Academic literature on the topic 'Self-confidence'

A confidence and an attitude toward a persons ability to accept both positive and negative that are shaped and learned through the process of studying with a view to his own happiness. While self concept is an idea, mind, feeling, belief and position known by the individual in relating to others. The purpose of this study is to know a self concept relationship with a self confident. The hypothesis of this study is there's a self concept relationship with a self confidence. In the study, researchers used a quantitative approach in an attempt to test hypotheses that had been drafted. The subject in this study is a teenager sitting in class 7 and 8 MTS miftahul ulum pandaan. The sampling technique used was staggerate stratified random sampling. The analysis of data in this study uses the scale of self concept and self confidence. Data analysis was calculated by using product moment Pearson and acquired rxy by 0.657 with an r-tab 1% of 0.254. Thus there is a highly significant correlation between self concept and a self confidence.

Self-confidence towards the studied subject is very important in order for students to succeed in their field of study. There is some relationship between self-confidence and the students’ achievement. The main objective of this study was to understand and examine Engineering Technology (ET) students’ attitudes towards the level of self-confidence or self-efficacy in mathematics during their class sessions at the Faculty of Engineering Technology (FTK), Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). This study investigated the attitudes of 332 second year students in several field of studies at FTK, UTeM in the second semester of the 2013/2014 session. Students were given a set of questionnaire consisting of statements on their attitudes towards self-confidence in mathematics. This activity was performed during one of the classes. From the findings, a conclusion was drawn regarding the attitudes of ET students towards self-confidence in mathematics. The result shows that most ET students had positive self-confidence in mathematics. However, the level of confidence was not as high and depended on the students’ situations and current environment.

The present thesis is composed by three chapters, each of them making contributions to three distinct topics in behavioral Economics. The chapters can thus be read independently from each other. The first chapter concerns an experimental analysis which aim is to examine the development of social preferences with respect to age and how they are related with lying behavior of children. The second chapter investigates the role of reciprocity in exacerbating inefficient and opportunistic behavior in hierarchical organizations, when conflict of interests between its members arises at different levels. Finally, the third chapter contains a theoretical model explaining the emergence of the gender gap in top job positions in line with recent evidence provided by experimental Economics. While both the first and the second chapter in this thesis present experimental evidence, the experimental methods differ across them. In particular, in the first chapter we report evidence from an artefactual field experiment while the second chapter presents a conventional framed laboratory experiment . By using experiments, we are able to control and to impose exogenous variation to the environment where people make decisions. The third chapter applies a theoretical approach, with the model based on recent experimental evidence on the research topic of interest. Experimental Economics represents a useful contributor to Economic theory, strengthening its predictions or providing new insights for future development (Falk and Heckman, 2009). In the first two chapters of the present thesis, experiments allow us to observe and investigate the development of lying behavior during childhood and the emergence of an opportunistic conduct in the job environment, observations which are difficult to detect with empirical data. Finally, in the third chapter we translate the recent experimental research on gender differences in a more formal and tractable manner, through a stylized model. The first chapter of the thesis experimentally examines how the interaction between lying aversion and social preferences affects children’s behavior when playing a modified version of the dictator game. In the last decade, many experimental studies in Economics have investigated the role of other regarding preferences in determining the behavior of individuals: these empirical findings have confirmed that individuals are not just interested in maximizing their own welfare but, with some limitations, they have a concern for the welfare of the others (Henrich et al., 2004, Fehr and Schmidt, 2006). Paralleling to this stream of investigation, the lying behavior of individuals has been objective of interest of many experimental studies (Gneezy, 2005; Mazar et al., 2008). However, it is still a matter of discussion whether these features are innate or if they evolve over time, and how different incentives and contexts affects their development. In order to answer these questions it is interesting to analyze the behavior of children when facing relevant economic decisions in a controlled environment. In particular, in a sample of 637 children, aged between 7 and 14, we find strong aversion to lying at all ages, and especially among females. We find that while children become more concerned about other’s welfare as aging, they are not prone to violate moral norms in order to implement their other-regarding preferences. On the contrary, lying is more likely to be determined by selfish and envy motives, at all ages. The second chapter investigates the emergence of a dark side of reciprocity in the working environment. Reciprocity has been shown to be a desirable feature in organizations, reducing the costs of aligning interests between the principal and the agent. Both laboratory and field experiments (see Fehr and Falk (2008) for an overview of recent results), have provided evidence that workers respond to generous wage levels by exerting above minimal effort, confirming the gift-exchange hypothesis first formulated by Akerlof (1982). In hierarchical organizations, however, conflict of interests between its members may emerge at multiple levels: in such a situation, reciprocity exacerbate, rather than alleviate, the negative effects of members’ misalignment of objectives. The second chapter of this thesis consists in a laboratory experiment which aim is to analyze the selection and effort distortions resulting from agents persecuting their personal interest by taking advantage of workers’ reciprocal concerns. The results show that sharing part of the three-level hierarchical organization’s profit with workers, rather than only with agents, impedes the latter to exploit their powerful position at the disadvantage of the organization. The third chapter is about the role of self-confidence in determining females’ underrepresentation in high skilled occupations. Relying on recent experimental evidence which explains the occupational gender gap as the result of different preferences and attitudes of men and women with respect to risk, ambition, self-confidence and willingness to compete (Gneezy et al., 2003; Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007; Datta Gupta et al., 2013), we derive a model to explain the emergence of gender segregation in the labor market as a result of females’ biased beliefs regarding their ranking position with respect to other (male) candidates, when abilities are equally distributed among them. In particular, in our model, women self-select into low-skilled occupations according to their (mis)perceptions about their opportunity to be successfully recruited when competing for better positions. The third chapter further illustrates the powerful impact of affirmative actions in restoring efficiency in the job matching equilibrium between firms and workers. Indeed, in line with recent experimental evidence (Balafoutas and Sutter, 2012; Niederle et al., 2013), we provide a theoretical foundation to sustain the importance of implementing calibrated gender quota in order to restore the efficiency of job matching between high skilled firms and candidates, by encouraging skilled women to enter competition for top job market positions and thus increasing the diversity of qualified applicants.
La presente tesi è composta da tre capitoli, ciascuno dei quali facenti riferimento a tre distinti ambiti di ricerca dell’Economia comportamentale. Ciascun capitolo può quindi essere letto in maniera indipendente rispetto agli altri. Il primo lavoro consiste in un’analisi sperimentale volta ad analizzare lo sviluppo di comportamenti disonesti condizionatamente all’emergere di preferenze sociali nei bambini, in diverse fasce d’età e per genere. Il secondo lavoro analizza il ruolo della reciprocità nell’esacerbare, invece che nell’alleviare, l’emergere di comportamenti opportunistici e inefficienti all’interno di organizzazioni di tipo gerarchico, nelle quali i conflitti di interessi si evidenziano su più livelli. Infine, il terzo capitolo consiste in un modello teorico che intende spiegare il presente divario tra uomini e donne nelle posizioni di management basando le proprie assunzioni sulle ultime evidenze sperimentali. Nonostante i primi due capitoli siano entrambi basati su dati sperimentali, il metodo applicato è differente. In particolare, mentre il primo capitolo consiste in un field experiment realizzato con i bambini all’interno delle scuole, il secondo capitolo si basa su un tradizionale esperimento in laboratorio. Attraverso l’economia sperimentale è possibile controllare l’ambiente in cui gli individui prendono le loro decisioni, imponendo delle variazioni esogene sulla variabile di interesse. Il terzo capitolo utilizza un approccio teorico, basando le proprie assunzioni sui recenti sviluppi offerti dall’Economia comportamentale e sperimentale. L’Economia sperimentale rappresenta un importante strumento della teoria economica, ne rafforza i risultati e permette di creare nuove basi per migliorarne il potere predittivo (Falk and Heckman, 2009). Nei primi due capitoli della tesi la realizzazione degli esperimenti ci permette di analizzare lo sviluppo di comportamenti disonesti rispetto all’età e l’emergere di comportamenti opportunistici nell’ambiente di lavoro, entrambi comportamenti difficili da osservare con l’utilizzo di altri metodi di ricerca differenti dall’esperimento. Infine, nell’ultimo capitolo, le recenti evidenze offerte dall’Economia sperimentale relativamente alle differenti attitudini di uomini e donne sono formalizzate in un modello teorico al fine di spiegare il divario occupazionale tra i due sessi. Il primo capitolo della tesi ha come obiettivo l’analisi dello sviluppo della disonestà nei bambini, condizionatamente allo sviluppo delle loro preferenze sociali. Tale analisi é realizzata tramite un esperimento basato su una versione modificata del Dictator Game. Negli ultimi decenni, molti lavori sperimentali si sono concentrati sull’analisi del ruolo delle preferenze sociali nell’influenzare le decisioni degli individui: i risultati dimostrano che gli agenti economici non sono interessati esclusivamente alla massimizzazione del loro interesse personale ma, seppure con alcune limitazioni, tengono in considerazione anche gli effetti che le loro decisioni avranno sul benessere di altri indivdui (Henrich et al., 2004, Fehr and Schmidt, 2006). Parallelamente a questa area di ricerca, l’economia sperimentale si è concentrata sulle condizioni e i contesti che determinano comportamenti disonesti negli individui (Gneezy, 2005; Mazar et al., 2008). Eppure, ancora non è chiaro se tali evidenze siano il risultato del processo di socializzazione degli individui o siano caratteristiche innate. Per tale motivo è interessante esaminare in un ambiente controllato come diversi incentivi e contesti influenzino l’evoluzione di tali comportamenti nei bambini, in situazioni economicamente rilevanti. In particolare, nell’esperimento realizzato con un campione di 637 bambini, tra i 7 e i 14 anni, abbiamo rilevato una forte avversione a mentire a tutte le età, specialmente tra le bambine. Nonostante al crescere dell’età i bambini siano più propensi a valutare l’effetto delle loro scelte sul payoff altrui, essi non sono più propensi a mentire per apportare benefici monetari ad altri loro pari. Al contrario, la disonestà è maggiore tra i bambini che esprimono preferenze di tipo egoista, indipendentemente dall’età. Il secondo capitolo analizza l’emergere di un “lato oscuro” della reciprocità nell’ambiente di lavoro. La reciprocità è solitamente considerata come una caratteristica desiderabile all’interno delle organizzazioni, in quanto riduce il costo di riallineare gli interessi divergenti tra il principale e l’agente. Esperimenti recenti, sia realizzati in laboratorio che nel mondo reale, hanno dimostrato che i lavoratori reciprocano il loro datore di lavoro lavorando più di quanto ci si aspetterebbe quando viene loro offerto uno stipendio al di sopra del minimo accettabile, confermando l’ipotesi del gift-exchange formulata inizialmente da Akerlof (1982). Tuttavia, nel secondo capitolo dimostriamo come nelle organizzazioni gerarchiche gli interessi dei membri che le compongono possano divergere su più livelli: in tale situazione la reciprocità esaspera, invece di alleviare, le inefficienze risultanti da tali conflitti di intesse. Il secondo capitolo di questa tesi analizza, attraverso un esperimento in laboratorio, le distorsioni sia sulla selezione dei lavoratori che sulla loro produttività come conseguenza del comportamento opportunista degli agenti i quali, sfruttando la reciprocità dei lavoratori, perseguono i propri interessi personali a danno dell’organizzazione in cui sono assunti. I risultati dell’esperimento dimostrano inoltre che condividere una piccola parte dei profitti dell’organizzazione anche con i lavoratori impedisce agli agenti di sfruttare la loro posizione di potere in modo illegittimo. Il terzo capitolo è relativo al ruolo della fiducia in se stessi nel determinare il limitato numero di donne in posizioni lavorative di alto livello. Recenti risultati sperimentali mostrano come la sotto-rappresentanza delle donne nel management delle organizzazioni possa dipendere dalle loro diverse attitudini e preferenze rispetto al rischio, all’ambizione, alla fiducia in se stessi e alla volontà di competizione rispetto agli uomini (Gneezy et al., 2003; Niederle and Vesterlund, 2007; Datta Gupta et al., 2013). Il terzo capitolo della tesi presenta quindi un modello teorico che spiega l’emergere della segregazione occupazionale come il risultato delle percezioni erronee delle donne relativamente alla loro (inferiore) abilità rispetto agli uomini, quando invece le abilità sono equamente distribuite tra i due sessi. Il particolare, il modello dimostra come le donne si auto-selezionino in lavori mediocri come conseguenza alla loro (errata) convinzione di non essere all’altezza della selezione quando sono in competizione con gli uomini per posizioni di più alto livello. Al fine di restaurare l’efficienza dell’incontro tra domanda e offerta nel mondo del lavoro, il modello dimostra quindi l’importanza di implementare delle quote che garantiscano l’accesso delle donne nelle suddette posizioni lavorative. Infatti, in linea con quanto recentemente dimostrato in ambito sperimentale (Balafoutas and Sutter, 2012; Niederle et al., 2013), il terzo capitolo spiega come tali politiche possano positivamente influenzare il mercato del lavoro, aumentando la diversità dei candidati ma senza intaccarne l’efficienza.

In the field of complaining behaviour, self-confidence has long been recognized as an influential factor. However, in previous studies of complaining behaviour the construct of 'self-confidence' has not been distinguished according to general and specific conceptualizations, thus the present research efforts recognizes the refinement of self-confidence as important in order to comprehensively evaluate its effect on complaining behaviour. Thus, until now it has not been established whether: (i) this influence is attributed to general or specific self-confidence; (ii) the dis/agreement (in/congruence) involving general and specific modes of self-confidence has an effect on complaining behaviour; (iii) there is an interaction between general and specific self-confidence; and (iv) both types of self-confidence are of equal managerial relevance. This study represents the first attempt to address these gaps in the literature by delineating self-confidence as general and specific conceptualizations and examining their (individual and combined) effects on behavioural intention(s) to complain. Furthermore, an evolutionary/novel perspective has been adapted to provide an alternative explanation of the nature of general and specific self-confidence as well as their relationship.

Students at a private high school in New Jersey exhibited low academic self-confidence as compared to other indicators on the ACT Engage exam. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to gain an understanding of academic self-confidence, academic performance, and learning within a sample of students. This research explored students' and teachers' perceptions of self-confidence and their impact on academic performance. The research was guided by Weiner's attribution and Bandura's self-efficacy theories. The research questions focused on 3 areas: students' and teachers' perceptions of academic self-confidence as factors impacting students' academic performance; and the perceived relationship between academic self-confidence, academic performance, and learning. Data were collected from a sample of 10 sophomore students and 10 teachers of sophomore students through 2 separate focus groups using a semistructured focus group guide. Using Clarke and Braun's framework for thematic analysis, the data were analyzed. Results revealed 2 student themes: (a) developing confidence and (b) set for success, and 3 themes from the teacher focus group: (a) student academic performance, (b) creating a positive space, and (c) student confidence. Professional development was designed for local application, including strategies to enhance students' academic self-confidence to lead to enhanced academic performance. Implications for social change includes increased student success as they transition to college.

The thesis critically reviews the relationships between anxiety and sports perfonnance, self-confidence and sports perfonnance, and self-efficacy with progress towards life goals. Limitations to previous research are highlighted and alternative theoretical explanations are offered. In subsequent empirical chapters these alternative explanations are tested. The first chapter provides a critical overview of the research area. Limitations are highlighted, and alternative theoretical explanations are presented. Chapter 2 explores the anxiety-performance relationship and provides two empirical studies that suggest that previous findings on the cusp-catastrophe model of anxiety and performance may have been due to a complex interaction between cognitive anxiety and effort required rather than between cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal. Results from both studies provide evidence to support a cognitive explanation for the effects of anxiety upon perfon-nance. Chapter 3 explores the relationship between self-confidence and perfon-nance and addresses the issue that previous research has only considered actual self-confidence (e. g. confidence levels measured within an hour of performance) and has generally ignored the nature of "self' e. g., the "ideal", "ought" and "feared" self-confidence levels that may be used by performers as reference points. Results revealed that discrepancies from these 'selves' significantly predicated 11 % performance variance over and above "actual" measures of self-confidence. Chapter 4 explores limitations in previous research into the effects of self-efficacy on goal progress; namely that this research has tended to focus only upon approach goals. However, research suggests that both goal importance and goal polarity (i. e. approach and avoidance goals) may moderate the effects of self-efficacy on goal progress. Results revealed (amongst other findings) that self-efficacy was significantly correlated with progress on important avoidance life goals but not with progress on important approach goals. The final chapter provides a general discussion of the thesis findings, suggestions for future research and applied implications.

Prior research has established that individual differences in self-esteem moderate reactions to self-relevant events. Although all people generally favour positive outcomes to negative outcomes, low self-esteem (LSE) people exhibit more affective extremity in response to artificially-contrived events than high self-esteem (HSE) people. That is, LSE people exhibit more positive affective reactions to positive outcomes and more negative affective reactions to negative outcomes than HSE people. Two competing theoretical models have been proposed to account for the self-esteem differences in mood extremity in the laboratory setting—the defensive-styles hypothesis and the life-events composition hypothesis. Evidence from two studies, the Mood-Diary Study and the Role-Playing Study, provide support for the first hypothesis by demonstrating that (a) esteem-related differences in the cognitive interpretations and causal attributions for positive and negative self-relevant events exist for naturally-occurring events as well as laboratory-contrived feedback, (b) LSE subjects claimed that these events had a greater impact on their mood and that they considered them to be more personally important than did HSE subjects, and finally, (c) LSE subjects were more variable in their moods across time than their HSE counterparts. Although esteem-related differences in mood variability were predicted for both differences in the extremity and frequency of mood changes, the differences were obtained only on the frequency of change measure. Although the evidence for the defensive-styles model was substantial, there was also some evidence for the life-events composition model, which essentially postulates that the lives of HSE and LSE which essentially postulates that the lives of HSE and LSE individuals differed markedly. Finally, an exploratory investigation of the relationship between self-esteem, self-complexity, and mood indicated that the two individual difference variables were positively correlated and that both were related to the frequency of change in mood but not mood extremity.
Arts, Faculty of
Psychology, Department of
Graduate

The significance of the project was to answer the call of California schools in their plight to stop attrition and retain teachers. This project alone or in conjunction with other programs offered by schools/school districts gives them another tool to reach their goal of 100% teacher retention. It is the belief of this project that the problems with retention could be diminished if not eliminated, by giving beginning teachers a handbook.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1990.
Title from title page screen, viewed November 16, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Clayton F. Thomas (chair), Edward R. Hines, Vivian R. Jackson, Douglas H. Lamb, Kenneth H. Strand. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-124) and abstract. Also available in print.

Целью настоящего исследования является выявление взаимосвязей уверенности в себе с социально-психологической направленностью личности, эстетической отзывчивостью красоте и модальностью восприятия. Регрессионный анализ показал, что уверенность является предиктором для переменных социально-психологической направленности - результат, эгоизм, альтруизм и для переменной эстетической отзывчивости - отзывчивости технической красоте. The purpose of this study is to identify the relationships of self-confidence with the personality socio-psychological orientation, aesthetic responsiveness and modality of perception. Regression analysis has shown that confidence is a predictor for the variables of socio-psychological orientation-result, egoism, altruism and for the variable of aesthetic responsiveness-responsiveness to technical beauty.

This review will inform revision of survey instruments to monitor self-esteem in the Go4Fun healthy lifestyle programs which promote healthy eating, physical activity and confidence building in overweight children aged seven to thirteen. The programs include: Go4Fun, Aboriginal Go4Fun and Go4Fun Online. The review aimed to answer two key questions: what short-form questionnaires for monitoring self-esteem in children aged 7-13 have been validated for use in healthcare settings?, and what validated short-form self-esteem questionnaires have been evaluated for their usability and acceptability in vulnerable populations? The reviewers provide objective recommendations and expert opinion for the inclusion of a validated measure of self-esteem in the Go4Fun program.

This paper is part of the MUVA Paper Series on female entrepreneurship. It focuses on how soft skills in female entrepreneurship programmes strengthen agency and impact economic empowerment of women entrepreneurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It draws on both the literature and lessons learned from Mozambique-based social incubator MUVA. By exploring MUVA’s entrepreneurship experience, this paper contributes to debates in the literature about the importance of soft skills in female entrepreneurship programmes for enhanced self-esteem, self-confidence and self-efficacy to strengthen agency.

Food and You 2 is a biannual survey which measures self-reported consumer knowledge, attitudes and behaviours related to food safety and other food issues amongst adults in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The survey is primarily carried out online using a methodology known as ‘push-to-web’. Fieldwork was conducted between 18 October 2021 and 10 January 2022. A total of 5,796 adults from 4,026 households across England, Wales and Northern Ireland completed the survey. Topics covered in the Food and You 2: Wave 4 Key Findings report include: confidence in food safety, authenticity and the food supply chain awareness, trust and confidence in the FSA concerns about food food security eating out and takeaways food allergies, intolerances and other hypersensitivities eating at home food shopping: sustainability and environmental impact sustainable diets, meat alternatives and genetic technologie

Introductory political science courses are usually considered Gateway courses to student success in college, yet those courses often use minimal high impact practices. This study investigates a Course-based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) as a means to increase students’ self-assessed learning gains and motivation to acquire critical thinking skills. This study used a quasi-experiment across two online sections of POLS 1101, American Government, taught at a large public Southeastern university. The experimental section made use of a CURE, and the control section did not. Pre- and post- surveys indicated significant differences in self-assessed learning gains. The section with the CURE showed more confidence and a better understanding of political science. No difference was found in motivation for acquiring critical thinking skills.

This landscape report explores the impact of earning micro-credentials on the social mobility of rural learners. Through four in-depth case studies, we show how earning micro-credentials may lead to credential attainment, workforce entry, promotions, and/or economic improvements (e.g., salary increase, prioritizing learners impacted by poverty), particularly for Black, Latino, and Indigenous populations, as well as women. All of the initiatives emphasize the need for strong regional partnerships across educational sectors and deeper efforts to engage communities of color to lead to greater impact. Preliminary research indicates that micro-credentials can—and in some cases, do—lead to job promotions, higher wages, and an increase in self-confidence for rural learners.