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Journal articles on the topic 'Selenone'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Abdel-Hafez, Shams H., Ragaa A. Ahmed, Mohamed A. Abdel-Azim, and Khairy M. Hassan. "Selenium containing Heterocycles: Part 1. Synthesis of Some New Substituted Pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]selenolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines and Related Fused Tetracyclic Systems." Journal of Chemical Research 2007, no. 10 (October 2007): 580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823407x25506.

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New series of selenolo[2,3- b]pyridine, pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]selenolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine, 7,8-dihydro-2,4-dimethylpyrrolo [1,2- a]pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]selenolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-10(6 H)-one and 7,9-dimethylpyrido[3′,2′:4,5]selenolo[3,2- d][1,2,4] triazolo[4,3- c]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesised from 3-cyano-4,6-dimethylpyridine-2(1 H)-selenone (1). Spectroscopic (IR, 1H, MS) of the newly synthesised compounds are reported.

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2

Korona-Głowniak, Izabela, Wojciech Nitek, Waldemar Tejchman, and Ewa Żesławska. "Influence of chlorine and methyl substituents and their position on the antimicrobial activities and crystal structures of 4-methyl-1,6-diphenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone derivatives." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 77, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 649–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205322962100975x.

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Derivatives of 4-methyl-1,6-diphenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone show very strong antimicrobial activity. In order to extend the current knowledge about the features responsible for the biological activity, crystal structure analyses are presented for 4-methyl-1-(2-methylphenyl)-6-phenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone (1), 4-methyl-1-(3-methylphenyl)-6-phenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone (2), 4-methyl-1-(4-methylphenyl)-6-phenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone (3) (all C18H16N2Se) and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-6-phenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone (4) (C17H13ClN2Se). Furthermore, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of these compounds were evaluated. All the presented derivatives crystallize in the space group P21/c with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The molecular geometries differ slightly in the mutual orientation of the rings. The packing of molecules in the crystals is dominated by C—H...N and C—H...Se intermolecular interactions. Additionally, in the crystal structure of 4, C—H...Cl intermolecular interactions are observed. The introduction of a methyl or chlorine substituent improves the biological activity, while its position significantly affects biological activity only in case of the chlorine substituent.

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3

Sarret, Géraldine, Laure Avoscan, Marie Carrière, Richard Collins, Nicolas Geoffroy, Francine Carrot, Jacques Covès, and Barbara Gouget. "Chemical Forms of Selenium in the Metal-Resistant Bacterium Ralstonia metallidurans CH34 Exposed to Selenite and Selenate." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 5 (May 2005): 2331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.5.2331-2337.2005.

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ABSTRACT Ralstonia metallidurans CH34, a soil bacterium resistant to a variety of metals, is known to reduce selenite to intracellular granules of elemental selenium (Se0). We have studied the kinetics of selenite (SeIV) and selenate (SeVI) accumulation and used X-ray absorption spectroscopy to identify the accumulated form of selenate, as well as possible chemical intermediates during the transformation of these two oxyanions. When introduced during the lag phase, the presence of selenite increased the duration of this phase, as previously observed. Selenite introduction was followed by a period of slow uptake, during which the bacteria contained Se0 and alkyl selenide in equivalent proportions. This suggests that two reactions with similar kinetics take place: an assimilatory pathway leading to alkyl selenide and a slow detoxification pathway leading to Se0. Subsequently, selenite uptake strongly increased (up to 340 mg Se per g of proteins) and Se0 was the predominant transformation product, suggesting an activation of selenite transport and reduction systems after several hours of contact. Exposure to selenate did not induce an increase in the lag phase duration, and the bacteria accumulated approximately 25-fold less Se than when exposed to selenite. SeIV was detected as a transient species in the first 12 h after selenate introduction, Se0 also occurred as a minor species, and the major accumulated form was alkyl selenide. Thus, in the present experimental conditions, selenate mostly follows an assimilatory pathway and the reduction pathway is not activated upon selenate exposure. These results show that R. metallidurans CH34 may be suitable for the remediation of selenite-, but not selenate-, contaminated environments.

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4

Wazeer, Mohamed I. M., Anvarhusein A. Isab, and Ali El-Rayyes. "Solid state NMR study of 1,3imidazolidine-2-thione, 1,3-imidazolidine-2-selenone and some of their N-substituted derivatives." Spectroscopy 18, no. 1 (2004): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/309130.

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Solid‒state NMR spectra were recorded for 1,3-imidazolidine-2-thione, 1,3-imidazolidine-2-selenone and some of their N-substituted derivatives. Spinning side-bands of thione and selenone carbons were analysed to yield chemical shift anisotropies for these carbons. The NMR spectrum of imidazolidine-2-thione (Imt) showed some evidence for the presence of thiol tautomer. Molecular computations were carried out for Imt and its N-methyl derivative to yield relative energies of various tautomers.

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5

Hoier, H., H. L. Carrell, J. P. Glusker, and C. P. Spears. "Structure of ethyl phenyl selenone." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 49, no. 3 (March 15, 1993): 520–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270192008230.

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6

Rostkowska, Hanna, Leszek Lapinski, Artem Khvorostov, and Maciej J. Nowak. "Proton transfer processes in selenourea: UV-induced selenone→selenol photoreaction and ground state selenol→selenone proton tunneling." Chemical Physics 298, no. 1-3 (March 2004): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2003.11.024.

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7

Altoum, Ali Osman S., Ali Alhoshani, Khalid Alhosaini, Muhammad Altaf, Saeed Ahmad, Saheed A. Popoola, Abdulaziz A. Al-Saadi, Adam A. Sulaiman, and Anvarhusein A. Isab. "Synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of platinum(II) complexes of selenones [Pt(selenone)2Cl2]." Journal of Coordination Chemistry 70, no. 6 (February 13, 2017): 1020–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00958972.2017.1287355.

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8

Anderson, Kim A., and Brandon Isaacs. "Determination of Selenium in Feeds, Premixes, Supplements, and Injectable Solutions by Hydride-Generated Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.4.910.

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Abstract A simple method is described for the determination of 0.01-30 000 μg selenium/g sample. Selenium is present in feed supplements, premixes, mineral mixes, and injectable solution as either selenite or selenate. High concentrations of other common minerals present in these supplements are tolerated by the method. The samples are initially digested by heating with nitric acid and then boiled in a mixture of sulfuric and perchloric acids to convert all selenium species to selenate. The selenate is reduced to selenite, Se (IV), with hydrochloric acid at 95°C. The selenite in turn is then reduced by acidic sodium borohydride to hydrogen selenide, which is measured by hydride-generated inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry at 196.026 nm. The instrument detection limit for this method is 0.0005 μg Se/g sample.

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9

HOIER, H., H. L. CARRELL, J. P. GLUSKER, and C. P. SPEARS. "ChemInform Abstract: Structure of Ethyl Phenyl Selenone." ChemInform 24, no. 27 (August 20, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199327052.

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10

Tian, Fengshou, Yahong Chen, Xiaofang Wang, Peng Li, and Shiwei Lu. "Oxidative Carbonylation of Aromatic Amines with CO Catalyzed by 1,3-Dialkylimidazole-2-selenone in Ionic Liquids." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/210806.

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1,3-Dialkylimidazole-2-selenone as a novel substituted selenium heterocyclic catalyst was used to catalyze oxidative carbonylation of aromatic amines with carbon monoxide in the presence of air to symmetrical ureas in up to 97% yield in ionic liquids.

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11

Šibor, Jiří, Dalimil Žůrek, Radek Marek, Michal Kutý, Otakar Humpa, Jaromír Marek, and Pavel Pazdera. "2-(3-Acylselenoureido)benzonitriles and 2-(3-Acylselenoureido)thiophene-3-carbonitriles. Preparation, Structure Elucidation, Cyclization and Retrocyclization Reactions." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 64, no. 10 (1999): 1673–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19991673.

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Synthesis of 2-(3-acylselenoureido)benzonitriles and 2-(3-acylselenoureido)thiophene- 3-carbonitriles 5a-5f by addition of 2-aminonitriles 4a-4c to benzoyl- or 2,2-dimethyl- propanoylisoselenocyanate and their cycloaddition reactions are described. Structures of compounds 5a-5f were supported by CIMS, FTIR, 1H, 13C, 77Se and 15N NMR spectra. The parameters of 15N and 77Se nuclei were obtained from inverse 1H-X 2D HMBC and GSQMBC correlation experiments at natural abundance. Structure of compound 5b was confirmed by X-ray analysis. The geometry of 5b was optimized by ab initio RHF/DZVP quantum chemistry calculation. A very good correlation between the calculation and experimental data was found. The geometry of 5e was optimized by ab initio DFT/VWN/DZVP quantum chemistry calculation. It was found that title compounds 5a-5f do not undergo isomerization to acylisoselenoureas, in contrast to analogous ester derivatives. Fused 6-imino-6H-1,3- selenazinium salts (chlorides 6a-6f, hydrogensulfates 7a-7f and tetrafluoroborates 8a-8f) were prepared by an acid cyclization of 5a-5f. It was found that neutralization of 6a-6f, 7a-7f and 8a-8f led to their retrocyclization to 5a-5f. Selenoureas 5a-5f with equimolar amounts of methanolic potassium hydroxide afforded potassium salts 9a-9f. Only the salts 9b, 9c, 9e and 9f of the thiophene series were isolated. Their heating in methanol solution led to deacylation of isoselenoureas 10b and 10c. The in situ prepared compounds 9a and 9d cyclized and deacylated to 4-aminoquinazoline-2-selenole 11a under the same conditions. The compounds 5a-5f and 10a-10c cyclized to fused 4-aminopyrimidine-2-selenols 11a, 11b and 4-aminopyrimidine-2-selenone 12c by boiling in methanolic potassium hydroxide solution.

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12

Aydin, A., H. Soylu, H. Kügükbay, Μ. Akkurt, and F. Ercan. "Crystal structure of 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazole-2-selenone, C9H10N2Se." Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures 214, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ncrs-1999-0273.

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13

Najafi Chermhini, Alireza, Mostafa Abedi, Hossein Farrokhpour, Abbas Teimouri, and Bahareh Reisi. "Theoretical studies on the tautomerism of tetrazole selenone." Journal of Molecular Modeling 19, no. 10 (August 4, 2013): 4377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00894-013-1941-6.

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14

Chermhini, Alireza Najafi, Hossein Farrokhpour, Abbas Teimouri, and Fatemah Pourmoghaddas. "Theoretical studies on tautomerism of imidazole-2-selenone." Structural Chemistry 24, no. 4 (October 25, 2012): 1215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11224-012-0153-5.

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15

Isab, Anvarhusein A., Saeed Ahmad, and Waqar Ashraf. "13C-n.m.r. studies of the binding of 1,3-diazinane-2-selenone and 1,3-diazipine-2-selenone to gold(I) drugs." Transition Metal Chemistry 30, no. 4 (May 2005): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11243-004-6966-3.

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16

Naz, Nimra, Saima Saqib, Rizwan Ashraf, Muhammad Irfan Majeed, and Muhammad Adnan Iqbal. "Synthesis of New Organoselenium Compounds: Characterization and Biological Studies." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 39, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2020.1912.

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Two new organoselenium analogs, (3,3'-(1,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(2-selenoxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazole-3,1-diyl))bis(methylene) dibenzoate (III) and 3,3'-(1,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(1-benzyl-1H-imidazole-2(3H)-selenone) (V), were derived from newly synthesized organic salts 1,1'-(1,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(3-(2-phenoxyacetyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium) chloride (II) and 1,1'-(1,2-phenylenebis(methylene))bis(3-benzyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) chloride (IV), and each was characterized by various analytical techniques, such as Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, as well as Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/Photodiode array (UHPL-MS/PDA). All synthesized compounds were tested for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Very good radical scavenging results were obtained for salts II and IV, with cell viability values of 84.6±3.5 and 56.7±5.5%, respectively, compared to their organoselenium adducts. All synthesized products showed significant activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells, but compounds II and III showed better results, with cell viability values of 40.5±2.0% and 34.4±1.5%, respectively.

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17

Cooper, Matthew A., and A. David Ward. "Synthesis and Substitution Reactions of N-Protected 2-(Phenylselenonylmethyl)pyrrolidines." Australian Journal of Chemistry 50, no. 3 (1997): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/c96148.

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Alkyl phenyl selenides derived from the benzeneselenenyl chloride induced cyclization of N-protected pent-4-enylamines can be converted in good yield into the corresponding 2-hydroxymethyl- or 2- alkoxymethyl-substituted pyrrolidines by oxidation to the corresponding selenone, followed by reaction with water (or hydroxide) or with the corresponding alcohol. Details of the reactions and possible mechanisms for the substitution are discussed.

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18

Zhang, Limin, and Thomas G. Chasteen. "Amending cultures of selenium-resistant bacteria with dimethyl selenone." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 8, no. 6 (October 1994): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590080602.

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19

Swearingen, J. W., D. E. Fuentes, M. A. Araya, M. F. Plishker, C. P. Saavedra, T. G. Chasteen, and C. C. Vásquez. "Expression of the ubiE Gene of Geobacillus stearothermophilus V in Escherichia coli K-12 Mediates the Evolution of Selenium Compounds into the Headspace of Selenite- and Selenate-Amended Cultures." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 1 (January 2006): 963–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.1.963-967.2006.

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ABSTRACT The ubiE gene of Geobacillus stearothermophilus V, with its own promoter, was cloned and introduced into Escherichia coli. The cloned gene complemented the ubiE gene deficiency of E. coli AN70. In addition, the expression of this gene in E. coli JM109 resulted in the evolution of volatile selenium compounds when these cells were grown in selenite- or selenate-amended media. These compounds were dimethyl selenide and dimethyl diselenide.

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20

Abduali, Baeshov, Ivanov Nikolay, and Myrzabekov Begzat. "Electrochemical Behavior of Selenium as Part of Composite Electrode in Sulfuric Acid Medium." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY 7, no. 3 (December 17, 2011): 1378–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jac.v7i3.2373.

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The method of productiion of the composite selenium-graphitic electrodes based on organic polymer binder was proposed. Electrochemical behavior of the elementary selenium as content of composite electrode in sulfuric acid medium was assessed. A formation of hydrogen selenide during the cathode polarization, and formation of selenite and selenate ions was shown. An influence of potential spread velocity, acid concentration, and temperature of electrolyte were evaluated. Effective activation power for cathode process was estimated using the temperature-cathodic method.

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21

Żesławska, Ewa, Izabela Korona-Głowniak, Wojciech Nitek, and Waldemar Tejchman. "Effect of the position of a methoxy substituent on the antimicrobial activity and crystal structures of 4-methyl-1,6-diphenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone derivatives." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 76, no. 4 (March 31, 2020): 359–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229620004040.

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Derivatives of pyrimidine-2(1H)-selenone are a group of compounds with very strong antimicrobial activity. In order to study the effect of the position of the methoxy substituent on biological activity, molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions in the crystal, three derivatives were prepared and evaluated with respect to their antimicrobial activities, and their crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction. The investigated compounds, namely, 1-(X-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-6-phenylpyrimidine-2(1H)-selenones (X = 2, 3 and 4 for 1, 2 and 3, respectively), C18H16N2OSe, showed very strong activity against selected strains of Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. Two compounds, 1 and 2, crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c, while 3 crystallizes in the space group P21/n; 1 has two molecules in the asymmetric unit and the other two (2 and 3) have one molecule. The geometries of the investigated compounds differ slightly in the mutual orientations of the aromatic and pyrimidineselenone rings. The O atom in 1 stabilizes the conformation of the molecules via intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bonding. The packing of molecules is determined by weak C—H...N and C—H...Se intermolecular interactions and additionally in 1 and 2 by C—H...O intermolecular interactions. The introduction of the methoxy substituent results in greater selectivity of the investigated compounds.

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22

Tanino, Keiji, Jun-ichiro Kishi, Kazutada Ikeuchi, and Takahiro Suzuki. "Synthetic Studies of Daphniphyllum Alkaloids: A New Method for the Construction of [7-5-5] All-Carbon Tricyclic Skeleton." Synlett 33, no. 02 (October 29, 2021): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1682-9415.

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Abstract Daphniphyllum alkaloids have complex molecular structures; consequently, their synthesis can be challenging. A new method for the construction of the [7-5-5] tricyclic core of Daphniphyllum alkaloids was developed. The bicyclo[5.3.0]decane skeleton was constructed through a divinylcyclopropane rearrangement of a cyclopentenone derivative with a vinylcyclopropyl group at the β-position. After introduction of a 2-iodoethyl group by a regioselective Michael addition with phenyl vinyl selenone, the [7-5-5] tricyclic system was formed by intramolecular alkylation of a cyclopentadienyl anion species.

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23

AVOSCAN, L., H. KHODJA, M. CARRIÈRE, J. COVÈS, and B. GOUGET. "PIXE ANALYSES OF THE SOLUBLE AND MEMBRANE SE-CONTAINING PROTEINS EXTRACTED FROMCUPRIAVIDUS METALLIDURANSCH34 AFTER SELENIUM OXIDES CHALLENGE." International Journal of PIXE 18, no. 03n04 (January 2008): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083508001430.

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The soil bacterium Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 resist selenite by reducing it into the insoluble and less toxic elemental selenium. Two mechanisms of reduction of selenium oxides in C. metallidurans CH34 were highlighted: assimilation leading to organic species and detoxification leading to precipitation of selenite in nanoparticules of elemental selenium. The alkyl selenide detected as an intermediate product during assimilation of selenite or as the major accumulated chemical form during assimilation of selenate was identified as selenomethionine.Soluble and membrane proteins were extracted from C. metallidurans CH34 submitted to selenium oxides challenge. After separation by SDS-PAGE, µPIXE analyses were used for Se identification and quantification at a micrometer scale. The profiles of Se distribution in the different samples suggest a non-specific incorporation of selenium probably reflecting the incorporation of selenomethionin in place of the naturally occurring methionin.

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24

Żesławska, Ewa, Izabela Korona-Głowniak, Małgorzata Szczesio, Andrzej Olczak, Alicja Żylewska, Waldemar Tejchman, and Anna Malm. "Structural analysis and antimicrobial activity of 2[1H]-pyrimidinethione/selenone derivatives." Journal of Molecular Structure 1142 (August 2017): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.067.

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25

Wazeer, Mohammed I. M., and Anvarhusein A. Isab. "Solution and solid-state NMR studies of some cadmium–selenone complexes." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 62, no. 4-5 (December 2005): 880–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2005.03.020.

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26

Nesterov, V. N., V. E. Shklover, Yu T. Struchkov, V. P. Litvinov, E. �. Apenova, V. Yu Mortikov, and Yu A. Sharanin. "Crystal structure of 6-(1-adamantyl)-3-cyanopyridine-2(1H)-selenone." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 37, no. 2 (February 1988): 397–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00957459.

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27

Chasteen, Thomas G. "Confusion between dimethyl selenenyl sulfide and dimethyl selenone released by bacteria." Applied Organometallic Chemistry 7, no. 5 (September 1993): 335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590070507.

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28

Hughes, David, Tereza Kunická, Lutz Schomburg, Václav Liška, Niall Swan, and Pavel Souček. "Expression of Selenoprotein Genes and Association with Selenium Status in Colorectal Adenoma and Colorectal Cancer." Nutrients 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10111812.

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Dietary selenium (Se) intake is essential for synthesizing selenoproteins that are important in countering oxidative and inflammatory processes linked to colorectal carcinogenesis. However, there is limited knowledge on the selenoprotein expression in colorectal adenoma (CRA) and colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, or the interaction with Se status levels. We studied the expression of seventeen Se pathway genes (including fifteen of the twenty-five human selenoproteins) in RNA extracted from disease-normal colorectal tissue pairs, in the discovery phase of sixty-two CRA/CRC patients from Ireland and a validation cohort of a hundred and five CRC patients from the Czech Republic. Differences in transcript levels between the disease and paired control mucosa were assessed by the Mann-Whitney U-test. GPX2 and TXNRD3 showed a higher expression and GPX3, SELENOP, SELENOS, and SEPHS2 exhibited a lower expression in the disease tissue from adenomas and both cancer groups (p-values from 0.023 to <0.001). In the Czech cohort, up-regulation of GPX1, SELENOH, and SOD2 and down-regulation of SELENBP1, SELENON, and SELENOK (p-values 0.036 to <0.001) was also observed. We further examined the correlation of gene expression with serum Se status (assessed by Se and selenoprotein P, SELENOP) in the Irish patients. While there were no significant correlations with both Se status markers, SELENOF, SELENOK, and TXNRD1 tumor tissue expression positively correlated with Se, while TXNRD2 and TXNRD3 negatively correlated with SELENOP. In an analysis restricted to the larger Czech CRC patient cohort, Cox regression showed no major association of transcript levels with patient survival, except for an association of higher SELENOF gene expression with both a lower disease-free and overall survival. Several selenoproteins were differentially expressed in the disease tissue compared to the normal tissue of both CRA and CRC patients. Altered selenoprotein expression may serve as a marker of functional Se status and colorectal adenoma to cancer progression.

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29

Palomba, M., L. Rossi, L. Sancineto, E. Tramontano, A. Corona, L. Bagnoli, C. Santi, C. Pannecouque, O. Tabarrini, and F. Marini. "A new vinyl selenone-based domino approach to spirocyclopropyl oxindoles endowed with anti-HIV RT activity." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 14, no. 6 (2016): 2015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ob02451j.

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30

Bosse, Astrid C., Josef Pallauf, Bettina Hommel, Mariana Sturm, Susanne Fischer, Nicole M. Wolf, and Andreas S. Mueller. "Impact of selenite and selenate on differentially expressed genes in rat liver examined by microarray analysis." Bioscience Reports 30, no. 5 (April 9, 2010): 293–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bsr20090089.

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Sodium selenite and sodium selenate are approved inorganic Se (selenium) compounds in human and animal nutrition serving as precursors for selenoprotein synthesis. In recent years, numerous additional biological effects over and above their functions in selenoproteins have been reported. For greater insight into these effects, our present study examined the influence of selenite and selenate on the differential expression of genes encoding non-selenoproteins in the rat liver using microarray technology. Five groups of nine growing male rats were fed with an Se-deficient diet or diets supplemented with 0.20 or 1.0 mg of Se/kg as sodium selenite or sodium selenate for 8 weeks. Genes that were more than 2.5-fold up- or down-regulated by selenite or selenate compared with Se deficiency were selected. GPx1 (glutathione peroxidase 1) was up-regulated 5.5-fold by both Se compounds, whereas GPx4 was up-regulated by only 1.4-fold. Selenite and selenate down-regulated three phase II enzymes. Despite the regulation of many other genes in an analogous manner, frequently only selenate changed the expression of these genes significantly. In particular, genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, apoptosis, intermediary metabolism and those involved in Se-deficiency disorders were more strongly influenced by selenate. The comparison of selenite- and selenate-regulated genes revealed that selenate may have additional functions in the protection of the liver, and that it may be more active in metabolic regulation. In our opinion the more pronounced influence of selenate compared with selenite on differential gene expression results from fundamental differences in the metabolism of these two Se compounds.

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31

Cemeli, Eduard, Ricard Marcos, and Diana Anderson. "Genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of selenium compounds in thein vitromicronucleus assay with human whole blood lymphocytes and tk6 lymphoblastoid cells." Scientific World JOURNAL 6 (2006): 1202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2006.204.

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Selenium is known to possess both genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties. In the present study, we have evaluated the genotoxicity and antigenotoxicity of three selenium compounds (sodium selenate, sodium selenite and selenous acid) by measuring in vitro micronucleus induction. Assays were conducted in whole blood lymphocytes and in the TK6 lymphoblastoid cell line, with and without co-treatment with potassium dichromate, a known genotoxic compound. In general, the compounds were more active in TK6 cells than they were in blood lymphocytes. Only 1 μM selenous acid increased the frequency of binucleated cells containing micronuclei (BNMN) in blood lymphocytes, while all three selenium compounds increased BNMN in TK6 cells. In addition, combinations of selenous acid and potassium dichromate resulted in lower frequencies of BNMN than potassium dichromate alone in blood lymphocytes, while combinations of sodium selenate and potassium dichromate produced lower frequencies of BNMN than potassium dichromate alone in TK6 cells. The concentrations of selenium compounds that were used, in combination with the medium components and the biological physiology of the whole blood lymphocytes and TK6 cells, could have affected the redox potential of the compounds, switching the chemicals from a pro-oxidant to antioxidant status and vice-versa. The lower activities of the compounds in blood lymphocytes may be due to the protective effects of blood components. The results indicate that the genotoxic and antigenotoxic properties of selenium compounds are highly dependent upon the conditions under which they are evaluated.

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32

Alhoshani, Ali, Adam A. A. Seliman, Ali Osman Altoum, Hatem A. Abuelizz, Saeed Ahmad, Muhammad Altaf, Khalid H. Omer, Manzar Sohail, and Anvarhusein A. Isab. "Synthesis, X-ray structure and in vitro cytotoxicity of trans-diammineplatinum(II) complexes of selenones, trans-[Pt(NH3)2(selenone)2](NO3)2." Polyhedron 158 (January 2019): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poly.2018.09.010.

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33

Ferreira, Gabriela de Sousa, Paulo Ovidio Batista de Brito, Tiago de Abreu Lima, Francisco Ícaro Carvalho Aderaldo, Gabrielli Teles de Carvalho, Elias do Nascimento de Sousa Filho, and Franklin Aragão Gondim. "Plant Growth and Antioxidative Enzymes in Sunflower Supplemented With Selenium." Journal of Agricultural Science 15, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n1p62.

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The use of soil additives such as selenium can positively influence the antioxidative system of plants, making them more tolerant to abiotic stresses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the concentration of sodium selenite or sodium selenate applied to the substrate that causes improve in plant growth and antioxidative enzyme activities in sunflower plants. The treatments were divided in: control (absence of selenium); 0.2 mg L-1 of sodium selenate; 0.4 mg L-1 of sodium selenate; 0.8 mg L-1 of sodium selenate; 0.2 mg L-1 of sodium selenite; 0.4 mg L-1 of sodium selenite and 0.8 mg L-1 of sodium selenite. The analysis of Shoot Dry Mass (SDM) production and activities of the antioxidantive enzymes: Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Guaiacol Peroxidase (GPX) and Catalase (CAT) was performed. For SDM and APX the concentration of 0.8 mg L-1 of sodium selenite caused higher values. CAT showed greater activity in treatments that received 0.4 and 0.8 mg L-1 of sodium selenate and 0.4 and 0.8 mg L-1 of sodium selenite than the control treatment. GPX showed superior activity in the treatments 0.8 mg L-1 of sodium selenate, 0.2 mg L-1 of sodium selenite and 0.8 mg L-1 of sodium selenite than the control treatment. It was concluded that selenium promoted improvements in the antioxidant activity and in the production of shoot dry mass of sunflower plants.

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34

Golob, Aleksandra, Katarina Vogel-Mikuš, Nina Brudar, and Mateja Germ. "Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) Successfully Accumulates Selenium from Selenium-Impacted Water." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 13423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313423.

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The absorption of selenium (Se) from water by Lemna minor L. and the influence of different concentrations and forms of Se on its biochemical and morphological characteristics were studied. Plants were exposed to various concentrations of Se: 1 mg Se L−1, 2 mg Se L−1 and 5 mg Se L−1 in sodium selenite and sodium selenate solutions and in a combination of selenite (2 mg Se L−1) and selenate (2 mg Se L−1). When the Se was added in the form of selenate, plants accumulated higher amounts of Se compared to plants exposed to selenite. Comparisons of the combined addition of selenite and selenate (2 + 2 mg Se L−1) with their individual applications (2 and 5 mg Se L−1) showed that for the combination, the L. minor fronds accumulated more Se than in selenite alone. Plants exposed to any of the concentrations of sodium selenate or sodium selenite, or the combination of selenite and selenate, showed inferior physiological performances, and lower concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, compared to control plants. Consequently, growth was also suppressed under the stress conditions caused by higher concentrations of Se in any form. The efficient absorption of Se from the water by L. minor indicates the potential use of this species in phytoremediation processes for waters polluted with Se.

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35

Onoguchi, Aina, Giuseppe Granata, Daisuke Haraguchi, Hiroshi Hayashi, and Chiharu Tokoro. "Kinetics and mechanism of selenate and selenite removal in solution by green rust-sulfate." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 4 (April 2019): 182147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182147.

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This work investigated the removal of selenite and selenate from water by green rust (GR) sulfate. Selenite was immobilized by simple adsorption onto GR at pH 8, and by adsorption–reduction at pH 9. Selenate was immobilized by adsorption–reduction to selenite and zero valent selenium (Se 0 ) at both pH 8 and 9. In the process, GR oxidized to a mixture of goethite (FeOOH) and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ). The kinetics of selenite and selenate sorption at the GR–water interface was described through a pseudo-second-order model. X-ray absorption spectroscopy data enabled to elucidate the concentration profiles of Se and Fe species in the solid phase and allowed to distinguish two removal mechanisms, namely adsorption and reduction. Selenite and selenate were reduced by GR through homogeneous solid-phase reaction upon adsorption and by heterogeneous reaction at the solid–liquid interface. The selenite reduced through heterogeneous reduction with GR was adsorbed onto GR but not reduced further. The redox reaction between GR and selenite/selenate was kinetically described through an irreversible second-order bimolecular reaction model based on XAFS concentration profiles. Although the redox reaction became faster at pH 9, simple adsorption was always the fastest removal mechanism.

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36

Frolov, K. A., V. V. Dotsenko, S. G. Krivokolysko, and V. P. Litvinov. "Synthesis of derivatives of 3,5,7,11-tetraaza-tricyclo[7.3.1.02,7]tridec-2-ene-8-selenone." Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds 46, no. 9 (December 2010): 1142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10593-010-0641-8.

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37

Wazeer, Mohamed I. M., Anvarhusein A. Isab, and Herman P. Perzanowski. "Solid-state NMR studies of 1,3-imidazolidine-2-selenone and some related compounds." Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 41, no. 12 (2003): 1026–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrc.1305.

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38

Yu, Rui, John P. Coffman, Verena van Fleet-Stalder, and Thomas G. Chasteen. "Toxicity of oxyanions of selenium and of a proposed bioremediation intermediate, dimethyl selenone." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16, no. 2 (February 1997): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.5620160207.

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39

Poluboyarinov, P. A., D. G. Elistratov, and V. I. Shvets. "METABOLISM AND MECHANISM OF TOXICITY OF SELENIUM-CONTAINING SUPPLEMENTS USED FOR OPTIMIZING HUMAN SELENIUM STATUS." Fine Chemical Technologies 14, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2019-14-1-5-24.

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The work presents a review devoted to the metabolism and the mechanism of toxicity of seleniumcontaining supplements: elemental selenium, sodium selenite, diacetophenonyl selenide, selenopyrane, ebselen, dimethyl dipyrasolyl selenide and selenium-containing amino acids used for correction of selenium deficiency. Elemental selenium penetrating through cell walls, but not through transport channels demonstrates poorly predicted and difficultly regulated bioavailability. Sodium selenate is known to be the most toxic form of selenium in food. The metabolism of xenobiotic diacetophenonyl selenide resembles that of sodium selenide. The xenobiotic reacts with thiols, for instance, with the reduced form of glutathione leading to the formation of hydrogen selenide. Ebselen is not considered to be a well bioavailable form of selenium and thus possesses low toxicity. Xenobiotic selenopyrane eliminates selenium only in processes of xenobiotic liver exchange, and in our investigations - partially in acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The metabolism of xenobiotic dimethyl dipyrasolyl selenide having low toxicity is poorly investigated. The toxicity of high doses of selenomethionine is determined by the possibility of incorporation in proteins and vitally important enzymes with dramatic changes of protein quaternary structure. The toxicity of high doses of methylselenocysteine seems to be caused by the lack of an exchange pool in the body and quick regeneration of hydrogen selenide from methylselenol which is formed as a result of enzymatic destruction of this amino acid. Also the issue of the most prospect selenium donor is discussed. The physiological compatibility, the low toxicity, the presence of an exchangeable pool in the organism, the antioxidantal properties and the simplicity of production indicate selenocystine as an optimal selenium donor.

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40

GUPTA, UMESH C., and K. A. WINTER. "EFFECT OF SELENATE VS. SELENITE FORMS OF SELENIUM IN INCREASING THE SELENIUM CONCENTRATION IN FORAGES AND CEREALS." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 69, no. 4 (November 1, 1989): 885–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-090.

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A greenhouse study was conducted on a fine sandy loam to determine the effect of adding different sources of Se on the Se concentration of forages and cereals. The three sources of Se were: NH4NO3 prills containing (i) 1.20% Se as sodium selenate, (ii) 1.02% Se as sodium selenite and (iii) urea prills containing 1.00% Se as sodium selenite. Application of 20 g Se ha−1 as sodium selenate (source i) produced Se concentrations of 1.02 and 1.05 mg kg−1 in timothy and 1.04 and 0.55 mg kg−1 in alfalfa in the two cuts, respectively, and 0.78 mg kg−1 in barley grain. This application rate of Se in the form of selenite resulted in 0.07–0.09 mg Se kg−1 in the two forages and barley grain. At similar application rates of Se, the ammonium nitrate doped with sodium selenate produced about 5–18 times more Se in the forages and barley than when doped with sodium selenite. Overall no significant difference was found in the plant Se concentration between ammonium nitrate or urea prills as the carrier for selenite. Key words: Sodium selenate and selenite doped NH4NO3, greenhouse, Se in forages and cereals

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41

Holschumacher, Dirk, Constantin G. Daniliuc, Peter G. Jones, and Matthias Tamm. "Sulfur and SeleniumActivation by Frustrated NHC/B(C6F5)3 Lewis Pairs; Conformational Flexibility of Products." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 66, no. 4 (April 1, 2011): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2011-0406.

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Frustrated Lewis pairs consisting of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) and the borane B(C6F5)3 react with elemental sulfur or selenium to give products of the type NHC-E-B(C6F5)3, where E is S or Se. Three such products, two with sulfur and one with selenium, were characterized by X-ray diffraction and shown to exhibit considerable conformational flexibility, as revealed by differing torsion angles in the atom sequence N-C-E-B-Cipso-Cortho. In the sulfur derivatives, the S-B bonds are all long (ca. 2.05 Å), and the C-S bonds (ca. 1.73 Å) are clearly lengthened compared to imidazole-2-thiones. The Se-B distance of 2.2111 Å is the first selenone-borane bond length to be determined by X-ray analysis.

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42

Mohapatra, Dipti Prakash, Kelly Ann Robinson, Fang Huang, Deepak Kirpalani, and Michele Christine Loewen. "Insights into Increasing Selenate Reductase Enzyme Activity in the Presence of Nitrogen-Doped Graphite Electrodes for Selenium Effluent Treatment." Water 14, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060931.

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The weathering of selenium-rich rocks or anthropogenic activities such as mining or smelting can release selenium into the environment, posing a significant environmental risk. The increased monitoring and enforcement of selenium regulations have resulted in protocols to efficiently measure and treat selenium in water and effluent water. The principal aqueous forms of inorganic selenium are selenite (Se(IV)) and selenate (Se(VI)). Selenate, due to its oxy-anionic nature, high mobility, and lack of affinity to conventional adsorbents, is typically more difficult to treat and remove. Thus, it is proposed to remove selenate from water by first reducing it to selenite and then to insoluble elemental selenium, a form that has low toxicity. A naturally occurring selenate reductase enzyme from Thauera selenatis was previously shown to specifically reduce selenate to selenite. To exploit this functionality, recombinant enzyme technologies were used to produce a cell-free, enriched Thauera selenatis selenate reductase heterotrimeric enzyme complex (TsSer-αβγ). The addition of the recombinant enzyme complex to effluent water was found to successfully reduce the selenate. Interestingly, upon adding nitrogen-doped graphite electrodes to the reaction, the selenate-reducing activity significantly increased. Overall, these findings highlight a new, potentially sustainable solution to the reduction of selenate in water and effluent water.

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43

AYGÜN, Muhittin, Engin ÇETINKAYA, Yetkin GÖK, Engin KENDI, and Bekir ÇETINKAYA. "Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Hexahydrobis[(1,3-p-dimethylaminobenzyl)-1,3-diazepine]-2-selenone, C23H32N4Se." Analytical Sciences 19, no. 7 (2003): 1093–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.19.1093.

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44

Elsabawy, Khaled M., and Shams H. Abdel-Hafez. "Molecular structural visualization and micro-structural features of 4,6-dimethyl-3-cyanopyridine-(2H)-selenone." Materials Chemistry and Physics 132, no. 2-3 (February 2012): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2011.11.079.

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45

Elambalassery, J. G., and S. Sreedevi. "Qualitative and Quantitative Study on Internal Rotation During Tautomerization of Thione, Selenone, and Tellurone." Journal of Structural Chemistry 59, no. 7 (December 2018): 1534–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022476618070041.

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46

Zhu, Huajian, Honghao Sun, Yang Liu, Yiping Duan, Jie Liu, Xue Yang, Wenlong Li, et al. "Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of vinyl selenone derivatives as novel microtubule polymerization inhibitors." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 207 (December 2020): 112716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112716.

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47

Christensen, M. K., C. J. Frederickson, and G. Danscher. "Retrograde tracing of zinc-containing neurons by selenide ions: a survey of seven selenium compounds." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 4 (April 1992): 575–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.4.1313065.

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The autometallographic retrograde tracing of zinc-containing neurons by intracerebral injection of sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), introduced by Danscher in 1982, has recently been described in more detail. Intracerebral injections of both sodium selenide (Na2Se) and sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) have been successfully used; however, sodium selenite had a rather toxic effect on the injected tissue. In the present study, we tested seven different selenium compounds to find the most suitable compound for retrograde tracing of zinc-positive pathways. Among the tested compounds, sodium selenide (Na2Se) caused insignificant necrosis within the injection site and was easily transported retrogradely when handled anaerobically. Sodium selenide is therefore recommended as the compound of choice.

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48

Hao, Wenbin, Chunmei Tao, Tanveer M. Adyel, Junjie Zhao, Jun Hou, Lingzhan Miao, and Yuan Zeng. "Effects of Selenium in Different Valences on the Community Structure and Microbial Functions of Biofilms." Water 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152394.

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With the wide application of selenium (Se) in industrial production, different Se-based compounds (selenate and selenite) are produced and released into aquatic environments. The potential impacts of such Se compounds on the biofilms (a complex microbial aggregate in aquatic systems) need to be substantially explored. Herein, we investigated the responses of bacterial community diversity, composition and structure, and function of biofilms after 21 days of exposure to low concentrations (100 µg/L) and high concentrations (1 mg/L) of sodium selenate and sodium selenite, respectively. Distinct effects of selenium in different valences on the community structure and microbial functions of biofilms were observed. Compared with the controls, the addition of selenate and selenite solutions altered the richness of biofilms but not the diversity, which is dependent on the concentration and valences, with sodium selenite (1 mg/L) exhibiting a strong inhibition effect on community richness. Significant changes of community composition and structure were observed, with a significant increase in Proteobacteria (31.08–58.00%) and a significant decrease in Bacteroidetes (32.15–11.45%) after exposure to sodium selenite with high concentration. Also, different responses of gamma-Proteobacteria and alpha-Proteobacteria were observed between the sodium selenite and sodium selenate treatments. Moreover, results showed that sodium selenite could strengthen the function of the metabolism of biofilms, and the higher the concentration is, the more apparent the enhancement effect is. All these results suggested that the effects of different valence states of selenium were obvious, and sodium selenite with high concentration strongly changed the diversity, structure and function of biofilms.

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49

Ren, Bingyu, Yanmei Huang, Chen Zou, Yingying Wu, Yuru Huang, Jiazuan Ni, and Jing Tian. "Transcriptional Regulation of Selenoprotein F by Heat Shock Factor 1 during Selenium Supplementation and Stress Response." Cells 8, no. 5 (May 18, 2019): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8050479.

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Changes of Selenoprotein F (SELENOF) protein levels have been reported during selenium supplementation, stressful, and pathological conditions. However, the mechanisms of how these external factors regulate SELENOF gene expression are largely unknown. In this study, HEK293T cells were chosen as an in vitro model. The 5′-flanking regions of SELENOF were analyzed for promoter features. Dual-Glo Luciferase assays were used to detect promoter activities. Putative binding sites of Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) were predicted in silico and the associations were further proved by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Selenate and tunicamycin (Tm) treatment were used to induce SELENOF up-regulation. The fold changes in SELENOF expression and other relative proteins were analyzed by Q-PCR and western blot. Our results showed that selenate and Tm treatment up-regulated SELENOF at mRNA and protein levels. SELENOF 5′-flanking regions from −818 to −248 were identified as core positive regulatory element regions. Four putative HSF1 binding sites were predicted in regions from −1430 to −248, and six out of seven primers detected positive results in ChIP assay. HSF1 over-expression and heat shock activation increased the promoter activities, and mRNA and protein levels of SELENOF. Over-expression and knockdown of HSF1 showed transcriptional regulation effects on SELENOF during selenate and Tm treatment. In conclusion, HSF1 was discovered as one of the transcription factors that were associated with SELENOF 5′-flanking regions and mediated the up-regulation of SELENOF during selenate and Tm treatment. Our work has provided experimental data for the molecular mechanism of SELENOF gene regulation, as well as uncovered the involvement of HSF1 in selenotranscriptomic for the first time.

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Rodrigo, S., O. Santamaría, López-Bellido FJ, and Poblaciones MJ. "Agronomic selenium biofortification of two-rowed barley under Mediterranean conditions ." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 3 (January 19, 2013): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/691/2012-pse.

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In order to improve the nutritional value of two-rowed barley grain, two foliar selenium (Se) fertilizers (sodium selenate and sodium selenite) at four rates (0-10-20-40 g/ha) were applied during the growing seasons 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 in a field experiment conducted under semiarid Mediterranean conditions. The grain harvested in the 2010/2011 season accumulated a greater amount of total Se than the grain of the 2011/2012 season. Sodium selenate was much more effectively taken by plants than sodium selenite, and there was a strong and linear relationship between total Se concentration and Se rate in both sodium selenate and selenite. For each gram of Se fertilization, applied as sodium selenate or sodium selenite, the increases of total Se concentration in grain were 44 and 9 μg/kg dry weight, respectively. No increments in total or available Se were observed in soil after harvesting even at the highest doses of either fertilizer. It can be concluded that two-rowed barley would be a good candidate to be included in biofortification programs under Mediterranean conditions to increase Se in animal feeding and in the human diet through beer production.

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