Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Sélection de fréquence maximale'
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Taki, Nour. "Diagnosis of Soft Faults in Complex Wired Networks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG004.
Full textElectrical cables are used in all sectors to transfer energy or information. During operation, the cables may be subject to hard faults (open circuit, short circuit) or soft faults (isolation damage, pinching, etc.) due to misuse, environmental conditions, or aging. These faults must be detected at their earliest stage to avoid interruption of the function or more serious consequences. Even though several electric and non-electric wire diagnosis methods have been studied and developed throughout the last few decades, reflectometry-based techniques have provided effective results with hard faults. However, they have been shown to be less reliable whenever soft faults are addressed.Indeed, soft faults are characterized by a small impedance variation, resulting in a low amplitude signature on the corresponding reflectograms. Accordingly, the detection of these faults depends strongly on the test signal configuration, such as its bandwidth. Although the increase of the maximal frequency of the test signal enhances the soft fault's ''spatial'' resolution, its performance is limited by signal attenuation and dispersion. Moreover, although reflectometry offers good results in point-to-point topology networks, it suffers from ambiguity related to fault location in more complex wired networks (Multi-branched). As a solution, distributed reflectometry method, where sensors are implemented in the extremities of the network under test, is used. However, several issues are enforced, from the computing complexities and sensors fusion problems to the energy consumption.In this context, this Ph.D. dissertation proposes to develop two approaches: the first selects the best maximal frequency for soft fault detection, and the second selects the most relevant sensors to monitor and diagnose those faults in multi-branched wired networks. The proposed solution is based on a combination between reflectometry and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA model coupled with statistical analysis based on Hotelling’s T² and Squared Prediction Error (SPE) is used to detect the soft faults and select the required parameters. Experimental validation is carried out, and performance analysis in the presence of noise is investigated
Tofan, Radu-Ionel. "Bordures : de la sélection de vues dans un cube de données au calcul parallèle de fréquents maximaux." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14073/document.
Full textThe materialization of views is an effective technique for optimizing queries. In this thesis, we propose a new vision, we qualify it as "user oriented", of the solutions to the problem of selecting views to materialize in data warehouses : the user fixes the maximum response time. In this vision, we propose algorithms that are competitive with the algorithms "oriented system" type, where resources such as memory, are considered as the major constraint. The "user oriented" approach is studied under a dynamic context. We analyze the stability of this system with respect to the dynamic query workload dynamic as well as data dynamic (insertions and deletions). The key concept of our algorithms for selecting views to materialize is the border. This concept has been widely studied in the data mining community under the maximal frequent itemset extration setting. Many sequential algorithms have been proposed. We propose a new sequential algorithm MineWithRounds, easily parallelizable, which differs from the others in that it guarantees a theoretical speed up in the case of multiprocessors shared memory case
Boitel, Guillaume. "Efficience énergétique et modifications du mouvement propulseur lors d’une tâche de locomotion aquatique d’intensité maximale et sous-maximale : le cas de la monopalme de surface." Thesis, Toulon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUL0001/document.
Full textThe purpose of the present work was to examine the relationship between the metabolic efficiency and the modifications of the propeller movement during various tasks conducted at maximal and submaximal intensities. A descriptive analysis of the monofin-swiming activity was firstly performed, allowing to characterize the physiological profile of high-level monofin-swimmers (Study 1). This first work shows that the amplitude of the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to maximal monofin-swimming is significantly less important than that induced during cycling test. These differences in acute physiological adaptations to maximal exercise between the maximal tests suggest an influence of the specific position ofthe body and the low muscular mass recruited in monofin. The goal of the study 2 was investigate the influence of the kick frequency (KF as movement parameter) on the energy cost (Ec) and the metabolic responses during submaximal swimming sessions of constant duration. The findings highlight that the choice of a high KF ( > freely chosen KF, FCKF) as compared to an interval of low KF, results in an optimization of Ec parameter, possibly by the reduction of active drag.The aim of the study 3 was to focus in the effect of the KF on the indicators of the metabolic efficiency (Ec and slow component of the oxygen consumption , VO2SC ) during a time limit (Tlim) conducted at maximal intensity. The selection of a low and high KF (expressed in % of the FCKF) is associated with an alteration of Tlim whereas an improvement of the performance is observed during the FCKF condition. The lack of significant differences of Ec and VO2SC between the conditions suggests that the performance is more dependent on the manipulation of the movement than induced physiological responses. Further studies are necessary to identify the internal and external mechanisms (e.g. muscular activity and/or motor control)
Le, Roux Patrick. "Suites Régulières d'Impulsions Radio-Fréquence en Résonance Magnétique. Application à l'IRM." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128349.
Full textOn utilise ensuite les mêmes outils pour donner un modèle simplifié des séquences CPMG (Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill) et SSFP (Steady State Free Precession) . Pour cela on considère la rotation d'écho à écho et on explique la stabilisation naturelle des signaux par la dispersion de phase. Une caractérisation simplifiée mais d'usage assez large des processus de relaxation est obtenue. Un lien entre un algorithme polynomial de stabilisation des signaux de la séquence CPMG, et une version discrétisée du principe adiabatique est proposé. Ce principe d'adiabatisme un peu élargi est appliqué à la stabilisation des séquences SSFP .
Enfin un dernier chapitre aborde une séquence non-CPMG, basée sur une modulation quadratique de la phase du train d'impulsions, qui permet de s'affranchir de la sensibilité à la phase initiale de la séquence CPMG. Il est montré qu'une modulation quadratique étant équivalente après un changement de repère à un système stationnaire, il suffit d'amener l'état du système dans un sous-espace de vecteurs propres bien choisis pour obtenir un équilibre dynamique qui, pour certaines valeurs du paramètre caractérisant la modulation quadratique, donne des signaux de même amplitude quelles que soient les conditions initiales. La sensibilité à la phase initiale de l'aimantation est ainsi annulée.
Cette séquence est illustrée par une application clinique à l'imagerie de diffusion, pour laquelle le moindre mouvement du patient entraîne une variation incontrôlée de la phase de l'aimantation initiale.
Dans la conclusion de la thèse les limitations des solutions proposées au long des chapitres sont mentionnées et quelques pistes possibles pour tenter de résoudre les problèmes restés ouverts sont proposées.
Lahiani, Emna. "Dynamique évolutive de la gynodioécie chez Silene nutans et conditions de son maintien en populations." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10045/document.
Full textGynodioecy - the coexistence of female and hermaphrodite individuals, is one of the most common systems after hermaphroditism in angiosperms. The maintenance and evolution of gynodioecy intrigued many evolutionary biologists. The aim of my thesis was to determine the evolutionary forces involved in maintaining such a sexual polymorphism and study some necessary conditions for the occurrence of a better performance of female and the variation of the magnitude of this advantage in Silene nutans. By population genomics approach, I compared the polymorphism of three genomes (nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast) of two species, gynodioïque, S. nutans and dioecious: Silene otites. I showed that gynodioecy is maintained in S. nutans through a frequency-dependent negative selection. A second part of my thesis concerns the occurrence and variation of the amplitude of the female advantage. With biology and genetic of population approach, I compared the reproductive success of females and hermaphrodites. I showed that the female advantage depends on the efficiency of pollination and selfing rates that vary according to the sex ratio in experimental conditions. Furthermore, I showed that natural population pollen flow were mainly restricted in space. I also showed that in the studied natural population the genetic determinism of gynodioecy is nuclear. Finally, I highlighted a greater contribution of nocturnal pollinators to reproductive success in S. nutans in relation to diurnal pollinators of this species
Aubier, Thomas G. "Diversity of warning signals, speciation and clade diversification." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG019/document.
Full textThe display of warning signals by unpalatable (or otherwise defended) prey provides a wonderful opportunity for establishing an integrative view of biological diversification. Warning signals are known to be under strong natural and sexual selection. On the one hand, the sampling strategy of predators, characterized by a learned avoidance of signals associated with unpalatability, generates natural selection in favour of warning signals in high frequency in the prey community. Such positive frequency-dependent selection favours phenotypic uniformity and causes unpalatable species to converge on common warning signals (mutualistic "Müllerian" mimicry), as seen in a large panel of taxa. On the other hand, warning signals are used as a phenotypic cue for mate choice, generating sexual selection with important consequences for reproductive isolation and speciation. Paradoxically, despite powerful selection favouring phenotypic convergence, warning signals are fantastically diverse, both within and between species, and this morphological diversification is often associated with extensive species diversification at the clade level. In this thesis, I tackle this apparent paradox from the ground up and I thereby refine our understanding of the role of positive frequency-dependent selection and mutualistic interactions for evolutionary diversification at micro- and macroevolutionary scales. First, I show that the predator sampling strategy can favour the emergence of diversity of warning signals despite positive frequency-dependent selection. Second, I dissect the conditions allowing the evolution of strong and stable reproductive isolation, necessary for speciation to occur, in a number of ecological situations where warning signals are under natural and sexual selection. Third, I highlight important indirect effects of frequency-dependent selection on diversification at macro-evolutionary scale via spatial constraints and by-product ecological convergence
Llaurens, Violaine. "Mise en évidence des forces évolutives agissant au locus d'auto-incompatibilité chez Arabidopsis halleri." Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-165.pdf.
Full textAkgul, Yeter. "Gestion de la consommation basée sur l’adaptation dynamique de la tension, fréquence et body bias sur les systèmes sur puce en technologie FD-SOI." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20132/document.
Full textBeyond 28nm CMOS BULK technology node, some limits have been reached in terms of performance improvements. This is mainly due to the increasing power consumption. This is one of the reasons why new technologies have been developed, including those based on Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI). Moreover, the standardization of complex architectures such as multi-core architectures emphasizes the problem of power management at fine-grain. FD-SOI technologies offer new power management opportunities by adjusting, in addition to the usual parameters such as supply voltage and clock frequency, the body bias voltage. In this context, this work explores new opportunities and searches novel solutions for dynamically manage supply voltage, clock frequency and body bias voltage in order to optimize the power consumption of System on Chip.Adjusting supply voltage, frequency and body bias parameters allows multiple operating points, which must satisfy the constraints of functionality and performance. This work focuses initially at design time, proposing a method to optimize the placement of these operating points. An analytical solution to maximize power savings achieved through the use of several operating points is provided. The second important contribution of this work is a method based on convexity concept to dynamically manage the supply voltage, the frequency and the body bias voltage so as to optimize the energy efficiency. The experimental results based on real circuits show average power savings reaching 35%
Berrada, Salim. "Etude théorique de nouveaux concepts de nano-transistors en graphène." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059811.
Full textAllain, Guillaume. "Prévision et analyse du trafic routier par des méthodes statistiques." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/351/.
Full textThe industrial partner of this work is Mediamobile/V-trafic, a company which processes and broadcasts live road-traffic information. The goal of our work is to enhance traffic information with forecasting and spatial extending. Our approach is sometimes inspired by physical modelling of traffic dynamic, but it mainly uses statistical methods in order to propose self-organising and modular models suitable for industrial constraints. In the first part of this work, we describe a method to forecast trafic speed within a time frame of a few minutes up to several hours. Our method is based on the assumption that traffic on the a road network can be summarized by a few typical profiles. Those profiles are linked to the users' periodical behaviors. We therefore make the assumption that observed speed curves on each point of the network are stemming from a probabilistic mixture model. The following parts of our work will present how we can refine the general method. Medium term forecasting uses variables built from the calendar. The mixture model still stands. Additionnaly we use a fonctionnal regression model to forecast speed curves. We then introduces a local regression model in order to stimulate short-term trafic dynamics. The kernel function is built from real speed observations and we integrate some knowledge about traffic dynamics. The last part of our work focuses on the analysis of speed data from in traffic vehicles. These observations are gathered sporadically in time and on the road segment. The resulting data is completed and smoothed by local polynomial regression
Harmand, Noémie. "Evolution expérimentale et spécialisation dans le paysage adaptatif d'un gradient environnemental." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT062/document.
Full textToday more than ever, it is crucial to anticipate and understand the evolutionary responses of living organisms faced with heterogeneous and unstable habitats. But to what extent is this possible? To reproduce an entire evolutionary trajectory, we must first describe the “material” available for adaptation (e.g. the phenotypic effects associated with the existing and novel genetic variability), and second describe the way evolutionary forces, shaped by the ecological context, result in specific “assemblies” of this material. At its simplest, this evolutionary process can be described by several cycles of mutation-selection events, leading to the adaptation of a population to an environment. This process is reflected in the evolutionary trajectories of bacterial lineages undergoing controlled experimental evolution in the lab. Concurrently, adaptive (phenotypic) landscape models, and especially Fisher’s geometrical model of adaptation, are powerful tools to formulate general predictions, which can then be tested on such evolutionary trajectories. However, they remain highly theoretical, and are widely conceived in a simple ecological context. In this thesis, we identified the (mutational and selective) determinants of the evolutionary trajectories of bacterial lines adapting to various environmental contexts. A first set of results regards evolution along a gradient of antibiotic doses, and their relevance is highlighted by experimental validation and by the reconstruction of the underlying adaptive landscape. A second experimental part integrates a biotic component (another bacteria) to the same environmental context. The evolutionary processes acting throughout the resulting long-term coevolution – maintained by frequency-dependent selection – are studied
Hijazi, Samah. "Semi-supervised Margin-based Feature Selection for Classification." Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0546.
Full textFeature selection is a preprocessing step crucial to the performance of machine learning algorithms. It allows reducing computational costs, improving classification performances and building simple and understandable models. Recently, using pairwise constraints, a cheaper kind of supervision information that does not need to reveal the class labels of data points, received a great deal of interest in the domain of feature selection. Accordingly, we first proposed a semi-supervised margin-based constrained feature selection algorithm called Relief-Sc. It is a modification of the well-known Relief algorithm from its optimization perspective. It utilizes cannot-link constraints only to solve a simple convex problem in a closed-form giving a unique solution. However, we noticed that in the literature these pairwise constraints are generally provided passively and generated randomly over multiple algorithmic runs by which the results are averaged. This leads to the need for a large number of constraints that might be redundant, unnecessary, and under some circumstances even inimical to the algorithm’s performance. It also masks the individual effect of each constraint set and introduces a human labor-cost burden. Therefore, we suggested a framework for actively selecting and then propagating constraints for feature selection. For that, we made use of the similarity matrix based on Laplacian graph. We assumed that when a small perturbation of the similarity value between a data couple leads to a more well-separated cluster indicator based on the second eigenvector of the graph Laplacian, this couple is expected to be a pairwise query of higher and more significant impact. Constraints propagation, on the other side, ensures increasing supervision information while decreasing the cost of human labor. Besides, for the sake of handling feature redundancy, we proposed extending Relief- Sc to a feature selection approach that combines feature clustering and hypothesis margin maximization. This approach is able to deal with the two core aspects of feature selection i.e. maximizing relevancy while minimizing redundancy (maximizing diversity) among features. Eventually, we experimentally validate our proposed algorithms in comparison to other known feature selection methods on multiple well-known UCI benchmark datasets which proved to be prominent. Only with little supervision information, the proposed algorithms proved to be comparable to supervised feature selection algorithms and were superior to the unsupervised ones
Omnès, Thierry J.-F. "Acropolis : un précompilateur de spécification pour l'exploration du transfert et du stockage des données en conception de systèmes embarqués à Haut Débit." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP0995.
Full textJalón, Rojas Isabel. "Évaluation des changements hydro-sédimentaires de l'estuaire de la Gironde en lien avec les pressions sur le milieu." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0165/document.
Full textEstuarine suspended sediment dynamics play an important role in water quality, ecosystems and navigation. The formation of regions of high suspended sediments (SS) concentrations, called turbidity maximum zones (TMZ), is a characteristic feature of macrotidal estuaries, such as the Gironde. The TMZ influences the transport and deposition of fine sediments, channel siltation, oxygen conditions and the particulate transport of pollutants. This work aims to understand the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the fluvial Gironde estuary, still poorly studied, in relation with environmental forcings and system perturbations (natural and anthropic hydrological and morphological changes). The methodology of this work is based on the analysis of the 10-years continuous time series of turbidity recorded by the MAGEST monitoring network. The exploitation of such time series, quite innovative in estuaries, required the development of an analysis method based on the combination of spectral techniques. This approach is completed by the analysis of turbidity and current velocity profiles over tidal cycles, the analysis of historical tide time series, and the exploitation of a 2DV semi-analytical model. First, SS dynamics of the fluvial Gironde is detailed at all representative time scales. At the intratidal time scale, the mechanisms of SS transport were described from the vertical depth of SSC and current velocities at two points of the same section. Residual fluxes (total, advective and tidal pumping), estimated for different hydrological conditions, demonstrated the control of tidal pumping on SS fluxes during periods of low river flow. At the subtidal time scale, the TMZ response to hydrological fluctuations (floods, periods of continuous river flow increase and decrease, interannual changes) was analyzed. Hydrological indicators of the TMZ features were thus defined, which suggest the TMZ intensification over the last decades in relation to the river flow decrease. The relative contributions of environmental forcings to the turbidity variability were quantified for different estuarine regions and time scales (seasonal and multiannual). The application of the same methodology to the Loire estuary, which counts on equivalent time series (SYVEL network), allowed the generalization of these results. Finally, the impact of pluri-decades hydrological and morphological changes on tidal propagation and suspended sediments dynamics is detailed in the tidal Garonne. Both tidal range and asymmetry appear to be amplified over the last six decades, mainly due to natural changes of the down Gironde, gravel extraction in the tidal Garonne and hydrological regime shifts. The implementation of an idealized model allowed verifying such results and analyzing their implications for SS concentrations and the upper TMZ limit
Saliba, Pamela. "High-frequency trading : statistical analysis, modelling and regulation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX044.
Full textThis thesis is made of two related parts. In the first one, we study the empirical behaviour of high-frequency traders on European financial markets. We use the obtained results to build in the second part new agent-based models for market dynamics. The main purpose of these models is to provide innovative tools for regulators and exchanges allowing them to design suitable rules at the microstructure level and to assess the impact of the various participants on market quality.In the first part, we conduct two empirical studies on unique data sets provided by the French regulator. It covers the trades and orders of the CAC 40 securities, with microseconds accuracy and labelled by the market participants identities. We begin by investigating the behaviour of high-frequency traders compared to the rest of the market, notably during periods of stress, in terms of liquidity provision and trading activity. We work both at the day-to-day scale and at the intra-day level. We then deepen our analysis by focusing on liquidity consuming orders. We give some evidence concerning their impact on the price formation process and their information content according to the different order flow categories: high-frequency traders, agency participants and proprietary participants.In the second part, we propose three different agent-based models. Using a Glosten-Milgrom type approach, the first model enables us to deduce the whole limit order book (bid-ask spread and volume available at each price) from the interactions between three kinds of agents: an informed trader, a noise trader and several market makers. It also allows us to build a spread forecasting methodology in case of a tick size change and to quantify the queue priority value. To work at the individual agent level, we propose a second approach where market participants specific dynamics are modelled by non-linear and state dependent Hawkes type processes. In this setting, we are able to compute several relevant microstructural indicators in terms of the individual flows. It is notably possible to rank market makers according to their own contribution to volatility. Finally, we introduce a model where market makers optimise their best bid and ask according to the profit they can generate from them and the inventory risk they face. We then establish theoretically and empirically a new important relationship between inventory and volatility
Trollé, Arnaud. "Evaluation auditive de sons rayonnés par une plaque vibrante à l'intérieur d'une cavité amortie : ajustement des efforts de calcul vibro-acoustique." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881029.
Full textCornec, Clément. "Communication chez un oiseau à système socio-sexuel de type lek : étude des signaux acoustiques et visuels pendant la parade des mâles d'outarde houbara Chlamydotis undulata undulata." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA11T026/document.
Full textRésumé en anglais ;In a context of sexual selection, the communication between individuals is essential to optimize both intra-sexual (competition between male) and inter-sexual (mate choice) processes. This is particularly true in species with lek mating systems, where both processes reach their full expression. The North African Houbara bustard, Chlamydotis undulata undulata, is a lekking bird where courting males aggregate in a so called ‘exploded-lek’, i.e. where aggregation is detectable only when mapped over a large area. During the breeding season, males perform a conspicuous and spectacular courtship including visual and acoustic (booms) signals. Our aim was to decipher the coding-decoding systems of the courtship in this species. We found that males can be individually discriminated on the basis of visual and acoustic parameters. The booms produced during the courtship are also related to males’ characteristics susceptible to reflect their quality. Individuals who produced the lowest frequency booms were those with the greatest weights and performed the highest intensity courtships. Playback experiment shows that the frequency content of the booms was perceived and decoded by males during agonistic interaction, leading to significantly different behavioural responses according to the frequency of the signals played back. Furthermore, several acoustic parameters of the booms are significantly heritable through genetic transmission and these parameters are also related to the level of inbreeding. Finally, we showed that the booms and the acoustic parameters supporting information are particularly well adapted to the transmission of information at long range as required in a long distance communication network constituted by an exploded lek. First, booms are of very low-frequency and propagate up to 640 m. Second, coding-decoding of information relies on sequentially redundant and propagation-resistant features. Third, acoustic signals are combined with visual signalling (multimodality) which may improve the long distance transmission of the information. This study brought evidence that complex information is conveyed by visual and acoustic signals during the courtship of males within a long distance network
Deschatre, Thomas. "Dependence modeling between continuous time stochastic processes : an application to electricity markets modeling and risk management." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED034/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we study some dependence modeling problems between continuous time stochastic processes. These results are applied to the modeling and risk management of electricity markets. In a first part, we propose new copulae to model the dependence between two Brownian motions and to control the distribution of their difference. We show that the class of admissible copulae for the Brownian motions contains asymmetric copulae. These copulae allow for the survival function of the difference between two Brownian motions to have higher value in the right tail than in the Gaussian copula case. Results are applied to the joint modeling of electricity and other energy commodity prices. In a second part, we consider a stochastic process which is a sum of a continuous semimartingale and a mean reverting compound Poisson process and which is discretely observed. An estimation procedure is proposed for the mean reversion parameter of the Poisson process in a high frequency framework with finite time horizon, assuming this parameter is large. Results are applied to the modeling of the spikes in electricity prices time series. In a third part, we consider a doubly stochastic Poisson process with stochastic intensity function of a continuous semimartingale. A local polynomial estimator is considered in order to infer the intensity function and a method is given to select the optimal bandwidth. An oracle inequality is derived. Furthermore, a test is proposed in order to determine if the intensity function belongs to some parametrical family. Using these results, we model the dependence between the intensity of electricity spikes and exogenous factors such as the wind production
Boitel, Guillaume. "Efficience énergétique et modifications du mouvement propulseur lors d'une tâche de locomotion aquatique d'intensité maximale et sous-maximale : le cas de la monopalme de surface." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690416.
Full textHébert-Brassard, Cynthia. "L'influence de la sélection fréquence-dépendante sur le choix de partenaire chez le diamant mandarin (Taeniopygia guttata)." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11528.
Full textFrequency-dependant selection is an evolution mechanism in which the fitness of a type depend of its frequency in the population. This mechanism play an important role in several interspecific (parasitism, predation, competition) and intraspecific interactions within different phenotypes of a same species. Frequency-dependant selection can be positive or negative and favor, respectively, either common or rare phenotype. This selection has been found in context of mated choice of several species, especially in insects (damselfly, drosophila, soldier beetle) and fishes (guppy, swordtail) and it has even been recently discover in humans. The significance of frequency-dependent selection in mated choice of monogamous species is still less explored and this study used the zebra finches (a monogamous passerine) in order to explored this field. We studied the significance of this mechanism when a character is neutral and when it is rather a quality cue. Also, we attempt to establish if rivals' presence affect or modify the initial preference of females for common or rare phenotypes.
Bellemare, Pascale. "Validité du test de marche de 6 minutes et du test navette progressif auprès de personnes qui souffrent de fibrillation auriculaire chronique et/ou d'insuffisance cardiaque sévère." Thèse, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15432.
Full textVillandré, Luc. "Effet de l'échantillonnage non proportionnel de cas et de témoins sur une méthode de vraisemblance maximale pour l'estimation de la position d'une mutation sous sélection." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8196.
Full textBekraoui, Nabyl. "Coût bioenergetique des modes de déplacements irréguliers en sport." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13503.
Full textL’objectif de cette thèse est de quantifier trois réponses physiologiques: la consommation d’oxygène VO2, la fréquence cardiaque (FC) et la lactatémie ([LA]) pour différentes modalités de déplacement observées lors de sports irréguliers (ex: tennis, soccer, basketball et handball) chez des sportifs adultes. Notre hypothèse est que l’accélération et décélération avec et sans changements de direction résultent dans une augmentation significative de la consommation d’oxygène, de la fréquence cardiaque. Le but de la première étude menée dans le cadre de la présente thèse fut de mesurer et comparer le VO2 requis et la réponse de la FC de six types d’activités spécifiques au tennis (Attaque avec frappe de balle, défense avec et sans frappe de balle, coup droit, coup de revers, déplacement latéral) et ce, à des vitesses de déplacement basses et élevées. Ces activités furent exécutées en mode attaque et en mode défense avec utilisation du coup droit et du revers. Les résultats montrent qu’attaquer, nécessite 6.5% plus d’énergie que de défendre (p < 0.01) et que le coût associé au revers est supérieur de 7% à celui du coup droit (p < 0.05) lors des déplacements à vitesses faibles et que la frappe de balle coûte entre 3.5 et 3.0 mL kg-1 min-1. Enfin, frapper la balle et se déplacer en pas chassé sur la moitié de la largeur du court coûte 14% plus d'énergie que de se déplacer sur la largeur totale du court. La deuxième et troisième études présentées portent sur différents modes de déplacement observés dans des sports irréguliers. Ainsi, l’objectif de la seconde étude était de mesurer VO2, FC et [LA] lors des déplacements fractionnés avec (SR) ou sans (FR) changements de direction et de les comparer à ceux de la course continue (IR) à des intensités de 60, 70 et 80% de la vitesse aérobie maximale (VAM) observée en IR. Les résultats montrent que le VO2 requis pour IR fut significativement inférieur à celui de FR et de SR (p<0.05). Le VO2 lors des SR fut supérieur à celui observé lors des FR seulement à 80% VAM. Par contre, la FC fut similaire dans SR et FR mais significativement supérieure à celle de IR (p<0.05). [LA] varia entre 4.2 ± 0.8 et 6.6 ± 0.9 mmol L-1 sans différences significatives entre les 3 modes de déplacement. Enfin, l’objectif de la troisième et dernière étude fut de mesurer la réponse de VO2, de FC et de [LA] lors de déplacements avec changements de direction à différents angles à 60, 70 et 80% de la VAM des sujets. Les modalités de déplacement étaient 1) course navette avec changement de direction à 180° tous les 20 m (SR), 2) course en forme de 8 à angles droits (90R) tous les 20 m, 3) course en zigzag (ZZR) avec plusieurs virages rapprochés (~ 5 m) à différents angles de 91.8°, 90° et 38.6°, 4) course continue (IR) sans virage à des fins de comparaison. Les résultats montrent que le VO2 associé à IR est significativement inférieur à celui observé lors de ZZR, SR et 90R (p<0.001). Le VO2 atteint à 60 et 70% VAM lors de ZZR fut de 48.7 et 38.1% supérieur à celui atteint lors de IR, alors que selon l’intensité, les VO2 lors de 90R et SR furent entre 15.5 et 19.6 % supérieur à celui associé à IR. Toujours à 60 et 70%VAM, le VO2 atteint lors de ZZR fut respectivement de 26.1 et de 19.5% supérieur à celui atteint lors de 90R, et de 26.1 et 15.5% supérieur à celui atteint lors de SR. En ZZR, les sujets furent incapables de compléter la tâche à 80% VAM. En mode SR et 90R et à toutes les intensités, les VO2 mesurés furent similaires. Virer à 90° semble donc aussi exigeant qu’à 180° par rapport à la course continue. Enfin, [LA] était similaire dans toutes modalités. D’une façon générale, les études de cette thèse ont permis de quantifier les exigences énergétiques spécifiques de certaines formes de déplacements par rapport à la course avant conventionnelle. Ceci confirme que les coûts énergétiques varient et augmentent avec les accélérations et décélérations avec et sans changements de direction.
Koné, N'Golo. "Optimal portfolio selection with transaction costs." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24835.
Full textThe optimal portfolio selection problem has been and continues to be a subject of interest in finance. The main objective is to find the best way to allocate the financial resources in a set of assets available on the financial market in order to reduce the portfolio fluctuation risks and achieve high returns. Nonetheless, there has been a strong advance in the literature of the optimal allocation of financial resources since the 20th century with the proposal of several strategies for portfolio selection essentially motivated by the pioneering work of Markowitz (1952)which provides a solid basis for portfolio analysis on the financial market. This thesis, divided into three chapters, contributes to this vast literature by proposing various economic tools to improve the process of selecting portfolios on the financial market in order to help stakeholders in this market. The first chapter, a joint paper with Marine Carrasco, addresses a portfolio selection problem with trading costs on stock market. More precisely, we develop a simple GMM-based test procedure to test the significance of trading costs effect in the economy regardless of the form of the transaction cost. In fact, most of the studies in the literature about trading costs effect depend largely on the form of the frictions assumed in the model (Dumas and Luciano (1991), Lynch and Balduzzi (1999), Lynch and Balduzzi (2000), Liu and Loewenstein (2002), Liu (2004), Lesmond et al. (2004), Buss et al. (2011), Gârleanu and Pedersen (2013), Heaton and Lucas (1996)). To overcome this problem, we develop a simple test procedure which allows us to test the significance of trading costs effect on a given asset in the economy without any assumption about the form of these frictions. Our test procedure relies on the assumption that the model estimated by GMM is correctly specified. A common test used to evaluate this assumption is the standard J-test proposed by Hansen (1982). However, when the true parameter is close to the boundary of the parameter space, the standard J-test based on the chi2 critical value suffers from overrejection. To overcome this problem, we propose a two-step procedure to test overidentifying restrictions when the parameter of interest approaches the boundary of the parameter space. In an empirical analysis, we apply our test procedures to the class of anomalies used in Novy-Marx and Velikov (2016). We show that transaction costs have a significant effect on investors' behavior for most anomalies. In that case, investors significantly improve out-of-sample performance by accounting for trading costs. The second chapter addresses a multi-period portfolio selection problem when the number of assets in the financial market is large. Using an exponential utility function, the optimal solution is shown to be a function of the inverse of the covariance matrix of asset returns. Nonetheless, when the number of assets grows, this inverse becomes unreliable, yielding a selected portfolio that is far from the optimal one. We propose two solutions to this problem. First, we penalize the norm of the portfolio weights in the dynamic problem and show that the selected strategy is asymptotically efficient. However, this method partially controls the estimation error in the optimal solution because it ignores the estimation error in the expected return, which may also be important when the number of assets in the financial market increases considerably. We propose an alternative method that consists of penalizing the norm of the difference of successive portfolio weights in the dynamic problem to guarantee that the optimal portfolio composition does not fluctuate widely between periods. We show, under appropriate regularity conditions, that we better control the estimation error in the optimal portfolio with this new procedure. This second method helps investors to avoid high trading costs in the financial market by selecting stable strategies over time. Extensive simulations and empirical results confirm that our procedures considerably improve the performance of the dynamic portfolio. In the third chapter, we use various regularization (or stabilization) techniques borrowed from the literature on inverse problems to estimate the maximum diversification as defined by Choueifaty (2011). In fact, the maximum diversification portfolio depends on the vector of asset volatilities and the inverse of the covariance matrix of assets distribution. In practice, these two quantities need to be replaced by their sample counterparts. This results in estimation error which is amplified by the fact that the sample covariance matrix may be close to a singular matrix in a large financial market, yielding a selected portfolio far from the optimal one with very poor performance. To address this problem, we investigate three regularization techniques, such as the ridge, the spectral cut-off, and the Landweber-Fridman, to stabilize the inverse of the covariance matrix in the investment process. These regularization schemes involve a tuning parameter that needs to be chosen. So, we propose a data-driven method for selecting the tuning parameter in an optimal way. The resulting regularized rules are compared to several strategies such as the most diversified portfolio, the target portfolio, the global minimum variance portfolio, and the naive 1/N strategy in terms of in-sample and out-of-sample Sharpe ratio.