Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sélection et évolution du virus'
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Guyader, Sébastien. "Evaluation du potentiel de variabilité du potato leafroll virus (Luteoviridae, poleovirus) et identification de quelques facteurs de sélection." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10049.
Full textRousseau, Elsa. "Effet de la dérive génétique et de la sélection sur la durabilité de la résistance des plantes aux virus." Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4024/document.
Full textPlants can be fully protected from their pathogens when they carry major resistance genes, but the efficiency of these genes is limited by the emergence and spread of adapted, resistance-breaking pathogen variants. This thesis studies how evolutionary forces imposed by the plants on pathogen populations may increase the durability of major resistance genes. Using plant viruses as a biological model, this thesis investigates the effect of genetic drift and selection, from the within-host to the host population level. Firstly, a stochastic epidemiological SI model at the field level showed that genetic drift could be particularly beneficial for crop yield when the fitness cost associated with virus adaptation to resistance was intermediate in susceptible plants. Then, the design and validation of a mechanistic-statistical model based on deterministic Lotka-Volterra equations and stochastic Dirichlet-multinomial processes allowed to disentangle the effects of genetic drift from those of selection on temporal data of within-host competition between virus variants. The intensities of genetic drift and selection acting on virus populations were shown to be controlled genetically by the hosts. Finally, a correlation analysis between these estimations of genetic drift and selection intensities and an experimental estimation of the durability of a major resistance gene showed that strong genetic drift during the early stages of plant infection led to an increase in resistance durability. These results open new perspectives for more durable management of plant resistance, by breeding plant varieties inducing strong genetic drift on pathogen populations
Berling, Marie. "Durabilité du contrôle du carpocapse des pommes et des poires (Cydia pomonella) avec le virus de la granulose (CpGV) : Résistance versus Virulence." Pau, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PAUU3016.
Full textThe Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) has been used for fifteen years as a bioinsecticide in codling moth (C. Pomonella) control. In 2004, an insect population with low susceptibility to the virus was detected for the first time in southeast France. The resistance factor was estimated to be 13,000-fold. A laboratory colony of codling moth that was resistant (RGV) to the CpGV-M isolate used in the field was established with resistant insects collected in field followed by an introgression of the resistant trait into a susceptible colony (Sv). The genetic characterization of the resistance showed that the resistance is either monogenic or controlled by a single major gene. The major resistant gene of RGV was localized on the sexual chromosome Z and only small fitness costs have been related to the resistant trait. Blocking points of the viral infection in RGV hosts have not been identified. Nevertheless, the investigations suggest that the peritrophic membrane is not implicated and that the resistance is rather related with a viral multiplication problem in the host cells. A new viral isolate called NPP-R1 was identified and overcome partially the resistance of RGV larvae in laboratory. Serial passages have been carried out on RGV larvae starting from the NPP-R1 isolate. After 16 cycles, the viral isolate, 2016-r16, totally overcome the RGV resistance in laboratory
Poulicard, Nils. "Emergence et adaptation du Rice yellow mottle virus : relations entre histoire évolutive, contournement de résistance et interactions hôte/pathogène." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20121.
Full textThe Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is an emerging virus currently considered as the major constraint to rice production in Africa. Some varieties of African and Asian cultivated rice (Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa, respectively), have recently been identified as highly resistant to RYMV. This resistance phenotype is caused by a recessive gene RYMV1 encoding the translation initiation factor eIF(iso)4G1 of rice.The objectives of this thesis are (i) to investigate the durability of the high resistance of rice against RYMV before broadly deployment in fields, (ii) to characterize the mechanisms of emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) genotypes and (iii) to identify molecular signatures that influence these processes of adaptation. The resistance-breaking of two resistance alleles, identified in both cultivated rice species, is mainly associated with the emergence of mutations in the viral protein VPg that restore in resistant hosts the interaction with the factor eIF(iso)4G1. A site of VPg under diversifying selection directly affects the ability to overcome the high resistance depending on the host species. This site, near the RB mutations, is involved in the adaptation of the RYMV to O. glaberrima species during its evolutionary history. The approach used during this work combines experimental evolution and functional analyses. The results of this integrative study will participate in the development of effective and sustainable control strategies toward the Rice yellow mottle virus in Africa
Parsons, David. "Sélection indirecte en évolution Darwinienne : Mécanismes et implications." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00715781.
Full textClaude, Julien. "Contraintes et sélection au cours de l'évolution morphologique des testudinioidea ("reptilia", testudines) : approches comparatives et morphométriques." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20025.
Full textBigot, Diane. "Biodiversité et évolution des virus présents dans les métagénomes animaux." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4019.
Full textViruses are among the most abundant entities on Earth, but the viral diversity remains mostly unknown as currently biased in favour of animals of social, agronomic and economic interest. Next Generation Sequencing technologies provide access to so far inaccessible information. The aim of my PhD thesis was the study of the viral diversity within a large range of non-model animals. To address this question I set up an innovative analytical framework to discover new viruses based on a meta-transcriptomic approach. This work i) shows that this bioinformatics method is efficient and powerful, ii) allows the discovery of new viruses with particular genomic organisations suggesting they belong to new virus genera of families, iii) uncovered new viruses from new hosts in well-known viral families and iv) shows wider viral host range than previously expected based on a particular focus on hymenopteran viral diversity. Overall, my work allows to fill some gaps in the knowledge of viral diversity and shows the importance of studying non-model animal species in virology
Charrel, Rémi. "Virus GB-A et GB-C (famille Flaviviridae) : épidémiologie, caractérisation moléculaire, phylogénie et évolution." Aix-Marseille 2, 1999. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/1999AIX20654.pdf.
Full textGB virus A and GB virus C were discovered in 1995. They belong to the Flaviviridae family and are provisionally classified into the genus Hepacivirus. GB virus A (GBV-A) has been isolated from six species of New World monkeys belonging to the order of Primates. GB virus C, also known as hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) infects humans. GBV-C/HGV is a cosmopolitan virus, which prevalence of viremia ranges from 0. 7% to 12% of the population depending on the countries. We studied the epidemiology of GBV-C/HGV in 3 exposed populations: patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, kidney transplant recipients and prisoners. The prevalences of viremia were significantly higher in these groups than in the control population. However, no evident clinical or biological syndrome was found in infected individuals. We determined the complete coding sequence of a viral strain isolated from the serum of a French blood donor. This isolate is genetically representative for the viral population that can be isolated in Europe. Phylogenetic relationships between the 34 complete sequences of GBV-C/HGV and these from the other members of the Hepacivirus genus were analyzed. The phylogenetic grouping patterns and the distribution of the genetic distances support the acknowledgement of an unique genotype. The analysis of a 157-nucleotide fragment in the 5' non coding region allows to group the isolates in three major clusters in correlation with their geographical origin (Africa, Europe and North America, and Asia). Recently, a GBV-C/HGV-like virus was isolated from a chimpanzee. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that GBV-A on one hand and GBV-C/HGV and GBV-C/HGV-like on other hand have shared a common ancestor estimated around 35 million years ago. Comparison between phylogenetics of the viruses and their respective human and non human primate hosts suggest that a mechanism of co-evolution has occurred
LEGRAND, Nicolas. "Sélection centrale, survie et sélection périphérique des lymphocytes T ab CD8+." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001512.
Full textDans un premier temps, nous avons étudié la sélection centrale et périphérique de cellules T ab CD8+ exprimant deux transgènes codant respectivement pour le TCR aHY, spécifique de l'antigène mâle H-Y, et le TCR P14, spécifique du peptide gp33-41 issu du virus de la chorioméningite lymphocytaire (LCMV). Ce modèle reproduit un phénomène courant dans le système immunitaire, puisqu'on trouve chez l'homme et la souris jusqu'à 30% de cellules exprimant deux TCR différents à leur surface. Nos résultats montrent que l'expression de deux TCR par les cellules T ab CD8+ leur permet d'échapper partiellement à la sélection négative dans le thymus, et de résister à la délétion clonale à la périphérie. Dans un second temps, nous avons étudié l'établissement d'une infection chronique par le LCMV dans des souris n'ayant pour lymphocytes que des cellules T exprimant le TCR P14 (souris MoP14). Nous avons pu observer que cette infection passe par la sélection de variants viraux spécifiquement mutés au niveau de l'épitope gp33-41, mais également par la modification du comportement des cellules T ab CD8+ des animaux. L'ensemble de ces données plaide pour un modèle d'adaptation des lymphocytes T ab CD8+ à leurs conditions environnementales.
Enfin, nous avons étendu ce travail à l'étude de l'influence des molécules de classe I du CMH sur la survie et la prolifération homéostatique des lymphocytes T ab CD8+, en utilisant une gamme de souris transgéniques pour le TCR. Nos résultats montrent une variété de comportements en relation avec la réactivité croisée supposée des différents TCR utilisés.
Charmantier, Anne. "Hétérogénéité de l'environnement en région méditerranéenne et évolution de la valeur sélective : paternités hors-couple et héritabilité de traits phénotypiques chez la Mésange bleue." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0021.
Full textLandau, Samuel. "Des AG1 vers la GA2 Sélection darwinienne et systèmes multi-agents." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066382.
Full textTaillan, Julien. "Vieillissement et variations stratégiques : étude des processus impliqués dans la sélection stratégique et leur évolution avec l'âge." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4766/document.
Full textResearchers in psychology have shown that we use several strategies to accomplish cognitive tasks. A strategy is a procedure or a set of procedures for achieving a higher level goal or task. One of the crucial issues concerns how we choose a strategy among several available strategies to solve each problem. To further our understanding of strategy selection, the overall objective of this thesis was to investigate processes involved in strategy selection, and their evolution with aging. To achieve this goal, we adopted both neuroscience and cognitive approach. Data reported in our fMRI studies indicate that a specific network was associated with strategy selection. This particular network includes prefrontal regions known to be engaged in tasks involving executive functions. Thus, our data suggest that, contrary to the assumptions of theoretical models, executive functions may be involved in the strategy selection. The lack of activation in these regions in older adults may help us to understand why the ability to choose the better strategy decreases during aging. Interestingly, we also show that participants can use different strategy selection processes based on the difficulty of problems. Finally, in the last section, we discuss the implications of our results for theoretical models of strategy selection, and for cognitive aging
Dupin, Jean-Baptiste. "Cultures multi-parallélisées en millifluidique digitale : diversité et sélection artificielle." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS127/document.
Full textThe role of bacterial communities is essential in ecosystems, but also in the industry, agriculture and human health. Communities’ structure increases their potential applications unlike isolated bacteria. While the culture and engineering of a bacterial strain has become common, currently no technology exists to allow cultivation, handling, selection and evolution of bacterial communities. This work focuses on the design, development and characterization of a tool which can perform evolution of communities using digital millifluidics. With this tool, we handle one thousand cultures of bacteria in drops incubated and analyzed continuously, and the evolution of which we would like to manage. The genetic drift, the genic flows, the diversification and the selection are the four agents of the Evolution which fixes the four axes of this work. The preservation of the diversities, specific to a culture and between them, affect the design of our tool. Its use involves exchanges between cultures which we characterized. We created a protocol allowing to estimate the diversity of these cultures, and thus to discriminate them for robust selection. We finally conceived a system automating their artificial selection: their directed evolution is within easy reach
Martinez, Julien. "Expression et évolution du phénotype étendu dans une association parasitoïde-virus." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00751985.
Full textValarcher, Jean-François. "Persistance in vivo et évolution génétique du virus respiratoire syncytial bovin." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10152.
Full textCorbi, Jonathan. "Sélection et coévolution de gènes paralogues impliqués dans la synthèse d'amidon au cours de la radiation des angiospermes et chez le maïs, depuis sa domestication." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112078.
Full textGene duplication allows the emergence of multiple copies of a gene in a genome (paralogs) and can ultimately trigger genetic innovation. The AGPase (ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase) encompasses two small subunits (SSU) and two large subunits (LSU). This enzyme is encoded by a multigenic family in Angiosperms. AGPase catalyses a limiting reaction of the starch synthesis pathway and has therefore been likely targeted by selection. During my PhD I studied the evolution of the AGPase multigenic family at an interspecific, during Angiosperm radiation, and at an intraspecific scale since maize domestication. In Angiosperms, a handful of sites in LSUs exhibited signs of positive selection, some of which belong to functional domains such as the interaction domain between subunits and the substrate-binding domain. In contrast, SSUs have evolved under strong selective constraints without convincing evidence of positive selection. Signs of coevolution however were detected within SSUs. In maize, AGPase is expressed mostly in the endosperm (genes SSUend and LSUend), the embryo (SSUemb and LSUemb) and the leaves (SSUleaf and LSUleaf). Using multiple neutrality statistics and accounting for demography, I have shown that the 6 paralogs have evolved under contrasted selective pressures during or after domestication including positive selection (LSUleaf, LSUend, LSUemb), balancing selection (SSUemb) and diversifying selection (SSUleaf). These results illustrate the importance of genetic redundancy in the response to selection and more generally, in species evolution
Martin, Mélissa. "Fonction et maintien de la variabilité de la coloration ultraviolette chez les Lacertidae." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066692.
Full textUltraviolet (UV) body colors are widespread in the animal kingdom however our knowledge is still very limited in terms of functions and mechanisms for maintaining the variability of this trait. During my thesis, I studied the variability of the ultraviolet component (UV) of colour ornaments in the vivipara lizard Zootoca vivipara and wall lizard Podarcis muralis, and my works have shown that these two species bear, perceive and use UV signals. Indeed, both species have colour ornaments reflecting strongly in the UV and this UV reflectance varies considerably among populations depending on the season, age and sex of individuals. Sexual dichromatism in the UV range suggests in particular that the UV colour can play a role in intra- or inter-sexual communication or both. In addition, a simple model of vision shows that the vision system of lizards is very well adaptated to discriminate small variations of UV reflectance in male colour ornamentation. By experimentally manipulating the UV reflectance of males during social interactions, we also found that male UV coloration may act as a signal of individual quality. The UV signal can be decisive in settling of aggressive interactions between males and is an important criterion for the pre- and potentially post-copulatory female choice for a partner. These results suggest that UV signal can have a dual function and that sexual selection may be an important evolutionary force in the maintenance of the variability of the UV colour
Fyon, Frédéric. "Compétition pour la transcription et évolution de l'expression génétique chez les diploïdes." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT131/document.
Full textNon-coding sequences, that regulate gene expression, are as important as coding sequences to determine phenotypes. Many studies have identified the main forces affecting regulatory sequence evolution. Here, we theoretically identify a new selective force that may also play a role in this matter. Using multi-locus models, we show that stronger (activating more transcription) enhancers gain some benefit in having its associated gene copy more expressed than the homolog gene copy, controlled by a weaker homolog enhancer. Overexpressed gene copies are better purged from deleterious mutations, such that stronger enhancers get associated with a better genetic background. If recombination between the gene and the enhancer is low enough for this association to persist, enhancer strength selectively increases. Enhancer strength escalation does not necessarily lead to protein overproduction. Other regulators may indeed co-evolve to maintain optimal expression levels, provided that stabilizing selection allows for transitory sub-optimal expression levels. Implementing in the models different reproductive systems, we show that this new selective process does not necessarily lead to an enhancer strength escalation. When chromosomes are genetically isolated enough (little recombination, little outcrossing, selection for favorable genetic associations leads to chromosome divergence: one accumulates stronger enhancers and viable gene alleles, while the other accumulates weaker enhancers and deleterious gene mutations. For non-recombining clonal lineages, we expect gene expression to become haploid: for each gene, one copy is shut down and degenerates. Such divergence also applies to non-recombining sex chromosomes. We show that in such case, chromosome divergence leads to a shut down and degeneration of Y chromosome genes, and to an overexpression of genes located on X chromosomes. With our model, we propose a new theory to explain sex chromosome evolution after they stop recombining. Finally, we used divergence data between Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus to find a signal that can only be explained by positive selection for stronger proximal enhancers. This signal is weak, but significant: this is the first empirical confirmation of enhancer strength escalation process we studied here
Barthélémy, Clément. "Adaptation génétique et détection de la sélection dans le cadre d'évolutions expérimentales." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS013.
Full textAdaptation is a concept at the heart of the theory of evolution by natural selection. It designates both the process which allows the adjustment of the phenotypic trait of an individual to external environmental conditions and the state resulting from this process. In this context, genetic adaptation represents all of the molecular determinants of adaptation, which means, all of the mechanisms that drives adaptation of species at the molecular level. To study the evolutionary processes during adaptation, we can study the evolution of an experimental population in response to the conditions imposed by the experimenter (environmental, demographic, etc.): this is experimental evolution. When these experiments are coupled with high-throughput sequencing, the output data (in the form of time-series) are particularly useful for the study of adaptation and selection in "real time". In this thesis, we will develop a quantitative genetic model in order to study the evolutionary dynamics of a threshold trait (representing resistance to infectious agents traits) during an experimental evolution. In addition, we will develop an innovative method for detecting loci under selection using a clustering method with a shape-based approach. In addition, we will study the influence of mechanisms such as epistasis, which represents the interactions between several alleles at different loci, or phenotypic plasticity, which allows individuals to express a different phenotype while carrying the same genotype, on genetic adaptation and - a fortiori - on adaptation
Goulet, Adeline. "Caractérisation structurale et fonctionnelle de protéines de virus d'archées extrêmophiles : des repliements originaux et une nouvelle lignée virale." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX22039.
Full textDouble-stranded DNA viruses infecting hyperthermophilic Crenarchae of the genera Sulfolobus and Acidianus have been isolated from acidic hot springs at temperature above 80°C and pHs below 3. They are radically different in their properties from viruses that infect Bacteria and Eukarya. Not only are the shapes of these viruses different to all other viruses found on Earth, but more than 70% of their putative genes do not have any homologs in other viruses or cellular life forms. The study of these viruses is still in its infancy and, due to their ecological, morphological and genomic originality, some intriguing questions are raised about their biology, their origins and possible new folds and biochemical mechanisms hidden in extreme environments. Structural and functional characterization of these proteomes is essential to decipher the secrets of these viruses, which is the aim of my thesis. I have solved the structure of six proteins by X-ray crystallography. Three ORFans of the lipothrixviruses Acidianus filamentous virus 1 (AFV1) and Sulfolobus islandicus filamentous virus (SIFV) have new α/β folds and their structural features led us to propose molecular functions. Two of them might be minor structural proteins involved in the terminal appendages of the virions; the third combines in vitro nickase and exonuclease activities and could be the representative of a novel class of nucleases. The two major structural proteins of AFV1 share a C-terminal domain, a four-helix bundle, identical to that of rudiviruses capsid protein, in spite of a very low sequence identity. This domain defines a third and novel viral lineage of double-stranded viruses: the lineage of archaeal filamentous viruses
Bourlet, Thomas. "Détection, sélection et transmission de virus au niveau des muqueuses génitales : à propos de 3 modèles : virus de l'immunodéficience humaine, virus GBV-C/HGV et virus de l'hépatite C." Saint-Etienne, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STET001T.
Full textQuéré, Nolwenn. "Approche moléculaire de l’adaptation différentielle d'un poisson laguno-marin (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) en populations naturelles et d'élevage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20039.
Full textThe identification of gene-linked genetic markers allows the exploration of potential correlations between their genetic variability and selective pressures acting on the genes in both natural and experimental populations. In Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), twelve gene-associated loci – four of them linked to Growth Hormone gene (GH), Somatolactin (SL) or IGF-1- and height anonymous loci were used in a multi-scale study of the genetic differentiation. The structure in three basins know in this species is well confirmed with gene-linked markers bearing a significantly higher differentiation than anonymous loci implying some stronger barriers to nuclear gene flow than admitted so far. At the open sea-lagoon scale, no coherent picture can be drawn from the different tests performed. A fresh water acclimation experiment was carried out in parallel. If numerous fishes in low-salt conditions died, the survivors are not genetically different from that maintained in salted water except for one locus EIF3E. These results can be partially explained by a family component but the genetic determinism is not elucidated yet. The use of gene-linked markers succeeded in revealing the involvement, at least indirect, of some of the genes in the edification of a genetic structure inside the species but also in the physiological response of the fishes to an environmental stress that can be encountered in natural conditions
Martens, Johannes. "L' évolution des organisations biologiques : vers une théorie unifiée de la coopération et du conflit." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010737.
Full textRenaud, François. "Biologie et évolution des populations d'Helminthes parasites : le modèle Helminthes-Téléostéens." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20127.
Full textRomay, Gustavo. "Diversité et évolution des principaux virus infectant les cultures des cucurbitacées au Venezuela." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4002.
Full textIn Venezuela, cucurbits viruses are among de major constraints for cucurbit production. Five viruses have been described infecting cucurbits in the country: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, Cucumovirus), Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV, Potyvirus), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, Potyvirus), Squash mosaic virus (SqMV, Comovirus), and Melon chlorotic mosaic virus (MeCMV, Begomovirus).The current frequency and impact of these viruses is Venezuela is not well known. In this work, the major cucurbit viruses were identified and characterized in order to estimate the viral pathosystem affecting cucurbit production in the country. The begomovirus MeCMV appears to be the major constraint for melon and watermelon production, while the potyviruses ZYMV and PRSV were the most important viruses infecting squash crops in this survey. Molecular characterisation of ZYMV isolates revealed a low genetic diversity of this virus in Venezuela. In contrast, ZYMV isolates were biologically variable as observed in several countries worldwide. Two types of PRSV, P and W, are present in Venezuela. PRSV-W is the only type naturally infecting cucurbits in Venezuela. Another type of PRSV, formerly referred as PRSV-T, was detected. Its molecular and biological characterisation revealed that it is indeed a new species related to but distinct from PRSV. Therefore, the name zucchini tigré mosaic virus (ZTMV) is proposed for this virus
Roux, Simon. "Diversité, évolution et écologie virale : des communautés aux génotypes. Analyse bioinformatique de métagénomes viraux." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00908344.
Full textBellecave, Pantxika. "Sélection et caractérisation d'aptamères inhibiteurs de l'ARN polymérase ARN dépendante du virus de l'hépatite C." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21289.
Full textHepatitis C (HCV) infection is a major health problem worldwide. The current therapy is not effective for half of treated patients thus, the development of new and specific drugs are urgently needed. Among the viral functions essential for viral replication, one of the most attractive targets for the development of drugs is the RNA dependant RNA polymerase (RdRp). Using a combinatorial approach (SELEX), DNA aptamers which bind specifically the HCV RdRp were selected. Three of these aptamers are able to inhibit the RNA synthesis in vitro. The binding and the inhibitory potential of 2 of these aptamers were associated with the random region. These aptamers, which display different secondary structures, inhibit specifically HCV RdRp by 2 distinct mechanisms : one is able to inhibit elongation whereas the other acts predominantly on initiation. The effect of the aptamers on HCV replication in a cellular context was studied with replicon system
Bellec, Laure. "Les virus de mamiellales (Prasinophyceae) : abondance, diversité et interactions coévolutives." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066341.
Full textToubon, Jean-François. "Variabilité géographique, valeur adaptative et sélection du caractère diapause nymphale estivale dans des populations européennes de Mamestra brassicae Linneus : Lepidoptera, Noctuidae." Aix-Marseille 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX3A005.
Full textAfrache, Hassnae. "Prédiction de la fonction des butyrophilines par l'étude de leur évolution et de leur variabilité génétique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5032.
Full textIn this thesis we were interested in studying the evolution and the genetic variability of the butyrophilin family (BTN), a family of immune receptors belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily implicated in the regulation of immune response. Through a thorough phylogenetic study of the family we characterized 14 phylogenetic groups in mammals resulting from a series of duplications from eight ancestral genes at the base of therian. Thereafter, we studied the evolution of the BTN of the MHC region and their genetic variability in human populations by a careful analysis of sequencing data generated by the consortium 1000 Genomes for more than 1,600 individuals representing 26 populations worldwide. We have shown that the evolution of BTNL2 gene is marked by a positive diversifying selection in placental mammals. This selection pressure is accompanied in hominoids of a high level of polymorphism inducing the formation of truncated BTNL2 variants. In humans this high level of polymorphism results in the presence of four ancient allele lineages that are maintained at intermediate frequencies by a strong balancing selection. On the other hand, a detailed phylogenetic analysis of BTN3 group (BTN3A1, 3A2 and 3A3) showed that these genes evolve in hominoids in a concerted manner characterized by a strong and recurrent homogenization of the regions encoding for the peptide signal and the IgV domain in which the 3A1 and 3A3 sequences are replaced by the 3A2 sequence. In humans these genes are polymorphic with over 46 alleles each, but with the presence of extreme homogenization of IgV domain sequences
Serres-Giardi, Laurana. "Diversité et évolution des paysages nucléotidiques des plantes." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0045/document.
Full textThe nucleotide landscape – the way base composition varies along a genome – is a striking feature of genome organization and is highly variable between species. The evolutionary causes of such heterogeneity in GC content have been much debated. Biased gene conversion towards G and C (BGC) and selection on codon usage (SCU) are thought to be main forces. BGC is a neutral process associated with recombination favouring G and C alleles over A and T ones. SCU is a selection process favouring the so-called “preferred” codons, i.e., those whose translation is the most efficient. Contrary to vertebrates, plant nucleotide landscapes are still poorly known. Most studies focused on the GC-poor and homogeneous Arabidopsis thaliana genome and on the GC-rich and heterogeneous rice genome. The contrast between these two genomes was often generalized as a dicot/monocot dichotomy but this vision is clearly phylogenetically biased.The objectives of this study are to characterize angiosperm nucleotide landscapes on a wide phylogenetic scale and to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms acting upon the evolution of nucleotide landscapes. To what extent do nucleotide landscapes vary across angiosperm phylogeny? Are nucleotide landscapes shaped by BGC and SCU? Are taxa affected with the same intensity?To tackle these issues, I used a comparative genomic approach relying on EST data analysis on over 230 angiosperm and gymnosperm species. Through the nucleotide landscape survey for such a wide range of species I found a continuum of GC-heterogeneity patterns across phylogeny, some taxa such as Poaceae being strikingly GC-rich and heterogeneous. My results suggest that nucleotide landscapes could have been shaped by BGC and, to a lesser extent, by SCU. GC-content enrichment and impoverishment are likely to have occurred several times independently during plant evolution and could be explained by intensity variations of BGC and SCU. Using a proxy for EST expression level, I also characterized the diversity of preferred codons between species. Codon usage preferences were shown to be evolutionarily more unstable for four- and six-fold degenerate codon families. Finally, I could link the evolution of codon usage preferences to the evolution of genome base composition. My results suggest that genome base composition, partially shaped by BGC, seems to drive the coevolution between codon usage preferences and tRNAs
Grard, Gilda. "Génomique et évolution des flavivirus transmis par les tiques et découverte d'un nouveau lignage du genre flavivirus." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20679.
Full textZane, Linda. "Réplication du virus HTLV-1 et phénotype lymphocytaire : implication dans l’apoptose." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10317.
Full textHTLV-1 is the etiological agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL). In vivo this virus infects CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes yet ATLL is regularly of the CD4+phenotype. HTLV-1 mainly replicates via the clonal expansion of infected cells. Clonal 3 expansion relies on two distinct mechanisms with respect to the T-cell phenotype: HTLV-1 recruits CD4+ infected T cells into the cell cycle while preventing cell death in CD8+ infected T cells. Furthermore, infected tax-expressing CD4+ lymphocytes display morphological changes characteristic of genetic instability. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection establishes a Tax-dependent CD4+-restricted preleukemic phenotype. The objectives of my work were to investigate the molecular and cellular events that underlie clonal expansion of CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells upon HTLV-1 infection. We hypothesized that the infection could have consequences on both infected and uninfected T cells. Therefore, we first compared the effects of a recent experimental infection performed in vitro with those observed in cloned T cells from patients infected since > 6-26 years. Our findings suggest that the sole virus-cell interactions are sufficient for the resistance to apoptosis in CD8+infected T lymphocytes but not enough for the establishment of a CD4+-restricted preleukemic phenotype in vivo. Next, we evidenced that the CD8+ infected T cells resist to Fas-mediated cell death. Finally, cIAP-2 but not c-FLIP(L) overexpression in these cells appears involved in apoptosis resistance of CD8+ infected T cells and thereby in their clonal expansion
Pélissié, Benjamin. "Sélection sexuelle et hermaphrodisme : approche expérimentale quantitative chez le gastéropode d'eau douce Physa acuta." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20238.
Full textA cornerstone of the theory of sexual selection in gonochoric species is sexual dimorphism. A very general result is stronger selection on males than on females for increasing mating success, and this fundamentally relies on differential investment in offspring between the sexes (anisogamy). Although sexual selection does operate in hermaphroditic species as well, few empirical studies have been performed whether in animals or in plants. The main reason is that the current framework for studying sexual selection does not incorporate the particularities of hermaphrodites, including correlations or cross-sex effects between sex functions and self-fertilization. The first goal of this thesis is to fill this gap by proposing an appropriate framework for hermaphrodites (generalizing that available for gonochoric species). It was applied to approach sexual selection in the hermaphroditic freshwater gastropod Physa acuta. Sexual selection turns out to be stronger on the male than on the female function, as classically observed in gonochorists. Moreover, we do not detect any effect in relation to hermaphrodites' particularities. We then focus on the components of male reproductive success (RSm) in more details. We detect a pattern of sperm precedence in conditions of sperm competition. We develop a new method for decomposing the variance in RSm into pre- and post-copulatory components (representing 60 and 40% of the variance respectively). The third section aims at integrating sexual selection in studies of sex allocation and its evolution. It relies on a protocol of experimental evolution in P. acuta. Conducted over more than 10 generations. Its aim is to observe the evolution of sex allocation by disruptively selecting male and female components of reproductive success. Preliminary results indeed suggest that it is possible to manipulate sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite by manipulating its mating system. We conclude that anisogamy alone is a sufficient condition for sexual selection to proceed, and that sexual dimorphism is not required. Study sexual selection in simultaneous hermaphrodites gives insights for understanding the role of sex allocation in the evolution of mating systems
Knibbe, Carole. "Structuration des génomes par sélection indirecte de la variabilité mutationnelle : une approche de modélisation et de simulation." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00482375.
Full textYalcindag, Erhan. "Origine, adaptation et évolution de Plasmodium falciparum dans un nouvel environnement : L’analyse d’une espèce invasive." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20121/document.
Full textAbstract: The evolutionary biology allows to understand and to trace the origin of species or populations, to understand their dispersions in different areas and analyse the resulting differentiation of these developments. The biological invasion and invasive species, in general, are good models to study and understand the adaptation to new environments. Plasmodium falciparum, a protozoan parasite, agent of the malaria, invades a new host and new vector species at several times. The objective of this thesis was to analyse (i) introduction, origin and distribution of P. falciparum in radically different environments; first, a new geographical area (South America); second, a new host species (in primates); and (ii) identify genes potentially involved in adaptation to new environments. I addressed these questions using different approaches, including population genetics, phylogeographic analyses, and also phylogenetic analyses. The results demonstrate for the first time, P. falciparum has been introduced by humans at least twice in South America from Africa. This thesis has also demonstrated for the first time that this parasite circulates naturally in nonhuman primates. The analysis of the patterns of the selection on candidate genes play a role in the invasion of erythrocytes by the parasite was performed to determine if adaptive evolutions were occur on these specific genes in these new environments. Overall, our results demonstrate that P. falciparum can be considered an invasive species and that parasite is not specific to humans. All of our work allowed us to advance in the knowledge of the biological model in terms of strategy emergence or reemergence in different environments. Our results highlight the changes that have taken place in the geographical distribution and the emergence of host range used by P. falciparum during its evolutionary history, past and present which may raise concerns of other developments in the future. Keywords : Biological invasion, invasive species, parasite, origin, adaptation, selection, emerging infectious diseases, Plasmodium falciparum, South America, population genetics, phylogeography, molecular markers, apes
Daubech, Benoît. "Évolution expérimentale d'un symbiote de légumineuse : étude des facteurs génétiques et des forces de sélection qui favorisent ou non l'évolution du mutualisme." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30338.
Full textThe symbiosis between legumes and bacteria, known as rhizobia, is a complex process resulting in the formation of a novel plant organ, the nodule, in which internalized bacteria (bacteroids) fix nitrogen to the benefit of the host plant. Rhizobia do not form a homogeneous taxonomic group. They belong to a dozen of genera scattered within α- and ß-proteobacteria. Rhizobia may have evolved from horizontal transfer of key symbiotic genes, followed by genome remodeling under plant selection pressure, allowing the activation and/or optimization of the acquired symbiotic potential. This evolutionary scenario is being replayed in the laboratory using an experimental evolution approach. The symbiotic plasmid of the Mimosa pudica symbiont, Cupriavidus taiwanensis LMG19424, was introduced into the plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum GMI1000. 18 parallel lineages were derived from this chimeric ancestor using serial cycles of inoculation with M. pudica and re-isolation of bacteria from the nodules. After 16 cycles of evolution, three observations were done: i) the evolved bacteria do not fix nitrogen and evolution towards mutualism is not completed, ii) a gene of unknown function seems to be involved in intracellular infection and iii) the mutations that allow and/or improve intracellular infection also improve nodulation capacity. To determine conditions that favor the emergence of mutualism in the laboratory and possibly in nature, we analyzed the spatio-temporal dynamics of two quasi-isogenic sub-populations of C. taiwanensis, one nitrogen-fixing (Fix+) and the other not (Fix-), along their symbiotic process with M. pudica. We observed an early degenerescence of Fix- bacteroids, even when they share a nodule with Fix+, and established the kinetics of Fix+ expansion along time. Using mathematical modeling and experimental validations, we predicted that rare Fix+ will invade a population dominated by non-fixing bacteria during serial nodulation cycles with a probability that is function of initial inoculum, plant population size and nodulation cycle length. Then, we studied the role of a C. taiwanensis symbiotic plasmid gene, whose deletion in one lineage was responsible of intracellular infection defect. We showed that this gene, called noeM, is a novel nodulation gene involved in the biosynthesis of atypical Nod factors where the reducing sugar is open and oxidized. noeM was mostly found in isolates of the Mimoseae tribe, especially in all strains able to nodulate M. pudica. The noeM genes form a separate phylogenetic clade containing only rhizobial genes. A noeM deletion mutant of C. taiwanensis was affected for the nodulation of M. pudica confirming the role of noeM in the symbiosis with this legume. Last, we initiated the detailed cytological analysis of M. pudica root infection by C. taiwanensis and a few strains bearing adaptive mutations for intracellular infection, in order to analyze the effect of these mutations on early symbiotic stages
Lopez, Marie. "Sélection naturelle et adaptation aux changements rapides de pressions environnementales chez l'Homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS605.
Full textThroughout their recent evolutionary history, humans have colonized various ecological habitats, adopted different lifestyles and experienced massive demographic changes. However, the mechanisms of natural selection acting on the genome during periods of changes in selective constraints remain to be characterized. In this context, the study of exome sequences and genotyping data from 600 Pygmy rainforest hunter-gatherers and non-Pygmy farmers from 14 populations have allowed us to (1) evaluate the impact of their recent demographic changes on the efficacy of negative selection in their genomes and (2) identify the mechanisms of positive selection and the biological functions involved in the adaptation of Pygmies to their environments. Our results show that, despite their opposite recent demographic histories, Pygmy and non-Pygmy populations exhibit no differences in their additive and recessive mutational loads, and highlight the beneficial role of admixture on reducing the burden of recessive deleterious mutations. In addition, our results suggest that genes involved in both the regulation of immunity and metabolic pathways related to insulin are under convergent polygenic selection in several Pygmy populations from central Africa. To conclude, this works contributes to the better understanding of mechanisms of negative and positive natural selection in shaping the human genetic diversity
Fournier, Gérald. "Évolution et civilisation : report des pressions sélectives, émancipation et ‘technosymbiose’ : de l’anthropologie de Charles Darwin à l’économie évolutionniste étendue." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10237.
Full textIs the selective process irrelevant, does it persist, or is it dialectically achieved in civilization? Two general theses arise from this question: (1) either the progressive extinction of natural selection, human society thus witnessing a genuine vital emancipation or (2) the persistence of selection pressures, the system of selective constraints thus remaining effective. In fact, this question was outlined in 1871 with Charles Darwin’s “anthropology”; his anthropology and notably his social Darwinism, a form of displacement of selection pressures continue to be debated today. Confronted with the thesis of the doctrinal inconsistency of this “anthropology” which allows Darwin’s words to be interpreted at will, we shall put forward a form of coherence based on the concept of sympathy and the combined effects of selection, culture and habits. We shall then put forward a theory of vital emancipation that combines the persistence of selection pressures and emancipation via a technosymbiotic process, a neologism similar to cultural niche construction (Odling-Smee). Considering civilization as an ecological niche and culture as a parameter will solve most theoretical problems, notably related to the identity dualism associated with a conventional approach to man and society. Our reflection on civilization will lead us to focus on and investigate into the economic biotope understood as an essential and specific feature of our ecological niche. Following this approach, man’s biological emancipation coexists with a system of selectionist constraint in a biotope that is, as a consequence, increasingly biomimetic
Liégeois, Florian. "Diversité génétique et histoire naturelle des virus de l'immunodéficience simienne." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20035.
Full textSimian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) are found in an extensive number of African primates. It is now well established that SIVs from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) in West central Africa and from sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) in West Africa are the progenitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2, respectively. To date humans continue to be exposed to these viruses by hunting and handling primate bushmeat. In this thesis, we aimed to identify and characterize full-length genome of new SIVs in three different primate species: Miopithecus talapoin (SIVtal) from Cameroon and captive animals, Western red colobus (SIVwrcPbb and SIVwrcPbt) from West Africa (Senegal and Côte d'Ivoire) and olive colobus from the Taï forest national park in Côte d'Ivoire, in order to further document the natural history of primate lentiviruses and to evaluate the SIV prevalence within the Western red colobus from the Taï forest in Côte d'Ivoire. Phylogenetic analyses of full-length genomes of these viruses confirmed that each of them represents a new SIV lineage. We observed a significant clustering of the SIVtal lineage with the Cercopithecus-specific SIVs and SIVtal and Cercopithecus-specific SIVs share functional motifs specific of these viruses. We also showed that western red colobus are the natural hosts of SIVwrc and that SIVolc, isolated from an olive colobus, is related to SIVwrc. Overall, SIVwrc and SIVolc are related to the SIV from Lhoest lineage and are related to the divergent SIVcol isolated from mantled guereza in Cameroon, in the 5'part of the pol gene. We also present the first molecular epidemiological survey of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVwrc) in wild-living western red colobus monkeys which are frequently hunted by the human population and represent a favourite prey of western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus). We showed a minimal prevalence of 26% among the individuals sampled. Overall, these results highlight once more the complexity of the natural history and evolution of primate lentiviruses. We showed that wild-living red colobus represent a substantial reservoir of SIVwrc. Moreover, because of their frequent association with other monkey species, the predation pressure exerted by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) and by poachers around and inside the park, simian to simian and simian to human SIVwrc cross-species transmission cannot be excluded illustrating the need for surveillance of primate pathogens and their cross-species transmissions in this part of Africa and elsewhere
Caumont, Anne. "La levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae, un nouvel outil pour l'étude de l'intégrase de VIH-1, et pour la sélection d'inhibiteurs spécifiques." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28664.
Full textThézé, Julien. "Diversification et adaptation génomique des virus entomopathogènes." Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4006.
Full textAt different timescales, the purpose of my PhD was to understand insect virus evolution through the study of the genomic diversification and adaptation of insect large DNA viruses. Firstly, I was able to estimate the ages of baculovirus and nudivirus diversifications, and to propose a long-term coevolutionary scenario between these viruses and their insect hosts. Then, on a narrower timescale, I showed that insect hosts are the major factor in baculovirus diversification, and surprisingly, I also observed that the virus biotic environment, i.e. insect host plants, plays a central role in their evolution. Secondly, punctual mutations have been linked to the local adaptation of differentiated populations of the baculovirus SeMNPV. Finally, the study of convergent genomic adaptation between entomopoxviruses and baculoviruses highlighted that horizontal gene transfers are an important source of variability for large DNA viruses, for the adaption to the same ecological niches. Genes and mechanisms identified in this PhD work provide new insights to understand how genomes are shaped by ecology
Skrabal, Katharina. "Evolution du tropisme cellulaire du VIH-1 in vivo : effet de la pression de sélection pharmacologique et immunologique." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077183.
Full textEriani, Gilbert. "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthétases et tRNA : études fonctionnelles, structurales et génétiques d'une famille de molécules essentielles pour l'expression du code génétique." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00266855.
Full textNguyen, Quang Nam. "Utilisation du séquençage à haut débit pour la sélection et l'ingénierie des aptamères." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS238.
Full textSELEX is a directed molecular evolution technic which allows, after several rounds of selection, enriching a library from random nucleic acids to sequences able to bind specifically a target. Sequencing technics are then used to identify these sequences called « aptamers ». Since the arrival of High-Throughput Sequencing (HTS), it is now possible to analyse millions of sequences. The aim of the thesis was to develop methods for the treatment and the analysis of HTS data, in order to facilitate the identification of the best aptamers inside a SELEX. During this thesis, a semi-automatic binding test on adherent living cells has been developed to measure the affinity of aptamers identified in SELEX directed against specific cells (cell-SELEX). Then, the evolution of the sequence enrichment during a cell-SELEX has been analysed by HTS. This analysis gave us the possibility to design a new phylogenetic approch named FREDROGRAM. This evolutive approch allowed to identify variants of an aptamer’s family with a better affinity. Finally, HTS of two SELEX directed against proteins has contributed to a better understanding of the impact of selection parameters on the library and to identified new aptamers, notably by reducing the number of SELEX rounds. To conclude, this work shows the importance of HTS in the identification of the best aptamers and suggests new protocols to monitor the next SELEX in a different manner
Aubry, Maite Tepoe. "Epidémiologie moléculaire, évolution et diversité génétique intra-hôte du virus de la Dengue dans les Etats insulaires du Pacifique Sud." Polynésie française, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POLF0003.
Full textDengue virus (DENV) is constantly evolving as a result of constraints inherent to the host and the context of transmission. We proposed to analyze the genetic evolution of DENV at different levels of evolutionary divergence: at inter-hosts level, in the regional context of the South Pacific and local contexts of the island countries; and at intra-host level, during infection in human. By analyzing the genome of nearly 500 DENV strains collected over the past 25 years in the South Pacific Island countries (SPICs), we identified South-East Asia as the major source of viral introduction in the South Pacific and showed the existence of preferential pathways of virus distribution between SPICs. Moreover, we revealed the fixation of mutations within the viral genome, signatures of the impact of regional and local contexts on the genetic evolution of DENV. Through the analysis of clonal sequences of the complete envelope (E) gene of DENV-4 strains obtained from venous and capillary blood samples collected during 3 consecutive days in several patients, we showed that at all levels of evolutionary divergence, the sereotype 4 displays lower genetic variability than the three others. At intra-host level, we observed that the viral genetic diversity evolves during infection and is lower in capillary blood. Our results support the hypothesis of an active viral replication in the vicinity of blood capillaries of the skin and show the existence of an impact of the immune response on the structure of the viral population during infection
Schull, Quentin. "Sexual selection, social selection and individual quality : underlying mechanisms and ultimate consequences of ornamentation in a monomorphic species, the King penguin (Aptenodytes patagonicus)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ110/document.
Full textDarwin’s seminal theory of evolution by means of natural selection, first published 157 years ago, has been in constant refinement ever since. The production and maintenance of extravagant ornaments is widely suggested to evolve by conspecific preference providing information on individual intrinsic quality in sexual contexts or on individual social quality in non-reproductive contexts. The king penguin is a monomorphic bird species and an outstanding model to study ornament evolution. My results show that those ornaments are partly condition-dependent, and reliable traits that may be used to assess the quality of a potential sexual partner, implying that their evolution and maintenance is partly determined by sexual selection. On the other hand, some traits remained condition-independent in their production, suggesting that the cost associated with their expression was deferred over time and the evolution of those ornaments likely shaped by non-sexual social selection
Vabret, Astrid. "Coronavirus humains hors-SARS-CoV : veille virologique et étude épidémiologique moléculaire du coronavirus OC43." Caen, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CAEN2012.
Full textFive human coronaviruses have been identified: HCoVs 229E, OC43, NL63, HKU1 and SARS-CoV. Among them, three have been found very recently: SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV-NL63 in 2004, and HCoV-HKU1 in 2005. Human coronaviruses (except for SARS-CoV) mainly cause acute respiratory tract illnesses. They are also involved in enteric and neurological diseases. We have developed molecular methods to detect and characterize the HCoVs (except for SARS-CoV). These methods allow us to identify an outbreak of HCoV-OC43 respiratory infections, as well as the circulation and the genetic diversity of HCoVs NL63 and HKU1. The genetic diversity of HCoV-OC43 has been the foc us of more elaborate studies. The molecular and phylogenetic analysis of the S1 gene of seven HCoV-OC43 strains has shown a great inter-strain genetic diversity. We have demonstrated the quasispecies organization of the HCoV-OC43 viral population in a context of acute respiratory infection. The intra-strain genetic heterogeneity is very important. The demonstration of quasispecies distribution of HCoV-OC43 could provide a better understanding of the evolution of coronaviruses, especially their capacity to jump species barriers, to adapt to their new host, and to establish persistent infections
Pueyo, Sophie. "Histoire naturelle et évolution sous traitement d'adultes infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 2 en France." Bordeaux 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR21188.
Full textThe HIV-2 infection is different from HIV-1 infection in its least pathogenicity, but the reasons are not clearly identified. This thesis is about the HIV-2 infection in adults in France, based on the data collected within an ongoing prospective cohort study of infected patients, initiated in 1994. This work presents the analysis of the collected data under various aspects. First the patients are described on clinical, epidemiological and immuno-virological aspects. Then, a study of the predictive factors of clinical progression of the disease are presented. The third part tackles about the antiretroviral treatments with a study about the side effects of the treatments, in particular lipodystrophy and metabolic abnormalities, an analysis of the incidence of clinical events according to the therapeutic status, and an analysis of the immunological and virological response after starting a triple nucleosidic analogs combination treatment
Collet, Marie. "Évolution et mécanismes d’évitement de la consanguinité chez un hyménoptère parasitoïde Venturia canescens." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1338/document.
Full textInbreeding is well known by biologists to lower the fitness of individuals by or example decreasing survival or fertility. Therefore, natural selection should favour behaviours preventing the reproduction of genetically-related individuals or mitigating harmful consequences, called inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is particularly visible in Hymenoptera with a sex-determination system called single-locus Complementary Sex Determination (sl-CSD), where it leads to the production of diploid males that are either unviable or sterile. My PhD work has thus been devoted to the study of sib-mating avoidance in natural populations of a parasitoid with sl-CSD, Venturia canescens, and to understand the cues used by females recognize their kin. We first studied the link between habitat type (continental, island or captive), genetic diversity and diploid male production in 11 V. canescens populations. Indeed, a theoretical framework called "Diploid male extinction vortex" predict a negative correlation between populations’ isolation, genetic diversity and diploid male production that could lead to the extinction of hymenopteran populations.We actually showed a negative correlation between genetic diversity and diploid male production in isolated populations. Previous studies have furthermore demonstrated kin discrimination and sib-mating avoidance by V. canescens females in the laboratory. We therefore studied the sibmating avoidance behaviour in natural populations of this species by genotyping more than 450 wild individuals and their offsprings. We demonstrated that females tolerated inbreeding in the wild as well as in the laboratory when several males were present. We highlighted the importance of environmental conditions on mate choice. At last, we were interested in the kin recognition system and researched the chemical cues used by females in two ecological contexts, mate choice and superparasitism avoidance. This allowed us to identify similarities in the composition of the two chemical signals and that they were not interchangeable between the two studied ecological contexts. In the end, the results we obtained shed new light on the necessary conditions for the apparition of sib-mating avoidance in natural populations, as well as on the cues used for kin recognition in a parasitoid