Academic literature on the topic 'Self doping conductive polymers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Self doping conductive polymers"
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Han, Chien-Chung, Chia-Hui Lu, Shih-Ping Hong, and Ku-Feng Yang. "Highly Conductive and Thermally Stable Self-doping Propylthiosulfonated Polyanilines." Macromolecules 36, no. 21 (October 2003): 7908–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma030337w.
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Wang, R. S., L. M. Wang, Y. J. Fu, and Z. M. Su. "The influence of different substituent on polymer self-doping conductive property." Synthetic Metals 69, no. 1-3 (March 1995): 713–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)02628-c.
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Cao, David Xi, Dirk Leifert, Viktor V. Brus, Matthew S. Wong, Hung Phan, Brett Yurash, Norbert Koch, Guillermo C. Bazan, and Thuc-Quyen Nguyen. "The importance of sulfonate to the self-doping mechanism of the water-soluble conjugated polyelectrolyte PCPDTBT-SO3K." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 4, no. 12 (2020): 3556–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qm00073f.
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Janmanee, Rapiphun, Sopis Chuekachang, Saengrawee Sriwichai, Akira Baba, and Sukon Phanichphant. "Functional Conducting Polymers in the Application of SPR Biosensors." Journal of Nanotechnology 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/620309.
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In recent years, conducting polymers have emerged as one of the most promising transducers for both chemical, sensors and biosensors owing to their unique electrical, electrochemical and optical properties that can be used to convert chemical information or biointeractions into electrical or optical signals, which can easily be detected by modern techniques. Different approaches to the application of conducting polymers in chemo- or biosensing applications have been extensively studied. In order to enhance the application of conducting polymers into the area of biosensors, one approach is to introduce functional groups, including carboxylic acid, amine, sulfonate, or thiol groups, into the conducting polymer chain and to form a so-called “self-doped” or by doping with negatively charged polyelectrolytes. The functional conducting polymers have been successfully utilized to immobilize enzymes for construction of biosensors. Recently, the combination of SPR and electrochemical, known as electrochemical-surface plasmon resonance (EC-SPR), spectroscopy, has been used for in situ investigation of optical and electrical properties of conducting polymer films. Moreover, EC-SPR spectroscopy has been applied for monitoring the interaction between biomolecules and electropolymerized conjugated polymer films in biosensor and immunosensor applications. In this paper, recent development and applications on EC-SPR in biosensors will be reviewed.
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Jin, Xiufen, Yilin Wang, Xiaofang Cheng, Huanyu Zhou, Lin Hu, Yinhua Zhou, Lie Chen, and Yiwang Chen. "Fluorine-induced self-doping and spatial conformation in alcohol-soluble interlayers for highly-efficient polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 2 (2018): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta08669e.
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A new interface engineering strategy for non-fullerene polymer solar cells by employing a highly conductive interlayer with a fluorinated conjugated backbone to afford a power conversion efficiency of 11.51% based on the PBDB-T:ITIC active layer.
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Li, Guofeng, Mira Josowicz, and Jiří Janata. "Tuning of Electronic Properties in Conducting Polymers." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 66, no. 8 (2001): 1208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20011208.
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Structural and electronic transitions in poly(thiophenyleneiminophenylene), usually referred to as poly(phenylenesulfidephenyleneamine) (PPSA) upon electrochemical doping with LiClO4 have been investigated. The unusual electrochemical behavior of PPSA indicates that the dopant anions are bound in two energetically different sites. In the so-called "binding site", the ClO4- anion is Coulombically attracted to the positively charged S or N sites on one chain and simultaneously hydrogen-bonded with the N-H group on a neighboring polymer chain. This strong interaction causes a re-organization of the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a networked structure linked together by these ClO4- Coulombic/hydrogen bonding "bridges". However, in the "non-binding site", the ClO4- anion is very weakly bound, involves only the electrostatic interaction and can be reversibly exchanged when the doped polymer is reduced. In the repeated cycling, the continuous and alternating influx and expulsion of ClO4- ions serves as a self-organizing process for such networked structures, giving rise to a diminishing number of available "non-binding" sites. The occurrence of these ordered structures has a major impact on the electrochemical activity and the morphology of the doped polymer. Also due to stabilization of the dopant ions, the doped polymer can be kept in a stable and desirable oxidation state, thus both work function and conductivity of the polymer can be electrochemically controlled.
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Spivak, Yuliya, Ekaterina Muratova, Vyacheslav Moshnikov, Alexander Tuchkovsky, Igor Vrublevsky, and Nikita Lushpa. "Improving the Conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS Layers in Photovoltaic Cells Based on Organometallic Halide Perovskites." Materials 15, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15030990.
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Among conductive polymers, PEDOT films find the widest application in electronics. For photovoltaic applications, studies of their optical properties, stability, and electrical conductivity are of greatest interest. However, the PEDOT:PSS transport layers, when used in photovoltaic cells, have a high electrical resistance, which prevents solar cells from increasing their efficiency. One of the promising ways to improve their electrical properties is the use of composite materials based on them, in which the conductivity can be increased by introducing various additives. In this work, conductive polymer films PEDOT:PSS (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate acid) doped with a number of amines (Pentylamine, Octylamine, Diethylamine, Aniline with carbon nanotubes) were obtained and studied. It is shown that, depending on the concentration of dopants, the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films can be significantly improved. In this case, the light transmission of the films practically does not change. The process of improving the conductivity by treating the surface of the finished film with amines, followed by heat treatment, was studied. It is assumed that the improvement in conductivity is the result of the self-assembly of monolayers of organic molecules on the surface of the PEDOT:PSS film leading to its p-doping due to intermolecular interaction.
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Kawai, Tsuyoshi, Takahiro Yamaue, Mitsuyoshi Onoda, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Effects of Doping of Fullerene Derivative in a Self-Assembled Multilayer of Conducting Polymers." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 37, Part 1, No. 10 (October 15, 1998): 5789–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.37.5789.
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Ikenoue, Y., N. Outani, A. O. Patil, F. Wudl, and A. J. Heeger. "Electrochemical studies of self-doped conducting polymers: Verification of the ‘cation-popping’ doping mechanism." Synthetic Metals 30, no. 3 (June 1989): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(89)90653-x.
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Lee, Yechan, Sang-Gu Yim, Gyeong Won Lee, Sodam Kim, Hong Sung Kim, Dae Youn Hwang, Beum-Soo An, Jae Ho Lee, Sungbaek Seo, and Seung Yun Yang. "Self-Adherent Biodegradable Gelatin-Based Hydrogel Electrodes for Electrocardiography Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 5737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20205737.
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Patch-type hydrogel electrodes have received increasing attention in biomedical applications due to their high biocompatibility and conformal adherence. However, their poor mechanical properties and non-uniform electrical performance in a large area of the hydrogel electrode should be improved for use in wearable devices for biosignal monitoring. Here, we developed self-adherent, biocompatible hydrogel electrodes composed of biodegradable gelatin and conductive polymers for electrocardiography (ECG) measurement. After incorporating conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) into gelatin hydrogels crosslinked by natural crosslinkers (genipin), the mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of the hydrogel electrodes were improved and additionally optimized by adjusting the amounts of crosslinker and PEDOT:PSS, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide, as a dopant, on the conductivity of hydrogels was investigated. The gelatin-based, conductive hydrogel patch displayed self-adherence to human skin with an adhesive strength of 0.85 N and achieved conformal contact with less skin irritation compared to conventional electrodes with a chemical adhesive layer. Eyelet-type hydrogel electrodes, which were compatible with conventional ECG measurement instruments, exhibited a comparable performance in 12-lead human ECG measurement with commercial ECG clinical electrodes (3M Red Dot). These self-adherent, biocompatible, gelatin-based hydrogel electrodes could be used for monitoring various biosignals, such as in electromyography and electroencephalography.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Self doping conductive polymers"
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Neuendorf, Annette J., and n/a. "High Pressure Synthesis of Conducting Polymers." Griffith University. School of Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040218.112214.
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An experimental investigation of the high pressure synthesis of water soluble, self doping conducting polymers is presented. 2- And 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid and the respective sodium sulfonates have been polymerised. Optimal polymerisation conditions have been determined with respect to yield, conductivity and molecular weight. Reaction parameters such as oxidant, pressure, catalysts, reaction time and temperature and the use of additives were investigated. The minimum pressure required for polymerisation was 7 kbar. An increase in pressure had a negligible effect on polymer characteristics. The polymers were generated in aqueous, non-acidic media, to ensure they were selfdoping when characterised. Conductivities of between 10-6 Scm-1 and 10-3 Scm-1 were measured. The sulfonate salts reacted faster than the sulfonic acids and for both a longer reaction time resulted in higher yields and conductivities. These polymers were completely water soluble, of high molecular weight and able to be cast as thin films. The arylamines 5- and 8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and their respective sodium sulfonates were polymerised at elevated pressure. The naphthalene sulfonate salts polymerised at atmospheric pressure, but displayed a higher molecular weight when reacted under pressure. Generally the naphthalene monomers reacted similarly to the benzene monomers, although there were some differences. Conductivity and yield decreased with increased reaction times and the use of 0.1M equivalents of ferrous sulfate had an negligible effect on the polymers. The polynaphthalenes were highly water soluble, self doping and had conductivities in the order 10-5 to 10-3 Scm-1. A measurement of the activation volume for the polymerisation of 2-methoxyaniline and sodium 8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonate was performed. These were determined to be -44 ± 3 cm3mol-1 and -62 ± 10 cm3mol-1 respectively. These large negative values are consistent with rate limiting monomer oxidation.
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Neuendorf, Annette J. "High Pressure Synthesis of Conducting Polymers." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366536.
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An experimental investigation of the high pressure synthesis of water soluble, self doping conducting polymers is presented. 2- And 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid and the respective sodium sulfonates have been polymerised. Optimal polymerisation conditions have been determined with respect to yield, conductivity and molecular weight. Reaction parameters such as oxidant, pressure, catalysts, reaction time and temperature and the use of additives were investigated. The minimum pressure required for polymerisation was 7 kbar. An increase in pressure had a negligible effect on polymer characteristics. The polymers were generated in aqueous, non-acidic media, to ensure they were selfdoping when characterised. Conductivities of between 10-6 Scm-1 and 10-3 Scm-1 were measured. The sulfonate salts reacted faster than the sulfonic acids and for both a longer reaction time resulted in higher yields and conductivities. These polymers were completely water soluble, of high molecular weight and able to be cast as thin films. The arylamines 5- and 8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid and their respective sodium sulfonates were polymerised at elevated pressure. The naphthalene sulfonate salts polymerised at atmospheric pressure, but displayed a higher molecular weight when reacted under pressure. Generally the naphthalene monomers reacted similarly to the benzene monomers, although there were some differences. Conductivity and yield decreased with increased reaction times and the use of 0.1M equivalents of ferrous sulfate had an negligible effect on the polymers. The polynaphthalenes were highly water soluble, self doping and had conductivities in the order 10-5 to 10-3 Scm-1. A measurement of the activation volume for the polymerisation of 2-methoxyaniline and sodium 8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonate was performed. These were determined to be -44 ± 3 cm3mol-1 and -62 ± 10 cm3mol-1 respectively. These large negative values are consistent with rate limiting monomer oxidation.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Science
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Sayre, Curtis N. "Self-assembled monolayers and their effect on conductive polymers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30896.
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Martins, Bruno Miguel Rocha. "Electrochemical supercapacitors of conductive polymers and their composites." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/13633.
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Ozturk, Tugba. "Conductive And Electrochromic Properties Of Poly(p-phenylene Vinylene)." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605806/index.pdf.
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P-xylene-bis(diethylsulphonium chloride) (PXBDC) monomer was synthesized by the reaction of α
,&
#945
-dichloro-p-xylene with tetrahydrothiophene or diethyl sulphide. Electrochemical behavior of this monomer (PXBDC) was examined by cyclic voltametry. Polymerization was achieved both by using electrochemical and chemical polymerization techniques. In the electrochemical technique, PPV was synthesized by constant potential electrolysis in acetonitrile-tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBAFB) solvent-electrolyte couple. The polymer obtained from the electrode surface was converted to the poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) by the thermal elimination reaction of diethyl sulphide and HCl. Also, PPV was doped via electrochemical doping with ClO4- dopant ion. The chemical structures were confirmed both by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermal behavior of chemically and electrochemically synthesized conducting polymers were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Also, electrochromic and spectroelectrochemical properties of PPV was investigated by using UV-VIS spectrophotometer.
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Mavlonov, Abdurashid. "Doping Efficiency and Limits in Wurtzite (Mg,Zn)O Alloys." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-214372.
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In this thesis, the structural, optical, and electrical properties of wurtzite MgxZn1-xO:Al and MgxZn1-xO:Ga thin films have been investigated in dependence on Mg and dopant concentration. Among the transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), ZnO based compounds have gained renewed interest as a transparent electrode for large scale applications such as defroster windows, at panel displays, touch screens, and thin film solar
cells due to low material and processing cost, non-toxicity, and suitable physical properties. In general, these applications require transparent electrodes with lowest possible resistivity of rho < 10^-3 Ohmcm and lower [1]. Recently, it has been reported that Ga and Al doped ZnO thin films can be deposited with respective resistivity of 5x10^-5 Ohmcm [2] and 3 x10^-5 Ohmcm [3] which are similar to the data obtained for other practical TCOs, i.e. the resistivity of about 4x 10^-5 Ohmcm for Sn doped In2O3 (ITO) thin films [4]. Moreover, the bandgap of ZnO can be increased by alloying with Mg offering band alignment between transparent electrode and active (or buffer) layer of the device, e.g. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells [5]. The tunable bandgap of these transparent electrodes can further increase the efficiency of the devices by avoiding energy losses in the interface region of the layers. From this point of view, this work has been aimed to investigate the doping efficiency and limits in transparent conductive (Mg,Zn)O alloys. For this purpose, the samples investigated in this work have been grown by pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) using a novel, continuous composition spread method (CCS). In general, this method allows to grow thin films with lateral composition gradient(s) [6, 7]. All MgxZn1-xO:Al and MgxZn1-xO:Ga thin films have been deposited on 2-inch in diameter glass, c- or r-plane sapphire substrates using threefold segmented PLD targets in order to grow thin films with two perpendicular, lateral composition gradients, i.e. the Mg composition is varied in one direction whereas the Al/Ga concentration is varied in a perpendicular direction [7, 8]. In order to investigate the influence of the temperature, samples grown at different substrate temperatures in the range of 25 to 600 C were investigated. The
optical and electrical measurements have been carried out on (5x 5)mm^2 samples that were cut from the CCS wafers along the respective composition gradients, i.e. Mg and Al/Ga contents. Subsequently, physical properties of thin films have been analyzed for a large range of Al/Ga content between 0.5 and 7 at.%, which corresponds to doping
concentrations between 2x 10^20 and 3x 10^21 cm^-3, for different Mg contents x(Mg) ranging from 0.01 to 0.1.
It has been found that practically the limiting the dopant concentrations is about 2 x10^21 cm^-3. Further, the electrical data suggests, that the compensating intrinsic defect is doubly chargeable hinting to the zinc vacancy (V_Zn) as microscopic origin. Increasing the dopant concentration above 2 x10^21 cm^-3 leads to a degradation of electrical and
structural properties [8].
Further, the influence of growth and annealing temperatures on structural, electrical and optical properties of the films has been studied. For that purpose, Al and Ga doped (2.5 at.% = 1x10^21 cm^-3) Mg0.05Zn0.95O thin films have been chosen from CCS samples grown at T_g = (25 - 600) C . For both doping series, the samples grown at higher temperatures exhibit better crystalline quality compared to the samples grown at lower growth temperatures. As a result, samples grown at higher temperatures reveal
higher Hall mobility. For the Al-doping series, the highest free charge carrier density of n = 8.2x 10^20 cm^-3 was obtained for an Mg0.05Zn0.95O:Al thin film grown at 200 C, with corresponding Hall mobility of mu = 13.3 cm^2/Vs, a resistivity of rho = 5.7x10^-4 Ohmcm,
and optical bandgap of E_g = 3.8 eV. Interestingly, the free charge carrier density of n = (5 - 8) x 10^20 cm^-3 for samples grown with T_g > 300 C is clearly higher than the value of n = 1.25 x 10^20 cm^-3 that was obtained for the high temperature grown sample, i.e. at T_g = 600 C. Furthermore, for all T_g, Al-doped films have a higher doping efficiency than the Ga-doped counterparts. In order to look deeper into the microscopic origin of this behavior, the samples were post-annealed in vacuum at 400 C.
Experimental results showed that the free charge carrier density of Al-doped samples first decreased and saturated afterward with increasing annealing time. On the other hand, the free charge carrier density of the Ga-doped samples first slightly increased and saturated with increasing annealing time. For both doping series, the saturation value of n ~ 1 x 10^20 cm^-3 was very close to the data that has been observed for (i) high temperature grown samples and (ii) the solubility limit of Al in ZnO of 0.3 at.% =
1.2x 10^20 cm^-3, that has been determined by Shirouzu et al. for high temperature grown (T_g > 600 C) Al-doped ZnO [9]. Correspondingly, the optical bandgap also changed, i.e. increased (decreased) for Al- (Ga-) doping series, and approached a constant value of 3.5 0 +- 0.1 eV which is explained by generation of acceptor-like compensating defects, and
the solubility limit of the dopants. From XRD data, no secondary phases were found for as-grown and post-annealed films. However, the slight improvement of crystalline quality has been observed on post-annealed samples. Further, it has been shown that the growth and annealing temperatures are important as they strongly affect the metastable state of
the solid solution that samples grown at low temperature represent. The low solubility limit of the dopants, i.e. 0.3 at.% for Al in ZnO under equilibrium condition, can be increased by preparing samples by non-equilibrium growth techniques [10]. This is also consistent with experimental results of this work that Al- as well as Ga-doped metastable ZnO and (Mg,Zn)O thin films can be prepared with highest possible doping efficiency for the dopant concentration up to 2.5 at.% when growth or annealing temperatures
below 400 C are used.
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Li, Wen-Yar, and 李文亞. "The Capacitive Properties and Textural Analysis of Bi-Layer Conducting Polymer and Self-Doping Polyaniline." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80951367728031412391.
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碩士國立中正大學
化學工程研究所
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Bi-layer conducting polymer and self-doping polyaniline for the application of capacitors was studied in this dissertation. The textural properties were obtained from the scanning electron microscope (SEM), a four-point probe method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). In the study of bi-layer conducting polymer, the difference of polyaniline, polypyrrole, and bi-layer conducting polymer in the electrochemical behaviors, morphologies, IR spectra, and XPS spectra. In addition, bi-layer conducting polymer for the application of supercapacitors was studied systematically. From the electrochemical behaviors of polyaniline and polypyrrole, the specific capacitance and stability of polyaniline were higher than polypyrrole. However, the reversibility and CV behaviors of polypyrrole were better than polyaniline. Furthermore, the energy densities and power densities of the polypyrrole films were higher than polyaniline in the high current density test. In the electrochemical studies of bi-layer conducting polymer, bi-layer conducting polymer loses some capacitances with a higher ratio of polyaniline. In the textural analysis, as the ratio of polyaniline was larger than 50%, the surface of electrodes was almost covered with polyaniline. Besides, bi-layer conducting polymer is physically blending with each other from the analysis of FTIR spectra. the doping level of bi-layer conducting polymer was affected by the open-circuit potential of polyaniline and polypyrrole, confirmed by the XPS study. The purpose of the second part is to identify the optimal sulfonation conditions of self-doping polyaniline. To efficiently find the key variables affecting the conductivity and sulfonation ratio (S/N) of self-doping sulfonated polyaniline, fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) were employed. From the fractional factorial design, the self-doping polyaniline prepared at a low temperature, a short reaction time, and a little volume of fuming sulfuric acid could get the best conductivity. The sulfonated polyaniline prepared at a long reaction time and a high ratio of SO3 in fuming sulfuric acid could get the higher S/N ratio. In the correlation analysis of conductivity and S/N, the conductivity is independent of the S/N ratio.it should be affected by nitric acid, since nitric acid rendered emeraldine base to own higher oxidation state, resulting in that leucoemeraldine base could not highly sulfonated. In the FTIR spectra, the micro-structure of self-doping polyaniline prepared with nitric acid was different from these prepared with hydrochloric acid. In addition, highly sulfonated polyaniline had red-shift phenomena in the fingerprint area of IR spectra. It could be owing to highly sulfonated polyaniline affected by the mechanical effect and steric strain. In the analysis of XPS, the doping level was positively correlated with the S/N ratio, but the correlation between doping level and conductivity was poor.
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Norris, Brent Carl. "Applications of N-heterocycles in electrically and ionically conductive polymers." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1772.
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The covalent bond formed between a N-heterocyclic carbene and an aryl-isothiocyanate was discovered to be thermally-reversible. This bond was incorporated into the backbone of an aromatic polymer which, when subjected to heat and excess monomer, would depolymerize to smaller oligomers. In addition these small molecules contain active chain ends and could be repolymerized to reform the original polymer. The high molecular weight material was made into freestanding sheets with desirable mechanical properties and could be made conductive by treatment with iodine.
A new poly(triazene) was formed from the reaction of a facially opposed, annulated, bis-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and an organic bis-azide. The NHC as well as the azide were varied and combined to produce a series of polymers which were characterized by GPC, TGA, and NMR. These thermally robust polymers were also coated onto glass slides and rendered electrically conductive by exposure to iodine vapor.
A new reagent for Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (RAFT) is described. This imidazolium based reagent shows unusually fast kinetics which allows it to control polymerizations at significantly reduced loadings compared to the more traditional neutral dithiocarbamates or dithioesters. The fast kinetics is explained by the rapid rotation of the dithioester about the plane of the cationic N-heterocycle.
Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (sPEEK) membranes were blended with imidazoles with varying pKas. The proton conductivity of the membranes was evaluated as a function of pKa and temperature. Interestingly, the conductivity of the dry membranes showed a non-monotonous profile over a temperature range of 25 – 150 C. We use a theoretical model to better understand the mechanistic origins of the observed temperature–conductivity profiles. This model is based on the reaction equilibria between sPEEK’s sulfonic acid groups and the basic sites of the added heterocycles.
Using the copper-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar “click” cycloaddition reaction, poly(sulfone)s containing pendant azide moieties were functionalized with various amounts of sodium 3-(prop-2-ynyloxy)propane-1-sulfonate and crosslinked with 1,7-octadiyne. The degree of sulfonation as well as the degree of cross-linking was systematically varied by changing the ratios of the aforementioned reagents. The polymers were cast into membranes, acidified, and then tested for proton conductivity, methanol permeability, and membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) performance.text
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Su, Yi Nien, and 蘇怡年. "Studies on the Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of the Conjugated Conductive Polymers : Water Soluble Polymer-Acid- Doped and Self-Acid-Doped Polyanilines." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40584011418751237752.
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Gue-Wuu, Hwang, and 黃桂武. "Studies on the Syntheses, Structures, and Properties of the Conjugated Conductive Polymers: Water Soluble Self-Acid-Doped Polyanilines and Their Blends with Polyvinyl alcohol." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81486171656587284798.
Full textBooks on the topic "Self doping conductive polymers"
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Panigrahi, Muktikanta, and Arpan Kumar Nayak. Polyaniline based Composite for Gas Sensors. IOR PRESS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/ioriip212.
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In this research work, we have demonstrated the synthesis, spectroscopic characteristics, thermal behaviour and DC conductivity of a few nanostructured composites, substituted conducting polymers (ICPs) and composites of ICPs. The physical properties of aforementioned composites are significantly changed by the doping with HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, or acrylic acid. The charge transport properties of these polymeric materials have been studied in detail because of their potential application in gas sensors. In the current work, varieties of conducting polymer based materials such as PANI-ES/Cloisite 20A nanostructured composite, acrylic acid (AA) doped PANI polymer, N-substituted conducting polyaniline polymer, DL−PLA/PANI-ES composites, poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) based polyaniline composite, and inorganic acid doped polyaniline are sucessfuly synthesized using aniline/aniline hydrochloride as precursors in acidic medium. Particularly, AA based synthesised PANI polymer was found with higher solubility The spectroscopic, thermal stability, enthalpy of fusion, room temperature DC conductivity and temperature dependent DC conductivity measurements with and without magnetic was carried out with as-synthesized materials. The FTR/ATR−FTIR spectra indicated the presence of different functional groups in the as-prepared composite materials. The UV−Visible absorption spectroscopic analysis showed the presence of polaron band suggesting PANI-ES form. The Room temperature DC conductivity, temperature variation DC conductivity (in presence and absence of magnetic field), and magnetoresistance (MR) of as-prepared conducting polyaniline based were analysed. The highest room temperature DC conductivity value was obtained from H2SO4 doped based composite materials and all prepared conductive composites were followed ohms law. The low temperature DC conductivity was carried out in order to study the semiconducting nature of prepared materials. The Mott type VRH model was found to be well fitted the conductivity data and described the density of states at the Fermi level which is constant in this temperature range. From MR plots, a negative MR was observed, which described the quantum interference effect on hopping conduction. We discuss different gas analytes i.e., NO2, LPG, H2, NH3, CH4, and CO of conducting polymer based materials.
Book chapters on the topic "Self doping conductive polymers"
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Audebert, P., G. Bidan, M. Lapkowski, and D. Limosin. "Grafting, Ionomer Composites, and Auto-doping of Conductive Polymers." In Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences, 366–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83284-0_70.
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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. "Review of Conductive Polymers as Smart Materials." In Fundamentals of Smart Materials, 233–42. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782626459-00233.
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Chapter 19 reviews conductive polymers (CPs). There are currently a fairly large number of CPs or synthetic conductors that are being used industrially or medically. Some of the basic conducting polymers are polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, poly(phenyl vinylene), polyacetylene, etc., which can be manufactured via chemical or electrochemical oxidation and reduction (redox) procedures. CPs with the ability to conduct electrical charges in addition to being flexible, optically active and not difficult to synthesize present a tremendous opportunity for the industrial and medical applications of CPs. Pioneering work on CPs reported the observation that the conductivity of polyacetylene increases by millions of times when it is oxidized via “doping” with iodine vapor. CPs can conduct electrical charge because within their molecular network charges can jump between the molecular chains of the polymer. CP molecular structures possess both single and double chemical bonds, which enhance charge transfer.
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"Preparation of Highly Reflective and Conductive PI/Ag Composite Films by an Ion-Exchange Self-Metallization Technique." In Polyimides and Other High Temperature Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications, Volume 5, 271–84. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12248-18.
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Kumar, Rakesh, and S. K. Dhawan. "Fabrication and Microwave Shielding Properties of Free-Standing Conducting Polymer-Carbon Fiber Thin Sheets." In Smart Materials Design for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications, 355–410. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9789815036428122010011.
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EMI is a 20th -century radiation pollution that not only results in various health hazards but also weakens the electronic system's performance. With the rapid global development in various fields, this problem is increasing consistently. To ensure the uninterrupted performance of electronic gadgets and avoid the effects on human health, EMI shielding has become a necessity. In the recent past, a large number of materials having a wide range of conductivity and good electromagnetic attributes have been exploited for EMI shielding applications. Initially used metallic shields, due to their high cost weight, corrosion propensity, and reflection-based shielding, have been replaced by various types of materials. Among them, intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) like polyaniline, polythiophene, polypyrrole, etc., and their composites with various types of conductive and/or magnetic fillers have played a significant role. Among all the conducting polymers, polyaniline has been studied the most due to its special properties like moderately high conductivity, ease of synthesis, proton doping, low cost, and high environmental stability. Most of the developments related to EMI shielding have been focused on the synthesis of new materials with high shielding effectiveness (SE). For this purpose, polyaniline and its composites have been widely explored due to its appropriate properties. But the commercial use of polyaniline for EMI shielding applications has always been hampered due to its infusibility and limited processability. Also, limited work has been done for the fabrication of polyaniline composites in the form of sheets that have sufficient SE along with improved thermal and mechanical stability. The work presented in this chapter is based on the fabrication of lightweight, thin sheets of polyaniline composites for EMI shielding application in the X-band of microwave range (8.2-12.4 GHz). The polyaniline-CF-novolac (PACN) composite sheets thus obtained were finally tested for EMI shielding applications using vector network analyzer (VNA) in the X-band of microwave range. Characterization of all the composites and/or their sheets was done by UV-vis, FT-IR, SEM, TGA, electrical conductivity (standard four-probe method), flexural strength, and flexural modulus measurements.
Conference papers on the topic "Self doping conductive polymers"
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Wang, R. S., L. M. Wang, Y. J. Fu, and Z. M. Su. "Influence of the different substituent of polymer on its self doping conductive property." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834855.
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Bombara, David, Vasilii Mansurov, Revanth Konda, Steven Fowzer, and Jun Zhang. "Self-Sensing for Twisted String Actuators Using Conductive Supercoiled Polymers." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5587.
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Abstract The twisted string actuator (TSA), as a recently discovered artificial muscle, has attracted a lot of attention as a compliant and powerful actuation mechanism. A TSA consists of two strings attached to a motor on one end and a load on the other end. The motor’s rotation twists the strings and generates linear actuation. A common challenge is to obtain TSAs’ strains using compact approaches. Previous studies exclusively utilized external position sensors that not only increased system cost, size and complexity, but also lowered actuator compliance. In this paper, self-sensing strategies are presented to estimate TSAs’ strains without external sensors. By incorporating conductive and stretchable nylon strings, called super-coiled polymer (SCP) strings, into TSAs, their strains can be estimated from the resistance values of SCP strings. Two self-sensing configurations are realized: (1) TSA with one regular string and one SCP string, and (2) TSA with two SCP strings. Experiments are conducted to show the correlation between the length and resistance of TSA under different conditions. Polynomial and Preisach hysteresis models were successfully employed to capture the Length – Resistance correlation and to estimate TSA’s length using the resistance.
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Chiarcos, Riccardo, Diego Antonioli, Valentina Gianotti, Katia Sparnacci, Michele Laus, Gabriele Seguini, Elisa Arduca, Andrea Nomellini, and Michele Perego. "Deterministic doping via self-limited grafting of phosphorus end-terminated polymers." In 9TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5046027.
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Lee, Jae Gyeong, Sukyoung Won, Jeong Eun Park, and Jeong Jae Wie. "Multi-Functional 3D Curvilinear Self-Folding of Glassy Polymers." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8407.
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Abstract The selective light absorption of pre-stretched thermoplastic polymeric films enables wireless photothermal shape morphing from two-dimensional Euclidean geometry of films to three-dimensional (3D) curvilinear architectures. For a facile origami-inspired programming of 3D folding, black inks are printed on glassy polymers that are used as hinges to generate light-absorption patterns. However, the deformation of unpatterned areas and/or stress convolution of patterned areas hinder the creation of accurate curvilinear structures. In addition, black inks remain in the film, prohibiting the construction of transparent 3D architectures. In this study, we demonstrate the facile preparation of transparent 3D curvilinear structures with the selection of the curvature sign and chirality via the selective light absorption of detachable tapes. The sequential removal of adhesive patterns allowed sequential folding and the control of strain responsivity in a single transparent architecture. The introduction of multiple heterogeneous non-responsive materials increased the complexity of strain engineering and functionality. External stimuli responsive kirigami-based bridge triggered the multi-material frame to build the Gaussian curvature. Conductive material casted on the film in a pattern retained the conductivity, despite local deformation. This type of tape patterning system, adopting various materials, can achieve multifunction including transparency and conductivity.
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Wang, R. S., L. M. Wang, Z. M. Su, and Y. J. Jie. "The study on self-doping conductive property of different oxidized state poly-3-(2-ethane carboxylate)pyrrole." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834856.
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Siwakoti, Midhan, and Russell W. Mailen. "Coupled Electro-Thermo-Mechanical Modeling of Shape Memory Polymers." In ASME 2019 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2019-5693.
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Abstract Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are extensively studied for self-folding origami due to their large strain recovery, low cost, and low activation energy. SMPs utilize viscoelastic material behavior to change shape in response to an applied stimulus, for instance light or electricity. Electrical actuation is desirable due to its higher energy density and shorter response time. Previous studies reported empirical results on shape recovery of conductive polymer composites actuated by specific applied voltage or current conditions, which required rigorous experimentation. Here, we introduce a finite element framework capable of predicting the coupled electro-thermo-mechanical response of electrically actuated SMPs. As inputs, this framework requires material properties, such as electrical conductivity and viscoelastic parameters. The viscoelastic response is implemented using a Prony series model that is fit to experimental dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) data. Using this framework, we predict the shape recovery behavior of electrically actuated SMPs subject to various thermal, electrical, and mechanical loads and evaluate the sensitivity of the response to the material properties. Additionally, we show the effects of material pre-straining conditions and localized conductive pathways on shape recovery and self-folding. This computational framework provides a fundamental understanding of the electro-thermo-mechanical response of electrically actuated SMPs and can be used to design electrically actuated self-folding origami for aerospace applications.
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Benouhiba, Amine, Kanty Rabenorosoa, Patrick Rougeot, Morvan Ouisse, and Nicolas Andreff. "Electro-Active Polymer Based Self-Folding Approach Devoted to Origami-Inspired Structures." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-8153.
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In the growing field of origami engineering, self-folding is of a high regard. The latter is regularly used by nature as an efficient approach for autonomous growing and reorganizing. In this work, we present a self-folding approach based on Electro-Active Polymer (EAP), especially Conductive Polymers (CP). This approach proposes lightweight, compact and energy efficient self-folding structures, as well as large angle and reversible folding. We study the behavior of a three-segment milli-structure containing two passive segments made of paper, separated by an active segment made of CP. The folding motion of the structure was modeled and experimentally validated. Furthermore, as a proof of concept, a self-folding origami cube is presented.
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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. "Smart Thin Sheet Batteries Made With Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMC’s)." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60954.
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Presented is some experimental results and theoretical modeling pertaining to thin (30 microns) paper-like sheets of ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC’s) as paper batteries. These materials can generate electrical power by means of mechanical flexing, normal pressure and motion in general and they are smart because they are self-powered but rechargeable by moisture. Thin sheets or paper-like labels of IPMC’s can be bonded, glued or attached to any flexible or rigid substrate or can be laminated and can generate power by the motion of that substrate or any normal or oblique pressure exerted on that substrate through the IPMC sheet, label or laminate. A good example of these materials is perfluorinated sulfonic or carboxylic ionic polymers, which are suitably made into a functionally graded composite with a conductive phase such as graphite, conductive polymers or metals. These materials can also act as distributed nanosensors and distributed nanoactuators if moderate electrical field strength of about 10 volts per millimeter (10V/mm) is imposed on them through printed or interdigitated electrodes.
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Koo, G. M., and T. N. Tallman. "On the Development of Tensorial Deformation-Resistivity Constitutive Relations in Conductive Nanofiller-Modified Composites." In ASME 2018 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2018-7965.
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Polymers modified with conductive nanofillers have recently received considerable attention from the research community because of their deformation-dependent electrical resistivity. Known as piezoresistivity, this self-sensing capacity of nanocomposites has much potential for structural health monitoring (SHM). However, making effective use of the piezoresistive effect for SHM necessitates having a good understanding of the deformation-resistivity change relationship in these materials. While much insightful work has been done to model and predict the piezoresistive effect, many existing models suffer from important limitations such as being limited to microscales, over-predicting piezoresistive responses, and not considering complex deformations. We herein address these limitations by developing tensor-based piezoresistivity constitutive relations. The supposition of this approach is that resistivity changes due to small deformations can be treated as isotropic and be completely described by only two piezoresistive constants — one associated with volumetric strains and a second associated with shear strains. These piezoresistive constants can easily be discerned from simple experiments not unlike the process of determining elastic constants. We demonstrate the potential of this approach by deriving these piezoresistive constants for an experimentally-validated analytical model in the existing literature. This work can enable much more accurate and easily-obtained piezoresistive relations thereby greatly facilitating the potential of resistivity change-based SHM.
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Madawela, Raghvan, Zhenyu Ouyang, Gefu Ji, Guoqiang Li, and Samuel Ibekwe. "Mechanical Properties of New Hybrid Materials: Metallic Foam Filled With Syntactic Foam." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57725.
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Syntactic polymer foam has received intensive attention and extensive application due to its remarkable low cost, lightweight, mechanical properties as well as its thermal, acoustic properties for multifunctional purpose. Electrically conductive polymers have the advantages of light weight, resistance to corrosion, good processability, and tunable conductivity. In a recent separated study, we proposed a novel conductive polymer which was based on the metallic foam filled with syntactic polymer foam. In this study, instead of focusing its unique multi-physical properties, we focus on characterizing the mechanical properties of this new conductive syntactic foam. Before the exploration of this new hybrid foam, an understanding of the mechanical properties is quite necessary. To this end, hybrid foams were prepared by varying the volume fractions of microballoons in the syntactic foam and types of microballoon materials: glass and polymer microballoons. The metallic foam adopted in this work was based on aluminum with an average relative density of 7% (the porosity is about 93%). Both compressive and bending tests were conducted. The current test results may provide the valuable baseline and also facilitate the further understanding of this hybrid foams as a core material in the advanced sandwiched pipe/pressure vessel structures featured by lightweight, impact tolerant, self-monitoring, thermal and acoustic insulation, and electromagnetic shielding.
Reports on the topic "Self doping conductive polymers"
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Bendikov, Michael, and Thomas C. Harmon. Development of Agricultural Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591738.bard.
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In this 1-year feasibility study, we tried polymerization of several different monomers, commercial as well as novel, specially designed and synthesized for this project in the presence of the nitrate ion to produce imprinted conductive polymers. Polymers 1 and 2 (shown below) produced a response to nitrate, but one inferior to that produced by a polypyrrole (Ppy)-based sensor (which we demonstrated prior to this study). Thus, we elected to proceed with improving the stability of the Ppy-based sensor. In order to improve stability of the Ppy-based sensor, we created a two-layer design which includes nitrate-doped Ppy as an inner layer, and nitrate-doped PEDOT as the outer layer. PEDOT is known for its high environmental stability and conductivity. This design has demonstrated promise, but is still undergoing optimization and stability testing. Previously we had failed to create nitrate-doped PEDOT in the absence of a Ppy layer. Nitrate-doped PEDOT should be very promising for sensor applications due to its high stability and exceptional sensing properties as we showed previously for sensing of perchlorate ions (by perchlorate-doped PEDOT). During this year, we have succeeded in preparing nitrate-doped PEDOT (4 below) by designing a new starting monomer (compound 3 below) for polymerization. We are currently testing this design for nitrate sensing. In parallel with the fabrication design studies, we fabricated and tested nitrate-doped Ppy sensors in a series of flow studies under laboratory and field conditions. Nitrate-doped Ppy sensors are less stable than is desirable but provide excellent nitrate sensing characteristics for the short-term experiments focusing on packaging and deployment strategies. The fabricated sensors were successfully interfaced with a commercial battery-powered self-logging (Onset Computer Hobo Datalogger) and a wireless data acquisition and transmission system (Crossbow Technologies MDA300 sensor interface and Mica2 wireless mote). In a series of flow-through experiments with water, the nitrate-doped Ppy sensors were exposed to pulses of dissolved nitrate and compared favorably with an expensive commercial sensor. In 24-hour field tests in both Merced and in Palmdale, CA agricultural soils, the sensors responded to introduced nitrate pulses, but with different dynamics relative to the larger commercial sensors. These experiments are on-going but suggest a form factor (size, shape) effect of the sensor when deployed in a porous medium such as soil. To fill the need for a miniature reference electrode, we identified and tested one commercial version (Cypress Systems, ESA Mini-reference electrode) which works well but is expensive ($190). To create an inexpensive miniature reference electrode, we are exploring the use of AgCl-coated silver wire. This electrode is not a “true” reference electrode; however, it can calibrated once versus a commercial reference electrode at the time of deployment in soil. Thus, only one commercial reference electrode would suffice to support a multiple sensor deployment.