Books: 'Selection pressures'

1

Hoggarth, Elizabeth Anne. Strategies and pressures in the selection process for Community Service Orders. Birmingham: City of Birmingham Polytechnic, 1987.

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2

Hoggarth, Elizabeth Anne. Strategies and pressures in the selection process for community service orders. Birmingham: Birmingham Polytechnic, 1987.

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Hoggarth, Elizabeth Anne. Strategies and pressures in the selection process for community service orders. Birmingham: Birmingham Polytechnic, 1987.

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4

Pressure sensors: Selection and application. New York: M. Dekker, 1991.

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5

Zappe, R. W. Valve selection handbook: Engineering fundamentals for selecting manual valves, check valves, pressure relief valves, and rupture discs. 4th ed. Houston, Tex: Gulf Pub. Co., 1999.

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6

Agency, United States Federal Emergency Management. Tornado protection: Selecting refuge areas in buildings. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: FEMA, 2009.

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7

Spiller, Pablo T. Buy, lobby or sue: Interest groups' participation in policy-making : a selective survey. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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8

A, Campbell William. Outgassing data for selecting spacecraft materials. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office, 1987.

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9

A, Campbell William. Outgassing data for selecting spacecraft materials. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Branch, 1993.

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10

A, Campbell William. Outgassing data for selecting spacecraft materials. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Division, 1990.

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11

1941-, Kohler-Koch Beate, ed. Interessenpolitik in Europa. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2005.

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12

Hazelton, W. S. Technical report on material selection and processing guidelines for BWR coolant pressure boundary piping: Final report. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Division of Engineering and Systems Technology, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1988.

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13

Krishnamurti, J. Individual & society: The bondage of conditioning : a selection of passages for the study of the teachings of J. Krishnamurti. Ojai, Calif. (P.O. Box 1560, Ojai 63024): Krishnamurti Foundation of America, 1991.

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14

Rutkowski, Hank. Commercial low pressure, low velocity duct system design: Theory and applications, duct sizing, and fan selection : manual Q. Washington, D.C: Air Conditioning Contractors of America, 1990.

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15

International Colloquium of Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Its Applications (1988 Kyoto, Japan). Bluff body aerodynamics and its applications: A selection of papers presented at the International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Its Applications, 17-20 October 1988, Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1990.

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16

Goodyer, M. J. Derivation of jack movement influence coefficients as a basis for selecting wall contours giving reduced levels of interference in flexible walled test sections. Hampton, VA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1985.

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17

Evolutionary Mechanism of Human Dysfunctional Behavior: Relaxation of Natural Selection Pressures Throughout Human Evolution, Excessive Diversification of the Inherited Predispositions Underlying Behavior, and Their Relevance to Mental Disorders. Radius Books, 2019.

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18

Varella, Marco A. C., Jaroslava Varella Valentova, and Ana María Fernández. Evolution of Artistic and Aesthetic Propensities through Female Competitive Ornamentation. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.46.

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This chapter highlights and discusses the role of women’s competitive ornamentation as one of the relevant, and so far overlooked, ancestral selective pressures in the evolution of artistic propensities. The authors critically discuss how and why sex differences and sexual selection processes acting on women have been disregarded for more than a decade. The authors review available convergent evidence about sex differences in aesthetics and artistic propensities showing that, overall, women outnumber men. Then the authors propose and show evidence that higher women’s inclination toward artistic domains, including ornamentation of body, behavior, and objects/places, can serve as a social arena for attracting/maintaining mates and dealing with rivals, primarily through self-promotion via competitive ornamentation. The chapter concludes by developing connections with related theories that broaden the scope of the field and highlight predictions for future research.

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19

Kilcullen, David. The Dragons and the Snakes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265687.001.0001.

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This book applies concepts from evolutionary science and military innovation to explore how state and nonstate adversaries of the Western powers have learned to defeat (or render irrelevant) the model of high-tech, expensive, precision warfare pioneered by the United States in 1991 and globally dominant since. The book begins with a historical overview of the period since the Cold War, framed by CIA Director James Woolsey’s 1993 comment that “we have slain a large dragon” (the Soviet Union) “but now we find ourselves in a jungle filled with a bewildering variety of poisonous snakes, and in many ways the dragon was easier to keep track of.” The book describes the selective pressures acting on adversaries as a result of the evolutionary fitness landscape created by western military dominance. It then explores ideas from social and evolutionary science—including social learning, natural selection, artificial selection, predator effects, and the distinction between concept-led peacetime innovation and wartime coevolution —to explain how adversaries adapt. It presents a series of case studies on nonstate actors (including Al Qaeda, Hezbollah, and Islamic State), Russia, and China, as well as sections on North Korea and Iran. The book concludes by considering how western powers can respond to the increasing ineffectiveness of their military model and examines likely strategic futures.

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20

Soman, Prem. Radionuclide Imaging in Heart Failure. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392094.003.0027.

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Heart Failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms and signs of systemic or pulmonary congestion, associated with elevated intracardiac filling pressures. The structural and functional abnormalities of the myocardium which characterize the heart failure state can be explored by various imaging approaches. Hence cardiac imaging plays an integral part in the evaluation the heart failure patient. Radionuclide imaging techniques may be uniquely suited to address several important clinical questions in heart failure related to etiology, the quantification and serial evaluation of LV function, and the selection of patients for therapies including coronary revascularization, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) and cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT).

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21

Maryanski, Alexandra, and Jonathan H. Turner. The Neurology of Religion. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.33.

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The human propensity for religious behavior and, eventually, religious organization is the by-product of natural selection working on the neuroanatomy of low-sociality and non-group-forming hominins to become more social and group oriented as a necessary strategy for survival on the African savanna. Using cladistic analysis to determine the behavioral and organizational propensities of the last common ancestor to present-day great apes and humans’ hominin ancestors, while at the same time engaging in comparative neuroanatomy of extant great-ape and human brains, the neurological basis of religion is isolated. Religion emerged under early selection pressures to make hominins more social and able to form stable groups. From the combination of dramatically increased emotionality and cognitive functioning, the transition from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens approximately 300,000 year ago created the neurological platform for religious behaviors among early humans.

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22

Welling, Lisa L. M., and Todd K. Shackelford, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Endocrinology. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190649739.001.0001.

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Although most will be at least somewhat familiar with the biological role hormones play during puberty and pregnancy, many are likely unaware that hormones—chemical messengers that are secreted by cells and that travel through the body to reach specialized receptors—impact multiple aspects of our lives from conception onward. Behavioral endocrinology and evolutionary psychology are complementary disciplines wherein scholars seek to understand human behavior. Evolutionary psychologists contend that human psychology and behavior are functional outcomes of natural and sexual selection pressures encountered in the ancestral environment. In this view, selection pressures designed adaptations of the mind and body, which produce behavior through a variety of psychological, neurological, and physiological mechanisms. Behavioral endocrinologists study the hormonal and neuroendocrine mechanisms that influence or regulate behavior. They investigate these bidirectional relationships between hormones and behavior using measured, estimated, or manipulated circulating hormone levels, or by studying the associated biological circuitry. Understanding how hormones function as underlying mechanisms for potentially adaptive responses in specific environmental contexts informs an evolutionary perspective on human psychology. This book explores various topics within behavioral endocrinology from an evolutionary perspective. Each chapter explores a subtopic within one of three themes: (1) development and survival, (2) reproductive behavior, and (3) social and affective behavior. Current knowledge on diverse subjects, such as hormonal influences on life history strategy, mate choice, aggression, human hierarchical structure, mood disorders, and more, is outlined and exciting future directions are discussed. The intersection of evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology affords compelling research into human psychophysiology.

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23

van Prooijen, Jan-Willem. Origins of the Moral Punishment Instinct. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609979.003.0004.

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Third-party punishment occurs among insect species, cleaner fish, and non-human primates. This suggests that organisms do not need a sophisticated sense of morality to be punitive. Why, then, did humans evolve a moral punishment instinct? The main proposition of this chapter is that people evolved a sense of morality as a consequence of their punishment instincts. In ancestral groups of hunter-gatherers, punishment had genetic consequences, as it frequently meant death, exclusion, or unattractively low social standing. Punishment therefore has put social selection pressures on our ancestors to evolve intrinsic motivations to pursue the interests of the group. Furthermore, whereas punishment is frequently portrayed as costly, the chapter illuminates that punishers also reap important benefits: punishment can be a form of costly signaling, emphasizing punishers’ power, making them attractive mates.

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24

Gidney, Louisa. The Animal in Late Medieval Britain. Edited by Christopher Gerrard and Alejandra Gutiérrez. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744719.013.65.

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Evidence is considered here for the utilization of domestic farm and companion animals for products other than meat, for example goat horns and calf and cat skins. Selection pressures driving changes in the stature of cattle are suggested to reflect environmental changes from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. An example of catastrophic cattle mortality is examined with regard to the difficulty of establishing the causative effect, the sex ratio of the bodies, and the impact on the manorial farm. Routine disposal of inedible carrion is discussed with regard to urban disposal of horse bones. Constraints on livestock husbandry and the survival of faunal evidence in the uplands of Wales, northern England, and Scotland are used to demonstrate the effect of legal and commercial considerations on the Scottish data.

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25

Roșu, Felicia. Campaigning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789376.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 focuses on electoral campaigning and underlines the interplay of idealism and pragmatism in the selection of a candidate. It starts by introducing the most important candidates competing in the first elections, then it discusses the most important factors influencing the voters’ decisions. The dominant factors in Poland-Lithuania were: the native–foreigner debate; the prestige of the Jagiellons; the power of the future king; geopolitical considerations such as fear of the ‘Turk’ or mistrust of the Habsburgs; religion; and manliness. In Transylvania, preferences revolved around the choice between Habsburg and Ottoman suzerainty. Similarly to Poland-Lithuania, the higher echelons of the political class favoured the Habsburg option and a limitation of electoral rights, but pressures from below made those inclinations impractical. The chapter then reviews campaigning strategies: rhetoric and propaganda; promises of military alliances and financial help; deception and white lies; and material incentives such as favours, offices, and bribes.

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26

Carrier, Tyler J., Adam M. Reitzel, and Andreas Heyland, eds. Section 1 Summary—Evolutionary Origins and Transitions in Developmental Mode. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0006.

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Abiotic variables and biotic interactions can act on variation in life history traits, ultimately leading to divergence in reproductive mode. Marine invertebrates have a remarkable diversity in such strategies, sometimes even between closely related species. It is this natural diversity that lends itself to employing a powerful comparative approach, both for particular morphological characteristics as well as molecular signatures from developmental genes. For example, complex life histories, where a larval stage is interposed between the embryo and juvenile, likely represent the product of numerous selection pressures, historical and current, that have shaped the diversity of larval stages in extant marine species. In fact, the very question about “what is a larva?” has to be addressed, as it is so intimately connected to bentho-planktonic life cycle and metamorphosis. Furthermore, novel larval types have evolved in particular lineages and larvae have been secondarily lost in others. This in itself creates an interesting and exciting playground to test evolutionary developmental hypotheses....

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27

Tornado protection: Selecting refuge areas in buildings. Washington, D.C: FEMA, 2003.

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28

Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. High-Pressure Sodium Lamps: Guide for Selection (American National Standard for Roadway Lighting Equipment). Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1997.

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29

Outgassing data for selecting spacecraft materials. NASA, 1990.

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30

1959-, Leif Thomas, and Speth Rudolf, eds. Die stille Macht: Lobbyismus in Deutschland. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag, 2003.

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31

Jauß, Claudia, and Christian Lahusen. Lobbying als Beruf. Interessengruppen in der Europäischen Union (Europarecht und Europäische Integration). Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2001.

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32

Ito, M., and M. Matsumoto. Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Its Applications: A Selection of Papers Presented at the International Colloquium on Bluff Body Aerodynamics and Its App. Elsevier Science Ltd, 1990.

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33

Masip, Josep, Kenneth Planas, and Arantxa Mas. Non-invasive ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0025.

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During the last 25 years, the use of non-invasive ventilation has grown substantially. Non-invasive ventilation refers to the delivery of positive pressure to the lungs without endotracheal intubation and plays a significant role in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure and in the domiciliary management of some chronic respiratory and sleep disorders. In the intensive and acute care setting, the primary aim of non-invasive ventilation is to avoid intubation, and it is mainly used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, or in the context of weaning, situations in which a reduction in mortality has been demonstrated. The principal techniques are continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel pressure support ventilation. Whereas non-invasive pressure support ventilation requires a ventilator, continuous positive airway pressure is a simpler technique that can be easily used in non-equipped areas such as the pre-hospital setting. The success of non-invasive ventilation is related to the adequate timing and selection of patients, as well as the appropriate use of interfaces, the synchrony of patient-ventilator, and the fine-tuning of the ventilator.

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34

Masip, Josep, Kenneth Planas, and Arantxa Mas. Non-invasive ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0025_update_001.

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During the last 25 years, the use of non-invasive ventilation has grown substantially. Non-invasive ventilation refers to the delivery of positive pressure to the lungs without endotracheal intubation and plays a significant role in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure and in the domiciliary management of some chronic respiratory and sleep disorders. In the intensive and acute care setting, the primary aim of non-invasive ventilation is to avoid intubation, and it is mainly used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, or in the context of weaning, situations in which a reduction in mortality has been demonstrated. The principal techniques are continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel pressure support ventilation. Whereas non-invasive pressure support ventilation requires a ventilator, continuous positive airway pressure is a simpler technique that can be easily used in non-equipped areas such as the pre-hospital setting. The success of non-invasive ventilation is related to the adequate timing and selection of patients, as well as the appropriate use of interfaces, the synchrony of patient-ventilator, and the fine-tuning of the ventilator.

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35

Masip, Josep, Kenneth Planas, and Arantxa Mas. Non-invasive ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0025_update_002.

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During the last 25 years, the use of non-invasive ventilation has grown substantially. Non-invasive ventilation refers to the delivery of positive pressure to the lungs without endotracheal intubation and plays a significant role in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure and in the domiciliary management of some chronic respiratory and sleep disorders. In the intensive and acute care setting, the primary aim of non-invasive ventilation is to avoid intubation, and it is mainly used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, or in the context of weaning, situations in which a reduction in mortality has been demonstrated. The principal techniques are continuous positive airway pressure and bilevel pressure support ventilation. Whereas non-invasive pressure support ventilation requires a ventilator, continuous positive airway pressure is a simpler technique that can be easily used in non-equipped areas such as the pre-hospital setting. The success of non-invasive ventilation is related to the adequate timing and selection of patients, as well as the appropriate use of interfaces, the synchrony of patient-ventilator, and the fine-tuning of the ventilator.

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36

Kleinpell, Ruth, and Laura Crawford. Dressing techniques for wounds in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0280.

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The use of dressings may be indicated in the management of wounds and pressure ulcers, and is dependent on many factors, including the intended purpose of the dressing. The aetiology or cause of the wound will directly impact on the choice of dressing, as factors such as whether a pressure ulcer has undermining and requires packing to fill dead space need to be considered. Other considerations related to aetiology include whether exudates management and compression are required as is the case with venous insufficiency, or whether moisture is preferred, as is often the case with arterial ulcers. The appropriate selection of dressings for pressure ulcers can facilitate healing, although there is insufficient evidence to indicate which specific dressings are the most effective. This chapter reviews important considerations in the use of dressings for wounds and pressure ulcers. In managing the critically-ill patient, knowledge of the indications for use of currently available wound care products and dressings is important for critical care clinicians and consultation with a wound care specialist is recommended.

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37

Lee, Olivia T., Jennifer N. Wu, Frederick J. Meyers, and Christopher P. Evans. Genitourinary aspects of palliative care. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0084.

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Genitourinary tract diseases in the palliative care setting most commonly involve urinary tract obstruction, intractable bleeding, fistulae, and bladder-associated pain. Sources of obstruction in the lower urinary tract include benign prostatic hyperplasia, invasive prostate or bladder cancer, urethral stricture, or bladder neck contracture. Upper tract obstruction includes intraluminal or extraluminal blockage of the renal collecting system and ureters, such as transitional cell carcinoma, fibroepithelial polyps, stricture, stones, pelvic or retroperitoneal malignancy, fibrosis, or prior radiation. Untreated, obstructive uropathy leads to elevated bladder, ureter, and kidney pressures, bladder dysfunction, urolithiasis, renal failure, pyelonephritis, or urosepsis. Intractable haematuria can cause problematic anaemia, frequent transfusions, clot retention, haemorrhagic shock, and death. In addition, urinary tract fistulae such as vesicovaginal and vesicoenteric fistulae are common in patients who have had prior pelvic surgery or radiation especially in the setting of immunocompromise, poor nutrition, and infection. Untreated, these symptoms lead to rash, skin breakdown, ulcers, chronic infection, and sepsis. Lastly, pelvic and bladder pain, depending on aetiology can be treated with oral medications, intravesical therapies, or surgical therapies such as palliative resection or urinary diversion. Selection of tests and treatment modalities in the palliative care setting should be based on using the least invasive means to achieve the most relief in suffering. Some genitourinary conditions are potentially fatal, and in the acute or subacute setting, require re-evaluation of the end-of-life goals and wishes of the patient and family.

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38

Bjorklund, David F. How Children Invented Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190066864.001.0001.

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Infants and children are the often-ignored heroes when it comes to understanding human evolution. Evolutionary pressures acted upon the young of our ancestors more powerfully than on adults. Changes over the course of development in our ancestors were primarily responsible for the species and the people we have become. This book takes an evolutionary developmental perspective, emphasizing that developmental plasticity—the ability to change our physical and psychological selves early in life—is the creative force in evolution, with natural selection serving primarily as the Grim Reaper, or a filter, eliminating novel developmental outcomes that did not benefit the survival of those individuals who possessed them, while letting the more successful outcomes through. Over generations as embryos, infants, and children continued to change and to produce slightly different adults, a new species was born—Homo sapiens. This book is about becoming—of becoming human and of becoming mature adults. One theme of this book is about how an understanding of our species’ evolution can help us better understand current development and how to better rear successful and emotionally healthy children. The second theme turns the relation between evolution and development on its head: How can an understanding of human development help us better understand human evolution? The short answer to this second question is that children invented humanity, and that human evolution can be seen as children setting the stage and leading the way to species innovation.

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39

Masip, Josep, Kenneth Planas, and Arantxa Mas. Non-invasive ventilation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0025_update_003.

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During the last 25 years, the use of non-invasive ventilation has grown substantially. Non-invasive ventilation refers to the delivery of positive pressure to the lungs without endotracheal intubation and plays a significant role in the treatment of patients with acute respiratory failure and in the domiciliary management of some chronic respiratory and sleep disorders. In the intensive and acute care setting, the primary aim of non-invasive ventilation is to avoid intubation, and it is mainly used in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, immunocompromised or in the context of weaning, situations in which a reduction in mortality has been demonstrated. The principal techniques are continuous positive airway pressure, bilevel pressure support ventilation and more recently, high flow nasal cannula. Whereas non-invasive pressure support ventilation requires a ventilator, the other two techniques are simpler and can be easily used in non-equipped areas by less experienced teams, including the pre-hospital setting. The success of non-invasive ventilation is related to an adequate timing, proper selection of patients and interfaces, close monitoring as well as the achievement of a good adaptation to patients’ demand.

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40

Pisklakov, Sergey, Haitham Ibrahim, and Ingrid A. Fitz-James Antoine. Elevated ICP. Edited by David E. Traul and Irene P. Osborn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850036.003.0023.

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Perioperative management of a patient with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) is of paramount importance in neuroanesthesiology. Should this clinical emergency remain unaddressed, disability and death will ensue. Suboptimal care of a patient with elevated ICP is associated with avoidable morbidity and predictable mortality unless timely medical interventions, a focused history, targeted physical findings and a high degree of clinical suspicion confirmed by selective imaging result in medical stabilization and more definitive neurosurgical intervention. This may require interinstitutional transport. Understanding the physiologic and pathologic concepts that underlie elevated ICP permit anticipatory interventions to avert inexorable deterioration. The etiology of elevated intracranial pressure is often multifactorial. The deleterious effects of rising ICP demand a clear understanding of the relationship between ICP, mean arterial pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and cerebral autoregulation. Maintaining optimal CPP to prevent cerebral ischemia is the neuroanesthesiologist’s ultimate goal while managing a patient with an elevated ICP.

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41

Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. High-Intensity-Dicharge and Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps in Luminaires: Guide for Selection (American National Standard for Roadway Lighting Equipment). Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1997.

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42

Roberts, Sophie, and Sharon Dixon. Gait analysis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0009.

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Gait analysis describes the process of systematically quantifying mechanical aspects of walking or running to aid in the examination of a patient/client. In the publication Gait Analysis: An Introduction, Whittle (2002) identifies the eye as being the first tool in this assessment, with technology being available to supplement this visual analysis. Technological analysis tools include two-dimensional (2D) video, three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis, pressure plates, and pressure insoles. The application of technology has increased our understanding of human gait substantially. This chapter introduces the basic tools of gait analysis and highlights specific considerations when selecting appropriate tools for the assessment of walking gait. Details of running gait are provided in Chapter 1.8....

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43

Healy, Susan D. Adaptation and the Brain. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199546756.001.0001.

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The rationale for this work is to make some sort of sense of the seeming myriad of adaptive explanations for why vertebrate brains vary in size. The role that natural selection has played in brain size has been addressed using the comparative method, which allows identification of evolutionary patterns across species. One starting assumption is that brain size is a useful proxy for intelligence and therefore that large-brained animals are more intelligent than smaller-brained animals. Five classes of selection pressure form the majority of explanations: ecology, technology, innovation, sex, and sociality. After chapters in which I describe the difficulties of measuring both brain size and intelligence (cognition), I address the evidence for each of the five factors in turn, reaching the conclusion that although ecology provides the best explanations for variation in the size of brain regions, none of the factors yet offers a robust and compelling explanation for variation in whole brain size. I end by providing the steps I consider necessary to reach such an explanation, steps that I suggest are feasible, if challenging.

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44

WARRING FACTIONS: INTEREST GROUPS, MONEY, SENATE CONFIRMAT. Ohio State University Press, 2002.

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45

Schwarte, Lothar A., Stephan A. Loer, J. K. Götz Wietasch, and Thomas W. L. Scheeren. Cardiovascular drugs in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Michel M. R. F. Struys. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0019.

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Anaesthetists should be familiar with currently available cardiovascular drugs used to maintain cardiovascular stability and achieve haemodynamic goals in surgical patients. The first part of this chapter summarizes antihypertensive agents, and the second part discusses positive inotropic drugs and vasopressors, which can be used perioperatively. Selection of vasoactive agents should be guided by the therapeutic goal (e.g. decreasing or increasing blood pressure or blood flow) and the underlying pathophysiology. Choice of catecholamines in a given situation should be based on the desired effects, that is, goals that can be monitored. Generally speaking, it is easier to affect blood pressure than cardiac output, and how to optimize regional and microcirculatory blood flow remains uncertain. Regardless of the chosen intervention, its haemodynamic effects should be closely monitored and always evaluated against the clinical effects. Recent developments include the definition of haemodynamic goals (goal-directed therapy) and clinical end-points, which seem to decrease morbidity and mortality, regardless of the goals defined and interventions used. With regard to mortality, use of inotropic agents has been associated with adverse outcomes, whereas the use of vasodilators has not. Inotropes in combination with vasodilators have the highest mortality.

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46

Blisard, Deanna, and Ali Al-Khafaji. Diagnosis and management of variceal bleeding in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0178.

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Cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension, which subsequently leads to development of gastroesophageal varices (GEV). Generally, presence of GEV correlates with the severity of cirrhosis and variceal haemorrhage can develop when hepatic venous pressure gradient exceeds 10–12 mmHg. The gold standard for diagnosis and often treatment of GEV is oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD). Management of GEV is divided into primary prophylaxis, acute haemorrhage control, and secondary prophylaxis. Primary prophylaxis includes surveillance OGD and endoscopic intervention based on the size of the varices. Management of acute variceal haemorrhage includes resuscitation and endoscopic interventions. Basic resuscitative measures to maintain haemodynamic stability, vasoconstricting agents to decrease portal pressure, and the use of prophylactic antibiotics. Endoscopic intervention includes any of variceal band ligation, variceal sclerotherapy, and variceal obturation. Radiological or surgical portosystemic shunting markedly reduces portal pressure and are clinically effective therapy for patients who fail endoscopic or pharmacological therapy. Balloon tamponade is effective in temporarily controlling oesophageal variceal haemorrhage in over 80% of patients. Its use should be restricted to patients with uncontrollable bleeding, where more definitive therapy is planned within 24 hours. Secondary prophylaxis includes endoscopy plus pharmacological therapy of non-selective β‎−blockers.

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47

Duvanova, Dinissa. Building Business in Post-Communist Russia, Eastern Europe, and Eurasia: Collective Goods, Selective Incentives, and Predatory States. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2015.

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VanCour, Shawn. Making Radio Genres. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190497118.003.0003.

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This chapter addresses processes of genre formation, exploring the role that concepts of radiogénie played in developing new programming forms and a larger sound-mindedness in period producers and audiences. Beginning with a survey of early radio genres and debates surrounding their sonic appropriateness, the chapter then pursues a more detailed case study of the period’s dominant genre, musical variety. Responding to pressures for programming with unity and distinction while ensuring varied content with broad appeal, producers pursued three key strategies for this genre: (1) inclusion of a program host as central unifying figure, (2) interstitial continuity uniting musical selections around a common theme, and (3) the “continuity program,” with weak dramatic frame stories linking otherwise diverse musical offerings. Fulfilling larger economic imperatives without compromising aesthetic potential, this third format was championed as proof of radio’s capacity to offer unique and valued contributions to an expanding field of modern sound art.

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Shaffer, Gregory, Manfred Elsig, and Sergio Puig. The World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Body. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795582.003.0013.

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This chapter discusses how the authority of the Appellate Body (AB) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) rapidly became extensive. It nonetheless remains fragile given geopolitical shifts that have helped catalyze the rise of neo-nationalist trade politics in the United States. The establishment of extensive AB authority represented a legalization leap in which international dispute settlement moved from limited narrow authority under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to significantly more expansive authority. However, the WTO is an interstate dispute settlement system, so private parties have no direct access to the AB. The AB thus confronts state pressure and at times shapes its decisions to facilitate WTO Member compliance with them. The AB’s authority appears threatened by the US refusal to approve the launching of the selection process to replace retiring AB members. The United States is reacting, in particular, to AB rulings against US import relief practices.

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Miller, Brett A., Roch J. Shipley, Ronald J. Parrington, and Daniel P. Dennies, eds. Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v11a.9781627083294.

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Volume 11A provides information and insights on the factors that determine the useful service life of engineering components and the likely timing and mode of failure. It addresses nearly every stage of the product lifecycle from materials selection and design to manufacturing, operation, maintenance, and repair. It explains how to use life assessment methods to evaluate the effect of corrosion, fatigue, brittle fracture, elevated temperature, and other forms of damage. It also includes a section that examines the effects of casting, forming, welding, heat treating, and other manufacturing processes on component lifetime and performance. The final and by far largest section in the volume presents and analyzes the failure of metal shafts, fasteners, bearings, springs, and gears as well as pressure vessels, boilers, heat exchangers, pipelines, bridges, cranes, rail equipment, and medical devices. For information on the print version of Volume 11A, ISBN: 978-1-62708-327-0, follow this link.

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Books on the topic 'Selection pressures'

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