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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Gray, Gerard A. Feeding activity, rate of consumption, daily ration & prey selection of major predators in John Day Reservoir: Annual report. Portland, Or: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish & Wildlife, 1986.

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2

R, Krebs J., and Davies N. B. 1952-, eds. Behavioural ecology: An evolutionary approach. 3rd ed. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.

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3

Significance of selective predation and development of prey protection measures for juvenile salmonids in the Columbia and Snake River Reservoirs: Annual report, February 1992 - February 1993. Portland, Or: prepared for U.S. Dept. of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Division of Fish & Wildlife, 1994.

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4

Biggins, Dean E., and David A. Eads. Evolution, natural history, and conservation of black-footed ferrets. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0015.

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Black-footed ferrets were reduced to a remnant population of 10 in 1985 due to diseases (plague, canine distemper), but successful captive breeding and releases have improved the prospects for ferret recovery. Comparisons between black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats, close relatives that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, allow the following evolutionary speculation. Predation on ferrets and polecats tends to narrow their niches and promote specialization due to requirements for escape habitats. In Asia, that influence is countered by the larger and more diverse area of steppe and alpine meadow habitats for polecats, and by plague which causes large variation in prey abundance. In North America, the selective pressure favoring specialization in ferrets on prairie dog prey and burrows had no strong counter-force before plague invaded. Plague is an immense challenge to black-footed ferret recovery, and several management tools including vaccines and vector control may be necessary to conserve the species.

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5

Authors, Prima Temp. Aliens Vs. Predator: Natural Selection. Prima Games, 2003.

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6

Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Prey selection and the impact of cheetah predation on prey populations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0004.

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Small springbok lambs were killed more frequently than expected and large lambs and subadults in more or less expected proportions. Adults were killed less frequently than expected, although old animals, females in late pregnancy, and males were vulnerable. A similar selection process was observed in steenbok, except medium-sized lambs, not small lambs, were usually killed, and there was no selection for sex. Cheetah predation was found to have an important density-dependent regulatory role on these two species. Analyses of prey preference using Jacob’s index showed that springbok were the most preferred species, although their distribution was limited, and springhares the most important avoided species, despite their prevalence in solitary cheetahs’ kills. Examples of diet flexibility in the cheetah occurred during an eland influx into the study area, when coalition males killed a number of calves, and when an emaciated female took to preying on unpalatable bat-eared foxes.

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7

Gilpin, Michael E. Group Selection in Predator-Prey Communities. (MPB-9), Volume 9. Princeton University Press, 2020.

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8

Kilcullen, David. The Dragons and the Snakes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265687.001.0001.

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This book applies concepts from evolutionary science and military innovation to explore how state and nonstate adversaries of the Western powers have learned to defeat (or render irrelevant) the model of high-tech, expensive, precision warfare pioneered by the United States in 1991 and globally dominant since. The book begins with a historical overview of the period since the Cold War, framed by CIA Director James Woolsey’s 1993 comment that “we have slain a large dragon” (the Soviet Union) “but now we find ourselves in a jungle filled with a bewildering variety of poisonous snakes, and in many ways the dragon was easier to keep track of.” The book describes the selective pressures acting on adversaries as a result of the evolutionary fitness landscape created by western military dominance. It then explores ideas from social and evolutionary science—including social learning, natural selection, artificial selection, predator effects, and the distinction between concept-led peacetime innovation and wartime coevolution —to explain how adversaries adapt. It presents a series of case studies on nonstate actors (including Al Qaeda, Hezbollah, and Islamic State), Russia, and China, as well as sections on North Korea and Iran. The book concludes by considering how western powers can respond to the increasing ineffectiveness of their military model and examines likely strategic futures.

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9

Evolutionary Wars: The Battle of Species on Land, at Sea, and in the Air. W.H. Freeman & Company, 1999.

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10

(Illustrator), Trudy Nicholson, ed. Evolutionary Wars: The Battle of Species on Land, at Sea, and in the Air. W. H. Freeman, 1999.

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11

Wyatt, Tristram D. 2. Sensing and responding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198712152.003.0002.

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How an animal behaves is coordinated by nerves and hormones in different, complementary ways. Stimuli, such as the sound of a predator, cause fast behavioural responses coordinated by nerve signals. The stimuli also cause longer lasting physiological changes via hormones, which release energy sources needed for the muscle action required for escape. ‘Sensing and responding’ considers the sensory responses of bats and moths, and then explains selective sensitivity—how animals evolve to detect only what affects their survival or reproductive success. It also shows how the study of neural circuits in simple model systems, such as sea slugs, can help us understand more complicated behaviours in other animals.

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12

Mills, Gus, and Margaret Mills. Kalahari Cheetahs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.001.0001.

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This book demonstrates how cheetahs are adapted to arid savannahs like the southern Kalahari, and makes comparisons with other areas, especially the Serengeti. Topics dealt with are: demography and genetic status; feeding ecology, i.e. methods used for studying diet, diets of different demographic groups, individual diet specializations of females, prey selection, the impact of cheetah predation on prey populations, activity regimes and distances travelled per day, hunting behaviour, foraging success and energetics; interspecific competition; spatial ecology; reproductive success and the mating system; and conservation. The major findings show that cheetahs are well adapted to arid ecosystems and are water independent. Cheetah density in the study area was stable at 0.7/100 km2 and the population was genetically diverse. Important prey were steenbok and springbok for females with cubs, gemsbok, and adult ostrich for coalition males, and steenbok, springhares, and hares for single animals. Cheetahs had a density-dependent regulatory effect on steenbok and springbok populations. Females with large cubs had the highest overall food intake. Cheetahs, especially males, were often active at night, and competition with other large carnivores, both by exploitation and interference, was slight. Although predation on small cubs was severe, cub survival to adolescence was six times higher than in the Serengeti. There was no difference in reproductive success between single and coalition males. The conservation priority for cheetahs should be to maintain protected areas over a spectrum of landscapes to allow ecological processes, of which the cheetah is an integral part, to proceed unhindered.

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13

O’Hanlon, James C., Thomas E. White, and Kate D. L. Umbers. Visual communication. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0011.

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The diverse ecological niches that insects occupy have led to the immense variation we observe in the structure of their compound eyes and the visual signals that insects can produce. The modular structure of the compound eye, through which insects receive visual information, is a highly adaptable structure capable of impressive feats of image resolution, colour perception, and motion detection, in a range of varying light environments. Additionally, the insect exoskeleton, through which insects produce visual signals and cues, is a dynamic canvas producing a diversity of shapes, textures, pigments, and structural colours. This chapter attempts to present the diversity resultant from millennia of selective pressure in a variety of contexts, including conspecific assessment, prey capture, and predator avoidance.

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14

Miller, Thomas E., William E. Bradshaw, and Christina M. Holzapfel. Pitcher-plant communities as model systems for addressing fundamental questions in ecology and evolution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779841.003.0024.

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Carnivorous plants have close associations with other species that live in or on the plant. Sarracenia purpurea has a particularly large number of inquiline species, many of which are obligates that live in its water-filled leaves. These include a well-studied food web of bacteria, protozoa, rotifers, mites, and Diptera larvae, all of which depend on the prey of the host plant. This model system has been used to address fundamental questions in ecology and evolution, including studies of keystone predation, succession, consumer versus resource control, invasion, dispersal, and the roles of resources and predators in metacommunities. The microecosystem also has been used to understand density-dependent selection, the genetic structure of populations, evolution over climatic gradients, and evolution in a multispecies, community context. In this chapter, the ecology of this potentially mutualistic contained community is explored in the context of its carnivorous host.

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15

Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Avoiding Attack. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.001.0001.

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Avoiding Attack discusses the diversity of mechanisms by which prey avoid predator attacks and explores how such defensive mechanisms have evolved through natural selection. It considers how potential prey avoid detection, how they make themselves unprofitable to attack, how they communicate this status, and how other species have exploited these signals. Using carefully selected examples of camouflage, mimicry, and warning signals drawn from a wide range of species and ecosystems, the authors summarize the latest research into these fascinating adaptations, developing mathematical models where appropriate and making recommendations for future study.This second edition has been extensively rewritten, particularly in the application of modern genetic research techniques which have transformed our recent understanding of adaptations in evolutionary genomics and phylogenetics. The book also employs a more integrated and systematic approach, ensuring that each chapter has a broader focus on the evolutionary and ecological consequences of anti-predator adaptation. The field has grown and developed considerably over the last decade with an explosion of new research literature, making this new edition timely.

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16

Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. Secondary defences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0006.

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In this chapter we consider defences that are usually deployed during, or just before, contact between a prey and its predator: so-called ‘secondary’ defences. Secondary defences are found right across the tree of life and therefore come in very many forms, including: 1.) chemical defences; 2.) mechanical defences; and 3.) behavioural defences. Here we review selected examples that provide useful illustrations of the ecological and evolutionary characteristics associated with secondary defences. We discuss costs of secondary defences, placing emphasis on the consequences of such costs, especially as they relate to forms of social interaction. We show also that the acquisition of secondary defences may modify niche, life history, and habitat range of prey animals and review a well-known and significant study of predator–prey co-evolution of defensive toxins of prey and resistance to those toxins in predators. We include a small selection of examples and ideas from the plant and microbe defence literature where we think a broader perspective is helpful. We begin the chapter by considering the evolutionary mechanisms that favour secondary defence evolution.

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17

Bowles, Jeff T. On the Origin of Sex & Aging by Means of Predator Selection: Or the Preservation of Sex and Aging Via Species Selection in the Struggle for Existence. Independently Published, 2019.

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18

Ruxton, Graeme D., William L. Allen, Thomas N. Sherratt, and Michael P. Speed. The evolution and maintenance of Müllerian mimicry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199688678.003.0008.

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Müllerian mimicry arises when unpalatable or otherwise unprofitable species evolve a similar appearance. While Batesian mimicry is widely considered to have evolved in palatable prey as a consequence of selection to deceive predators into believing that they are unpalatable, Müllerian mimicry is believed to have arisen as a consequence of selection to spread the burden of predator education through the adoption of a shared warning signal. Müllerian mimics are therefore considered mutualists, collectively reinforcing the protective value of their shared warning signals. We begin by discussing some examples of Müllerian mimicry that cannot be explained simply on the basis of shared ancestry. We then discuss Müller’s explanation in more depth, before presenting evidence that the shared resemblance has arisen for the reason that Müller hypothesized. Finally, we consider some of the predicted and observed properties of Müllerian mimicry systems in detail, including ecological and co-evolutionary phenomena, and consider some common questions that have only been partly resolved. We end by considering the connection between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, arguing that like many natural systems, the nature of relationships can readily fluctuate from being parasitic to mutualistic and vice versa.

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19

King, Carolyn M., Grant Norbury, and Andrew J. Veale. Small mustelids in New Zealand: invasion ecology in a different world. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759805.003.0010.

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This chapter reviews the ecology of the three species of small mustelids introduced into New Zealand: the ferret (Mustela furo), the stoat (M. erminea) and the weasel (M. nivalis), for biological control of rabbits. New Zealand offers a mosaic of environments totally different from those in which the three species evolved, including a diminishing array of endemic fauna especially vulnerable to mammalian predators. Mustelids in New Zealand display significant adaptive flexibility in diet, habitat selection, co-existence, dispersal, body size, population biology and predatory impact, with results contrasting with those observable in their northern-hemisphere ancestors. These evolutionary and ecological responses by mustelids to new opportunities are of considerable interest to evolutionary ecologists, especially those interested in competition and predator-prey relationships. Likewise, the need to protect New Zealand’s native fauna has stimulated extensive research on alternative options for mitigating the effects of invasive predators, applicable to pest management problems in other countries.

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20

Krebs, J. R. Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. Blackwell Science Inc, 1991.

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