Academic literature on the topic 'Selective looking paradigm'

Abstract Systemic mastocytosis (SM) has greatly benefited from the broad application of precision medicine techniques to hematolymphoid neoplasms. Sensitive detection of the recurrent KIT D816V mutation and use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels to profile the genetic landscape of SM variants have been critical adjuncts to the diagnosis and subclassification of SM, and development of clinical-molecular prognostic scoring systems. Multilineage KIT involvement and multimutated clones are characteristic of advanced SM (advSM), especially SM with an associated hematologic neoplasm (AHN). A major challenge is how to integrate conventional markers of mast cell disease burden (percentage of bone marrow mast cell infiltration and serum tryptase levels) with molecular data (serial monitoring of both KIT D816V variant allele frequency and NGS panels) to lend more diagnostic and prognostic clarity to the heterogeneous clinical presentations and natural histories of advSM. The approval of the multikinase/KIT inhibitor midostaurin has validated the paradigm of KIT inhibition in advSM, and the efficacy and safety of second-generation agents, such as the switch-control inhibitor ripretinib (DCC-2618) and the D816V-selective inhibitor avapritinib (BLU-285) are being further defined in ongoing clinical trials. Looking forward, perhaps the most fruitful marriage of the advances in molecular genetics and treatment will be the design of adaptive basket trials that combine histopathology and genetic profiling to individualize treatment approaches for patients with diverse AHNs and relapsed/refractory SM.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pandangan anggota Jurnalposmedia mengenai adanya rubrik difabel pada media online Tempo.co yang diidentifikasi dengan tiga aspek proses persepsi menurut Alex Sobur yaitu seleksi, interpretasi, dan reaksi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi deskriptif, yakni memaparkan bagaimana persepsi anggota Jurnalposmedia mengenai adanya rubrik difabel pada media online Tempo.co. Paradigma dalam penelitian ini adalah paradigma konstruktivisme dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari proses seleksi di mana para anggota Jurnalposmedia perlu memiliki pengetahuan atas informasi yang akan dibahas, angggota Jurnalposmedia juga mengetahui adanya rubrik difabel pada media online Tempo.co. Sementara itu, hasil dari interpretasi menyatakan bahwa rubrik difabel merupakan rubrik yang menarik sekaligus menjadi jalan bagi jurnalis dalam memberi kontribusi terhadap masyarakat. Reaksi yang dihasilkan adalah anggota Jurnalposmedia menyukai adanya rubrik difabel dan menjadikan rubrik difabel sebagai referensi dalam penulisan berita disabilitas. This research aims to understand how the views of Jurnalposmedia members regarding the diffable rubric in the online media Tempo.co who identified by looking at three aspects of the perception or view process by Alex Sobur, namely the selection, interpretation, and reaction. This research uses a descriptive study method, namely by explaining how the perception of the Jurnalposmedia members regarding the diffable rubric in the online media Tempo.co. The paradigm in this research is the constructivism paradigm with a qualitative approach. The results of the study indicate that from the selection process, Jurnalposmedia members that they are aware of the diffable rubric. Meanwhile the results of the interpretation stated that the diffable rubric was an interesting and educational rubric. The resulting reaction was that the informants liked the diffable rubric and made the diffable rubric a reference in writing disability news.

ABSTRACT Membrane computing is a bio-inspired computing paradigm whose devices are the so-called membrane systems or P systems. The P system designed in this work reproduces complex biological landscapes in the computer world. It uses nested “membrane-surrounded entities” able to divide, propagate, and die; to be transferred into other membranes; to exchange informative material according to flexible rules; and to mutate and be selected by external agents. This allows the exploration of hierarchical interactive dynamics resulting from the probabilistic interaction of genes (phenotypes), clones, species, hosts, environments, and antibiotic challenges. Our model facilitates analysis of several aspects of the rules that govern the multilevel evolutionary biology of antibiotic resistance. We examined a number of selected landscapes where we predict the effects of different rates of patient flow from hospital to the community and vice versa, the cross-transmission rates between patients with bacterial propagules of different sizes, the proportion of patients treated with antibiotics, and the antibiotics and dosing found in the opening spaces in the microbiota where resistant phenotypes multiply. We also evaluated the selective strengths of some drugs and the influence of the time 0 resistance composition of the species and bacterial clones in the evolution of resistance phenotypes. In summary, we provide case studies analyzing the hierarchical dynamics of antibiotic resistance using a novel computing model with reciprocity within and between levels of biological organization, a type of approach that may be expanded in the multilevel analysis of complex microbial landscapes. IMPORTANCE The work that we present here represents the culmination of many years of investigation in looking for a suitable methodology to simulate the multihierarchical processes involved in antibiotic resistance. Everything started with our early appreciation of the different independent but embedded biological units that shape the biology, ecology, and evolution of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Genes, plasmids carrying these genes, cells hosting plasmids, populations of cells, microbial communities, and host's populations constitute a complex system where changes in one component might influence the other ones. How would it be possible to simulate such a complexity of antibiotic resistance as it occurs in the real world? Can the process be predicted, at least at the local level? A few years ago, and because of their structural resemblance to biological systems, we realized that membrane computing procedures could provide a suitable frame to approach these questions. Our manuscript describes the first application of this modeling methodology to the field of antibiotic resistance and offers a bunch of examples—just a limited number of them in comparison with the possible ones to illustrate its unprecedented explanatory power.

Looking at the Sun forges the framework within which we try to interpret stellar observations. The stellar counterparts of spots, plages, flux tubes, chromospheres, coronae, etc., are readily invoked when attempting to interpret stellar data. This review discusses a selection of solar phenomena that are crucial to understand stellar atmospheric activity. Topics include the interaction of magnetic fields and flows, the relationships between fluxes from different temperature regimes in stellar atmospheres, the photospheric flux budget and its impact on the measurement of the dynamo strength, and the measurement of stellar differential rotation.

This article is the third of three on “Sources of Authority in Education.” All use the work of Amy Gutmann as a heuristic device to describe and explain the prevalence of market-based models of education reform in the US and the business-influenced Global Education Reform Movement. The other two are “Negating Amy Gutmann: Deliberative Democracy, Business Influence and Segmentation Strategies in Education” and “Neoliberalism and Four Spheres of Authority in American Education: Business, Class, Stratification and Intimations of Marketization.” All three are intended to be included together as chapters of my Democratic Education and Markets: Segmentation, Privatization and Sources of Authority in Education Reform. The “Negating Amy Gutmann” article looks primarily at deliberative democracy. The “Neoliberalism and Four Spheres of Authority” article, considers its main theme to be the promise of egalitarian democracy and how figures ‘such as Horace Mann, John Dewey and Gutmann’ have argued it is largely based on the promise of public education. It thus begins with a consideration of what might be called a partial historical materialist analysis – the growth of inequality in the US (and other countries) since the 1970s that correlates with much of the basis for changes in the justifications and substance of education reform. The present article, “The Odd Malaise of Democratic Education and the Inordinate Influence of Business,” continues the argument by offering some historical background and comparisons and ends by considering what happens to the philosophy of education when democracy and capitalism are at odds. It thus starts with recent history, looking at how the content and context of educational policy have changed in the US since Gutmann wrote in the 1980s. Specifically, it concerns itself with the increasing prevalence of twin notions: that our system of education must be reformed because of global competition and that the educational system should emulate the market. The article then goes back a little bit further, to the origins of the common school in the 1600s and Horace Mann’s articulation of the principles behind public education, which are shown to be in stark contrast to Education Reform. The narrative describes how the standards movement, variously, coalesced around George H. W. Bush’s America 2000 and Bill Clinton’s Goals 2000 programs, was reflected in a ‘21st-century schools’ discourse, found programmatic form in George W. Bush’s No Child Left Behind and it’s offspring, Arne Duncan’s Race to the Top. All of the preceding were, to a shocking degree, based on misleading and selective statistical analysis and sets goals that are unreachable even in the best of all possible worlds. The article concludes by considering paradigm change in education and its causes; I draw on both Peter Hall’s exposition of social learning 1 and Antonio Gramsci’s conceptualization of hegemony. 2

This article synthesizes the twenty-one articles in this special issue and discusses five common themes and three further issues to ponder. The articles reflect an optimistic but precarious outlook that will require new skills and missions, a strong leadership in a society transforming itself, and increasingly facing a multicultural and global context for effective delivery of services. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is growing into the new paradigm of practice but the profession needs to consider its boundaries. Multi-country comparisons are crucial in selecting new strategies to enhance skills and missions as we embrace an international scope of practice. Finally, the complex issue of how society is evolving is intensifying and, as society seems to be resisting change, the role of social workers as advocates is vital.

Much theoretical and empirical work by economists and psychologists has shown that the neo-classical approach is defective, and economists are now looking for an alternative. Evolutionary economics is the answer. It starts from the realistic premise that society and the economy are shaped by competition, but unlike neo-classical economics, it proceeds empirically by observing and analysing what has been happening to the economy and society. It does so on the premise that a process of social selection is taking place, analogous but not identical to that of biological selection. This dynamic approach requires a revival of economic history. By reporting on, and inviting debate over, what is happening and its implications, the adoption of an evolutionary approach should help restore the moral content of economics and the surrounding social sciences. Such a change in approach would be a paradigm shift, and will take time. That it will happen is likely: in the end facts kick.

In an effort to increase customization for today’s highly competitive global markets, many companies are looking to product families to increase product variety and shorten product lead-times while reducing costs. The key to a successful product family is the common product platform around which the product family is derived. Building on our previous work in product family design, we introduce a product family penalty function (PFPF) in this paper to aid in the selection of common and scaling parameters for families of products derived from scalable product platforms. The implementation of the PFPF utilizes the powerful physical programming paradigm to formulate the problem in terms of physically meaningful parameters. To demonstrate the proposed approach, a family of electric motors is developed and compared against previous results. We find that the PFPF enables us to properly balance commonality and performance within the product family through the judicious selection of the common parameters that constitute the product platform and the scaling parameters used to instantiate the product family.

The present research analyzed automatic self-regulation during mate searching. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that in a dating context, individuals who are currently looking for a mate show increased automatic attention allocation (focusing effect) to faces of opposite-sex others who display signs of reciprocal romantic interest. We tested this hypothesis in a longitudinal dating study by analyzing intra-individual change in attention allocation to romantic reciprocators and non-reciprocators. Attention allocation was assessed using a visual cueing paradigm prior to and after the announcement of mutual interest in a date between two participants of the study. In line with our hypothesis, focusing effects were obtained selectively for romantic reciprocators. This focusing effect was restricted to participants with a secure attachment style, indicating interindividual differences in adaptive automatic self-regulation processes during mate searching.

Microorganisms are ubiquitous and adapt to various dynamic environments to sustain growth. These adaptations accumulate, generating new traits forming the basis of evolution. Organisms adapt at various levels, such as gene regulation, signalling, protein–protein interactions and metabolism. Of these, metabolism forms the integral core of an organism for maintaining the growth and function of a cell. Therefore, studying adaptations in metabolic networks is crucial to understand the emergence of novel metabolic capabilities. Metabolic networks, composed of enzyme-catalysed reactions, exhibit certain repeating paradigms or design principles that arise out of different selection pressures. In this review, we discuss the design principles that are known to exist in metabolic networks, such as functional redundancy, modularity, flux coupling and exaptations. We elaborate on the studies that have helped gain insights highlighting the interplay of these design principles and adaptation. Further, we discuss how evolution plays a role in exploiting such paradigms to enhance the robustness of organisms. Looking forward, we predict that with the availability of ever-increasing numbers of bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic genomic sequences, novel design principles will be identified, expanding our understanding of these paradigms shaped by varied evolutionary processes.

The influence of attention on perception is a much-discussed issue in the literature. Largely manifested in the Inattentional Blindness phenomenon (IB) (Mack & Rock, 1998; Most et al., 2005; Simons & Chabris, 1999), it has been extensively studied with respect of visual perception, but neglected in other sensory modalities like hearing. We investigated if IB could have an equivalent within the auditory modality: Inattentional Deafness (ID). Besides, we wonder how double-modality presentation of attended and unattended stimuli affects the presence and the extent of IB and ID. For these reasons we ran three different experiments, using the selective looking paradigm (Neisser, 1979); in every case the primary task was to count the bounces made by two teams passing two balls of different materials (making two different sounds) with wooden rackets. In experiments 1 and 2 the unattended stimulus was a black-dressed girl making a loud noise that crossed the visual field. In the last experiment the unattended stimulus was just auditory, thus the loud sound made by the girl, now invisible. Our data show that ID is a possible, strong and reliable phenomenon, and it can be increased in particular conditions, such as coupling the auditory modality of the primary task with the visual one (exp 1, 2 and 3) or pressing the space-bar in correspondence to the bounces (exp 2 and 3). We conclude that our results favor the existence of a non specific attentional system, shared between, and not within, modalities.

AbstractIn this first chapter of the Book “Regenerative Territories. Dimensions of Circularity for Healthy Metabolisms”, the relation between circularity and space is explored. The main focus is the development over time, and in particular the way how spatial planning and strategies respond to new unpredictable urgencies and opportunities related with territorial metabolisms. In relation to space and time, 5 grand rules are explored as necessary to implement the transition towards Circularity: (1) The Circular Economy paradigm shift requires a socio-ecological perspective and looking beyond boundaries; (2) Circular Economy is based on systems thinking and territorial metabolism; (3) a Circular Economy calls for a renewed approach to the public domain and stakeholder involvement; (4) amplifying the definition of Circular Economy with the inclusion of wastescapes; and (5) Planning the Circular Economy as an open collaborative system. The paradigm shift of contemporary planning towards circularity is aimed to facilitate the capacity of cities to be adaptive and flexible to the speeding up of the biggest changes in the present-day society. Therefore, the relation between the various spatial scales is strictly interlinked to the time scales, as well as to the metabolic processes and Life Cycles of Territories. In this perspective, the “existing city” is a non-negotiable common heritage, the result of a “selective accumulation” of material and immaterial traces produced by the slow and progressive anthropic work in the territory. Contemporary spatial planning looks beyond boundaries. This concerns both the physical boundaries between areas or countries, both the boundaries of the various scale levels of solutions, of the interrelated networks, of the public space and, particularly, of their reciprocity. It induces the scrutinization of the underlying social needs and the finding of instruments that allow the spatial planning and renewed infrastructure to fit the changing social objectives such as sustainability and liveability. The territory of the Circular Economy is the city, as a complex and multidimensional organism. However, the most problematic field for experimenting with “circular planning” is the peri-urban territory consisting of urbanized areas, crossed by differentiated phenomena of settlement expansion beyond the limits of the countryside, which identifies rural and open space, traditionally coinciding with the limits of the city. A circular planning for the regeneration of the peri-urban identifies the waste spaces, the decay of the territory, the obsolescence and end of life of buildings, functions and urban parts now inadequate, namely wasted landscapes (wastescapes). The latter are both the result of metabolic transformations of the territory and generator of prospects and potential for rebalancing the material welfare of the city.

This chapter focuses on a new mode of metascientific reasoning that applies the underlying rationale of Charles Darwin's explanation of the ‘Origin of Species’ to many other examples of historical change. More specifically, it examines the ‘evolutionary paradigm of rationality’ which can be summed up in the formula: BVSR = Blind Variation + Selective Retention. It shows how selection in reasoning applies to the changing membership of a population, rather than to changes that might be taking place in any particular member of that population; how the adaptive nature of the Darwinian process results in a population whose members are more ‘fit’ — that is, better able to satisfy the criteria of selection; and the essentially naturalistic nature of evolutionary reasoning. It also discusses bio-organic evolution as a classic example of a Darwinian process; the concept of ‘artificial life’ in relation to many evolutionary phenomena; the evolution of primitive human artefacts and other cultural entities; and the application of evolutionary reasoning to the history of science. The chapter concludes by looking at evolutionary reasoning as a ‘tool of thought’.

This chapter discusses the stylistic change of samba between 1917 and 1933 through an analysis of commercial recordings of the era. After a brief methodological introduction to the issue, the first part of the chapter studies samba songs recorded between 1917 and 1921, looking at the work of the composers Sinhô, Donga, and Caninha on recordings by the singers Bahiano and Eduardo das Neves. The second part of the chapter studies samba songs recorded between 1927 and 1933, looking at the work of the composers Sinhô, Heitor dos Prazeres, Bide, Ismael Silva, Nilton Bastos, and Noel Rosa on recordings made by the singers Francisco Alves and Mário Reis. The analysis is based on musical transcriptions of a selection of twenty-eight samba songs, demonstrating the role of the 3-3-2 Paradigm in the old samba style and of the Estácio Paradigm in the new samba style.