez García. "Neuroticism and Emotional Intelligence in Adolescence: A Mediation Model Moderate by Negative Affect and Self-Esteem." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12070241.
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Different studies have revealed that high scores in neuroticism relate to feelings of guilt, flustering, low self-esteem, and insecurity in relationships with others. The main objective of this work is to analyze the relationship between neuroticism and emotional intelligence in the adolescent stage and try to go one step further in the study of that relationship through the formulation of a moderate mediation model in which negative affect participates as a mediating variable and self-esteem as a moderating variable. Method: The total number of adolescents amounted to 742, with a very similar sample in both sexes, 45.1% boys and 51.5% girls. They were between 13 and 19 years old (M = 15.63, SD = 1.244) and lived in the province of Almería, Spain. Results: First, our main results significantly reflected that the neuroticism personality trait increased negative affect as self-esteem decreased. Second, statistical analyzes showed that the effect of neuroticism on attention and emotional repair was mediated by negative affect, the effect being greater when self-esteem was lower. Therefore, negative affect was presented as a mediating variable in the relationship between neuroticism and attention and emotional repair, with self-esteem acting as a moderating variable in the model. Conclusions: These findings have implications for professional practice with adolescents, since they highlight the importance of carrying out interventions that contribute to the development of self-esteem in the prevention of neuroticism since these actions can help moderate the effect exerted by the negative affect on emotional attention and repair, improving the emotional intelligence of the adolescent and, therefore, their psychological health.
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Khoiriyah. "Dampak Perceraian Orangtua Terhadap Pendidikan Spiritual Anak di Desa Karduluk Tahun 2020." Tarbawi Ngabar: Jurnal of Education 2, no. 2 (July 7, 2021): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55380/tarbawi.v2i2.112.
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Ideally, the education of children in the family is played by the father and mother as the primary and first education. However, the situation becomes lame when a divorce occurs in a family.The father or mother will be the sole actor in the child's education in their daily life in the family environment. This study aims to determine the spiritual education process of children in divorce and the impact of parental divorce on children's spiritual education. The method in this study uses a qualitative approach with case studies. The data sources in this study were obtained by parents and children. The data collection techniques used were interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study were obtained using the spiritual education process of children in divorced families by submitting children's education to the boarding school, most parents, to improve the morals of worship and remind children about daily activities to improve faith practiced by mankind and provide advice to children. a form of mandate, a behavior that must be carried out by all parents in order to choose peers who can lead to kindness, a group of good playmates, good for adolescent development, the impact of parental divorce on children's spiritual education is difficult to regulate, insensitive to the surrounding environment occurs during adolescence marked by desire to get rid of the reluctance to work, feel bored, self-control anxiety, emotional, lack of self-confidence which causes children to drop out of school due to environmental factors, promiscuity and lead to disappointment, stress, anxiety, trauma so that a this situation is much different from a whole family whose parents are strict in maturing their children, while parents tend to be self-limiting, aggressive, easily influenced, and indifferent to their parents.
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Errasti, Jose, Isaac Amigo, and Manuel Villadangos. "Emotional Uses of Facebook and Twitter: Its Relation With Empathy, Narcissism, and Self-Esteem in Adolescence." Psychological Reports 120, no. 6 (June 12, 2017): 997–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033294117713496.
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Facebook and Twitter have change interpersonal relationships. Adolescents are the sector of the population who use most these networks. They use them in an emotional way, to express their emotions and to comment on those of others. Empathy, narcissism, and self-esteem may play an important role in the use of these networks. Using a sample of 503 Spanish adolescents (272 males, 231 females), this work studies the relationship between the Basic Empathy Scale, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and emotional and empathic use of Facebook and Twitter. The results showed that those who use Facebook and Twitter have higher scores in empathy. It has been observed that certain ways of using these two social networks are associated with narcissism. Greater use of Facebook and Twitter is associated with lower self-esteem.