Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Self-categorization'
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Turcotte, Dana. "Gossip and the Group: A Self-Categorization Perspective." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cgu_etd/30.
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Gossip is a little studied topic and even fewer studies have examined gossip from the perspective of social identity and self categorization theories. However, many of the functions of gossip have significant implications for group processes, including bonding, norm transmission and reinforcement, marginalization of deviants, and social influence. Particularly for those on the margins of the group, gossip may be used as a tool to gain acceptance in the group, as gossip is an effective way to express group loyalty and adherence to group norms. Study One investigated the extent to which being a prototypical member of one's group was predictive of likelihood to spread gossip. Using sororities as the group, members were presented with a hypothetical piece of gossip and asked the extent to which the member who gossiped is prototypical, how likely they would be to share the gossip with other group members, and how prototypical they perceive themselves to be of the sorority. It was predicted that peripheral group members would be more likely to spread gossip than central group members, particularly about other peripheral group members, and particularly when the information was not highly negative. Study Two was conducted in parallel, using the same methodology, but with a piece of gossip about a celebrity instead of a fellow sorority member. It was predicted that the results would mirror those of Study One and that peripheral members would be most likely to spread the gossip. While none of the stated hypotheses were supported, there were several unanticipated interactions. In both Study One and Study Two, there was a significant three-way interaction, in that a highly uncertain respondent, a prototypical target, and relatively mildly negative gossip was associated with anticipated transmission to the highest number of sorority members. While the results were unanticipated, they are not inexplicable and the implications for research in the areas of gossip, celebrity, and self categorization theory are discussed.
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Chen, Hsinchun, Chris Schuffels, and Richard E. Orwig. "Internet Categorization and Search: A Self-Organizing Approach." Academic Press, Inc, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105463.
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Artificial Intelligence Lab, Department of MIS, University of ArizonaThe problems of information overload and vocabulary differences have become more pressing with the emergence of increasingly popular Internet services. The main information retrieval mechanisms provided by the prevailing Internet WWW software are based on either keyword search (e.g., the Lycos server at CMU, the Yahoo server at Stanford) or hypertext browsing (e.g., Mosaic and Netscape). This research aims to provide an alternative concept-based categorization and search capability for WWW servers based on selected machine learning algorithms. Our proposed approach, which is grounded on automatic textual analysis of Internet documents (homepages), attempts to address the Internet search problem by first categorizing the content of Internet documents. We report results of our recent testing of a multilayered neural network clustering algorithm employing the Kohonen self-organizing feature map to categorize (classify) Internet homepages according to their content. The category hierarchies created could serve to partition the vast Internet services into subject-specific categories and databases and improve Internet keyword searching and/or browsing.
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Koh, Angeline Cheok Eng, and ceakhoo@nie edu sg. "The Delinquent Peer Group: Social Identity and Self-categorization Perspectives." The Australian National University. Division of Psychology, 1998. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20010731.175324.
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This thesis investigates the nature and the development of a delinquent social identity. Three issues are addressed. These concern the negative identity that results from social comparison processes in school, the role of the peer group in delinquency and the variable nature of the delinquent social identity.
One argument of the thesis, which is based on the concepts of self-categorization theory, is that the delinquent social identity develops out of a negative identity because of perceived differences between groups of adolescents in the school in terms of their commitment to academic studies and their attitude towards authority. The first study in this thesis demonstrates that compared to non delinquents, delinquents are more likely to perceive their social status in the school to be low as well as stable, and are more concerned about their reputation among their peers. Also, delinquents are more likely to rationalize against guilt through the techniques of neutralization, are more likely to value unconventional norms and tend to have negative experiences, both at home and in school.
Based on social identity theory, this thesis argues that delinquency arises out of a search for an alternative positive identity through " social creativity ", which is only possible through the group. Membership in a delinquent group or a delinquent social identity offers the delinquent a sense of " positive distinctiveness " which is derived from the rejection, redefinition and reversal of conventional norms. It is only through a social identity where members perceive each other as interchangeable and share an interdependency, that such a reversal receives social validation, and that members achieve a sense of self-consistency which becomes part of their reputation. The second study in this thesis confirms that delinquents show a relative preference for a group strategy of derogation of the outgroup for coping with negative social comparison, rather than one which involves an individual strategy of competition, and that this group strategy is more likely to enhance their self-esteem. Delinquents' tendency to reverse conventional norms is demonstrated in the third study of the thesis, which also revealed that this reversal is evident only when delinquents are compared to non delinquents, and that this rejection is not total. These findings not only provide support for Cohen's subcultural theory of delinquency but also that of Sykes and Matza who argue that delinquents drift in and out of such behaviours.
In fact, this thesis suggests that this drift can be explained in terms of a shift in the salience of identity. Because the delinquent identity is a social identity, it is variable and context-dependent. Differences in attitudes towards authority, rationalizations against guilt and self-derogation can be explained by differences in the salience of the delinquent social identity. The last three studies of the thesis provide evidence of these variations with both self-report and incarcerated delinquents.
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Hardee, Alice Anne. "The effects of work group composition or minority self-categorization and performance." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29514.
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Haisfield, Lisa Michelle. "Interracial Contact and Self-Disclosure: Implicit Trust, Racial Categorization, and Executive Functioning." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/174275.
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PsychologyPh.D.
High quality interactions with racial outgroup members have been shown to improve explicit racial attitudes. However, the links between high quality interracial interactions with other cognitive and social factors have received less attention in the research literature. Contact theory posits that more contact with outgroup members leads to less bias towards outgroup members. The disclosure-liking effect posits that we like those who we have disclosed to and those who have disclosed to us. Therefore, some researchers have explored whether intimate self-disclosure in contact experiences can be used as a strategy to foster better interracial interactions. The current study found support for the use of self-disclosure as a strategy in interracial interactions to reduce executive functioning impairments typically found for both African-Americans and Caucasians following interracial interactions. This strategy was not as effective for other interracial interaction outcomes. Although implicit trust for the outgroup increased for Caucasians who interacted with an outgroup member, it decreased for African-Americans following an outgroup interaction. Intimacy of self-disclosure was unrelated to these observed changes in implicit outgroup trust. Furthermore, while this strategy reduced the salience of racial category differences for those who interacted with an outgroup member with high intimacy, the strategy also increased racial category salience for African-Americans. The study's results suggest that for some outcomes the quantity of contact may be as important as quality of contact and highlights the importance of studying effects for both minority and majority group members in interracial interactions.
Temple University--Theses
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Fraser, Peter. "Statistical versus self-categorization in identifying achieving, underachieving, and low-achieving high school students." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0015/NQ56228.pdf.
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Templeton, Anne Mills. "Physical crowds and psychological crowds : applying self-categorization theory to computer simulation of collective behaviour." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/70452/.
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Computer models are used to simulate pedestrian behaviour for safety at mass events. Previous research has indicated differences between physical crowds of co-present individuals, and psychological crowds who mobilise collective behaviour through a shared social identity. This thesis aimed to examine the assumptions models use about crowds, conduct two studies of crowd movement to ascertain the behavioural signatures of psychological crowds, and implement these into a theoretically-driven model of crowd behaviour. A systematic review of crowd modelling literature is presented which explores the assumptions about crowd behaviour being used in current models. This review demonstrates that models portray the crowd as either an identical mass with no inter-personal connections, unique individuals with no connections to others, or as small groups within a crowd. Thus, no models have incorporated the role of self-categorisation theory needed to simulate collective behaviour. The empirical research in this thesis aimed to determine the behavioural effects of self-categorisation on pedestrian movement. Findings from a first study illustrate that, in comparison to a physical crowd, perception of shared social identities in the psychological crowd motivated participants to maintain close proximity with ingroup members through regulation of their speed and distance walked. A second study showed that collective self-organisation seemed to be increased by the presence of an outgroup, causing ingroup members to tighten formation to avoid splitting up. Finally, a computer model is presented which implements the quantified behavioural effects of self-categorisation found in the behavioural studies. A self-categorisation parameter is introduced to simulate ingroup members self-organising to remain together. This is compared to a physical crowd simulation with group identities absent. The results demonstrate that the self-categorisation parameter provides more accurate simulation of psychological crowd behaviour. Thus, it is argued that models should implement self-categorisation into simulations of psychological crowds to increase safety at mass events.
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Malm, Mari-Cristin. "Fetal Movements in late Pregnancy : Categorization, Self-assessment, and Prenatal Attachment in relation to women’s experiences." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-271429.
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Aim: To explore how pregnant women experience fetal movements in late pregnancy. Specific aims were: to study women’s experiences during the time prior to receiving news that their unborn baby had died in utero (I), to investigate women’s descriptions of fetal movements (II), investigate the association between the magnitude of fetal movements and level of prenatal attachment (III), and to study women’s experiences using two different self-assessment methods (IV). Methods: Interviews, questionnaires, and observations were used. Results: Premonition that something had happened to their unborn baby, based on a lack of fetal movements, was experienced by the participants. The overall theme “something is wrong” describes the women’s insight that the baby’s life was threatened (I). Fetal movements that were sorted into the domain “powerful movements” were perceived in late pregnancy by 96 % of the participants (II). Perceiving frequent fetal movements on at least three occasions per 24 hours was associated with higher scores of prenatal attachment in all the three subscales on PAI-R. The majority (55%) of the 456 participants reported average occasions of frequent fetal movements, 26% several occasions and 18% reported few occasions of frequent fetal movements, during the current gestational week. (III). Only one of the 40 participants did not find at least one method for monitoring fetal movements suitable. Fifteen of the 39 participants reported a preference for the mindfetalness method and five for the count-to-ten method. The women described the observation of the movements as a safe and reassuring moment for communication with their unborn baby (IV). Conclusion: In full-term and uncomplicated pregnancies, women usually perceive fetal movements as powerful. Furthermore, women in late pregnancy who reported frequent fetal movements on several occasions during a 24-hour period seem to have a high level of prenatal attachment. Women who used self-assessment methods for monitoring fetal movements felt calm and relaxed when observing the movements of their babies. They had a high compliance for both self-assessment methods. Women that had experienced a stillbirth in late pregnancy described that they had a premonition before they were told that their baby had died in utero.
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Friday, Shawnta Shajuan. "Racioethnic differences in job satisfaction : a test of orthogonal cultural identification theory and self-categorization theory." FIU Digital Commons, 1997. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3419.
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The theories of orthogonal cultural identification and self-categorization are offered as links in examining the possible racioethnic differences in job satisfaction. It is posited that racioethnicity (Cox & Blake, 1991) is multidimensional with at least three conceptually distinct dimensions. Since there is a need for consistent terminology with respect to these distinct dimensions, the following new terms are offered to differentiate among them: " physioethnicity" refers to the physiological dimension of racioethnicity; "socioethnicity" refers to the sociocultural dimension; and "psychoethnicity" refers to the psychological dimension.
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Ortiz, Michelle. "The Implications of Priming the "Latin Lover" Stereotype on Perceptions of Romantic Intentions: A Self-Categorization Theory Approach." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194246.
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Media effects research has yet to shed light on the effects of exposure to the stereotype of Latinos as passionate and seductive (i.e., Latin lovers). Research on priming ethnic group stereotypes indicates that the activated stereotype affects subsequent evaluations of members of the ethnic group. This study looked at the effects of priming the Latin lover stereotype on participants' judgments of unrelated targets. A self-categorization theory approach was invoked to account for individual differences in priming effects, by assessing the role that ethnicity salience and stereotype endorsement play in priming effects. The experiment found little support for the effects of priming the Latin lover stereotype. Ethnicity accessibility and stereotype endorsement mainly moderated priming effects dealing with perceptions of an unrelated White male target's romanticism, perceptions of an unrelated Latino male target's relational commitment, perceptions of a relationally-committed female target's ethnicity, and compatibility ratings involving the relationally-committed female target. Reasons for the weak priming results are discussed.
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Young, Alison Isobel. "Influencing the Evaluation of Multiply-Categorizable Objects." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1277153205.
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Thompson, Nicole J. "Leader Effectiveness in the Eye of the Beholder: Self-Affirming Implicit Policies in Leader Perception." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52863.
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The present study employed a novel approach to extend current knowledge of how ideal leader prototypes and self-concepts solely and dually influence leader categorization and effectiveness judgments. Cluster analysis and policy-capturing were employed to examine independent and dependent variables as patterns. Findings partially supported hypotheses and corroborated previous research. Leader categorization and effectiveness judgments were self-affirming across multiple managerial performance scenarios; implicit policies varied based on the pattern of traits exhibited within their self-concepts and ideal leader prototypes. On average, people who endorsed prototypical ideal leader prototypes and self-concepts were more stringent compared to individuals with less prototypical patterns. They categorized fewer managers as leaders, perceived them as less effective, and weighed Planning, Motivating, and Controlling performance behaviors more in their judgments. The study also showed ideal leader prototypes explained variance in implicit policies for leader categorization and effectiveness beyond the variance accounted for by self-concepts; however, the self-concept remained a significant predictor of implicit policies for leader effectiveness. This novel finding suggests the self-concept, like the ideal leader prototype, is relevant in weighting performance behaviors for effectiveness judgment.Ph. D.
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Lapierre, Keith. "Exploring Students’ Interpretations of Reactions and Self-Efficacy Beliefs in Organic Chemistry in a Redesigned Organic Chemistry Curriculum." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39887.
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Organic Chemistry has been described as a challenging and confusing course for undergraduate students. Novices in the field have been struggling to understand fundamental concepts relating to organic mechanisms and organize their knowledge around surface features such as functional groups rather than deep underlying features. At the University of Ottawa, a new “Mechanistic patterns and principles” curriculum was designed and implemented, organized by the underlying mechanistic patterns that govern reactions rather than the traditional surface features approach. The redesigned curriculum emphasizes principles of reactivity in organic chemistry and is organized in a gradient of difficulty. The three studies included within this work act as part of a larger evaluation of the redesigned curriculum, specifically investigating an instrument to assess the formation of expertise in organic chemistry and an instrument to capture self-efficacy beliefs in organic chemistry as students progress throughout the curriculum.
In the first two studies, an open and closed online categorization task was delivered to Organic Chemistry II students at both the beginning and end of their course. The open sort provided insights regarding how participants choose to sort, while the closed sort measured participants' ability to categorize reactions according to their underlying mechanistic pattern. In the first study, we provide an in-depth analysis of the changes in expertise that occur with respect to the expertise of their choices and ability. Findings from this work demonstrated a positive shift from students attending to surface to process-oriented features in the open sort, as well as an increase in students’ ability in the closed sort. The following-up study investigates the relationship between the expertise demonstrated by participants in the open and closed sorts. Additionally, this work compares these measures of expertise against varies other metrics, including a high-stakes categorization task, and academic performance to increase the validity, and probes at the reliability of findings. Findings from this work demonstrate a strong relationship between the expertise demonstrate in the online task and academic performance, as well as describe an evolving relationship between the expertise demonstrated in students’ choice and ability as they progress throughout the course. While previous work in the evaluation of the curriculum demonstrated that students possess greater ability, it is unknown whether this also translates to an increase in their beliefs about their abilities.
The last study included within this work moves beyond cognitive outcomes of the curriculum to investigating the role of self-efficacy beliefs in the curriculum. Self-efficacy beliefs are defined as an individual’s belief in their capability to perform a specific task or objective successfully. This work intends to construct and validate a task-specific, multi-dimensional self-efficacy beliefs instrument for undergraduate students in the domain of organic chemistry. Pre-administration validity evidence, including test content and response process validity, was collected. Data for internal structure validity evidence was collected from a single administration with Organic Chemistry I students (N=78) to 7-factor structure within the final 39 item instrument. Due to the small sample size, these results are interpreted with extreme caution. Future work with this instrument aims to improve the validity evidence collected by expanding the sample size and evaluate the influence curriculum on self-efficacy beliefs, and who, based on demographic variables, may be benefiting the most from the transformed curriculum.
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Ryan, Michelle K., and M. Ryan@exeter ac uk. "A gendered self or a gendered context? A social identity approach to gender differences." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20060210.091938.
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This thesis examines the way in which traditional accounts of gender differences in the self-concept have relied on distal explanatory factors, and have thus conceptualised the gendered self as stable across both time and situation. This notion of
a stable, gendered self has been implicated as underlying of a range of psychological gender differences (e.g., Cross & Madson, 1997), such as those in moral reasoning (e.g., Gillian, 1982) and ways of knowing (e.g., Belenky et al., 1989). As a result, these
behaviours are also seen to be stable across time and context.¶
An alternative perspective is investigated, which looks to social identity theory and self-categorisation theory for a conceptualisation of both gender and the self-concept
as being malleable and context-dependent (e.g., Turner et al., 1987). The social identity perspective describes the way in which proximal aspects of the social context affect the expression of gender-related behaviours, attitudes, and beliefs. In this way, the social identity perspective provides an analysis of group membership, group norms, and social influence which can not only account for the differences that are observed between men
and women, but can also offer an analysis of the context-dependence of these difference and an approach by which gender differences can be mollified.¶
A series of nine empirical studies are reported, investigating the way in which individuals (a) define themselves, (b) approach moral reasoning, and (c) approach
knowledge and learning, across a number of different social contexts. Together, the results suggest that the self-concept, moral orientation, and ways of knowing are neither
stable nor inherently gendered, but are malleable and dependent on the nature of the self-other relationship as defined by the proximal aspects of the social context. The implications for traditional theories of gender differences are discussed, as are the
broader implications for feminism and social change.
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Deom, Gina Marie. "A Statistical Analysis of Changes in Ethnic Identity and Ethnic/Racial Self-Classification." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1431597472.
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Aly, Reem H. "In the wake of 9/11 the effects of identity self-categorization on the emotional and behavioral tendencies of individuals /." Connect to resource, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/6608.
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Thesis (Honors)--Ohio State University, 2006.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages: contains 52 p. Includes bibliographical references (p. 51-52). Available online via Ohio State University's Knowledge Bank.
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Vallelonga, Adam Leigh. "The relationships between self-categorisation, social categorization, high prejudice and strong sex-typing : an examination of the 'social identity perspective' /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2003. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARPS/09arpsv182.pdf.
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Lee, Joo Hwan. "Does Optimal Distinctiveness Contribute to Group Polarization?" Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1241642890.
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Castillo, Guevara Ramon D. "Coordination of Local and Global Features: Fractal Patterns in a Categorization Task." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1321372828.
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Lübeck, Maggie, and Jennifer Karlsson. "Det mångkulturella samhället : En kvalitativ intervjustudie om yttringar av rasism i vardagen för svenska medborgare." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för hälsa och välfärd, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42587.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate, through a triangulation of qualitative and quantitative methods, whether Swedish citizens with two foreign-born parents feel that everyday racism is expressed in the society. Collected empirical data were conducted through an online questionnaire and eight interviews, in which all key informants were born in Sweden but originated from Lebanon, Syria, Spain and Kosovo. Previous research shows that the concept of immigrants tends to represent only a homogeneous cultural of non-indigenous ethnicities and that this unit is subordinate to the dominant Swedish identity. Being categorized as immigrants in Sweden can lead to stigmatization, racism, discrimination and exclusion in areas such as education, working life and income regardless of generation. It is therefore believed that cultural and social rankings have emerged between “Swedes” and “immigrants”, which means that the concept of immigrants has become a category that also subordinates individuals and collectively. Collected empirical data was analysed on the basis of Erving Goffman, Jan Inge Jönhill and Charles Horton Cooley theories and the results showed that informants carry experiences of racism that are a combination of structural knowledge and personal experiences. One can therefore describe the experiences as a cultural legacy of consciousness or a high knowledge of both previous social and current existing exclusions that have historically occurred or usually occur within a society today.
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Lindqvist, Felicia. "Who are the Hilltop Youth? : Perception of self vs. Perception of researchers." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96446.
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This qualitative study focuses on perceptions of actors within protracted social conflicts and the value of using self-categorization as a tool to increase understanding of conflict actors as a step towards to finding alternative solutions. It compares self-perceptions of the Hilltop Youth, a radical settler group in the West Bank region in the Middle East, to categorizations used in all of the established literature on the group. Five categories that are recurring in the literature on the Hilltop Youth (terrorists, vigilantes, active flank within a social movement, gang, and activist) are contrasted with Self-Categorization theory and will be used as a tool to determine the self-image of the group as displayed in the digital and social media. The findings show that the category that finds common ground between the two perspectives is activists. The Hilltop Youth view themselves as freedom fighters, doing what they are chosen to do: settle the land, already promised to them. Their actions and beliefs translate to political activism this both including building homes and creating outposts as well as conducting “price tag” attacks. The findings underline the difference in perceived realities between the Hilltop Youth and researchers. Concluding the need to incorporate the perspective of the actor itself in order to create a sustainable peace based on the same reality, something that have been overlooked in previous Hilltop Youth research.
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Korp, Elvira. "“Our souls are there, we are returning someday” – Young Palestinians in Sweden reflecting on ethnicity as an aspect of identity." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23156.
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This thesis examines how Palestinian ethnicity is negotiated and embodied in different contexts by young people with Palestinian background in Sweden. It is based on semi-structured interviews and uses Social Identity and Self Categorization theory. A main result is that the Palestinian ethnicity of the respondents play an essential role for their identity building, regardless of context. While being “Palestinian” is fore-fronted by all the interviewees as central to their identities, they ascribe somewhat different meanings to the concept of Palestinian-ness - what actually makes them “feel Palestinian” or can claim a Palestinian identity. Further, the interviewees’ perception of how Palestinian-ness is generally regarded in different contexts matter. Lastly, their notion of Palestinian ethnicity is strongly connected to the Palestinian territory and the historical-political situation and conflict with Israel. Together, these themes show the complexity of identity and ethnicity, however, the interviewees relation to their Palestinian background is solid.
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Siev, Joseph J. "Identity-based preference mindsets as determinants of the effectiveness of valence-framed persuasive messages." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1556736065580733.
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Persson, Emma, and Jakob Malmkvist. "Självmedicinering? Missbruk? Eller vad? : En studie med individen i fokus." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för socialvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-5677.
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Syftet med studien var att få fram personliga betraktelser av olika kategorier kopplat till intag av narkotika, alkohol och receptbelagda mediciner av personer med egenupplevda erfarenheter. Kategorierna missbruk och självmedicinering står i fokus men det lämnas även plats för andra kategoriseringar av intag. Detta för att undersöka hur kategoriseringar kan påverka behandlingsarbete. Sex personer intervjuas om deras upplevelser av narkotika- och alkoholintag samt hur de ser på olika kategoriseringar inom detta område. Det undersöks hur intervjupersonerna definierar sitt intag eller före detta intag av alkohol och narkotika samt hur denna kategorisering har kommit till. Studien är kvalitativ och har sex semistrukturerade intervjuer som underlag för resultatet. Studien börjar med en genomgång av olika begreppsdefinitioner gällande missbruk samt en genomgång av narkotikastrafflagen. Därefter redovisas forskning som tar upp attityder angående missbruk ur professionella behandlares perspektiv. I teoridelen tas tre teorier upp, Culture in action-teorin, självmedicinerings-hypotesen och stämplingsteorin. Resultatet visar respondenternas egna berättelser vilket är empirin som vår analys bygger på. Analysen görs ihop med de teorier som redovisats. Resultatet visar att många upplever självmedicinering som ett relevant begrepp och att den hårda kategoriseringen av missbrukare påverkar de stämplade starkt. Kategoriseringen av intag ser olika ut beroende på i vilket livsstadie personen befinner sig. Något som också spelar stor roll är i hur stor utsträckning intaget tagit över personens liv. Det framkom tankar om att den hårda kategoriseringen inom behandlingar upplevs som nedtryckande och stämplande. En mer individanpassad missbruksvård var önskad. Det framkom även vissa paralleller mellan respondenterna och självmedicinerings hypotes.The purpose of this study was to reach personal views on categorization of the intake of natcotics, alcohol and prescription drugs by people with personal experiences on the subject. The categories drug abuse and self medication where the core categories but there where room for other categorization of intake. The purpose was to see how categorization can affect addiction treatment. Six persons where interviewed on their experiences of drugs and alcohol and their views on the categorization of these topics. The persons tell how they define their intake (or former intake) of drugs or alcohol and how this categorization came to be. This is a qualitative study the result is based on six semi structured interviews. It starts with a review on different definitions of addiction and the Swedish drug laws. Thereafter there is a presentation on research about the attitudes of professional addict treaters. The study contains three theories. The culture in action theory, the self-medication hypothesis and the labeling theory. The result shows the respondents own testimony witch is the foundation the analysis rests upon. The analysis is done together with the mentioned theories. The result shows that most respondents see self medication as a valid concept and that the harsh categorization in addict treatment has an impact on those facing it. The categorization of intake differs depending on the life situation of the person that does the categorization. Another important aspect is how much the intake is ruling the intakers life. The harsh categorization in addict treatment is seen as suppressive and labeling. A more individualized addict treatment where wanted. The study shows some parallels with the self-medication hypothesis.
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Roschmann, Regina. "Zuordnungsprozesse bei Fußballzuschauern - Zur Salienz teambezogener Kategorien." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-121214.
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Sport im Allgemeinen und Fußball im Besonderen erfreuen sich nicht nur unter aktiven Sportlern, sondern auch unter Zuschauern aktuell hoher Beliebtheit. Angesichts teils enormer Einschaltquoten scheint es wahrscheinlich, dass Fußballspiele nicht nur von Fans der beteiligten Mannschaften verfolgt werden. Dies kann sowohl gänzlich neutrale Zuschauer als auch Anhänger anderer Teams betreffen. Während Fans allerdings durch die Literatur bereits ausführliche Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben und durch relativ eindeutige und verlässliche Denk- und Verhaltensweisen gekennzeichnet scheinen, bleibt dies für ‚sonstige‘ Zuschauer bisher unbeleuchtet. Aufbauend auf der Theorie der Selbstkategorisierung (Turner et al. 1987) widmet sich die vorliegende Arbeit deshalb – ohne explizite Einschränkung auf Anhänger einer Mannschaft – der Zuordnung von Zuschauern zu den beteiligten Teams eines Fußballspiels und beleuchtet, inwieweit diese teambezogenen Kategorien als Grundlage für das Denken und Handeln herangezogen werden. Hierfür werden theoretische Annahmen über eine Selbstkategorisierung zweiter Ordnung formuliert, welche das Entstehen salienter Selbstkategorien auch ohne das Vorliegen hoher Identifikation mit dem Team erklären. Die durchgeführten empirischen Studien stützen die Annahmen und zeigen, dass auch von Spiel zu Spiel wechselnde Selbstzuordnungen auftreten können.
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Ratcliff, Jennifer J. "GENDER-ROLE SELF-CONCEPTS AS MOTIVATORS FOR NONPREJUDICED PERSONAL STANDARDS: A ROUTE TO PREJUDICE REDUCTION?" Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1185937691.
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Deska, Jason C. "Dissociating Self-Similarity and Self-Relevance in the Own-Group Bias." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1428687828.
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Nolan, Mark Andrew, and mark nolan@anu edu au. "Construals of Human Rights Law: Protecting Subgroups As Well As Individual Humans." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050324.155005.
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This research develops the social psychological study of lay perception of human rights and of rights-based reactions to perceived injustice. The pioneering work by social representation theorists is reviewed. Of particular interest is the use of rights-based responses to perceived relative subgroup disadvantage. It is argued that these responses are shaped by the historical development of the legal concept of unique subgroup rights; rights asserted by a subgroup that cannot be asserted by outgroup members or by members of a broader collective that includes all subgroups.
The assertion of unique subgroup rights in contrast to individual rights was studied by presenting participants with scenarios suggestive of human rights violations. These included possible violations of privacy rights of indigenous Australians (Study 1), civil and political rights of indigenous Australians under mandatory sentencing schemes (Study 2), privacy rights of students in comparison to public servants (Study 3), refugee rights (Study 4), and reproductive rights of lesbians and single women in comparison to married women and women in de facto relationships (Study 5). The scenarios were based on real policy issues being debated in Australia at the time of data collection. Human rights activists participated in Studies 4 and 5. In Study 5, these activists participated via an online, web-based experiment. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected.
A social identity theory perspective is used drawing on concepts from both social identity theory and self-categorization theory. The studies reveal a preference for an equality-driven construal of the purpose of human rights law (i.e. that all Australians be treated equally regardless of subgroup membership) in contrast to minority support for a vulnerable groups construal of the purpose of human rights (i.e. that the purpose of human rights law is to protect vulnerable subgroups within a broader collective).
Tajfelian social belief orientations of social mobility and social change are explicitly measured in Studies 3-5. Consistent with the social identity perspective, these ideological beliefs are conceptualised as background knowledge relevant to the subjective structuring of social reality (violation contexts) and to the process of motivated relative perception from the vantage point of the perceiver. There is some indication from these studies that social belief orientation may determine construals of the purpose of human rights. In Study 5 the observed preference for using inclusive human rights rhetoric in response to perceived subgroup injustice is explained as an identity-management strategy of social creativity. In Studies 4 and 5, explicit measurement of activist identification was also made in an attempt to further explain the apparently-dominant preference for an equality-driven construal of the purpose of human rights law and the preferred use of inclusive, individualised rights rhetoric in response to perceived subgroup injustice.
Activist identification explained some action preferences, but did not simply translate into preferences for using subgroup interest arguments. In Study 5, metastereotyping measures revealed that inclusive rights-based protest strategies were used in order to create positive impressions of social justice campaigners in the minds of both outgroup and ingroup audiences. Ideas for future social psychological research on human rights is discussed.
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Kerviler, Gwarlann de. "La fidélité prototypique : une approche de la fidélité perçue par l'auto-catégorisation." Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090037/document.
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La perception que le client a de sa propre fidélité envers une marque n’a pas été abordée dans la littérature en marketing relationnel. Cette recherche tente de pallier à cette limite de quatre manières : (1) en démontrant que la fidélité perçue peut être approchée comme une Catégorisation de Soi comme client Fidèle (CSF) correspondant à une évaluation subjective de sa similarité (typicalité perçue) à un prototype du client fidèle; (2) en identifiant les attributs du prototype du client fidèle organisés autour de 6 facteurs : Confiance, Continuité, Participation, Information, Identité, Exclusivité - les premières dimensions étant plus fortement représentatives de la fidélité; (3) en démontrant l’influence prépondérante de la CSF sur les attentes du client et ses intentions futures et (4) en démontrant que c’est davantage la CSF que la contribution réelle du client qui détermine la légitimité perçue des bénéfices qu’il reçoit de la part de la marque. L’intégration de la CSF dans la segmentation client apparaît alors comme un levier efficace pour améliorer l’acceptation et ainsi l’efficacité des efforts relationnelsPerception that the client has of his own brand loyalty has not been addressed in the marketing literature. This research attempts to overcome this limit in four ways: (1) demonstrating that customer’s perceived loyalty can be approached through Self-Categorization as brand Loyal (SCL) corresponding to a subjective evaluation of one’s similarity to a prototyped loyal customer (one’s perceived typicality); (2) identifying the attributes of the prototyped loyal customer organized around six factors: Confidence, Continuity, Information, Participation, Identity, Exclusivity - the first dimensions being more strongly associated to loyalty ; (3) studying the strong influence of CSF on customer expectations and future intentions and (4) demonstrating that it is more the CSF than the true contribution of a customer which determines the perceived legitimacy of benefits received from the brand.The integration of CSF in customer segmentation appears to be as an efficient tool to improve the acceptance and in turn the effectiveness of relationship marketing efforts
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PAQUIER, Williams. "Apprentissage ouvert de representations et de fonctionnalites en robotique : anayse, modeles et implementation." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009324.
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L'acquisition autonome de representations et de fonctionnalites en robotique pose de nombreux problemes theoriques. Aujourd'hui, les systemes robotiques autonomes sont concus autour d'un ensemble de fonctionnalites. Leurs representations du monde sont issues de l'analyse d'un probleme et d'une modelisation prealablement donnees par les concepteurs. Cette approche limite les capacites d'apprentissage. Nous proposons dans cette these un systeme ouvert de representations et de fonctionnalites. Ce systeme apprend en experimentant son environnement et est guide par l'augmentation d'une fonction de valeur. L'objectif du systeme consiste a agir sur son environnement pour reactiver les representations dont il avait appris une connotation positive. Une analyse de la capacite a generaliser la production d'actions appropriees pour ces reactivations conduit a definir un ensemble de proprietes necessaires pour un tel systeme. Le systeme de representation est constitue d'un reseau d'unites de traitement semblables et utilise un codage par position. Le sens de l'etat d'une unite depend de sa position dans le reseau. Ce systeme de representation possede des similitudes avec le principe de numeration par position. Une representation correspond a l'activation d'un ensemble d'unites. Ce systeme a ete implemente dans une suite logicielle appelee NeuSter qui permet de simuler des reseaux de plusieurs millions d'unites et milliard de connexions sur des grappes heterogenes de machines POSIX. Les premiers resultats permettent de valider les contraintes deduites de l'analyse. Un tel systeme permet d'apprendre dans un meme reseau, de facon hierarchique et non supervisee, des detecteurs de bords et de traits, de coins, de terminaisons de traits, de visages, de directions de mouvement, de rotations, d'expansions, et de phonemes. NeuSter apprend en ligne en utilisant uniquement les donnees de ses capteurs. Il a ete teste sur des robots mobiles pour l'apprentissage et le suivi d'objets.
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Abang, Sako Astha. "Approche cognitive de la relation entre l’image de soi et la satisfaction professionnelle dans les groupes d’appartenance : cas des fonctionnaires du ministère du travail, de l’emploi et de la prévoyance sociale du Gabon." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO20002/document.
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L’objectif de cette recherche est d’étudier les concepts « Image de soi » et « satisfaction professionnelle » dans les groupes d’appartenance du travail, dans une approche cognitive et conative (affect et ses effets). Il s’agit de montrer que l’Image de soi au travail est liée aux différents niveaux de satisfaction des sujets face à leur emploi. Ces niveaux de satisfaction dépendent de leur niveau d’attentes. La satisfaction professionnelle repose donc sur le sujet et non sur l’emploi lui-même. C’est pourquoi, cette notion s’insère dans un système comprenant, d’une part, les aspects de l’emploi et ses avantages et, d’autre part, l’individu et ses attentes. L’étude porte sur 63 sujets, une population relativement réduite d’un point de vue statistique mais avec laquelle nous avons pu mettre en lumière des résultats intéressants que, par prudence, nous considérerons comme valables pour ladite population seulement.À la lumière de l’analyse corrélée des divers paramètres explorés, l’étude révèle qu’il existe réellement un système d’attentes « théoriques », strictement inhérentes au sujet, et un système d’attentes diversifiées issu des différences individuelles et culturelles. La satisfaction des fonctionnaires du Ministère du Travail, de l’Emploi et de la Prévoyance Sociale du GABON est tributaire des avantages matériels que leur emploi leur procure (bureau climatisé et équipé, voiture de service, salaires et primes…), associés à des aspects extérieurs au travail (logement de standing, revenus complémentaires, reconnaissance sociale…). Tous ces éléments participent à la construction de l’image de réussite qu’ils renvoient aux autres. Et cette image est fortement tributaire de l’image que ces fonctionnaires se font d’eux-mêmes, associée à leurs attentes. À la lumière de cette étude expérimentale qui repose aussi sur une étude théorique consacrée à la psychologie du travail dans le contexte de la fonction publique et, plus spécifiquement au vécu des fonctionnaires au travail (leur représentation de leur position, directement dans la structure, mais aussi à l’extérieur, dans la société qu’ils côtoient), il apparaît que l’image de réussite requiert une image positive de soi, révélatrice d’un sentiment de satisfaction professionnelle et personnelle. Les résultats de notre expérimentation tendent à vérifier, cette dernière affirmation, étude qui appelle des recherches plus approfondiesThe objective of this research is to study the concepts of “self-Image” and “Satisfaction” in the membership of groups working in a cognitive and conative (affects and effect). It is shown that self-image at work is linked to different levels of satisfaction issues facing their jobs. These levels of satisfaction depend on their level of expectations. Job satisfaction is thus based on the subject and not on the job itself. Therefore, this concept fits into a system comprising, first, aspects of employment and benefits and, secondly, the individual and his expectations.The study covers 63 subjects, a relatively small population of a statistical point of view but with which we could highlight some interesting results that, by caution, we consider as valid only for that population.In light of the analysis correlated the different parameters explored, the study reveals that there is actually a system of expectations “theoretical” strictly inherent to the subject, and a variety of expectations from the individual and cultural differences. The satisfaction of officials of the Ministry of Labour, Employment, and Social Welfare of Gabon depends on the material benefits that their jobs provide them (room air-conditioned and equipped, car service, salaries and bonuses…), related to aspects outside the work place (luxury housing, additional income, social recognition…).All these elements contribute to building the image of success they relate to others. And this image is strongly dependent on the image that these officials are themselves associated with their expectations. In light of this experimental study is also based on a theoretical study devoted to the psychology of work in the context of public service and, more specifically to the experiences of staff at work (their representation of their position, directly in the structure, but also outside in the society around them), it appears that the image of success requires a positive self-image, revealing a sense of professional and personal satisfaction. The results of our experiments tend to verify this last statement, which calls for study of further research
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Richards, James. "Developing a theoretical basis for the concept of organizational behaviour." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/185.
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Workplace misbehaviour is seen to be a neglected feature of organizational study (Ackroyd and Thompson; Vardi and Weitz, 2004). Where research has been undertaken into misbehaviour the emphasis tends fall into two broad categories. First of all, organizational behaviour theorists use the term misbehaviour as a means to highlight how the ‘negative’ behaviour of employees gets in the way of formal organizational goals. Secondly, radical sociologists tend to use the term misbehaviour as a means to critique Foucauldian labour process theory. Here an argument is made that suggests the disciplinary affects of new management practices associated with human resource management and total quality management have been overstated. Furthermore, radical sociologists also use the term misbehaviour as means to critique organizational behaviour accounts, which are believed to paint overly optimistic accounts of organizational life. However, on further examination it was discovered that neither a radical sociological approach, nor a traditional organizational behaviour approach, sufficiently addresses the current deficit in our understandings and explanations for workplace misbehaviour. Hence, one of the main themes of this thesis was to design a theoretical and methodological framework to address the deficit in our understandings and explanations. As such, a view was taken of how a radical sociological approach (orthodox labour process analysis) combined with an emerging social psychological perspective (a social identity approach (Haslam, 2001)) could help overcome previous theoretical problems associated with researching misbehaviour. Empirical support for this approach is provided by the detailed examination of the objective and subjective working conditions of four different sets of low status workers. The findings are based on longitudinal covert participant observations, as well as covert interviews and the covert gathering of company documents. The findings depart from previous insights into workplace misbehaviour in stressing the importance of acknowledging and investigating both the organizational and sub-group social identities of low status workers, in relation to such activities. As such, a great deal of the misbehaviour noted in the findings can be attributed to the poor treatment of low status workers by management, yet misbehaviour is equally if not more attributable to the empowering or inhibitive qualities of the many psychological groups that worker can associate with or disassociate themselves from. Recommendations are made about the direction of future research into workplace misbehaviour. There are many suggestions made and include examining misbehaviour in a wider range of settings, sectors and levels of organizations.
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Vang-Corne, Mao H. "Identity and Death Threats: An Investigation of Social Identity and Terror Management Processes in Online News." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1452210610.
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Ito, Aï. "L'ouverture de soi d'un leader sur une perte traumatique - 'Ouvrez votre kimono et je vous suivrai'." Thesis, Reims, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020REIML008.
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Cette thèse examine le rôle de l’ouverture de soi (ODS) d’un leader sur une perte traumatique au niveau meta du leadership (i.e. l’impact du leadership sur les systèmes sociaux larges). L’acte de s’ouvrir sur cette expérience universelle en public crée un effet de surprise rendant le leader humain. Un discours qui emploie cette tactique verbale engendrerait une plus forte perception des followers sur le charisme du leader et des variables associées (i.e. perception du follower sur l’affect et la confiance envers le leader, la compétence du leader et sa capacité d’influencer), comparé à un discours qui n’en fait pas usage. De plus, cet effet serait d’autant plus présent pour un leader féminin que pour un leader masculin, démontrant une situation où être une femme est avantageux. Le Chapitre 1 présente l’introduction. Le Chapitre 2 constitue la revue de littérature. Le Chapitre 3 établit les théories mobilisées et les hypothèses. Les Chapitres 4 à 8 couvrent l’influence de l’ODS sur la perception du charisme et ses variables associées : des expérimentations en laboratoire de groupes indépendants d’étudiants en Master, comparent des groupes de la condition ODS avec des groupes témoins. L’influence du genre du leader et du sexe des followers est manipulée. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats confirment que l’utilisation de l’ODS dans un discours suscite une influence plus forte sur la perception du charisme et des variables associées, et que cet effet est renforcé lorsque le leader est une femmeThis dissertation examines the role of leader self-disclosure of traumatic loss at the metalevel of leadership (i.e., the impact of leadership on large social systems). Sharing publicly this universal experience creates a surprising effect in the eyes of followers and thus fosters follower perceptions of charisma toward the leader. A speech using this verbal tactic engenders follower perceptions of charisma and associated variables (i.e., follower perceptions of leader affect, leader trust, leader competence and leader ability to influence) compared to a speech not using it. Moreover, this effect should be stronger for female leaders than for male leaders, thereby illustrating a situation where being a female leader is advantageous. Chapter 1 presents the introductory part. Chapter 2 constitutes the literature review of this dissertation. Chapter 3 establishes the theoretical frameworks used and hypotheses. Chapters 4 to 8 examine the effect of leader self-disclosure on perceptions of charisma and related outcomes: a series of between-subjects laboratory experiments of Master students, compares a leader self-disclosure condition group and control group. The influence of follower sex and leader gender are also manipulated. Overall, the results support the idea that the use of public self-disclosure of traumatic loss evokes powerful influence on perceptions of charisma and its related outcomes, and this effect is more prevalent for female leaders than for male leaders
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Smith, Jeffrey A. "A new approach to the study of emergent leadership : the application of personality patterns based on general self-efficacy, intelligence, and dominance /." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-040355/.
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Trujillo, Valencia Carlos Andrés. "Aspects of the interplay of cognition and emotion and the use of verbal vs. numerical information decision making." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7352.
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En ésta tesis se estudian 2 aspectos de la toma decisiones. Primero, se investiga la forma en que las personas categorizan atributos numéricos. Se presenta y se prueba experimentalmente un modelo del proceso mental que usan las personas para trasformar una cantidad en una categoría verbal. Bajo ciertas condiciones situacionales, el modelo es capaz de predecir conceptualizaciones verbales. Segundo, se exploran las interconexiones entre la información cognitiva y emocional durante la decisión. Se elaboran y se prueban experimentalmente cuatro modelos de la forma en que se combina la información cognitiva y emocional durante el proceso de elección, para determinar el valor de una alternativa. Los modelos muestran una alta capacidad de predicción. Esta varía en función de (1) la interacción de la información verbal y numérica con la capacidad cognitiva situacional del individuo y (2) la correlación entre los juicios cognitivos y las reacciones emocionales.The present dissertation investigates two aspects of decision making: First, I study the way in which people understand and categorize numerical attributes of products. I develop and experimentally test a model of the mental process people use to transform a quantitative attribute into a verbal category. Under certain environmental conditions, the model is able to predict the verbal conceptualization of people. Second, I explore the interconnections of cognitive and emotional information during the process of decision making. I propose and experimentally test four different models of the way cognitive and affective information is combined during the decision making process in order to determine the value of an alternative. The models display a high predictive power. Their performance is influenced by (1) the interaction of verbal and numerical information with the situational cognitive capacities of the individual and (2) by the correlation of cognitive judgments and affective reactions.
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Gardner, Jocelyn D. "Embodiment: Permanent Self-Affirmation as a Repudiation of Internal, Categorical Harms to Identity." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/928.
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Categorization is a process that simplifies thoughts into manageable pieces by grouping related entities. This reductive analysis can lead to internal harm in individuals’ overarching identities, or Ganzheiten, which is the focus of this thesis. Given that categorization is necessary to our conceptual management of the world, is there a way to counteract the internal harms it can cause? Because acts of self-affirmation can have healing effects, I argue that one manifestation of permanent self-affirmation—custom tattooing—can be an effective repudiation of the divisiveness and reduction categories cause. Custom tattooing’s permanence, individualization, and personal significance make it a great choice as a method of healing internal damage caused by external categorization. Though tattoos might not be the answer for every person experiencing internalized categorization, I have shown that it should be considered as a valid source for the self-affirmation needed to heal from or counteract such internalized harms.
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Miller, Saul L. "Self-protective biases in group categorization." 2008. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04072008-143744.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Florida State University, 2008.ETD title page, the author's name: Miller, Saul Lawrence. Advisor: Jon Maner, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 23, 2008). Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 22 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Solerti, Francesca. "Self-categorization, multiple categorization and well-being of homeless population in Lisbon." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/24071.
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Homeless people are among the most stigmatized, especially since they are commonly held
responsible for their situation. Individuals actively constructs their own identity, so a person
may or may not categorize as homeless even if encountered in this condition. The rejection
identification model holds that identification with one's own group can have a positive impact
on psychological well-being. However, studies attempting to replicate this model with the
homeless population showed opposite results: greater identification with the group was
associated with worse indicators of well-being. One factor that has been shown to be beneficial
for homeless individuals’ psychological well-being is self-categorization with multiple groups.
This study aimed to explore the impact of self-categorization and multiple group membership
on subjective well-being (i.e., negative mood and life satisfaction) of homeless individuals
living in Lisbon’s temporary housing centers for homeless people. Data were collected via
paper and pencil questionnaires (n=96). Overall, the results confirmed existing studies, showing
a negative correlation between self-categorization as homeless, and life satisfaction and a
positive correlation with negative mood. The results also showed the positive impact of multiple
group membership on psychological well-being. No significant associations were found for
service use, nor any moderating effect of perceived discrimination in the relationship between
self-categorization and psychological well-being. These results underline the importance of
reducing the salience of the label "homeless" with people in this condition, as well as of
promoting other sources of social identification among the homeless population.As pessoas em situação de sem abrigo são extremamente estigmatizadas, especialmente porque são consideradas responsáveis pela própria situação. Cada pessoa constrói ativamente a própria identidade, portanto, uma pessoa pode não se identificar como sem-abrigo, mesmo encontrando-se nessa situação. O Rejection Identification Model, propõe que a identificação endogrupal pode ter um impacto positivo no bem-estar psicológico. No entanto, estudos realizados com a população sem abrigo tiveram resultados opostos, uma vez que a identificação com o grupo esteve associada a piores indicadores de bem-estar psicológico. Um fator que se tem mostrado benéfico em outros estudos com esta população é o sentimento de pertença a múltiplos grupos. O presente estudo visa explorar o impacto da auto-categorização e da pertença a múltiplos grupos no bem-estar subjetivo (i.e., humor negativo e satisfação de vida) em pessoas em situação de sem-abrigo dos centros de acolhimento temporário de Lisboa. Os dados foram recolhidos com um questionário (n=96). No geral, os resultados confirmaram estudos anteriores, encontrando-se uma correlação negativa entre a auto-categorização como semabrigo e a satisfação de vida e ainda uma correlação positiva com o humor negativo. Os resultados mostraram ainda o impacto positivo da pertença a múltiplos grupos no bem-estar psicológico. Não foram encontrados resultados significativos relativamente à utilização de serviços, nem efeitos moderadores da discriminação percebida na relação entre a autocategorização e bem-estar psicológico. Estes resultados salientam a importância de reduzir a ênfase do rótulo "sem abrigo" com as pessoas que se encontram nesta situação, e ainda de promover fontes alternativas de identificação social nesta população.
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Scales, Monica B. "Self categorization theory predicting adolescent health behavior /." 2007. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/scales%5Fmonica%5Fb%5F200708%5Fphd.
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Onorato, Rina Sara. "Recasting the problem of self-concept change : a self-categorization perspective." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148131.
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Da-Wei, Juang, and 莊大衛. "Application of Document Self-Expansion to Text Categorization." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83638872771212010700.
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Tweedie, Janet Helen. "Mood and stereotyping : a self-categorization theory approach." Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11691.
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This thesis examines the role of mood in the social psychological process of stereotyping. We ask the question: how does an individual's mood affect the way in which they perceive both others and themselves in terms of their social identity? This area of research originally developed as an attempt to integrate findings from two important fields: affect and cognition, and group behaviour and stereotyping. Importantly, the overarching meta-theory in which these areas of research have traditionally been embedded is that of the cognitive miser (Fiske & Taylor, 1984).
Previous research has conceptualised stereotypes as somewhat rigid, inflexible by-products of the way in which we perceive our social world. Research has focussed largely on the categorization process as an information reduction mechanism that enables us to cope with our cognitive limitations. Along with this emphasis, stereotyping has been inextricably linked to prejudice and discrimination. About the same time as the cognitive miser metaphor was dominant in stereotyping research, a resurgence of interest into the effects of mood on cognition was in place. This quickly grew into a large and influential body of work that focussed on the way in which mood influences information processing strategies. Positive moods were linked to heuristic processing and negative moods to substantive processing. The integration of these areas of research led to the examination of mood's effects on stereotyping. As stereotypes were seen as a form of cognitive shortcut, they were associated with heuristic processing while individuation was associated with substantive processing strategies. Findings in the area reflected the idea that happy moods are more likely to lead to stereotyping and sad moods to individuation due to these associations. An alternative to the cognitive miser approach however, is that of the perceiver as meaning-seeker (Bruner, 1957; Oakes, 1987; Oakes & Turner, 1991). This conceptualisation is critical to the understanding of categorization within both social identity theory and self-categorization theory. This thesis examines mood and stereotyping from this alternative point of view. We conclude that previous research has failed to account for the truly social psychological context within which stereotypes are formed, maintained and applied, and the social reality of group membership of which stereotypes are a product. Further, the prevailing analysis of mood almost exclusively in terms of its effects on information processing, ignores the link between mood and self-concept which could create a more meaningful interpretation of the role of mood in stereotyping. This thesis presents four experiments which show support for its main argument: that mood influences the use of stereotypes not due to its effect on information strategy choice, but through a context dependent process of self-definition as a group member. Specifically, this thesis argues and shows support for, the idea that mood serves as a contextually relevant aspect of self-concept at the level of social identity due to the match (fit) between perceived in-group valence and valence of the prevailing mood-state.
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Liu, Ren-jia, and 劉仁嘉. "A Self-Constructing Fuzzy Feature Clustering for Text Categorization." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5y4bha.
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碩士國立中山大學
電機工程學系研究所
97
Feature clustering is a powerful method to reduce the dimensionality of feature vectors for text classification. In this paper, we propose a fuzzy similarity-based self-constructing algorithm for feature clustering. The words in the feature vector of a document set are grouped into clusters based on similarity test. Words that are similar to each other are grouped into the same cluster. Each cluster is characterized by a membership function with statistical mean and deviation. When all the words have been fed in, a desired number of clusters are formed automatically. We then have one extracted feature for each cluster. The extracted feature corresponding to a cluster is a weighted combination of the words contained in the cluster. By this algorithm, the derived membership functions match closely with and describe properly the real distribution of the training data. Besides, the user need not specify the number of extracted features in advance, and trial-and-error for determining the appropriate number of extracted features can then be avoided. 20 Newsgroups data set and Cade 12 web directory are introduced to be our experimental data. We adopt the support vector machine to classify the documents. Experimental results show that our method can run faster and obtain better extracted features than other methods.
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Metz-Sipple, Emma K. Conrad. "Proposing a Theory for the Categorization of Self Disclosure Strategies." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/23696.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Self disclosure, or sharing personal details about oneself with another, is an important communication construct that can impact relationship development, workplace satisfaction, mental health, and physical health, among other aspects of an individual’s life (Clevinger, Ablert & Raiche, 2019; Hyman, & McQuitty, 2000; Jourard, 1971; Rosenfeld, Civikly, & Herron, 1979). Much of the research on self disclosure has focused on why people choose to self disclose, how self disclosure impacts relationship development, or the risks individuals experience in regards to self disclosure (Greene, Derlega & Matthews, 2006; Smith & Brunner, 2017). The levels of self disclosure have also been studied (Harper & Harper, 2006; Morton, 1978). What has been overlooked thus far in academic research is the manner which individuals disclose information to one another. The benefits of filling this gap in self disclosure research by establishing self disclosure categories is multi-faceted. First, understanding how individuals self disclose increases the accessibility of self disclosure for non-academic circles. Categorizing self disclosure will provide individuals with the language to talk about how they make themselves known to others. Understanding how individual’s self disclose also creates new opportunities for self disclosure research among the academic realm.
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Koh, Angeline Cheok Eng. "The Delinquent Peer Group: Social Identity and Self-categorization Perspectives." Phd thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47498.
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This thesis investigates the nature and the development of a delinquent social identity. Three issues are addressed. These concern the negative identity that results from social comparison processes in school, the role of the peer group in delinquency and the variable nature of the delinquent social identity. ¶ ...
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Novo, Maria Leonor dos Anjos Pereira da Costa. "Navigating social class in childhood: Development of intergroup relations and self-categorization." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19798.
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By adopting a developmental social identity approach, this thesis aims to investigate how 6- to 12-year-old children perceive their position in the social class intergroup context, considering the interplay between contextual and motivational variables that may lead children to self-categorize as a poor child, or not.
Given that self-categorization depends upon the knowledge of the social categories at stake, we first examined how children understand the social class intergroup context. Chapter 2 reports a study using Reverse Correlation Task (N=112) showing 6-year-olds’ mental representation of the poor already conveying a negative image of this category. Chapters 3 and 4 report a mixed-methods study (N=107) about children’s stereotypes, attitudes and behaviours towards poor children, and the development of the causal attributions for poverty. Results show children’s perceptions of poor children as living in extreme poverty conditions, attributing external causes for child poverty. The development of social class self-categorization was examined in Chapter 5, that reports a correlational study (N=532) suggesting that children explicitly and implicitly self-categorize as non-poor, the less so with age. Children’s lower SES is associated to implicit-explicit self-categorization as poor. Chapter 6 shows experimentally (N=321) that youngers’ implicit self-categorization with the non-poor was amplified under conditions of social identity threat. Older children that implicitly self-categorized as poor self-distance from the stigmatizing group by showing less inclusion of the poor. In Chapter 7, the main insights and implications of this work for future studies are discussed. The implications of our findings for policy making were approached.Adoptando uma perspetiva desenvolvimental da identidade social, o objetivo desta tese é investigar a percepção do posicionamento segundo a classe social em crianças dos 6 aos 12 anos, considerando a interação entre variáveis contextuais e motivacionais que conduzem, ou não, à auto-categorização como pobres. Dada a sua importância no estudo da auto-categorização, primeiramente analisámos o conhecimento do contexto intergrupal segundo a classe social na infância. No Capítulo 2, um estudo sob o paradigma de Reverse Correlation Task (N=112) sugere que com 6 anos já existe uma representação mental negativa dos pobres. Nos Capítulos 3 e 4, um estudo de métodos mistos (N=107) sobre os estereótipos, atitudes e comportamentos face às crianças pobres e o desenvolvimento das atribuições causais da pobreza infantil, mostra que estas são percebidas como vivendo em condições de extrema pobreza, atribuindo à pobreza infantil e causas externas. No Capítulo 5, o desenvolvimento da auto-categorização segundo a classe social é investigado num estudo correlacional (N=532), sugerindo que as crianças se auto-categorizam como não-pobres explícita e implicitamente, diminuindo com a idade. Um menor nível socioeconómico está associado à auto-categorização implícita-explícita como pobre. O Capítulo 6 mostra experimentalmente (N=321) que, nas crianças mais novas, a auto-categorização implícita como não pobre foi amplificada sob condições de ameaça à identidade social. Crianças mais velhas que se auto-categorizaram implicitamente como pobres distanciaram-se do grupo estigmatizante, mostrando menos inclusão dos pobres. No Capítulo 7 são discutidas as principais ideias e implicações deste trabalho para estudos futuros e para o desenho de intervenções.
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Weiss, Liad. "Egocentric Categorization: Self as a Reference Category in Product Judgment and Consumer Choice." Thesis, 2013. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8P275B4.
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Be it a shiny sports car or a luxury watch, consumers are predisposed to approach appealing objects. However, rules of modern society restrict consumers from touching or taking objects based on a mere desire to do so. Instead, consumers must have a legal connection to an object---ownership---in order to have mastery over it. What are the cognitive implications of the transparent boundaries that society draws between consumers and objects that they do not own? Can these boundaries affect the way consumers mentally represent owned and unowned objects? How do such potential differences between mental representation of owned and unowned objects affect object evaluation and consumer choice? Addressing these questions, my dissertation suggests that the social and legal criteria that divide objects into `mine' and `not-mine' may lead consumers to classify objects as `me' or `not-me,' as internal or external to the category "self," namely to "egocentrically categorize" objects. Egocentric Categorization is suggested to be a cognitive "tool" that segments, classifies, and orders inanimate objects in consumers' environment, and thus guides consumers' appraisals of objects as well as consumers' judgment of the "self." Although ample research asserts that a consumer's possessions are associated with his or her "self," the possibility that people use the "self" as a reference category for products has not been examined. Addressing this gap in the literature, my dissertation introduces Egocentric Categorization as a new theoretical account and begins investigating implications of Egocentric Categorization for consumer judgment, behavior and choice.
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Fraser, Peter M. "Statistical versus self-categorization in identifying achieving, underachieving, and low achieving high school students." 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ56228.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1999. Graduate Programme in Psychology.Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-99). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ56228.
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Van, Bavel Jay. "Novel Self-categorization Overrides Racial Bias: A Multi-level Approach to Intergroup Perception and Evaluation." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/17318.
Full textAbstract:
People engage in a constant and reflexive process of categorizing others according to their race, gender, age or other salient social category. Decades of research have shown that social categorization often elicits stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination. Social perception is complicated by the fact that people have multiple social identities and self-categorization with these identities can shift from one situation to another, coloring perceptions and evaluations of the self and others. This dissertation provides evidence that self-categorization with a novel group can override ostensible stable and pervasive racial biases in memory and evaluation and examines the neural substrates that mediate these processes. Experiment 1 shows that self-categorization with a novel mixed-race group elicited liking for ingroup members, regardless of race. This preference for ingroup members was mediated by the orbitofrontal cortex – a region of the brain linked to subjective valuation. Participants in novel groups also had greater fusiform and amygdala activity to novel ingroup members, suggesting that these regions are sensitive to the current self-categorization rather than features associated with race. Experiment 2 shows that preferences for ingroup members are evoked rapidly and spontaneously, regardless of race, indicating that ingroup bias can override automatic racial bias. Experiment 3 provides evidence that preferences for ingroup members are driven by ingroup bias rather than outgroup derogation. Experiment 4 shows that self-categorization increases memory for ingroup members eliminating the own-race memory bias. Experiment 5 provides direct evidence that fusiform activity to ingroup members is associated with superior memory for ingroup members. This study also shows greater amygdala activity to Black than White faces who are unaffiliated with either the ingroup or outgroup, suggesting that social categorization is flexible, shifting from group membership to race within a given social context. These five experiments illustrate that social perception and evaluation are sensitive to the current self-categorization – however minimal – and characterized by ingroup bias. This research also offers a relatively simple approach for erasing several pervasive racial biases. This multi-level approach extends several theories of intergroup perception and evaluation by making explicit links between self-categorization, neural processes, and social perception and evaluation.