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Journal articles on the topic 'Selective fractionation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 22 June 2024

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1

Frank, Uwe, Jana Dienstbier, Florentin Tischer, Simon E. Wawra, Lukas Gromotka, Johannes Walter, Frauke Liers, and Wolfgang Peukert. "Multidimensional Fractionation of Particles." Separations 10, no. 4 (April 13, 2023): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations10040252.

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The increasing complexity in particle science and technology requires the ability to deal with multidimensional property distributions. We present the theoretical background for multidimensional fractionations by transferring the concepts known from one dimensional to higher dimensional separations. Particles in fluids are separated by acting forces or velocities, which are commonly induces by external fields, e.g., gravitational, centrifugal or electro-magnetic fields. In addition, short-range force fields induced by particle interactions can be employed for fractionation. In this special case, nanoparticle chromatography is a recent example. The framework for handling and characterizing multidimensional separation processes acting on multidimensional particle size distributions is presented. Illustrative examples for technical realizations are given for shape-selective separation in a hydrocyclone and for density-selective separation in a disc separator.

2

Martín-Ortiz, Andrea, Francisco Javier Moreno, Ana Isabel Ruiz-Matute, and María Luz Sanz. "Selective biotechnological fractionation of goat milk carbohydrates." International Dairy Journal 94 (July 2019): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.02.012.

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3

Furuya, Kenji. "Isotopic fractionation in interstellar molecules." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 13, S332 (March 2017): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921317006810.

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AbstractThe level of isotopic fractionation in molecules provides insights into their formation environments and how they formed. In this article, we review hydrogen and nitrogen isotopic fractionation in low-mass star-forming regions. Interstellar molecules are significantly enriched in deuterium. The importance of the nuclear spin states of light species on deuterium fractionation and the usefulness of singly and doubly deuterated molecules as chemical tracers are discussed. Observations have revealed that molecules in prestellar cores are enriched in or depleted in15N depending on molecules. Compared with deuterium fractionation chemistry, our understanding of15N fractionation chemistry is not well established. We briefly discuss potential15N fractionation routes, i.e., isotopic-exchange reactions and isotopic selective photodissociation of N2. In addition, the selective freeze-out of15N atoms onto dust grains around the transition between N atoms and N2is discussed as a potential mechanism that causes the depletion of15N in the gas phase.

4

Ruiz-Aceituno, L., C. Carrero-Carralero, L. Ramos, and M. L. Sanz. "Selective fractionation of sugar alcohols using ionic liquids." Separation and Purification Technology 209 (January 2019): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.026.

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5

Sun, Kai, Nobuko Suzuki, Zheyu Li, Ryoko Araki, Kosei Ueno, Saulius Juodkazis, Masumi Abe, Sumihare Noji, and Hiroaki Misawa. "Electrophoretic chip for fractionation of selective DNA fragment." ELECTROPHORESIS 29, no. 19 (October 2008): 3959–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.200700904.

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6

Ly, Linda, and Valerie C. Wasinger. "Peptide enrichment and protein fractionation using selective electrophoresis." PROTEOMICS 8, no. 20 (September 22, 2008): 4197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200701088.

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7

Damm, Cornelia, Danny Long, Johannes Walter, and Wolfgang Peukert. "Size and Shape Selective Classification of Nanoparticles." Powders 3, no. 2 (May 17, 2024): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/powders3020016.

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As nanoparticle syntheses on a large scale usually yield products with broad size and shape distributions, the properties of nanoparticle-based products need to be tuned after synthesis by narrowing the size and shape distributions or via the removal of undesired fractions. The development of property-selective classification processes requires a universal framework for the quantitative evaluation of multi-dimensional particle fractionation processes. This framework must be applicable to any property and any particle classification process. We extended the well-known one-dimensional methodology commonly used for describing particle size distributions and fractionation processes to the multi-dimensional case to account for the higher complexity of the property distribution and separation functions. In particular, multi-dimensional lognormal distributions are introduced and applied to diameter and length distributions of gold nanorods. The fractionation of nanorods via centrifugation and by orthogonal centrifugal and electric forces is modeled. Moreover, we demonstrate that analytical ultracentrifugation with a multi-wavelength detector (MWL-AUC) is a fast and very accurate method for the measurement of two-dimensional particle size distributions in suspension. The MWL-AUC method is widely applicable to any class of nanoparticles with size-, shape- or composition-dependent optical properties. In addition, we obtained distributions of the lateral diameter and the number of layers of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets via stepwise centrifugation and spectroscopic evaluation of the size fractions.

8

Penger, Jörn, Ralf Conrad, and Martin Blaser. "Stable Carbon Isotope Fractionation by Methylotrophic Methanogenic Archaea." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 21 (August 17, 2012): 7596–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01773-12.

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ABSTRACTIn natural environments methane is usually produced by aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic archaea. However, some methanogens can use C1compounds such as methanol as the substrate. To determine the contributions of individual substrates to methane production, the stable-isotope values of the substrates and the released methane are often used. Additional information can be obtained by using selective inhibitors (e.g., methyl fluoride, a selective inhibitor of acetoclastic methanogenesis). We studied stable carbon isotope fractionation during the conversion of methanol to methane inMethanosarcina acetivorans,Methanosarcina barkeri, andMethanolobus zinderiand generally found large fractionation factors (−83‰ to −72‰). We further tested whether methyl fluoride impairs methylotrophic methanogenesis. Our experiments showed that even though a slight inhibition occurred, the carbon isotope fractionation was not affected. Therefore, the production of isotopically light methane observed in the presence of methyl fluoride may be due to the strong fractionation by methylotrophic methanogens and not only by hydrogenotrophic methanogens as previously assumed.

9

Weidener, Dennis, Holger Klose, William Graf von Westarp, Andreas Jupke, Walter Leitner, Pablo Domínguez de María, and Philipp M. Grande. "Selective lignin fractionation using CO2-expanded 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MTHF)." Green Chemistry 23, no. 17 (2021): 6330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01651b.

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10

Penín, L., S. Peleteiro, V. Santos, J. L. Alonso, and J. C. Parajó. "Selective fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis of Eucalyptus nitens wood." Cellulose 26, no. 2 (November 16, 2018): 1125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-018-2109-4.

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11

Redlinger-Pohn, Jakob D., Josef König, and Stefan Radl. "Length-selective separation of cellulose fibres by hydrodynamic fractionation." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 126 (October 2017): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2017.08.001.

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12

KUMAR, SAURABH, FRANÇOIS JULIEN SAINT AMAND, RAPHAËL PASSAS, BENJAMIN FABRY, and BRUNO CARRÉ. "Fractionation by micro-hole pressure screening and hydrocyclone applied to deinking line rationalization and future manufacturing concept." April 2015 14, no. 4 (May 1, 2015): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj14.4.268.

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This study pursued two objectives related to deinking. The first objective deals with the application of fractionation for deinking operations rationalization, which requires all free ink separation in one fraction and treatment in ink removal operations. Following accomplishment of the first objective, the second objective was fractions generation for stratified sheet formation. The first objective requires separation based on length, and the second requires separation by development of surface characteristics. The experimental plan was focused on selective fines separation and further valorization of fiber and fines fractions. It was shown that fractionation by a pressure screening system equipped with a smooth hole basket with 0.25mm perforations was very selective towards fines (free ink, fillers, cellulosic fines) separation in the accepts. Long fibers, as well as specks, were retained in the rejects fraction. Due to the higher selectivity of the micro-hole screen, fibers are retained on the screen basket. Hence, they are not subjected to flotation operations, thereby effectively reducing their probability of being lost during flotation. This essentially translated into a fractionation-deinking concept. It was also shown that 1-stage micro-hole fractionation and fines flotation provided higher yield than conventional direct pulp flotation, though the final residual ink content was high. A multistage fractionation process would allow further reduction in long fiber residual ink. The second objective was achieved by applying hydrocyclone fractionation on the fine and fiber fractions generated.Separation was based on fiber and fines development. This new fractionation strategy allowed production and characterization of four different fractions: well developed fibers/coarse fibers and fibrillar/flake type fines.

13

Wang, Yong-hua, Xing-fang Li, Yan-xian Liang, Bo Yang, and Shui-hua Zhang. "Enzymatic fractionation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers by selective esterification." Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 46, no. 1-4 (May 2007): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcatb.2007.01.008.

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14

Paula, Julia T., Ilza M. O. Sousa, Mary A. Foglio, and Fernando A. Cabral. "Selective fractionation of supercritical extracts from leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia." Journal of Supercritical Fluids 127 (September 2017): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2017.03.032.

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15

Chen, Hongzhang, Yuzhen Zhang, and Shuangping Xie. "Selective Liquefaction of Wheat Straw in Phenol and Its Fractionation." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 167, no. 2 (April 28, 2012): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9675-y.

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16

Toledano, A., L. Serrano, A. Garcia, I. Mondragon, and J. Labidi. "Comparative study of lignin fractionation by ultrafiltration and selective precipitation." Chemical Engineering Journal 157, no. 1 (February 15, 2010): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.056.

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17

Causserand, Christel, Yilmaz Kara, and Pierre Aimar. "Protein fractionation using selective adsorption on clay surface before filtration." Journal of Membrane Science 186, no. 2 (May 2001): 165–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(01)00332-5.

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18

Kumar, Suresh, Jie Xuan, Milton L. Lee, H. Dennis Tolley, Aaron R. Hawkins, and Adam T. Woolley. "Thin-film microfabricated nanofluidic arrays for size-selective protein fractionation." Lab on a Chip 13, no. 23 (2013): 4591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3lc50869b.

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19

Garcı́a-Rodeja, Eduardo, Juan C. Nóvoa, Xabier Pontevedra, Antonio Martı́nez-Cortizas, and Peter Buurman. "Aluminium fractionation of European volcanic soils by selective dissolution techniques." CATENA 56, no. 1-3 (April 2004): 155–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2003.10.009.

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20

Botelho, Vanessa A., Marília Mateus, José C. C. Petrus, and Maria Norberta de Pinho. "Membrane Bioreactor for Simultaneous Synthesis and Fractionation of Oligosaccharides." Membranes 12, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020171.

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Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are prebiotic sugars obtained enzymatically from lactose and used in food industry due to their nutritional advantages or technological properties. Selective mass transport and enzymatic synthesis were integrated and followed using a membrane bioreactor, so that selective removal of reaction products may lead to increased conversions of product-inhibited or thermodynamically unfavorable reactions. GOS syntheses were conducted on lactose solutions (150 g·L−1) at 40 °C and 10 Uβ-galactosidase.mL−1, and sugar fractionation was performed by cellulose acetate membranes. Effects of pressure (20; 24 bar) and crossflow velocity (1.7; 2.0; 2.4 m·s−1) on bioreactor performance were studied. Simultaneous GOS synthesis and production fractionation increased GOS production by 60%, in comparison to the same reactions promoted without permeation. The presence of a high-molecular-weight solute, the enzyme, in association with high total sugar concentration, leads to complex selective mass transfer characteristics. Without the enzyme, the membrane presented tight ultrafiltration characteristics, permeating mono- and disaccharides and retaining just 25% of trisaccharides. During simultaneous synthesis and fractionation, GOS-3 were totally retained, and GOS-2 and monosaccharides were retained at 80% and 40%, respectively. GOS synthesis—hydrolysis evolution was strongly dependent on crossflow velocity at 20 bar but became fairly independent at 24 bar.

21

Ndiripo, Anthony, M. M. Pornwilard, Thipphaya Pathaweeisariyakul, and Harald Pasch. "Multidimensional chromatographic analysis of carboxylic acid-functionalized polyethylene." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 43 (2019): 5859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01191a.

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Carboxy-functionalized polyethylene is comprehensively analysed using a multidimensional fractionation approach based on high-temperature HPLC, two-dimensional liquid chromatography and selective infrared detection.

22

Yamauchi, Ippei, Mariko Uemura, Masashi Hosokawa, Ai Iwashima-Suzuki, Makoto Shiota, and Kazuo Miyashita. "The dietary effect of milk sphingomyelin on the lipid metabolism of obese/diabetic KK-Aymice and wild-type C57BL/6J mice." Food & Function 7, no. 9 (2016): 3854–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6fo00274a.

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Purified milk sphingomyelin (SM) was obtained from lipid concentrated butter serum (LC-BS) by successive separations involving solvent fractionation, selective saponification, and silicic acid column chromatography.

23

Jacquier, Jean-Christophe, Ciara Duffy, Michael O’Sullivan, and Eugène Dillon. "Copper-Chelated Chitosan Microgels for the Selective Enrichment of Small Cationic Peptides." Gels 10, no. 5 (April 24, 2024): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels10050289.

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Copper-chelated chitosan microgels were investigated as an immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) phase for peptide separation. The copper-crosslinked chitosan beads were shown to strongly interact with a range of amino acids, in a wide range of pH and saline conditions. The beads exhibited an affinity that seemed to depend on the isoelectric point of the amino acid, with the extent of uptake increasing with decreasing isoelectric point. This selective interaction with anionic amino acids resulted in a significant relative enrichment of the supernatant solution in cationic amino acids. The beads were then studied as a novel fractionation system for complex milk hydrolysates. The copper chitosan beads selectively removed larger peptides from the hydrolysate aqueous solution, yielding a solution relatively enriched in medium and smaller peptides, which was characterized both quantitatively and qualitatively by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LCMS) work provided comprehensive data on a peptide sequence level and showed that a depletion of the anionic peptides by the beads resulted in a relative enrichment of the cationic peptides in the supernatant solution. It could be concluded that after fractionation a dramatic relative enrichment in respect to small- and medium-sized cationic peptides in the solution, characteristics that have been linked to bioactivities, such as anti-microbial and cell-penetrating properties. The results demonstrate the use of the chitosan copper gel bead system in lab scale fractionation of complex hydrolysate mixtures, with the potential to enhance milk hydrolysate bioactivity.

24

Visser, Ruud, Simon Bruderer, Paolo Cazzoletti, Stefano Facchini, Alan N. Heays, and Ewine F. van Dishoeck. "Nitrogen isotope fractionation in protoplanetary disks." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731898.

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Aims. The two stable isotopes of nitrogen, 14N and 15N, exhibit a range of abundance ratios both inside and outside the solar system. The elemental ratio in the solar neighborhood is 440. Recent ALMA observations showed HCN/HC15N ratios from 83 to 156 in six T Tauri and Herbig disks and a CN/C15N ratio of 323 ± 30 in one T Tauri star. We aim to determine the dominant mechanism responsible for these enhancements of 15N: low-temperature exchange reactions or isotope-selective photodissociation of N2. Methods. Using the thermochemical code DALI, we model the nitrogen isotope chemistry in circumstellar disks with a 2D axisymmetric geometry. Our chemical network is the first to include both fractionation mechanisms for nitrogen. The model produces abundance profiles and isotope ratios for several key N-bearing species. We study how these isotope ratios depend on various disk parameters. Results. The formation of CN and HCN is closely coupled to the vibrational excitation of H2 in the UV-irradiated surface layers of the disk. Isotope fractionation is completely dominated by isotope-selective photodissociation of N2. The column density ratio of HCN over HC15N in the disk’s inner 100 au does not depend strongly on the disk mass, the flaring angle or the stellar spectrum, but it is sensitive to the grain size distribution. For larger grains, self-shielding of N2 becomes more important relative to dust extinction, leading to stronger isotope fractionation. Between disk radii of ~50 and 200 au, the models predict HCN/HC15N and CN/C15N abundance ratios consistent with observations of disks and comets. The HCN/HC15N and CN/C15N column density ratios in the models are a factor of 2–3 higher than those inferred from the ALMA observations.

25

Nguyen, Ngoc, Christopher Bowland, Peter Bonnesen, Kenneth Littrell, Jong Keum, and Amit Naskar. "Fractionation of Lignin for Selective Shape Memory Effects at Elevated Temperatures." Materials 13, no. 8 (April 20, 2020): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081940.

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We report a facile approach to control the shape memory effects and thermomechanical characteristics of a lignin-based multiphase polymer. Solvent fractionation of a syringylpropane-rich technical organosolv lignin resulted in selective lignin structures having excellent thermal stability coupled with high stiffness and melt-flow resistance. The fractionated lignins were reacted with rubber in melt-phase to form partially networked elastomer enabling selective programmability of the material shape either at 70 °C, a temperature that is high enough for rubbery matrix materials, or at an extremely high temperature, 150 °C. Utilizing appropriate functionalities in fractionated lignins, tunable shape fixity with high strain and stress recovery, particularly high-stress tolerance were maintained. Detailed studies of lignin structures and chemistries were correlated to molecular rigidity, morphology, and stress relaxation, as well as shape memory effects of the materials. The fractionation of lignin enabled enrichment of specific lignin properties for efficient shape memory effects that broaden the materials’ application window. Electron microscopy, melt-rheology, dynamic mechanical analysis and ultra-small angle neutron scattering were conducted to establish morphology of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)-lignin elastomers from solvent fractionated lignins.

26

Martinez-Pedrero, Fernando, Helena Massana-Cid, Till Ziegler, Tom H. Johansen, Arthur V. Straube, and Pietro Tierno. "Bidirectional particle transport and size selective sorting of Brownian particles in a flashing spatially periodic energy landscape." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 38 (2016): 26353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp05599k.

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27

Chisca, Stefan, Valentina-Elena Musteata, Wen Zhang, Serhii Vasylevskyi, Gheorghe Falca, Edy Abou-Hamad, Abdul-Hamid Emwas, Mustafa Altunkaya, and Suzana P. Nunes. "Polytriazole membranes with ultrathin tunable selective layer for crude oil fractionation." Science 376, no. 6597 (June 3, 2022): 1105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abm7686.

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The design of materials and their manufacture into membranes that can handle industrial conditions and separate complex nonaqueous mixtures are challenging. We report a versatile strategy to fabricate polytriazole membranes with 10-nanometer-thin selective layers containing subnanometer channels for the separation of hydrocarbons. The process involves the use of the classical nonsolvent-induced phase separation method and thermal cross-linking. The membrane selectivity can be tuned to the lower end of the typical nanofiltration range (200 to 1000 gram mole −1 ). The polytriazole membrane can enrich up to 80 to 95% of the hydrocarbon content with less than 10 carbon atoms (140 gram mole −1 ). These membranes preferentially separate paraffin over aromatic components, making them suitable for integration in hybrid distillation systems for crude oil fractionation.

28

Nadeina, K. A., V. Yu Pereima, O. V. Klimov, G. I. Koryakina, A. S. Noskov, D. O. Kondrashev, A. V. Kleymenov, et al. "Catalyst for selective hydrotreating of catalytic cracking gasoline without preliminary fractionation." Catalysis in Industry 9, no. 3 (July 2017): 230–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2070050417030096.

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29

Kienberger, Marlene, Paul Demmelmayer, Michael Weißl, Armin Zankl, and Stefan Spirk. "Biobased Support Layers for the Fractionation and Selective Extraction of Lignosulfonates." Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange 38, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 132–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07366299.2019.1691764.

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30

Anand, Madhu, Seong-Sik You, Kendall M. Hurst, Steven R. Saunders, Christopher L. Kitchens, W. Robert Ashurst, and Christopher B. Roberts. "Thermodynamic Analysis of Nanoparticle Size Selective Fractionation Using Gas-Expanded Liquids." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 47, no. 3 (February 2008): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie070981p.

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31

Suarez Ruiz, Catalina A., Jennifer Kwaijtaal, Oriol Cabau Peinado, Corjan van den Berg, Rene H. Wijffels, and Michel H. M. Eppink. "Multistep Fractionation of Microalgal Biomolecules Using Selective Aqueous Two-Phase Systems." ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8, no. 6 (February 6, 2020): 2441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06379.

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32

Rheinländer, Thomas, Dierk Roessner, Werner Weitschies, and Wolfhard Semmler. "Comparison of size-selective techniques for the fractionation of magnetic fluids." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 214, no. 3 (June 2000): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-8853(00)00198-0.

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33

Wang, Xiluan, Hua Bai, and Gaoquan Shi. "Size Fractionation of Graphene Oxide Sheets by pH-Assisted Selective Sedimentation." Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 16 (April 27, 2011): 6338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja200218y.

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34

Nagao, Toshihiro, Yuji Shimada, Yoshie Yamauchi-Sato, Takaya Yamamoto, Masaaki Kasai, Kentaro Tsutsumi, Akio Sugihara, and Yoshio Tominaga. "Fractionation and enrichment of CLA isomers by selective esterification withCandida rugosalipase." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 79, no. 3 (March 2002): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11746-002-0478-6.

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35

Lara-Serrano, Marta, Silvia Morales-delaRosa, Jose M. Campos-Martín, and Jose L. G. Fierro. "Fractionation of Lignocellulosic Biomass by Selective Precipitation from Ionic Liquid Dissolution." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091862.

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We propose the treatment of barley straw with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [EMIMAcO] ionic liquids (ILs) and subsequent precipitation with antisolvent mixtures, thus allowing the separation of the sugar-rich fractions (cellulose and hemicellulose) from the lignin fraction. For this purpose, different concentration ranges of acetone:water antisolvent mixtures were studied. In all cases, a high recovery percentage and a high and effective separation of fractions was achieved for 1:1 acetone:water. The fractionated lignocellulosic compounds were studied by using infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance characterization techniques. This method allows the possibility of reusing IL, confirming the versatility of the established method. The fraction rich in cellulose and hemicellulose was subjected to acid hydrolysis (0.2 mol/L H2SO4) for 5 h at 140 °C, obtaining a yield of total reducing sugars of approximately 80%, much higher than those obtained in non-pretreated samples.

36

Kim, Sinwoo, Jonghwi Lee, and Sang-Soo Lee. "Fractionation of graphene oxides by size-selective adhesion with spherical particles." Macromolecular Research 24, no. 12 (November 10, 2016): 1098–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13233-016-4146-x.

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37

Fornabaio, M., Y. S. Kim, and C. W. Stackpole. "Selective fractionation of hypoxic B16 melanoma cells by density gradient centrifugation." Cancer Letters 44, no. 3 (March 1989): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(89)90059-1.

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38

Kim, Tae Hoon, Hyun Kwak, Tae Hyun Kim, and Kyeong Keun Oh. "Reaction Characteristics of Organosolv-Fractionation Process for Selective Extraction of Carbohydrates and Lignin from Rice Husks." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030686.

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The organosolv-fractionation process can act as a biorefinery process because it can separate the main components of biomass, such as lignin and hemicellulose, with high purity. The ethanol-based organosolv-fractionation process was applied to separate carbohydrates and lignin from rice husks, and the extraction behavior was observed according to various reaction variables. Various reaction conditions such as different temperatures (150 °C, 170 °C, and 190 °C), reaction times (30 min, 60 min, and 120 min), and ethanol concentrations (40%, 60%, and 80%) were tested while maintaining the solid:liquid ratio (1:10) and sulfuric acid concentration (0.25 wt.%). Two optimal reaction conditions for the target components were chosen: for sugar recovery, 150 °C, 60 min, and 40% ethanol were used as condition 1, and for lignin recovery, 170 °C, 120 min, and 80% ethanol were used as condition 2. Under condition 1, 91.5% of the glucan was preserved in the residual solid, and 75.0% of the xylan was extracted from the liquid hydrolysate. For condition 2, 59.9% of the lignin was recovered. To properly choose and apply the correct fractionation method and conditions, the reaction behavior (such as carbohydrate retention and extraction), lignin solubilization, and precipitation should be carefully considered.

39

Zhang, J. W., C. Luckey, and P. B. Lazarow. "Three peroxisome protein packaging pathways suggested by selective permeabilization of yeast mutants defective in peroxisome biogenesis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 4, no. 12 (December 1993): 1351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.4.12.1351.

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We have identified five complementation groups of peroxisome biogenesis (peb) mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a positive selection procedure. Three of these contained morphologically recognizable peroxisomes, and two appeared to lack the organelle altogether. The packaging of peroxisomal proteins in these mutants has been analyzed with a new gentle cell fractionation procedure. It employs digitonin titration for the selective permeabilization of yeast plasma and intracellular membranes. Proteins were measured by enzymatic assay or by quantitative chemiluminescent immunoblotting. With this gentle fractionation method, it was demonstrated that two mutants are selectively defective in assembling proteins into peroxisomes. Peb1-1 packages catalase and acyl-CoA oxidase within peroxisomes but not thiolase. Peb5-1 packages thiolase and acyl-CoA oxidase within peroxisomes but not catalase. The data suggest that the peroxisome biogenesis machinery contains components that are specific for each of three classes of peroxisomal proteins, represented by catalase, thiolase, and acyl-CoA oxidase. In the two mutants lacking morphologically recognizable peroxisomes, peb2-1 and peb4-1, all three enzymes were mislocalized to the cytosol.

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Fialho, João, Patrícia Moniz, Luís C. Duarte, and Florbela Carvalheiro. "Green Fractionation Approaches for the Integrated Upgrade of Corn Cobs." ChemEngineering 7, no. 2 (April 12, 2023): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering7020035.

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Corn cob is an abundant agricultural residue worldwide, with high potential and interesting composition, and its valorization still needs to be studied. Selectively fractionating its structural components (hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin), value-added products can be produced, eliminating waste. In this work, integrated fractionation approaches were developed and evaluated. First, an organosolv process was optimized (ethanol:water, 50:50, w/w). Then, as a comparative method, alkaline delignification (using NaOH, 1–2%) was also studied. The organosolv process allowed a significant delignification of the material (79% delignification yield) and, at the same time, a liquid phase containing a relevant concentration (14.6 g/L) of xylooligosaccharides (XOS). The resulting solid fraction, rich in cellulose, showed an enzymatic digestibility of 90%. The alkaline process increased the delignification yield to 94%, producing a solid fraction with a cellulose enzymatic digestibility of 83%. The two later techniques were also used in a combined strategy of hydrothermal processing (autohydrolysis) followed by delignification. The first allowed the selective hydrolysis of hemicellulose to produce XOS-rich hydrolysates (26.8 g/L, 67.3 g/100 g initial xylan). The further delignification processes, alkaline or organosolv, led to global delignification yields of 76% and 93%, respectively. The solid residue, enriched in glucan (above 75% for both combined processes), also presented high enzymatic saccharification yields, 89% and 90%, respectively. The fractionation strategies proposed, and the results obtained are very promising, enabling the integrated upgrading of this material into a biorefinery framework.

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Papadimitriou, Vasileios A., Loes I. Segerink, and Jan C. T. Eijkel. "Continuous focusing, fractionation and extraction of anionic analytes in a microfluidic chip." Lab on a Chip 19, no. 19 (2019): 3238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9lc00434c.

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Zheng, Y.-F. "The Selective Flux of Sulfur and Implications for Magmatic Sulfur Isotope Fractionation." Isotopenpraxis Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 26, no. 8 (January 1990): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256019008624335.

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Ibrahim, Tayssir, Serge Battu, Jeanne Cook-Moreau, and Philippe Cardot. "Instrumentation of hollow fiber flow field flow fractionation for selective cell elution." Journal of Chromatography B 901 (July 2012): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.043.

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Sun, Wangqiyue, and Maazuza Z. Othman. "A selective fractionation method of lignocellulosic materials using electro-assisted organosolv pretreatment." Bioresource Technology 288 (September 2019): 121421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121421.

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Sironi, Elena, Fabio Sessa, and Marcello Duranti. "A simple procedure of lupin seed protein fractionation for selective food applications." European Food Research and Technology 221, no. 1-2 (February 22, 2005): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-005-1151-2.

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Conrad, Marc, and Irina Smirnova. "Two‐Step Autohydrolysis Pretreatment: Towards High Selective Full Fractionation of Wheat Straw." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 92, no. 11 (September 2020): 1723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.202000056.

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Aikawa, Yuri, and Kenji Furuya. "Gas-dust chemistry of volatiles in the star and planetary system formation." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S350 (April 2019): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319008263.

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AbstractThe focus of this work is on two topics: (i) formation of complex organic molecules (COMs) and (ii) isotope fractionation. Various COMs, which are C, H-containing molecules consisting of 6 atoms and more, have been detected in the central warm region of protostellar cores. Most of this review is about gas-grain chemical models, which have been constructed to evaluate the mechanisms and efficiency of the COM formation. The relevant physical and chemical processes are investigated in laboratory experiments, as reported in other articles in this volume.The isotope fractionation of volatile elements is observed in both the interstellar medium (ISM) and Solar system material. While exothermic exchange reactions enrich molecules with heavier isotopes such as Deuterium, the isotope selective photodissociation can be coupled with ice formation to enrich the ice mantle with rare isotopes. The efficiency of this fractionation depends on the photodesorption yields, which has been studied in laboratory experiments.

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van Leuken, Stijn H. M., Rolf A. T. M. van Benthem, Remco Tuinier, and Mark Vis. "Theoretically predicting the solubility of polydisperse polymers using Flory–Huggins theory." Journal of Physics: Materials 7, no. 1 (November 16, 2023): 015005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2515-7639/ad08d1.

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Abstract Polydispersity affects physical properties of polymeric materials, such as solubility in solvents. Most biobased, synthetic, recycled, mixed, copolymerized, and self-assembled polymers vary in size and chemical structure. Using solvent fractionation, this variety in molecular features can be reduced and a selection of the sizes and molecular features of the polymers can be made. The significant chemical and physical dispersity of these polymers, however, complicates theoretical solubility predictions. A theoretical description of the fractionation process can guide experiments and material design. During solvent fractioning of polymers, a part of the polydisperse distribution of the polymers dissolves. To describe this process, this paper presents a theoretical tool using Flory–Huggins theory combined with molecular mass distributions and distributions in the number of functional groups. This paper quantifies how chemical and physical polydispersity of polymers affects their solubility. Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental measurements of lignin in a mixture of solvents shows that multiple molecular features can be described well using a single set of parameters, giving a tool to theoretically predict the selective solubility of polymers.

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Jiménez-Amezcua, Ignacio, Manuel Ignacio López Martínez, Ana Isabel Ruiz Matute, and María Luz Sanz. "Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents for Solubility and Selective Fractionation of Bioactive Low Molecular Weight Carbohydrates." Foods 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2023): 4355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12234355.

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Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have been shown to be selective and environmentally friendly solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds. However, studies on the solubility of low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (LMWCs) in NADESs are scarce. In this work, new solubility data of LMWCs in NADESs are provided and a new approach based on the use of these solvents for the efficient fractionation of bioactive carbohydrates was explored for the first time. Several mono- and disaccharides and three NADESs based on choline chloride (ChCl) and different donors (2-ethylene glycol (EtG), glycerol (Gly) and ethanedioic acid dihydrate (Eth)) were considered. While the degradation of carbohydrates, mainly ketoses, was detected with ChCl:Eth due to its acidic nature, ChCl:EtG and ChCl:Gly were found to be useful alternatives for selectively separating bioactive ketoses and their corresponding aldoses (e.g., lactulose/lactose and tagatose/galactose) present in equimolar binary mixtures. In addition, the usefulness of ChCl:EtG for the selective enrichment of lactulose to be used as food ingredient or nutraceutical was proven (from a 25% in the reaction mixture to a 56% in the purified sample). NADESs could be used for the selective fractionation of value-added carbohydrates from interfering sugars for several applications, including food science, engineering or pharmaceuticals.

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Lejarazu-Larrañaga, Amaia, Juan Manuel Ortiz, Serena Molina, Yan Zhao, and Eloy García-Calvo. "Nitrate-Selective Anion Exchange Membranes Prepared using Discarded Reverse Osmosis Membranes as Support." Membranes 10, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes10120377.

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The present work shows a methodology for the preparation of membranes with a high affinity for nitrates. For this purpose, a polymeric mixture containing an anion exchange resin was extended on a recycled pressure filtration membrane used as mechanical support. Different ion exchange resins were tested. The influence in ion fractionation of (i) the type of ion exchange resin, (ii) the use of a recycled membrane as support and (iii) the operating current density during the separation process were studied. Results revealed that the employed anion exchange resin could tune up the transport numbers of the anions in the membrane and enhance the transport of nitrates over sulfates. The use of the recycled filtration membrane as support further increased the transport of nitrates in detriment of sulfates in nitrate-selective membranes. Moreover, it considerably improved the mechanical stability of the membranes. Lowering the operational current density also boosted ion fractionation. In addition, the use of recycled membranes as support in membrane preparation is presented as an alternative management route of discarded reverse osmosis membranes, coupling with the challenging management of waste generated by the desalination industry. These membranes could be used for nitrate recovery from wastewater or for nitrate separation from groundwater.