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Journal articles on the topic 'Self doping conductive polymers'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Han, Chien-Chung, Chia-Hui Lu, Shih-Ping Hong, and Ku-Feng Yang. "Highly Conductive and Thermally Stable Self-doping Propylthiosulfonated Polyanilines." Macromolecules 36, no. 21 (October 2003): 7908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma030337w.

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2

Wang, R. S., L. M. Wang, Y. J. Fu, and Z. M. Su. "The influence of different substituent on polymer self-doping conductive property." Synthetic Metals 69, no. 1-3 (March 1995): 713–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)02628-c.

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3

Cao, David Xi, Dirk Leifert, Viktor V. Brus, Matthew S. Wong, Hung Phan, Brett Yurash, Norbert Koch, Guillermo C. Bazan, and Thuc-Quyen Nguyen. "The importance of sulfonate to the self-doping mechanism of the water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte PCPDTBT-SO3K." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 12 (2020): 3556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qm00073f.

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4

Janmanee, Rapiphun, Sopis Chuekachang, Saengrawee Sriwichai, Akira Baba, and Sukon Phanichphant. "Functional Conducting Polymers in the Application of SPR Biosensors." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/620309.

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In recent years, conducting polymers have emerged as one of the most promising transducers for both chemical, sensors and biosensors owing to their unique electrical, electrochemical and optical properties that can be used to convert chemical information or biointeractions into electrical or optical signals, which can easily be detected by modern techniques. Different approaches to the application of conducting polymers in chemo- or biosensing applications have been extensively studied. In order to enhance the application of conducting polymers into the area of biosensors, one approach is to introduce functional groups, including carboxylic acid, amine, sulfonate, or thiol groups, into the conducting polymer chain and to form a so-called “self-doped” or by doping with negatively charged polyelectrolytes. The functional conducting polymers have been successfully utilized to immobilize enzymes for construction of biosensors. Recently, the combination of SPR and electrochemical, known as electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR), spectroscopy, has been used for in situ investigation of optical and electrical properties of conducting polymer films. Moreover, EC-SPR spectroscopy has been applied for monitoring the interaction between biomolecules and electropolymerized conjugated polymer films in biosensor and immunosensor applications. In this paper, recent development and applications on EC-SPR in biosensors will be reviewed.

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5

Jin, Xiufen, Yilin Wang, Xiaofang Cheng, Huanyu Zhou, Lin Hu, Yinhua Zhou, Lie Chen, and Yiwang Chen. "Fluorine-induced self-doping and spatial conformation in alcohol-soluble interlayers for highly-efficient polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 2 (2018): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta08669e.

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A new interface engineering strategy for non-fullerene polymer solar cells by employing a highly conductive interlayer with a fluorinated conjugated backbone to afford a power conversion efficiency of 11.51% based on the PBDB-T:ITIC active layer.

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6

Li, Guofeng, Mira Josowicz, and Jiří Janata. "Tuning of Electronic Properties in Conducting Polymers." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 66, no. 8 (2001): 1208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20011208.

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Structural and electronic transitions in poly(thiophenyleneiminophenylene), usually referred to as poly(phenylenesulfidephenyleneamine) (PPSA) upon electrochemical doping with LiClO4 have been investigated. The unusual electrochemical behavior of PPSA indicates that the dopant anions are bound in two energetically different sites. In the so-called "binding site", the ClO4- anion is Coulombically attracted to the positively charged S or N sites on one chain and simultaneously hydrogen-bonded with the N-H group on a neighboring polymer chain. This strong interaction causes a re-organization of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a networked structure linked together by these ClO4- Coulombic/hydrogen bonding "bridges". However, in the "non-binding site", the ClO4- anion is very weakly bound, involves only the electrostatic interaction and can be reversibly exchanged when the doped polymer is reduced. In the repeated cycling, the continuous and alternating influx and expulsion of ClO4- ions serves as a self-organizing process for such networked structures, giving rise to a diminishing number of available "non-binding" sites. The occurrence of these ordered structures has a major impact on the electrochemical activity and the morphology of the doped polymer. Also due to stabilization of the dopant ions, the doped polymer can be kept in a stable and desirable oxidation state, thus both work function and conductivity of the polymer can be electrochemically controlled.

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7

Spivak, Yuliya, Ekaterina Muratova, Vyacheslav Moshnikov, Alexander Tuchkovsky, Igor Vrublevsky, and Nikita Lushpa. "Improving the Conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS Layers in Photovoltaic Cells Based on Organometallic Halide Perovskites." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030990.

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Among conductive polymers, PEDOT films find the widest application in electronics. For photovoltaic applications, studies of their optical properties, stability, and electrical conductivity are of greatest interest. However, the PEDOT:PSS transport layers, when used in photovoltaic cells, have a high electrical resistance, which prevents solar cells from increasing their efficiency. One of the promising ways to improve their electrical properties is the use of composite materials based on them, in which the conductivity can be increased by introducing various additives. In this work, conductive polymer films PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate acid) doped with a number of amines (Pentylamine, Octylamine, Diethylamine, Aniline with carbon nanotubes) were obtained and studied. It is shown that, depending on the concentration of dopants, the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films can be significantly improved. In this case, the light transmission of the films practically does not change. The process of improving the conductivity by treating the surface of the finished film with amines, followed by heat treatment, was studied. It is assumed that the improvement in conductivity is the result of the self-assembly of monolayers of organic molecules on the surface of the PEDOT:PSS film leading to its p-doping due to intermolecular interaction.

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8

Kawai, Tsuyoshi, Takahiro Yamaue, Mitsuyoshi Onoda, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Effects of Doping of Fullerene Derivative in a Self-Assembled Multilayer of Conducting Polymers." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 37, Part 1, No. 10 (October 15, 1998): 5789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.37.5789.

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9

Ikenoue, Y., N. Outani, A. O. Patil, F. Wudl, and A. J. Heeger. "Electrochemical studies of self-doped conducting polymers: Verification of the ‘cation-popping’ doping mechanism." Synthetic Metals 30, no. 3 (June 1989): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(89)90653-x.

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10

Lee, Yechan, Sang-Gu Yim, Gyeong Won Lee, Sodam Kim, Hong Sung Kim, Dae Youn Hwang, Beum-Soo An, Jae Ho Lee, Sungbaek Seo, and Seung Yun Yang. "Self-Adherent Biodegradable Gelatin-Based Hydrogel Electrodes for Electrocardiography Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 5737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205737.

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Patch-type hydrogel electrodes have received increasing attention in biomedical applications due to their high biocompatibility and conformal adherence. However, their poor mechanical properties and non-uniform electrical performance in a large area of the hydrogel electrode should be improved for use in wearable devices for biosignal monitoring. Here, we developed self-adherent, biocompatible hydrogel electrodes composed of biodegradable gelatin and conductive polymers for electrocardiography (ECG) measurement. After incorporating conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) into gelatin hydrogels crosslinked by natural crosslinkers (genipin), the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the hydrogel electrodes were improved and additionally optimized by adjusting the amounts of crosslinker and PEDOT:PSS, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide, as a dopant, on the conductivity of hydrogels was investigated. The gelatin-based, conductive hydrogel patch displayed self-adherence to human skin with an adhesive strength of 0.85 N and achieved conformal contact with less skin irritation compared to conventional electrodes with a chemical adhesive layer. Eyelet-type hydrogel electrodes, which were compatible with conventional ECG measurement instruments, exhibited a comparable performance in 12-lead human ECG measurement with commercial ECG clinical electrodes (3M Red Dot). These self-adherent, biocompatible, gelatin-based hydrogel electrodes could be used for monitoring various biosignals, such as in electromyography and electroencephalography.

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11

Wang, Emily Z., Yigui Wang, and Dequan Xiao. "Polymer Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation and Photoinduced Utilizations of Azo-Dyes." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081215.

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Specially designed polymer nanocomposites can photo-catalytically degrade azo dyes in wastewater and textile effluents, among which TiO2-based nanocomposites are outstanding and extensively explored. Other nanocomposites based on natural polymers (i.e., chitosan and kaolin) and the oxides of Al, Au, B, Bi, Fe, Li, and Zr are commonly used. These nanocomposites have better photocatalytic efficiency than pure TiO2 through two considerations: (i) reducing the hole/electron recombination rate by stabilizing the excited electron in the conducting band, which can be achieved in TiO2-nanocomposites with graphene, graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), metal nanoparticles, or doping; (ii) decreasing the band energy of semiconductors by forming nanocomposites between TiO2 and other oxides or conducting polymers. Increasing the absorbance efficiency by forming special nanocomposites also increases photocatalytic performance. The photo-induced isomerization is exploited in biological systems, such as artificial muscles, and in technical fields such as memory storage and liquid crystal display. Heteroaryl azo dyes show remarkable shifts in photo-induced isomerization, which can be applied in biological and technical fields in place of azo dyes. The self-assembly methods can be employed to synthesize azo-dye polymer nanocomposites via three types of interactions: electrostatic interactions, London forces or dipole/dipole interactions between azo dyes, and photo alignments.

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12

Bernasconi, Roberto, Caterina Credi, Marinella Levi, and Luca Magagnin. "Self-Activating Metal-Polymer Composites for the Selective Electroless Metallization of 3D Printed Parts." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 23 (October 9, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0223970mtgabs.

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Nowadays, polymer based additive manufacturing (AM) is widely recognized as a powerful technology for the fabrication of complex three-dimensional objects of virtually any shape in a time, material, and cost effective way. Thanks to their characteristic advantages over conventional manufacturing strategies, AM technologies are the subject of relevant research efforts. In particular, great attention is placed on developing novel 3D printable materials characterized by improved properties and, among all, by novel functionalities, such as magnetic [1] and conductive properties [2]. In order to do this, the most common strategy relies on doping polymeric matrices with nanoparticles, obtaining thus functional 3D printable polymeric composites. Metal containing composites, in particular, can be exploited for their magnetic properties or for their mechanical behavior but also for their potential capability to trigger electroless deposition. It is well-known that electroless plating requires the presence of a catalytic surface, which can be constituted by the metallic particles embedded in the 3D printed composite. In this way, the need to activate the surface of non-conductive polymeric 3D printed parts can be avoided [3]. In addition, metallization can be carried out selectively by fabricating parts in a multi-material printing process [4] with both metal loaded and non-loaded materials. Since only the layers that contain the particles can metallize, conductive regions can be alternated with insulating zones to create metallic functional patterns on the surface of printed parts. This approach can enable the 3D printing of selectively self-metallizing parts, with possible applicability in the production of flexible and highly tridimensional electronic circuits, radiofrequency devices, microelectromechanical systems or microfluidic setups. The present work focuses on the development of a stereolithography (SLA) printable composite based on an acrylate resin loaded with nickel microparticles and its application as self-catalytic material for electroless metallization. This approach, unprecedented for SLA resins, eliminates the need of noble metal activation of the surface. Moreover, the usage of Ni is of great interest also due to the other properties that it can potentially impart to the printed parts: improved mechanical properties, high thermal conductivity, magnetizability. The SLA printability of the metal-loaded resin is assessed and the morphological properties of the 3D printed composites are investigated. Subsequently, the functional properties of the composites are determined, placing a particular emphasis on their capability to trigger NiP and Cu electroless deposition. Finally, the possibility to selectively metallize only specific areas is successfully demonstrated by metallizing a Ni-loaded pattern printed on a Ni-free base. [1] Huber et al.; Appl. Phys. Lett. 109, 162401 (2016) [2] Postiglione et al.; Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 76, 110-114 (2015) [3] Bernasconi et al.; J. Electrochem. Soc. 164, B3059–B3066 (2017) [4] Choi et al.; J. Mater. Process. Technol. 211, 318–328 (2011)

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13

Chen, Show An, and Mu Yi Hua. "Structure and doping level of the self-acid-doped conjugated conducting polymers: poly[n-(3'-thienyl)alkanesulfonic acids]." Macromolecules 26, no. 25 (December 1993): 7108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00077a066.

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14

Zhang, Chongyu, Meng-Hsuan Hsieh, Song-Yi Wu, Shu-Hong Li, Jun Wu, Shi-Ming Liu, Hao-Ji Wei, Richard D. Weisel, Hsing-Wen Sung, and Ren-Ke Li. "A self-doping conductive polymer hydrogel that can restore electrical impulse propagation at myocardial infarct to prevent cardiac arrhythmia and preserve ventricular function." Biomaterials 231 (February 2020): 119672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119672.

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15

Wu, Guodong, Haishun Du, Doohee Lee, Wonhyeong Kim, Yoolim Cha, Xinyu Zhang, and Dong-Joo Kim. "Wearable Conductive Polymer Matrix Composites for Breath Monitoring with Ammonia Detection." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 62 (October 9, 2022): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02622284mtgabs.

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Conductive polymers, such as polyaniline (PANI), Polythiophene (PTh), polypyrrole (PPy), etc., are widely used for gas sensors due to their excellent electrical conductivity and low cost to manufacture [1]. In particular, PANI has attracted more attention due to its ease of synthesis, high environmental stability, and high reactivity with ammonia gas. In addition, the selection of acid-base dopant during the preparation process of polyaniline can adjust carrier concentrations for the change in electrical conduction or resistance to improve sensing properties. There have been many reports on the fabrication of flexible gas sensors using PANI [2-4]. Bandgar et al. [5] synthesized a low-temperature flexible polyaniline gas sensor by in-situ chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, showing 99% reproducibility, rapid response and recovery. Still, the response value was only 26% in 100 ppm ammonia atmosphere. Qi et al. [6] prepared a gas sensor by in-situ polymerization of aniline on non-woven fabric. The high air permeability of the fabric effectively improved the performance of the polyaniline-based gas sensor. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of face masks in public has become essential to reduce the spread of the virus. Some reports claim that the increased carbon dioxide in the mask over time may cause medical issues related to the respiratory system. Therefore, monitoring breathing air quality can help detect the wearer's vital conditions. In this study, we used a disposable mask as a flexible substrate to prepare polypropylene/carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite film through a layer-by-layer method. The polypropylene/carbon nanotube composite films were prepared by applying the carbon nanotube aqueous solution with surfactants evenly on the surface of a mask filter layer by a drop-coating method. Then, the in-situ polyaniline polymerization was performed on the surface of the polypropylene/carbon nanotube composite film through ammonium sulfate. The polypropylene/carbon nanotube /polyaniline composite film exhibits high sensitivity, fast sensing response/recovery time, room temperature operation, reliable flexibility, and cycle stability. The synthesized and wearable masks have demonstrated real-time detection respiratory rate and other breathing conditions such as CO2 and humidity. The ammonia gas sensing can also be used as a potential biomarker for health screening. The design and integration of multiple gas sensing materials in masks will help wearers better understand their own body conditions. References [1] Y. Jiang, N. Tang, C. Zhou, Z.Y. Han, H. Qu, X.X. Duan, et al., A chemiresistive sensor array from conductive polymer nanowires fabricated by nanoscale soft lithography, Nanoscale, 10(2018) 20578-86. [2] T.F. Wu, E. Gray, B.Q. Chen, A self-healing, adaptive and conductive polymer composite ink for 3D printing of gas sensors, J Mater Chem C, 6(2018) 6200-7. [3] D.Z. Zhang, Z.L. Wu, X.Q. Zong, et al., Flexible and highly sensitive H2S gas sensor based on in-situ polymerized SnO2/rGO/PANI ternary nanocomposite with application in halitosis diagnosis, Sensor Actuators B: Chem, 289(2019) 32-41. [4] C.H. Liu, H.L. Tai, P. Zhang, Z. Yuan, X.S. Du, G.Z. Xie, et al., A high-performance flexible gas sensor based on self-assembled PANI-CeO2 nanocomposite thin film for trace-level NH3 detection at room temperature, Sensor Actuators B: Chem, 261(2018) 587-97. [5] D.K. Bandgar, S.T. Navale, S.R. Nalage, R.S. Mane, F.J. Stadler, D.K. Aswal, et al., Simple and low-temperature polyaniline-based flexible ammonia sensor: a step towards laboratory synthesis to economical device design, J Mater Chem C, 3(2015) 9461-8. [6] J. Qi, X. Xu, X. Liu, K.T. Lau, Fabrication of textile based conductometric polyaniline gas sensor, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 202(2014) 732-40.

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Chan, H. S. O., S. C. Ng, W. S. Sim, K. L. Tan, and B. T. G. Tan. "Preparation and characterization of electrically conducting copolymers of aniline and anthranilic acid: evidence for self-doping by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy." Macromolecules 25, no. 22 (October 1992): 6029–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00048a026.

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17

Kaul, Surandar Nath, and Jack E. Fernandez. "Synthesis of conductive polymers: Lewis acid doping of terephthalaldehyde polymers." Macromolecules 20, no. 9 (September 1987): 2320–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00175a050.

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18

Trivinho-Strixino, F., E. C. Pereira, S. V. Mello, and O. N. Oliveira. "Ions transport and self-doping in layer-by-layer conducting polymer films." Synthetic Metals 155, no. 3 (December 2005): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.08.021.

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19

Babeli, Ismael, Guillem Ruano, Jordi Casanovas, Maria-Pau Ginebra, Jose García-Torres, and Carlos Alemán. "Conductive, self-healable and reusable poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based hydrogels for highly sensitive pressure arrays." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 25 (2020): 8654–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc01947j.

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Conducting polymer hydrogels have been prepared using PEDOT:PSS and partially replacing PSS dopant by alginate. The selected hydrogel, which is self-healable and re-utilizable, has been used as pressure sensor with good spatial resolution.

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20

Mishra, Brajendra, A. Chaudhry, and Vikas Mittal. "Development of Polymer-Based Composite Coatings for the Gas Exploration Industry: Polyoxometalate Doped Conducting Polymer Based Self-Healing Pigment for Polymer Coatings." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.60.

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This study deals with the evaluation of self-healing ability of conducting polymer corresponding to a corrosion process. Poly ortho-anisidine (PoA) was doped with Phosphomolybdic acid (PMA) and Tungstosilicic acid (TSA) and incorporated in polyvinyl butyral (PVB) coatings. The self-healing abilities of coatings were evaluated using open circuit potential (OCP) in 0.1 M NaCl solution for 45 hours of immersion. The coatings containing doped PoA showed increased positive potential of OCP after 45 hours of immersion as compare toblank PVB which showed a constant profile of OCP over the time indicating uniform corrosion under the coating.Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that PoA doped with TSA is more stable and more effective in the coating. High resolution Transmission Electron microscopy (HR-TEM) and Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirms the doping of PoA.

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Kobryanskii, V. M., and S. A. Arnautov. "The role of doping in electrochemical synthesis of conductive polymers." Synthetic Metals 55, no. 2-3 (March 1993): 1371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)90253-s.

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Hermes, Jens Peter, and Meinhard Knoll. "Doping front migration in intrinsically conductive polymers and its application." Electrochimica Acta 54, no. 17 (July 2009): 4258–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.02.086.

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23

Yun, Changhun, Joo Won Han, Soyeon Kim, Dong Chan Lim, Hyunsu Jung, Seung-Hoon Lee, Jae-Won Jang, Seunghyup Yoo, Karl Leo, and Yong Hyun Kim. "Generating semi-metallic conductivity in polymers by laser-driven nanostructural reorganization." Materials Horizons 6, no. 10 (2019): 2143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mh00959k.

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24

Takahashi, Kohei, Kazuki Nagura, Masumi Takamura, Teruya Goto, and Tatsuhiro Takahashi. "Development of Electrically Conductive Thermosetting Resin Composites through Optimizing the Thermal Doping of Polyaniline and Radical Polymerization Temperature." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 3876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183876.

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This work developed an electrically conductive thermosetting resin composite that transitioned from a liquid to solid without using solvents in response to an increase in temperature. This material has applications as a matrix for carbon fiber reinforced plastics. The composite comprised polyaniline (PANI) together with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as a liquid dopant in addition to a radical polymerization system made of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate with a peroxide initiator. In this system, micron-sized non-conductive PANI particles combined with DBSA were dispersed in the form of conductive nano-sized particles or on the molecular level after doping induced by a temperature increase. The thermal doping temperature was successfully lowered by decreasing the PANI particle size via bead milling. Selection of an appropriate peroxide initiator also allowed the radical polymerization temperature to be adjusted such that doping occurred prior to solidification. Optimization of the thermal doping temperature and the increased radical polymerization temperature provided the material with a high electrical conductivity of 1.45 S/cm.

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Yamaue, Takahiro, Tsuyoshi Kawai, Mitsuyoshi Onoda, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Doping effect of charged porphyrin derivative into multilayered conducting polymer heterostructure by self-assembly method." Journal of Applied Physics 85, no. 3 (February 1999): 1626–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369296.

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Tu, Zengyuan, Zhong Ma, Jiean Li, Junge Liang, Sheng Li, Yi Shi, and Lijia Pan. "Prospective on doping engineering of conductive polymers for enhanced interfacial properties." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 15 (October 11, 2021): 150504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0062125.

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Tu, Zengyuan, Zhong Ma, Jiean Li, Junge Liang, Sheng Li, Yi Shi, and Lijia Pan. "Prospective on doping engineering of conductive polymers for enhanced interfacial properties." Applied Physics Letters 119, no. 15 (October 11, 2021): 150504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0062125.

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Akande, Itopa Godwin, S. A. Ajayi, Muyiwa Adedapo Fajobi, Olugbemiga Oluleke Oluwole, and Ojo Sunday Issac Fayomi. "Advancement in the Production and Applications of Conductive Polymers (CPs)." Key Engineering Materials 886 (May 2021): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.12.

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Conductive polymers are a class of engineering materials which possess remarkably reversible redox property and atypical combination of characteristics of plastics and metals. The potential usefulness of conductive polymers has grown exceedingly in the technological field such as telecommunication, electronics, storage systems and protective devices. The prospective of conductive polymers has further deepened the interest of researchers for their applications in several areas. Some of the popular types of conductive polymers are polythiophene, polyindole, polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyphenyl vinylene, polyaniline, Poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene), which are produced via redox and chemical (CM) or electrochemical (ECM) oxidation processes. Polymers are doped to introduce charge carriers known as polarons and bipolarons into them, to make them conductive. Conductive polymers have limitations such as a poor mechanical characteristic or poor flexibility, low process-ability and poor biocompatibility, which have made researchers investigate different chemical modification methods. Conductive polymers have potential applications in the field of supercapacitors, solar cells, biosensors, chemical sensors and actuators, tissue engineering, e.t.c. This article has attempted to provide an up to date review on different aspects of conductive polymers such as production, doping, applications and conductivity of selected conductive polymers.

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Liu, Ming, Mengyang Li, Yufeng Jiang, Zaifei Ma, Duanzijing Liu, Zhongjie Ren, Thomas P. Russell, and Yao Liu. "Conductive Ionenes Promote Interfacial Self-Doping for Efficient Organic Solar Cells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 35 (July 13, 2021): 41810–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c07493.

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Welte, Lorena, Arrigo Calzolari, Rosa Di Felice, Felix Zamora, and Julio Gómez-Herrero. "Highly conductive self-assembled nanoribbons of coordination polymers." Nature Nanotechnology 5, no. 2 (December 6, 2009): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.354.

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Li, Wen-Hua, Jiangquan Lv, Qiaohong Li, Jiafang Xie, Naoki Ogiwara, Yiyin Huang, Huijie Jiang, Hiroshi Kitagawa, Gang Xu, and Yaobing Wang. "Conductive metal–organic framework nanowire arrays for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 17 (2019): 10431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta02169h.

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Nada, Ahmed Ali, Anita Eckstein Andicsová, and Jaroslav Mosnáček. "Irreversible and Self-Healing Electrically Conductive Hydrogels Made of Bio-Based Polymers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 2 (January 13, 2022): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23020842.

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Electrically conductive materials that are fabricated based on natural polymers have seen significant interest in numerous applications, especially when advanced properties such as self-healing are introduced. In this article review, the hydrogels that are based on natural polymers containing electrically conductive medium were covered, while both irreversible and reversible cross-links are presented. Among the conductive media, a special focus was put on conductive polymers, such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polyacetylene, and polythiophenes, which can be potentially synthesized from renewable resources. Preparation methods of the conductive irreversible hydrogels that are based on these conductive polymers were reported observing their electrical conductivity values by Siemens per centimeter (S/cm). Additionally, the self-healing systems that were already applied or applicable in electrically conductive hydrogels that are based on natural polymers were presented and classified based on non-covalent or covalent cross-links. The real-time healing, mechanical stability, and electrically conductive values were highlighted.

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Williams, Kyle A., Andrew J. Boydston, and Christopher W. Bielawski. "Towards electrically conductive, self-healing materials." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 4, no. 13 (January 3, 2007): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0202.

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A novel class of organometallic polymers comprising N -heterocyclic carbenes and transition metals was shown to have potential as an electrically conductive, self-healing material. These polymers were found to exhibit conductivities of the order of 10 −3 S cm −1 and showed structurally dynamic characteristics in the solid-state. Thin films of these materials were cast onto silicon wafers, then scored and imaged using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The scored films were subsequently healed via thermal treatment, which enabled the material to flow via a unique depolymerization process, as determined by SEM and surface profilometry. A method for incorporating these features into a device that exhibits electrically driven, self-healing functions is proposed.

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34

Petrov, Alexey A., Daniil A. Lukyanov, Oleg A. Kopytko, Julia V. Novoselova, Elena V. Alekseeva, and Oleg V. Levin. "Inversion of the Photogalvanic Effect of Conductive Polymers by Porphyrin Dopants." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (June 12, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060729.

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Conductive polymers are widely used as active and auxiliary materials for organic photovoltaic cells due to their easily tunable properties, high electronic conductivity, and light absorption. Several conductive polymers show the cathodic photogalvanic effect in pristine state. Recently, photoelectrochemical oxygen reduction has been demonstrated for nickel complexes of Salen-type ligands. Herein, we report an unexpected inversion of the photogalvanic effect caused by doping of the NiSalen polymers with anionic porphyrins. The observed effect was studied by means of UV-Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and chopped light chronoamperometry. While pristine NiSalens exhibit cathodic photopolarization, doping with porphyrins inverts the polarization. As a result, photoelectrochemical oxidation of the ascorbate proceeds smoothly on the NiSalen electrode doped with zinc porphyrins. The highest photocurrents were observed on NiSalen polymer with o-phenylene imine bridge, doped with anionic zinc porphyrin. Assuming this, porphyrin serves both as a catalytic center for the oxidation of ascorbate and an internal electron donor, facilitating the photoinduced charge transport and anodic depolarization.

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35

Mejias, Sara H., Elena López-Martínez, Maxence Fernandez, Pierre Couleaud, Ana Martin-Lasanta, David Romera, Ana Sanchez-Iglesias, et al. "Engineering conductive protein films through nanoscale self-assembly and gold nanoparticles doping." Nanoscale 13, no. 14 (2021): 6772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nr00238d.

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We report the fabrication of a conductive biomaterial based on engineered proteins and patterned gold nanoparticles to overcome the challenge of charge transport on macroscopic protein-based materials. This approach has great value for bioelectronics.

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36

Lombardo, Valentina, Luisa D'Urso, Giovanni Mannino, Silvia Scalese, Daniele Spucches, Antonino La Magna, Antonio Terrasi, and Rosaria A. Puglisi. "Transparent conductive polymer obtained by in-solution doping of PEDOT:PSS." Polymer 155 (October 2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2018.09.045.

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37

Qin, Jiaxu, Francis Lin, Dion Hubble, Yujia Wang, Yun Li, Ian A. Murphy, Sei-Hum Jang, Jihui Yang, and Alex K. Y. Jen. "Tuning self-healing properties of stiff, ion-conductive polymers." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 12 (2019): 6773–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta11353j.

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38

Chen, Cheng, Mengqiang Wu, Sizhe Wang, Jian Yang, Jingang Qin, Zhi Peng, Tingting Feng, and Feng Gong. "An in situ iodine-doped graphene/silicon composite paper as a highly conductive and self-supporting electrode for lithium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 7, no. 61 (2017): 38639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06871a.

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A highly conductive, highly flexible, self-supporting, and binder-free rGO/Si composite paper with superior electrochemical performance was obtainedvia in situiodine doping and used as electrodes for flexible LIBs.

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39

Kesornsit, Sanhanut, Chatrawee Direksilp, Katesara Phasuksom, Natlita Thummarungsan, Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn, Kornkanok Rotjanasuworapong, Anuvat Sirivat, and Sumonman Niamlang. "Synthesis of Highly Conductive Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Using Surfactant Templates." Polymers 14, no. 18 (September 15, 2022): 3860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14183860.

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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was systematically synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization in chloroform with ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the oxidizing agent and various surfactants of the shape templates. The effects of 3HT: FeCl3 mole ratios, polymerization times, and surfactant types and concentrations on the electrical conductivity, particle shape and size were systematically investigated. Furthermore, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) were utilized as the surfactant templates. The P3HT synthesized with DBSA at 6 CMC, where CMC stands for the Critical Micelle Concentration of surfactant, provided a higher electrical conductivity than those with PTSA, SDS and AOT. The highest electrical conductivity of P3HT using DBSA was 16.21 ± 1.55 S cm−1 in which the P3HT particle shape was spherical with an average size of 1530 ± 227 nm. The thermal analysis indicated that the P3HT synthesized with the surfactants yielded higher stability and char yields than that of P3HT without. The P3HT_DBSA electrical conductivity was further enhanced by de-doping and doping with HClO4. At the 10:1 doping mole ratio, the electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA increased by one order of magnitude relative to P3HT_DBSA prior to the de-doping. The highest electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA obtained was 172 ± 5.21 S cm−1 which is the highest value relative to previously reported.

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40

Shen, Youqing, and Meixiang Wan. "Soluble conductive polypyrrole synthesized byin situ doping with ?-naphthalene sulphonic acid." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35, no. 17 (December 1997): 3689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(199712)35:17<3689::aid-pola8>3.0.co;2-n.

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41

Blatz, T. J., M. M. Fry, E. I. James, T. J. Albin, Z. Pollard, T. Kowalczyk, and A. R. Murphy. "Templating the 3D structure of conducting polymers with self-assembling peptides." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 5, no. 24 (2017): 4690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tb00221a.

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42

JIN, Junping, Xin LI, Dequan ZHANG, and Li ZHAO. "DOPING/DEDOPING PROCESS INDUCED WETTABILITY SWITCHING OF POLYANILINE-COATED CONDUCTIVE TEXTILE." Acta Polymerica Sinica 010, no. 2 (March 4, 2010): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1105.2010.00192.

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43

Sołoducho, Jadwiga, Dorota Zając, Kamila Spychalska, Sylwia Baluta, and Joanna Cabaj. "Conducting Silicone-Based Polymers and Their Application." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072012.

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Over the past two decades, both fundamental and applied research in conducting polymers have grown rapidly. Conducting polymers (CPs) are unique due to their ease of synthesis, environmental stability, and simple doping/dedoping chemistry. Electrically conductive silicone polymers are the current state-of-the-art for, e.g., optoelectronic materials. The combination of inorganic elements and organic polymers leads to a highly electrically conductive composite with improved thermal stability. Silicone-based materials have a set of extremely interesting properties, i.e., very low surface energy, excellent gas and moisture permeability, good heat stability, low-temperature flexibility, and biocompatibility. The most effective parameters constructing the physical properties of CPs are conjugation length, degree of crystallinity, and intra- and inter-chain interactions. Conducting polymers, owing to their ease of synthesis, remarkable environmental stability, and high conductivity in the doped form, have remained thoroughly studied due to their varied applications in fields like biological activity, drug release systems, rechargeable batteries, and sensors. For this reason, this review provides an overview of organosilicon polymers that have been reported over the past two decades.

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44

Li, Xu, Meijuan Cao, Shasha Li, Luhai Li, Yintang Yang, Ruping Liu, Zhicheng Sun, et al. "In-Situ Oxidative Polymerization of Pyrrole Composited with Cellulose Nanocrystal by Reactive Ink-Jet Printing on Fiber Substrates." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194231.

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A simple and novel method for the deposition of polypyrrole (PPy) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) composites on different fiber substrates by reactive ink-jet printing was proposed. PPy/CNCs composites were successfully prepared, and the surface resistance of conductive layer deposited on different fiber substrates is the least when the monomer concentration is 0.6 M. PPy/CNCs were deposited on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to form a conductive layer by adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the optimum sintering temperature is 100 °C (monomer/PVA ratio 4.0, conductivity 0.769 S cm−1). The PPy/CNCs conductive layer deposited on the paper has the lowest surface resistance and the best adhesion, and the surface resistance of PPy/CNCs conductive layer decreases first and then increases with the increase of sulfonate concentration. Moreover, the volume of anion in sulfonate will affect the arrangement and aggregation of PPy molecular chain in composite materials. Appropriate sulfonate doping can improve the conductivity and stability of conductive paper, and the maximum conductivity is 0.813 S cm−1. Three devices based on PPy/CNCs conductive paper were proposed and fabricated. Therefore, this ink-jet printing provides a new method for the preparation of conductive materials, sensors, energy storage and electromagnetic shielding, etc.

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45

Noby, H., A. H. El-Shazly, M. F. Elkady, and M. Ohshima. "Strong acid doping for the preparation of conductive polyaniline nanoflowers, nanotubes, and nanofibers." Polymer 182 (November 2019): 121848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121848.

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46

Collard, David M., and Mark S. Stoakes. "Highly ordered conductive polymers by polymerization of self-assembling electroactive monomers." Synthetic Metals 55, no. 2-3 (March 1993): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)90202-8.

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47

Liao, Hongguang, Shenglong Liao, Xinglei Tao, Chang Liu, and Yapei Wang. "Intrinsically recyclable and self-healable conductive supramolecular polymers for customizable electronic sensors." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 47 (2018): 12992–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc04699a.

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48

Kim, Jae Yong, Shahzad Iqbal, Hyo Jun Jang, Eun Young Jung, Gyu Tae Bae, Choon-Sang Park, and Heung-Sik Tae. "In-Situ Iodine Doping Characteristics of Conductive Polyaniline Film Polymerized by Low-Voltage-Driven Atmospheric Pressure Plasma." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 28, 2021): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030418.

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In-situ iodine (I2)-doped atmospheric pressure (AP) plasma polymerization is proposed, based on a newly designed AP plasma reactor with a single wire electrode that enables low-voltage-driven plasma polymerization. The proposed AP plasma reactor can proceed plasma polymerization at low voltage levels, thereby enabling an effective in-situ I2 doping process by maintaining a stable glow discharge state even if the applied voltage increases due to the use of a discharge gas containing a large amount of monomer vapors and doping materials. The results of field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) show that the polyaniline (PANI) films are successfully deposited on the silicon (Si) substrates, and that the crosslinking pattern of the synthesized nanoparticles is predominantly vertically aligned. In addition, the in-situ I2-doped PANI film fabricated by the proposed AP plasma reactor exhibits excellent electrical resistance without electrical aging behavior. The developed AP plasma reactor proposed in this study is more advantageous for the polymerization and in-situ I2 doping of conductive polymer films than the existing AP plasma reactor with a dielectric barrier.

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Direksilp, Chatrawee, and Anuvat Sirivat. "Tunable size and shape of conductive poly( N ‐methylaniline) based on surfactant template and doping." Polymer International 68, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1042–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.5793.

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50

Inabe, T., M. K. Moguel, T. J. Marks, R. Burton, J. W. Lyding, and C. R. Kannewurf. "Electronic Properties of The Conductive Polymers [Si(Pc)O]xy)N With Different Doping Agents." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 118, no. 1 (February 1985): 349–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948508076238.

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