Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Self-disclosure'
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Fisher, D. D. V. "The process of self-disclosure." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371934.
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Allen, Bruce W. (Bruce Wayne) 1958. "Perspective Taking and Self Disclosure." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500482/.
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The effects of taking a third person role on self disclosure, self sympatheticness and several nonverbal parameters of task involvement were examined in a psychotherapy analogue study. Subjects were classified as high or low in ego strength using previously established norms for college students. In the third person role subjects were instructed to describe themselves from the perspective of an "intimate and sympathetic best friend." An encouragement to talk format was used to facilitate self description from the first person. Support was not found for the hypotheses that altering the perspective used in self description would increase self disclosure and that high ego strength subjects would be better able to use a perspective taking intervention. Theoretical and methodological issues are discussed. Recommendations for future research are made.
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España, Andrew Christopher. "Self-Disclosure and Self-Efficacy in Online Dating." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/889.
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This study explores online dating by studying the relationship between self-disclosure and self-efficacy in an online dating environment. This research study examines the way self-disclosure, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and gender interrelate in an online dating environment. This study includes, but is not limited to, discussion of the type of correlation between self-efficacy and self-esteem, the relationship between self-disclosure and self-efficacy, and the differences between men's and women's self-disclosure in an online dating environment. From conducting this study, the researcher was able to determine that there is a statistically significant relationship between gender and how it relates to self-disclosure and self-efficacy. With the results from the study, the understanding of how different variables relate to online dating and romantic relationships has been taken one step further as it helps fill the gap in the literature.
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Ah, Toy Tracey C. "Friendships/relationships, self-disclosure, self-esteem & affiliative motivation /." Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sba287.pdf.
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Taylor, Karl. "Self-disclosure by UK clinical psychologists." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433802.
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Booth, Adam P. "Sexual self-disclosure in intimate relationships." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ47311.pdf.
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Lovell, Jonathan. "Self-disclosure in mental health services." Thesis, University of York, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19278/.
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Sharing lived experience of mental health experiences by mental health practitioners is a topic of increasing relevance in statutory UK mental health settings, in part because of the rise in recent years of the employment of peer workers who share their lived experience by default. Literature to date has suggested that self-disclosure can have a range of benefits and risks, but existing studies have tended to focus on general rather than mental health disclosure, have not taken place in statutory settings, have studied a narrow section of the workforce, or have used analogue methodology. The current study used quantitative and qualitative methods through surveys and focus groups to explore statutory UK mental health practitioners’ and service-users’ views about the helpfulness of sharing personal mental health lived experience versus other types of lived experience. Service-users indicated that personal mental health lived experience was the most helpful disclosure topic, was valued when disclosed by all types of qualified practitioner, but it was shared least often. Practitioners who rate disclosure as helpful may be more reflective than practitioners who rate disclosure as unhelpful. Practitioners may be deterred from disclosing by a range of pressures, including risk of negative disclosure effects; adherence to therapeutic models; negative judgements from colleagues; pre-qualifying training; and perceived direction from professional codes of conduct and ethics. Despite perceived risks associated with hypothetical disclosure, most practitioners disclosed to some extent. Respondents gave almost 500 examples of real life disclosures which were almost exclusively helpful. It is recommended that practitioners are afforded greater autonomy, respect and permission to make decisions about disclosure without fear of judgment about professionalism. Training and guidance may be beneficial to help practitioners make best use of disclosures in statutory mental health service delivery.
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Hendershot, Susan Christine. "Self-disclosure in biofeedback of hypertension /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7308.
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Huling, Bonnie Anne Boyd. "Narcissism, Facebook Use and Self Disclosure." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2475.
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This study examines the relationship between online self-disclosure, grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism, Facebook use and frequency of status updates in existing self-report measures among 381 college students. Positive correlations were found between: vulnerable narcissism and Facebook status updates, and Facebook use and online self-disclosure. Following the equalization of the two different narcissism scales, college students scored higher on grandiose narcissism as opposed to vulnerable narcissism, the opposite to what was hypothesized. No correlations were found between: grandiose narcissism and Facebook status updates; grandiose narcissism and self-disclosure; and vulnerable narcissism and self-disclosure. Additionally, college women did not score higher in self-disclosure than men on Facebook. Through additional testing a correlation between vulnerable narcissism and Facebook use was also found. Results were negatively affected by the established grandiose narcissism scale failing reliability testing, thus, in the future, the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) should be used. High religiosity is also known to positively correlate to positive mental health, therefore, in the future using less religiously orientated college students might yield different narcissism level results.
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Kelly, Kathleen. "Reactions to male nontraditional self-disclosure." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1985. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/245.
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Hall, Benton G. (Benton Garrett). "An Examination of Self-Disclosure Willingness Among Adolescents." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504104/.
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This study surveyed the willingness of adolescents to self-disclose in different situations. One hundred and forty high school students were surveyed in a suburban, southwestern city. The survey included Gordon Chelune's Self-disclosure Situations Survey, Michael Leary's Social Anxiety Survey, and a 40-item situational survey created to test students' self-disclosure willingness in normal situations. It was hypothesized that students would more readily disclose to peers than parents or counselors; that they would more readily disclose in warm, informal settings than cold, formal ones; and that there would be a significant negative correlation between social anxiety and self-disclosure. There was a small but significant negative correlation between social anxiety and students' willingness to disclose only in a warm setting. The other hypotheses were proved.
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Kagan, Pamela Lynne. "The influence of self-esteem on levels of self-disclosure." Scholarly Commons, 1991. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2214.
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This study will further the base of research concerned with the phenomenon of self-esteem and its relationship to self-disclosure. The view one has of self significantly affects attitudes, behaviors, evaluations, and cognitive processes. By correlating the self-esteem measure with a pen and paper measure of self-disclosure, and a behavioral measure of self-disclosure, we will have a better understanding of the relationship self-esteem has in regulating or influencing what we disclose of ourselves to others. Also, we can determine if one's reported disclosures are a measurement of one's actual disclosures.
This study examined whether self-esteem influences an individual's readiness to self-disclose.
It would make intuitive sense that we should seek to understand conditions that affect the degree to which individuals are more or less likely to disclose information about themselves. In this way, we will be better equipped to promote and maintain relationships. Research has suggested that disclosure promotes relational growth. If we better understand the conditions that affect levels of disclosure, we can establish deeper, more committed relations with others, as well as communicate more effectively.
Self-esteem refers to an individual's personal judgement of his or her worth. This construct was operationalized by using the Index of Self-Esteem, ISE.
Self-disclosure is any message about the self that a person communicates to another. It implies that in some situations an individual chooses how much or how little to divulge. This construct was operationalized by using Viii the Disclosiveness/Disclosure Scale-RSDS, and also by having subjects rate their actual disclosures: BSDl - openness; BSD2 - comfort; and BSD3 - level (See Appendices A,B,& C).
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Doremus, Barbara Ann. "PSYCHOLOGIST SELF-DISCLOSURE WITH COURT-MANDATED AND SELF-REFERRED CLIENTS." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1344440734.
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Brunner, Steven R. "Attachment, Self-disclosure, and New Technologies: Investigating the Connection between Attachment and Self-Disclosure Across Different Communication Technologies." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/566995.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the connection between attachment and self-disclosure behavior across communication technologies. Very little research has explored the connection between attachment and self-disclosure, and no studies have examined the relationship in the context of communication technologies. Drawing on attachment theory, self-disclosure literature, and communication technology research, this dissertation predicted that individuals with high anxious or high avoidance attachment would capitalize on the affordances of communication technologies and be associated with more self-disclosure behavior. Two studies were completed to test these hypotheses. Study one (n = 479) was a cross-sectional survey using participants recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Study two (n = 309) was an experiment where participants had their attachment system activated by experiencing a threatening situation hypothetically. Both studies had participants report self-disclosure behavior with their romantic partner in frequency and degree of intimacy. Each participant was randomly assigned one communication channel to report on (e.g., face-to-face, text messaging, email, or social networking sites). The results from the two studies provided mixed results for attachment and self-disclosure behavior across communication technologies. In general, anxious attachment was positively associated with self-disclosure frequency and degree of intimacy regardless of which channel was used, which was expected. Avoidance attachment was negatively associated with self-disclosure frequency, but only when the participant was experiencing a threatening situation. Neither attachment style interacted with the number of cues perceived to be available in a communication channel in the proposed direction when predicting self-disclosure behavior. However, both attachment dimensions interacted with a channel’s perceived expectation for response when predicting self-disclosure intimacy. When participants were not experiencing a threat to their security, those with high anxious or high avoidance attachment reported self-disclosing more intimately in channels perceived to have less expectation for response. Together these findings suggest individuals with high anxious attachment may use self-disclosure as a hyperactivating strategy to connect with an attachment figure. Individuals with high avoidance attachment choose not to self-disclose as a deactivating strategy that prevents intimacy from forming. Additionally, individuals with high anxious or high avoidance attachment can capitalize on a channel’s expectation for response and feel comfortable self-disclosing something intimate in a channel perceived to have a low expectation for response.
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Palmqvist, Henric. "Psykoterapeuters self disclosure vid arbete på behandlingshem." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, S:t Lukas utbildningsinstitut, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-5159.
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Inledning: Psykodynamisk terapi har utvecklats från en strikt syn på neutralitetsprincipen i riktning mot en mer liberal hållning, där en del terapeuter väljer att använda personlig öppenhet, dvs. delar med sig av personlig information kring sig själva. På behandlingshem delar terapeuter och patienter flera vardagliga situationer och tillfällen uppstår där terapeuten måste förhålla sig till self disclosure. Frågeställningar: Vilka upplevelser har psykoterapeuter på behandlingshem av self disclosure? På vilka grunder använder man sig av self disclosure? Hur hanterar psykoterapeuter self disclosure i den vardagliga kontakten utanför terapisituationen? Metod:Kvalitativ metod, semistrukturerade intervjuer med 5 legitimerade psykoterapeuter verksamma på behandlingshem. Tematisk analys användes för att analysera resultatet. Resultat: Self disclosure förekommer såväl i den terapeutiska situationen som i det vardagliga behandlingsarbetet. Self disclosure används som en alliansskapande intervention för att möta patientgruppens besvärsbild med bristande tillit, låg uthållighet, och ibland bristande motivation. Vidare anses self disclosure bidra till att skapa trygghet och göra terapeuten mindre hotfull. Self disclosure används även som en pedagogisk intervention där psykoterapeuterna kan fungera som rollmodell i terapeutiska och vardagliga situationer. Det anses betydelsefullt att göra noggranna övervägande kring self disclosures och hålla det på en allmän nivå, som inte tangerar personliga problem och privata förhållanden. Diskussion: Self disclosure förekommer sannolikt i större omfattning på behandlingshem än vid individuell psykoterapi. Den klassiskt neutrala terapeutiska hållningen anses inte fungera då patientgruppens besvär främst bottnar i bristproblematik.Introduction: Psychdynamic therapy has evolved from a strict view of the principle of neutrality towards a more liberal attitude, where some therapists choose to use self disclosure, and share some personal information about themselves. At institutions, psychotherapists and patients share everyday situations and several occasions arise where therapists has to relate to self disclosure. Questions: Wich experiences have psychotherapists at institutions of self disclosure? On what grounds uses psychotherapists self disclosure? How do psychotherapists handle self disclosure in everyday contact outside the therapeutic situation? Method: Qualitative method, semi-structured interviews with 5 licensed psychotherapists working at institutions. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the results. Results: Self disclosure appears both in the therapeutic situation and in the everyday treatment work. Sel disclosure is used as an alliance-building intervention to meet the patients problems with lack of confidence, low stamina, and sometimes lack of motivation. Futher considered self disclosure helping to create security and make thetherapist less intimidating. Self disclosure is also used as an educational intervention in wich the psychotherapist can serve as role model in the therapeutic and everyday situations. It is considered important to make careful consideration about the self disclosures and keep it at a general level,that is not tangent to personal problems and personal conditions. Discussion: Self disclosure is likely to occur to a greater extent at institutions than in individual psychotherapy. The classic neutral therapeutic stance is not considered to work because a majority of the patients problems is rooted in deficit.
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Schachtner, Laura. "Premarital self-disclosure predicting distal marital outcomes." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35457.
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Master of ScienceSchool of Family Studies and Human Services
Jared A. Durtschi
Can having more frequent conversations with a romantic partner prior to marriage contribute to better marital outcomes several years into a marriage? Little is known regarding premarital self-disclosure and its association with distal marital outcomes. Data was utilized from 707 newly married couples assessed across the first four years of marriage through three waves of assessment as part of the Marriage Matters Panel Survey of Newlywed Couples (Nock, Sanchez, & Wright, 2008). Structural equation modeling, including common-fate analysis, was used to test self-disclosure prior to marriage and its association with later marital quality of each spouse and the odds of divorce or separation by the first four years into marriage. Couple-level reactivity was tested as a mediator of these associations, while controlling for known covariates. Results indicated that premarital self-disclosure was associated with wives’ higher marital satisfaction and lower odds of divorce or separation three to four years into marriage. This relationship was mediated by reactivity. Clinical implications are discussed for couples prior to marriage, suggesting more frequent conversations about a wider variety of topics between dating couples.
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Koch, Shelly D. "Therapist self-disclosure in the therapeutic alliance." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2003. http://www.tren.com.
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Eggert, Jon Edward 1962. "Self-disclosure in male same-sex friendships." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291779.
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The purpose of this study was to determine if a difference existed between a sample of fraternity residents and a sample of dormitory residents in the level of self-disclosure present in their same-sex friendships. Of additional import was whether or not self-disclosure, directed toward different target persons, varied according to the age of the discloser, the identity of the target person, and the reported closeness of the discloser to his father. A modified version of Sidney M. Jourard's Self-Disclosure Questionnaire was utilized to measure present levels of self-disclosure. Findings indicated there was a significant difference in self-disclosure with same-sex friends between the sample of fraternity residents and the sample of dormitory residents. Moreover, significant differences were found in the mean level of self-disclosure as it related to the identity of the target person, and to the reported closeness of the discloser to his father.
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Goh, Jeannine Melanie. "The cultural self : experiments investigating self-awareness and self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-cultural-self-experiments-investigating-selfawareness-and-selfdisclosure-in-computermediated-communication(a63de059-b21e-4014-b880-2bde81c9c26e).html.
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This thesis presents a series of cross-cultural experiments, which investigate the role of self-awareness on self-disclosure in computer-mediated communication (CMC). The thesis is split into two parts, detailing the results of four separate experiments. In Part 1, the two experiments focus specifically on British participants who are considered to be from an individualistic culture. Experiment 1 investigates how private and public self-awareness affects their breadth, depth and accuracy of self-disclosure in CMC. Experiment 2 then attempts to simplify Experiment 1 to try and focus more specifically on personal motivations of self-disclosure. The results of the first two experiments clearly illustrate the importance of both private and public self-awareness in intimate self-disclosure in CMC. More specifically, they indicate that increasing private self-awareness increases depth of self-disclosure, whilst increasing public self-awareness reduces the accuracy of the self-disclosure. In Part 2 of the thesis Experiments 1 and 2 are replicated on Singaporean participants, who are considered to be from a collectivist culture. Members of collectivist cultures are consistently reported to self-disclose less than members of individualistic cultures. It is however found in Experiment 3 that in a typical 'real-time' interaction the Singaporeans report themselves to self-disclose to a greater depth than the British participants. Cultural differences are also found in the participants' reactions to certain manipulations of self-awareness. More specifically, a manipulation that increases public self-awareness greatly reduces the British participants' self-disclosure. Whilst the Singaporeans are more affected by a manipulation that increases their private self-awareness, which greatly increases their depth of self-disclosure. It is concluded that there are cultural differences in the way that people react to manipulations of self-awareness in CMC and this raises philosophical discussion about how culture drives self-disclosure which, in turn, drives the pursuit of self-knowledge, and ultimately the construction of the cultural self. Finally it is concluded that CMC may allow an exploration of the self outside of cultural norms, and that this could potentially change the boundaries of the private and public self in the future.
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Bryngelson, Birgitta. "Att arbeta med Self-Disclosure : En fenomenologisk studie av fem psykodynamiska psykoterapeuters upplevelser." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, S:t Lukas utbildningsinstitut, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-5153.
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Inledning: Inom den psykodynamiska teoribildningen råder delade meningar om huruvida terapeuten ska berätta om sig själv för patienten. Terapeutens självavslöjande ”Self-Disclosure”, har studerats och debatterats i psykoanalytisk litteratur. Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att beskriva psykodynamiska psykoterapeuters upplevelser av att arbeta med Self-Disclosure. Frågeställning: Hur beskriver psykodynamiska psykoterapeuter sina upplevelser av att arbeta med Self-Disclosure? Metod: I studien används den deskriptiva fenomenologiska humanvetenskapliga metoden. Kvalitativa djupintervjuer genomfördes med fem psykodynamiskt skolade psykoterapeuter på deras arbetsplatser. Intervjuerna spelades in och transkriberades ordagrant. Materialet delades in i meningsenheter vars psykologiska innebörd har tydliggjorts, deras inbördes förhållande studerats och en förståelse har uppnåtts. En pendling mellan helhet och delar har skett kontinuerligt tills fenomenets generella struktur nåtts. Resultat: I analysen framkom sju generella strukturer ur materialet; miljö, personlighet, frågor och svar, om tankar och känslor i terapirummet, om livet utanför terapirummet, känslomässiga upplevelser av Self-Disclosure och Self-Disclosures påverkan på terapiprocessen. Miljö och personlighet ansågs som ofrånkomliga självavslöjanden. Verbala utsagor och uppvisande av känslouttryck kunde ske både avsiktligt och oavsiktligt. Self-Disclosure kunde både försvåra och befrämja terapiprocessen. Diskussion: Trygghet och kontakt betonas som centralt för den terapeutiska processen av samtliga terapeuter i studien. Self-Disclosure bör användas med hänsyn till vilken patient det gäller och vilken fas terapiprocessen befinner sig i. Både innehåll och kontext har betydelse för effekten av Self-Disclosure. Ett pragmatiskt förhållningssätt kan gynna terapiprocessen. Konsekvenserna kan inte förutses utan det centrala är terapeutens uppmärksamhet på hur den upplevs och vilken påverkan den har för terapiprocessenIntroduction: Within the psychodynamic theory, there are different opinions whether the therapist should tell the patient about himself. The therapists self-disclosure have been studied and discussed in psychoanalytic literature. The purpose of this article is to describe psychodynamic psychotherapists experiences of working with Self-Diclosure. Question: How do psychodynamic psychoterapists describe their experiences of working with Self-Disclosure? Method: The study uses the descriptive phenomenological human scientific method. Qualitative deep interviews was made with five psychodynamic psychotherapists at their office. The interviews were recorded and transcribed word for word. The material was divided into meaning units whose psychological content was elucidated, their mutual relations was studied and an understanding has been achieved. An continuous oscillation between the whole and the parts was made until the structure of the phenomenon was discovered. Result: In the analysis seven general structures were discovered. Milieu, personality, questions and answers, thoughts and feelings in the therapy room, life outside therapy, emotional experiences of Self-Disclosure and Self-Disclosure and its influence on the therapy process. Milieu and personality were regarded as inevitable Self-Disclosure. Verbal statements and emotional expressions could be both intentional and unintentional. Self-Disclosure can both hinder and facilitate the therapy process. Discussion: Safety and contact are emphasised as central in the therapy process by all therapists in the study. Self-Disclosure ought to be used with regard to both the patient and the phase in the therapy process. Both the content and the context are of importance for the consequence of Self-Disclosure. A pragmatic stance can favour the therapy process. The consequences cannot be foreseen but the most important is the therapist`s attention to how it is experienced and how it influence the therapy process.
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Vito, Diana. "Affective self-disclosure, conflict resolution and marital quality." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0023/NQ36799.pdf.
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Bitter, James. "Self-Disclosure and Storytelling in Adlerian Family Therapy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/6117.
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Vande, Zande Ann R. (Ann Rachel). "Perceptions of Self-Disclosure in Interpersonal Compliance-Gaining." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1988. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500490/.
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One hundred thirty-five undergraduate students were queried at North Texas State University. Perceptions of self-disclosure as a compliance-gaining tactic were surveyed. A fifteen item questionnaire was utilized. Fourteen questions were tested by an analysis of variance. One question was tested by chi-square. Data indicated that self-disclosure was viewed as an effective compliance-gaining tactic for both males and females; but females were perceived as more effective than males utilizing the tactic. Self-disclosure utilized as a compliance-gaining tactic was perceived as appropriate by both males and females. Results indicated females and males have similar perceptions regarding the appropriateness of utilizing the self-disclosure tactic. Male and female raters did not differ significantly from each other.
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Wakefield, Curt Ryan Larson Suzanne. "Self-disclosure and cohesion in the religious classroom." [Cedar City, Utah : Southern Utah University], 2009. http://unicorn.li.suu.edu/ScholarArchive/Communication/WakefieldCurt.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Southern Utah University, 2009.Title from PDF title page. "July 2009." "In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree [of] Master of Arts in Professional Communication." "A thesis presented to the faculty of the Communication Department at Southern Utah University." Dr. Suzanne Larson, Thesis Supervisor Includes bibliographical references (p. 30-34).
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Lea, James. "An exploration of therapist self-disclosure in psychotherapy." Thesis, Bangor University, 2009. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-exploration-of-therapist-selfdisclosure-in-psychotherapy(e82a9de3-7764-4647-9da0-d1ac5a2a8565).html.
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Major Issues: Views regarding intentional self-disclosure are closely linked to theoretical orientation; some believe it is beneficial and others suggest that it is potentially harmful. Specific forms of therapist self-disclosure exist, and it has been suggested that self-disclosure of sexuality can be therapeutically beneficial when both therapist and client identify as gay. Methods: A literature review was conducted focussing on the role of models, assertion and evidence within the area of therapist self-disclosure. A qualitative research study was also conducted with five clinical psychologists. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore participant's views and experiences of disclosing their sexuality to gay male clients. Data was analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Findings: The research and theoretical evidence in the literature review suggested that intentional therapist self-disclosure can be helpful, unhelpful or both. Limitations of the reviewed research evidence were noted, and it appears that use and non-use of self-disclosure is based primarily on theoretical constructs and personal perspectives. These issues are discussed in relation to clinical practice. The results from the research study suggest that gay clinical psychologists felt that direct disclosure of their sexuality could have beneficial and potentially negative effects on psychotherapeutic work with gay clients. The analysis revealed six superordinate themes: being gay in a straight world; disclosure and the therapeutic agenda; the contexts of disclosure; other ways of knowing; disclosure of sexuality: a big deal; and the invisible curriculum. These findings are discussed in relation to previous research, implications for practice and training. Conclusion: The findings of the literature review and research study indicate that therapist self-disclosure is a complex area, and may be beneficial or unhelpful within therapy. Future empirical research on therapist self-disclosure is necessary, however the current work provides some evidence in relation to the disclosure of sexuality to clients.
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Grasson, Caitlin Marie. "EXPLORING FACTORS FACILITATING SEXUAL SELF-DISCLOSURE FOR WOMEN." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/66.
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Sexual Self-Disclosure is an important part of a relationship, however, often times, women do not feel it is appropriate to engage in. Specifically, many women do not disclose their sexual preferences, or what acts they do or do not find satisfying, with their partner. This lack of sexual self-disclosure keeps women from being able to have their own sexual needs met. This phenomenological study aimed to understand the factors that facilitate sexual self-disclosure for women in relationships. The participants (n=8) were women between the age of 24-30 who were in a committed sexual relationship for more than three months, but less than two years. Data was collected using semi-structured interviews and then two major themes and seven sub-themes were identified to describe the experience of women. The results from the study suggest that women go through a journey of exploration, and then experience a positive feedback loop which maintains sexual self-disclosure in their relationship.
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Chui, Li Lai-shun Dorothea. "Face orientation and self-disclosure of ability and morality : does gender make a difference? /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21213252.
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Carver, Amanda LeAnne. "Intrapersonal communication and post-disclosure dialectics an examination of the dialectical tensions experienced following self-disclosure /." Lynchburg, Va. : Liberty University, 2006. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu.
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Flaherty, Dee Giffin. "Telling our stories a phenomenological study of the leader's gendered experience of self-disclosing /." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1164899101.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed April 3, 2007). Advisor: Carolyn B. Kenny. Keywords: self-disclosure, leaders, hermeneutic phenomenology, self-awareness, communication, gender. Includes bibliographical references (p. 262-274).
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Ng, H. Mei. "PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION: A POSSIBLE MECHANISM LINKING SELF-DISCLOSURE OF AN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE TO HEALTH BENEFITS." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1163549673.
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IIJIMA, YOSHIHIKO. "RISK DISCLOSURE IN SECURITIES EXCHANGE AND MEDICAL TREATMENT CONTRACTS." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/11337.
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Wu, Zhuoyun. "Anonymity, private self-awareness & online self-disclosure : an examination for blogging activities /." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2009. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?mphil-com-b2374988xf.pdf.
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Thesis (M.Phil.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2009."Submitted to Department of Media and Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-79)
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Cyr, Yolande. "Self-disclosure by marital therapists and consequent spouse responses." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5152.
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Tong, Alice S. H. "Patterns of self-disclosure among Caucasian and Chinese students." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0007/MQ46221.pdf.
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Surprenant, Amanda M. "Measuring Trust in Virtual Worlds: Avatar-Mediated Self-Disclosure." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5522.
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This study investigated the development of trust between strangers interacting via avatars in virtual worlds. The first part of the study analyzed perceived trustworthiness based on the visual appearance of avatars; the second part makes observations of two strangers self-disclosing information via avatars in a virtual world; the third part analyzed an experimental situation of two individuals interacting via avatars, where avatar appearance was changed and participants were recruited based on their experience with interacting with others via avatars. Findings showed that perceived trustworthiness does vary based on the visual appearance of the avatar. A positive relationship was found for self-disclosure and experience, in that those who have previously chosen to participate in a virtual world were more likely to share more detailed information about themselves. Non-significant differences in self-disclosure were found for avatar appearance; however, experience in using virtual worlds was significantly different for the willingness to share information before engaging in a task: experienced participants shared more information than inexperienced participants. This suggests that self-disclosure might be influenced by appearance at the point of formation in that the experienced are willing to overlook the avatar, and less so when there are other sources of information to base trust-behavior on (Altman & Taylor, 1973; Nowak & Rauh, 2006). Recommendations were made for modifications for similar experiments trying to validate an objective measure of trust, and for continued research in the development of trust between strangers interacting via avatarsID: 031001463; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Valerie Sims.; Title from PDF title page (viewed July 8, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 135-142).
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Psychology
Sciences
Psychology; Human Factors Psychology
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Hagger, Barbara Florence. "An exploration of self-disclosure after traumatic brain injury." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3080/.
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Aims: To investigate the motivation for concealment and disclosure of issues related to acquired and traumatic brain injury, and the association of these motivations with a range of possible predictors and outcomes (specifically, self-esteem, social support, social avoidance, loneliness, life satisfaction and community integration). Method: Three studies were carried out. The first (N=18) was a qualitative exploration of the reasons why people with acquired brain injury and their family carers chose to disclose or conceal information about the brain injury. In the second (N=55) two questionnaires were developed from the first study (the Non-Disclosure and Self-Disclosure questionnaires). These focused on the motivations of the person with the brain injury, one addressing motivations to conceal and the other motivations to disclose. Assessments of the reliability and validity of these measures were carried out. The third study (N=65) investigated the relationships between these motivations to conceal/disclose and some possible predictors and outcomes of these motivations. Findings: In the first study, a range of motivations for disclosure (e.g. seeking social support) and for concealment (e.g. avoiding the negative reactions of others) emerged from the data. In the second study, the derived questionnaires showed good internal consistency (the Cronbach’s alpha levels are N-DQ = .92 and S-DQ = .92) and the test-retest reliability (ICC= ranged from .38 to .805). Predicted significant correlations with Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation and N-DQ1 (r=.418, n=55, p=.002) and with the Distress Disclosure Index and S-DQ2 (r=.595, n=54, p=.001) provided evidence of their concurrent validity. In the third study, as hypothesized, higher motivations to conceal (i.e. high N-DQ scores) were significantly correlated with lower self esteem (r = -.357, n = 65, p = .003 with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory); higher social avoidance (r = .345, n = 64, p = .005 with the SAD); and greater loneliness (r = .380, n = 65, p = .002 with the University of California Los Angeles loneliness scale). The results of a mediation analysis were consistent with the hypothesis that higher motivations to conceal had an impact on general life satisfaction (as measured by the LiSat-11) via the mediation of social avoidance (SAD) and loneliness scale (UCLA). However, the hypothesis related to social support was not supported. Conclusions and implications: Many people affected by a brain injury and their families are concerned about the negative and positive impact that disclosure of information about the brain injury may have. Concern about the negative impact may be associated with negative views of the self, and have a range of negative social consequences. However, disclosure in some circumstances does, in reality, have a negative impact. People with an acquired brain injury and their families may need support in learning to conceal and disclose information about their injury in a more effective way.
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Lowrey, Kimberly D. (Kimberly Dawn). "Effects of Note-Taking on Self-Disclosure Among Prisoners." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500369/.
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The effects of note-taking on self-disclosure during a clinical interview among prisoners were investigated. Participants consisted of 60 male and female inmates incarcerated in a minimum security prison. Subjects within each gender were randomly assigned to either high note-taking, low note-taking or no note-taking conditions. Subjects were asked to discuss intimate information during an interview while varying levels of notes were taken. Self-disclosure was assessed using items from the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank. A 3 x 2 ANOVA was conducted. No significant main effects were found. However, a significant interaction was found. Further analysis revealed that females in the high note-taking condition disclosed less than females in the no note-taking condition. Some theoretical and clinical implications are suggested.
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Payne, Krystal R. "Gender and Self-Disclosure in the Jury Selection Process." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1338475993.
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Bitter, James Robert, and Rebekah J. Byrd. "Human Conversations: Self Disclosure & Storytelling in Adlerian Therapy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/920.
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Starting with Adler’s original work with families in an open forum, there is a long history of both self-disclosure and storytelling in therapeutic practice. This presentation traces that history and identifies the purposes and goals of these interventions in Adlerian therapy. Demonstrations of effective use are provided. Participants will learn the purposes and therapeutic goals for self-disclosure & storytelling in Adlerian counseling & therapy. Participants will learn guidelines for appropriate use of self-disclosure and storytelling in therapy.
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Bitter, James Robert, and Rebekah J. Byrd. "Human Conversations: Self-disclosure & Storytelling in Adlerian Therapy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/908.
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Ammerman, Brooke A. "CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSEQUENCE OF NON-SUICIDAL SELF-INJURY DISCLOSURE." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/514342.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is linked to several adverse effects (Bentley et al., 2015; Klonsky et al., 2013; Plener et al., 2015). However, only approximately half of those engaging in NSSI ever disclose their behavior (Armiento et al., 2014; Martin et al., 2010), with less than 15% reporting they disclosed to a healthcare provider (Hasking et al., 2015). Despite the critical role of disclosure in NSSI reduction and treatment, there is a dearth of research aimed at understanding those who disclose NSSI, to whom they disclose, and the outcomes of choosing to disclose. This is, in part, due to the absence of measures that assess perceived reactions of NSSI disclosure recipients. The current project examined these facets of NSSI disclosure through two related studies. Study 1 used an undergraduate sample (N=452) with a history of NSSI to (1) identify factors that may discriminate between those who do and do not disclose their NSSI behavior and (2) better understand the choice of NSSI disclosure recipient. Results indicated that individuals who disclosed their NSSI reported greater inter- and intra- personal motivations for NSSI and increased rates of suicide plans and attempts; groups did not differ on NSSI severity, emotional distress vulnerabilities (e.g., distress tolerance, perceived stress, suicidal ideation), or interpersonal obstacles (i.e., social support, stigma internalization). Among those who disclosed their NSSI (N=271), peers were the most common disclosure recipient. Study 2 validated a new measure of perceived social reactions upon disclosure of NSSI, the Self-Injury Social Reactions Questionnaire (SI-SRQ), and provided preliminary information about the associations between perceived social reactions and NSSI disclosure characteristics. A three-factor structure of the SI-SRQ assessing positive (tangible aid, emotional support) and negative social reactions was supported in both an undergraduate (N=269) and community (N=217) sample. Overall, the psychometric properties of the SI-SRQ were supported. However, findings did not demonstrate a relationship between disclosure characteristics (i.e., peer recipient choice, number of disclosures, involuntary disclosure) and positive or negative social reactions. Results from the current project highlights the importance of one's social context (i.e., facilitating conversations about mental health) on the likelihood of NSSI disclosure and the need for more explicit discussions about NSSI engagement, facilitated by both family members and healthcare providers. Furthermore, by examining a newly developed measure to assess perceived reactions to NSSI disclosure, the current project identified three main forms of social reactions an individual may receive upon disclosing their NSSI. Although preliminary, these findings may help inform educational efforts about responding to NSSI disclosures more effectively, such as by providing information about counseling or other services and more general, emotional support.
Temple University--Theses
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Rose, Grace (Grace Elizabeth). "History of Self-Disclosure and Premature Termination from Therapy." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1985. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc504574/.
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The present study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that female clients who tend to terminate therapy prematurely will have been assigned to a male therapist. The study also tested the hypothesis that female clients who defect from therapy will have reported a history of low self-disclosure to individuals of the same sex as their therapist. Neither hypothesis was supported by the results of this study, but findings suggest a possible bias in the manner by which male and female therapists select their clients for therapy. It also appears that female defectors may be over-identifying with their family of origin or that they may be overly dependent on it as a resource system. This may be the reason for their apparent difficulty in developing a prototype that will accommodate their therapist.
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Alwardt, Nancy Curtin. "Can we talk? : Gender and age differences in self-disclosure among close friends /." View online, 1995. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998780843.pdf.
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Koukkula, M. (Michelle). "The role of online communication to adolescents’ friendship quality, self-disclosure, and self-esteem." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805312038.
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The development of online communication has changed the ways people communicate. Today’s generation of adolescents grew up with these technologies and are among the extensive users (Shapiro & Margolin, 2014). Although justifications have been laid on adolescents’ regular use, there is minimum understanding towards the values and capabilities of online communication to this age group (Poole & Peyton, 2013). This study examined the possible positive outcome of online communication towards adolescents’ friendship quality. A self-report questionnaire which is a combination of three existing measures was used to examine the ways participants use online communication. The Network of Relationship Inventory (NRI) by Furman & Buhrmester (1985) was used to measure online communication and friendship quality. Supporting Questions were asked to help understand the relationship. The self- Disclosure Index developed by Miller, Berg & Archer (1983) was used to measure the extent of disclosure. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to evaluate individual self-esteem. The result showed a significant relationship between the frequency of use of online communication and friendship quality subscales support and satisfaction. However, an insignificant result was shown in subscale conflict. A significant result was shown on disclosure and friendship quality and weak significance on disclosure and self-esteem. The relationship between online communication and self-esteem showed an insignificant result. The findings that online communication positively impacts support and satisfaction is a good start for understanding the adolescents’ consistent use of online communication. Limitations of the study and future directions are discussed.
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Sullivan, Kathleen. "Male Self-Disclosure of HIV-Positive Serostatus to Sex Partners." Diss., University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/22069.
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HIV-positive men face multiple challenges when deciding whether or not to disclose their serostatus to sex partners. This survey design using repeated measures examined disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus to sex partners in an ethnically diverse population of men (N= 93) recruited from the community in O'ahu, Hawai'i. The framework guiding the research was Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 1987), with a specific focus on self-efficacy for disclosure decision-making and for negotiating safe sex. The aims of the research were to: 1) describe HIV serostatus disclosure to sex partners; 2) describe self-efficacy for disclosure to sex partners and self-efficacy for negotiating safer sex; 3) determine the relationships between demographic, HIV-illness, drug use history, self-efficacy and sex partner variables (relationship status, serostatus), and self-disclosure, and; 4) determine the relationships between demographic, HIV-illness, drug use history, self-efficacy, sex partner variables, self-disclosure, and condom use by the men in the sample. A convenience sample of HIV-seropositive men was enlisted through both active outreach and passive recruitment (posters and public advertisement). Survey responses were anonymous, as the subject matter being asked was sensitive in nature. Results reveal that self-disclosure to sex partners varied based on sex partner serostatus and relationship status, and was significantly influenced by perceived self-efficacy, by income, education, years since diagnosis and contextual factors including cocaine use before sex. Subjects were least likely to disclose to a sex partner whose serostatus was not discussed. An unknown partner serostatus was also significantly associated with less disclosure. The more committed the relationship, the greater the likelihood that a subject would self disclose. The longer the time since initial HIV diagnosis the more likely a subject was to disclose to sex partners. High self-efficacy scores were associated with self-disclosure, and with condom use. Cocaine use before sex was associated with less disclosure and less condom use. Self-disclosure was significantly associated with condom use as well. Although a causal relationship is not implied, self-disclosure practices did influence safe sex behavior. Implications for nursing and for future research are discussed.
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Acquah, Shirley A. "Physician-Patient Communication in Ghana: Multilingualism, Interpreters, and Self-Disclosure." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1305026002.
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Turner, Shores Franklin. "Utilizing self-disclosure in preaching to address four postmodern challenges." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 2002. http://www.tren.com.
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Nguyen, Melanie. "Exploring online self-disclosure: Synchronicity, time, trust and relationship context." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8585.
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This thesis explored the effect of communication mode on self-disclosure in a mental health context. It is often noted in empirical research that self-disclosure is greater in online than offline conversations (Antheunis, Valkenburg, & Peter, 2007; Christofides, Muise, & Desmarais, 2009; Coleman, Paternite, & Sherman, 1999; Joinson, 2001b; Tidwell & Walther, 2002). Although computer-mediated communication (CMC) theories differ in their explanation for how cyberspace facilitates self-disclosure, this finding of greater online self-disclosure is consistent with theoretical discussions concerning mediated communication. Empirical research, however, has also found greater self-disclosure face-to-face than in computer-mediated communication (Rimondi, 2002; Schiffrin, Edelman, Falkenstern, & Stewart, 2010; Stritzke, Nguyen, & Durkin, 2004). In some instances, no significant differences between CMC and offline interactions (Buote, Wood, & Pratt, 2009; Kiesler, Zubrow, Moses, & Geller, 1985; Mallen, Day, & Green, 2003). In addition to examining differences between online and offline communication, research is required to assess the effect of synchronicity. Online counselling research noted the necessity of research into email conversations, stating that both counsellors and clients reported a preference for email counselling (DuBois, 2004). This need to examine email interactions is echoed in the lack of research assessing self-disclosure in asynchronous modes of communication. Synchronicity and medium comparisons are based on the assumption that self-disclosure online is solely influenced by differences in communication medium. Consideration should also be made of factors known to affect self-disclosure online. One such factor is trust. Research has reported a positive correlation between trust and self-disclosure in online and offline environments (Henderson & Gilding, 2004; Metzger, 2004; Steel, 1991; Wheeless & Grotz, 1977). These studies, however, examined either face-to-face FTF interactions or CMC and therefore did not allow for comparison of the trust-disclosure relationship between online and offline communication. Another factor to consider is time. Since online counselling often spans multiple sessions, and relationships change through time, the trajectory of self-disclosure over several sessions should be examined. Further, self-disclosure is context and audience specific. Social norms governing interactions between friends are different from those of the client-professional relationship. Research into disclosure practices online have primarily been in social or problem solving contexts (Tidwell & Walther, 2002). In each scenario, participants interact as peers. The applicability of these findings to online counselling is questioned. Therefore, considering both medium-based and communication-based factors of self-disclosure, this thesis compared frequency of self-disclosure (divided into question-prompted, reciprocal and unprompted self-disclosure) in a 2 (relationship context: Social or Coaching) x 3 (medium: FTF, IM, Email) x 4 (4 weekly sessions) factorial design. The effect of trust was examined through correlations between a trust rating and frequency of self-disclosure. Sixty participants completed a demographics questionnaire and were randomly allocated to one of the six between-groups conditions. Participants were instructed to either “get-to-know” their partner (the author of this thesis) or participate in a coaching psychology program led by the author. At the conclusion of each session, participants were asked to rate their trust of the experimenter. Three-way mixed method ANOVAs showed significantly more self-disclosure in CMC than FTF interactions, more self-disclosure in Email than Instant Messaging IM and more self-disclosure in Coaching compared to Social contexts. Self-disclosure was negatively related to trust, however, when trust-disclosure correlations were examined for each condition, no correlations were significant. Frequency of self-disclosure decreased systematically over the four sessions. Interestingly, the effects of media, synchronicity, time and context were different for prompted (question-prompted and reciprocal) and unprompted self-disclosure. Consistent with previous research and CMC theories, the current study found greater frequency of self-disclosure online. This result is, in part, due to the temporal fluidity of the online environment. Without the immediate reactions of communicating partners, individuals reveal greater amounts of personal information. Consistent with this view, greater self-disclosure in email communication than IM conversations was observed in this thesis. Alternative explanations for the effect of synchronicity are posited by the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation, Reduced Cues Theory and Hyperpersonal CMC theory. Further research is required to determine the mechanism by which delays in communication can facilitate self-disclosure. Theories of relationship development propose an increase in breadth, depth and frequency of self-disclosure over time. The finding of greater spontaneous self-disclosure through time is consistent with this view. Conversely, question-prompted self-disclosure decreased with each session. It could be that, as the relationship developed, fewer questions were asked. Therefore, future research should examine question-prompted self-disclosure as a proportion of the number of questions answered. The negative correlation between trust and self-disclosure is inconsistent with previous research and CMC theories. This thesis proposes that trust and self-disclosure is mediated by level of visual anonymity. Research has shown that anonymity facilitates self-disclosure (Joinson, 1999; Tanis & Postmes, 2005b). At the same time, lack of visual information about one’s partner (and arguably that partner’s reduced accountability) is not a condition which facilitates trust. Hence, while anonymity increases self-disclosure, it will also decrease trust. Further research explicitly comparing trust and self-disclosure in anonymous and non-anonymous conditions would enhance understanding of the trust-disclosure relationship, particularly in online counselling contexts. The absence of significant correlations between trust and self-disclosure in each research condition suggests no relationship between trust and self-disclosure. An alternative explanation is a lack of statistical power. This needs to be addressed in future investigations of the trust-disclosure relationship across different communication modes. The call for context-specific research was supported by the current results. Coaching contexts yielded significantly greater frequency of self-disclosure than Social contexts. This reflects the trans-media nature of some social norms. For instance, it is expected that both individuals in a social conversation would self-disclose. In contrast, only the client is expected to disclose in Coaching conditions. These differing expectations or social norms may dictate the time available for participants to disclose and their perceived obligation to reveal personal information. From an online counselling perspective, this finding highlights the need for context-specific research. For research to be applicable, it should take into account the unique relationship between clients and professionals. This thesis examines whether frequency of self-disclosure was affected by communication medium. It explored the medium-based and communication-based factors of self-disclosure and provided insights to CMC theory, contributed to the growing body of empirical CMC research and resulted in knowledge that could be applied to online counselling practice. The findings of this thesis can be explained by multiple theories of online communication, suggesting that refinement of existing CMC theories is needed. Empirical investigations into the processes underlying online counselling are also needed. This thesis is an empirical stepping-stone toward a greater understanding of online self-disclosure and how it is manifested in therapeutic contexts.
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Bitter, James Robert, and Rebekah J. Byrd. "Human Conversations: Self-Disclosure and Storytelling in Adlerian Family Therapy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/872.
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Bitter, James Robert, and Rebekah Byrd. "Human Conversations: Self-Disclosure and Storytelling in Adlerian Family Therapy." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5209.
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Self-disclosure and storytelling have been part of Adlerian family therapy and counseling since Adler's public work with families and educators in Austria. The benefits of both—as well as the cautions for use—have been well documented in the literature. Still, those who are recently trained and/or new to the profession often seem reluctant to engage clients in the kind of human, person-to-person (and person-revealing) conversations that let clients know they are not alone in the world and that encourage them to be imperfectly human. The use of self-disclosure and storytelling occurs less in training programs that put a premium on "taking a professional stance" and with practicum/internship students who are still unsure of how to use themselves in the therapeutic process. The authors describe the purposes and constructions of effective self-disclosure and storytelling in Adlerian family therapy and suggest guidelines for therapeutic decision-making and use.