Journal articles: 'Seismic techniques'

1

Stockbridge, Jerry G., and Robert A. Crist. "Pre-Quake Seismic Diagnostic Techniques." APT Bulletin 20, no. 2 (1988): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1494244.

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POLAND, CHRIS D. "Seismic Rehabilitation Techniques for Buildings." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 558, no. 1 Earthquake Ha (June 1989): 378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb22585.x.

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James, A., and W. L. Nutt. "New techniques in borehole seismic*." Exploration Geophysics 16, no. 4 (September 1985): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg985349.

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Gray, P. A., J. F. Doyle, and P. H. Scaiffe. "Geosensing techniques for mineral exploration and mine planning." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989131.

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Geophysical techniques have been applied to petroleum exploration since early in the 20th Century. More recently geophysical methods have been applied in detail to mineral and coal exploration. As a generalisation, geophysical techniques have not been applied in the areas of mine planning, development and production.A variety of geophysical methods have been improved or adapted within BHP to provide accurate, cost effective services to the mine manager on time scales that are realistic for day to day planning and production. Considerable success has been achieved with in-seam seismic, cross-hole seismic and surface seismic techniques. Electrical and magnetic methods have also been beneficial for specific applications.The identification and evaluation of mineral deposits increasingly uses a range of advanced geophysical techniques. Geophysical techniques are now also emerging as key factors in mine planning and production. The purpose of this paper is to show how BHP is developing a variety of geophysical techniques to improve the eSfficiency of exploration, mine planning and production both for minerals and coal. Emphasis is placed on the benefits of these advanced geophysical techniques on day-to-day mine operations. This, of course is only one company's perspective viewpoint, but since BHP has such a wide diversity of operations, this viewpoint may have general applicability.BHP has had a long history of using geo-expertise in a wide range of operations over the past 40 years. This expertise developed in the minerals and coal industries but has subsequently developed into the petroleum industry. In regard to the coal industry alone, several notable geophysics firsts can be attributed to the coal geology groups within BHP. These firsts include: The application of surface seismics to coal exploration; Geophysical logging ? BHP were instrumental in bringing BPB Instruments Ltd to Australia; Radar ? early experiments were undertaken at Cook Colliery; Development and application of high resolution surface seismics in Queensland and New South Wales; Development and routine application of in-seam seismics; Cross-hole seismic/in-seam seismic tomography ? application of a production oriented package to coal and metalliferous mines.In the development of these techniques for the mining industry, a number of common factors are present which have resulted in them being commercially successful. BHP's background as a large resources company has obviously provided the initial impetus to develop smarter geophysical techniques, but this is only one factor which has made them successful. The old adage of a new product or technique being 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration also applies to the development of these techniques.Probably the most important single factor to consider for the successful development of innovative geophysical techniques is that they require a multi-stage team effort over at least two years, (typically 4-5 years for the more complex developments) and that failures can be expected throughout this period. Also the expectations of production personnel are often too great during this developmental stage, which leads to a perception that the technique in question is not useful even after all the 'bugs' in the system have been removed. The onus is on researchers to clearly outline both the potential benefits and possible failures of a new technique during its developmental stage, so that it will subsequently be more readily accepted in the mining production environment.

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Puspasari, Trevi Jayanti, and Sumirah Sumirah. "APLIKASI METODE PSEUDO 3D SEISMIK DI CEKUNGAN JAWA BARAT UTARA MENGGUNAKAN K.R. BARUNA JAYA II." Oseanika 1, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/oseanika.v1i2.4562.

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ABSTRAK Tuntutan untuk mengikuti perkembangan kebutuhan industri migas menjadi motivasi dalam mengembangkan teknik penerapan dan aplikasi akuisisi seismik multichannel 2D. Perkembangan kebutuhan eksplorasi industri migas tidak diimbangi dengan anggaran peningkatan alat survei seismik milik negara termasuk yang terpasang di K.R. Baruna Jaya II – BPPT. Penerapan metode pseudo 3D pada disain survei dan pengolahan data dapat menjadi solusi efektif dan efisien dalam mengatasi persoalan tersebut. Metode Pseudo 3D merupakan suatu teknik akuisisi dan pengolahan data dengan menitik beratkan pada disain akuisisi dan inovasi pengolahan data seismik 2D menghasilkan penampang keruangan (3D) berdasarkan input data seismik yang hanya 2D. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengaplikasikan metode pseudo 3D seismik di Cekungan Jawa Barat Utara menggunakan wahana KR. Baruna Jaya II yang dilakukan pada Desember 2009. Sebagai hasil, pengolahan data 2D lanjutan telah dilakukan dan diperoleh profil penampang seismik keruangan (3D). Profil hasil pengolahan data Pseudo 3D ini dapat menjadi acuan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan rencana survei berikutnya. Kata Kunci: Seismik Pseudo 3D, Seismik multichannel 2D, K.R. Baruna Jaya II, Cekungan Jawa Barat Utara. ABSTRACT [Aplication of Seismic Pseudo 3D in Nort West Java Basin Using K.R. Baruna Jaya II] The demand to follow the growth of needs in the oil and gas industry is a motivation in the developing of techniques for assessment and applying 2D multichannel seismic acquisition. The development of exploration needs for the oil and gas industry is not matched by budget for an upgrade Government’s seismic equipment including equipment installed in K.R. Baruna Jaya II. Applied Pseudo 3D method in survey and seismic data processing can be an effective and efficient solution. The pseudo 3D method is a data acquisition and processing technique with an emphasis on the acquisition design and 2D seismic data processing innovation to produce a 3D seismic volume. This study aims to apply the pseudo 3D seismic method in the North West Java Basin using the K.R. Baruna Jaya II which was held in Desember 2009. As a Result, advanced seismic processing was carried out to output a seismic volume (3D) profile. This profile can be used as a reference in making decisions and planning the next survey. Keywords: Pseudo 3D Seismic, Seismic 2D multichannel, K.R. Baruna Jaya II, Nort West Java Basin.

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Chalmers, J. A. "Application of seismo-stratigraphic interpretation techniques to offshore West Greenland." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 140 (December 31, 1988): 64–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v140.8037.

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A pilot study is being conducted to determine if the use of seismo-stratigraphic interpretation techniques can increase the understanding af the geology of offshore West Greenland in order to reassess the prospectivity of the area. During the period 1975 to 1979, a number of concessions offshore West Greenland were licensed to various consortia of oil companies to search for petroleum. Some 40 000 km of seismic data were acquired, all of which is now released. Five wells were drilled, all of them dry, and all concessions were relinquished by the industry by 1979. The regional geology of offshore West Greenland has been summarised by Manderscheid (1980) and Henderson et al. (1981). They show the West Greenland Basin to consist of fairly uniformly westward dipping sediments bordered near the shelf break by a basement ridge. These authors used what may be termed 'conventional' techniques of seismic interpretation. However, since that time the techniques of seismo-stratigraphy (Vail et al., 1977; Hubbard et al., 1985) have become established. They are now being applied to study seismic data acquired during the mid-1970s.

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ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, Τ., Π. ΚΑΜΠΟΥΡΗΣ, and Ι. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ. "Detailed shallow structure seismic refraction investigation, with the application of different processing techniques." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17219.

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A comparative study of conventional and modern processing techniques of seismic refraction data is examined in this paper, for shallow structure investigation in the framework of a geotechnical research. The techniques used here were applied for the detection of narrow and low seismic velocity zones along the bedrock in the 10.5th Km of the new national road Igoumenitsa-Ioannina. The results were comparable and only slight deviations were observed due mainly to different algorithm procedures applied on data and the resolution provided by each technique. It is pointed out that the non linear tomography seismic refraction technique, overcomes the conventional ones since by increasing the number of seismic sources and considering the gradual variation of seismic velocity with depth, a better resolution and image reconstruction for the subsurface structure is obtained.

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Pavlis, Gary L., Paul Anderson, and Brian Kaplan. "Visualization techniques for seismic array data." Leading Edge 9, no. 11 (November 1990): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1439697.

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Zimmerman, Linda J., and Sen T. Chen. "Comparison of vertical seismic profiling techniques." GEOPHYSICS 58, no. 1 (January 1993): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443343.

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To study the imaging characteristics of various vertical seismic profiling techniques, two vertical seismic profiles (VSP) and a reversed vertical seismic profile (RVSP), where source and receiver positions are interchanged, were collected in the Loudon Oil Field in Illinois. Both VSPs were collected using a line of dynamite charges on the surface as sources. One was collected with geophones and the other with hydrophones as downhole receivers. The RVSP was collected by detonating 25 gram explosive charges in a well and detecting the seismic response with geophones at the surface. Three subsurface images (VSP with geophones, VSP with hydrophones, and RVSP) were produced using VSP-CDP transforms. For comparison, a surface seismic profile was collected along the same line with dynamite sources and vertical geophone receivers. The RVSP and hydrophone VSP stacked sections both produced higher frequency images at shallower depths than did the geophone VSP stacked section. However, the lower frequency geophone VSP stacked section produced an interpretable subsurface image at much greater depths than either the RVSP or the hydrophone VSP sections. The differences are due in part to the more powerful surface sources that were used for the VSPs than the downhole sources used for the RVSP. Furthermore, tube‐wave noise was a more severe problem for both the RVSP and the hydrophone VSP than for the geophone VSP. The results of this experiment demonstrate that if tube‐wave noise could be suppressed, hydrophone VSPs would provide attractive alternatives to geophone VSPs, because it is much easier and cheaper to deploy multilevel hydrophones downhole than geophones. Also, if a high‐powered, nondestructive source is developed, RVSP could be a practical alternative to VSP since one can easily lay out numerous receivers on the surface to record multioffset or three‐dimensional (3-D) VSP data.

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Shadlow, James. "A description of seismic amplitude techniques." Exploration Geophysics 45, no. 3 (September 2014): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg13070.

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Hendrick, Natasha, and Steve Hearn. "Evaluation of Seismic Trace Inversion Techniques." Exploration Geophysics 24, no. 3-4 (September 1993): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg993549.

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Loris, I., H. Douma, G. Nolet, I. Daubechies, and C. Regone. "Nonlinear regularization techniques for seismic tomography." Journal of Computational Physics 229, no. 3 (February 2010): 890–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2009.10.020.

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13

Jerzak, W., M. D. Collins, R. B. Evans, J. F. Lingevitch, and W. L. Siegmann. "Parabolic Equation Techniques for Seismic Waves." Pure and Applied Geophysics 159, no. 7-8 (July 1, 2002): 1681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-002-8702-2.

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Akingboye, Adedibu Sunny, and Abimbola Chris Ogunyele. "INSIGHT INTO SEISMIC REFRACTION AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES IN SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATIONS." Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik 34, no. 1 (2019): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2019.1.9.

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Khoshnavaz, M. Javad, Andrej Bóna, Aleksander Dzunic, Kevin Ung, and Milovan Urosevic. "Oriented prestack time migration using local slopes and predictive painting in the common-source domain for planar reflectors." GEOPHYSICS 81, no. 6 (November 2016): S409—S418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0127.1.

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Seismic imaging techniques often require an input velocity model. Velocity analysis is one of the most critical stages in seismic data processing. Standard ways to find the velocity model from seismic data in the time domain are constant velocity stack and semblance velocity analysis that may be time consuming and labor intensive. Oriented/velocity-less imaging using local event slopes is an alternative to the conventional imaging techniques. In some previous oriented techniques, seismic data must be sorted in two different domains, whereas seismic data are not always available in both domains and the use of interpolation is inevitable in such cases. Other methods are developed in terms of the higher order derivatives of traveltime with respect to offset, whereas estimation of the higher order derivatives is difficult to achieve with the required accuracy. We addressed the limitations by developing an oriented local slope based prestack time migration technique in only one domain: the common-source domain. The migration technique is developed for reflectors with small curvature. In the proposed approach, the need for the estimation of higher order derivatives is replaced by a point-to-point mapping of seismic data using the predictive painting technique. The theoretical contents of the proposed technique are tested on a simple synthetic data example and applied to a field data set.

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Mehta, Azad Kumar, Deepak Kumar, Prithvendra Singh, and Pijush Samui. "Modelling of Seismic Liquefaction Using Classification Techniques." International Journal of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering 12, no. 1 (January 2021): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijgee.2021010102.

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Liquefaction susceptibility of soil is a complex problem due to non-linear behaviour of soil and its physical attributes. The assessment of liquefaction potential is commonly assessed by the in-situ testing methods. The classification problem of liquefaction is non-linear in nature and difficult to model considering all independent variables (seismic and soil properties) using traditional techniques. In this study, four different classification techniques, namely Fast k-NN (F-kNN), Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC), Decision Forest Classifier (DFC), and Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), were used. The SPT-based case record was used to train and validate the models. The performance of these models was assessed using different indexes, namely sensitivity, specificity, type-I error, type-II error, and accuracy rate. Additionally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were plotted for comparative study. The results show that the F-kNN models perform far better than other models and can be used as a reliable technique for analysis of liquefaction susceptibility of soil.

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Kok Wah, Choo, Rozana Zakaria, Azlan Adnan, and Leong Wai Yie. "Various Techniques on Retrofitting for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.36 (May 6, 2018): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.36.29101.

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Seismic tremors are a sudden vibration or trembling in the Earth that can be felt more than a few hundreds of kilometers. Quakes can twist the ground, making structures and non-structures crumple. Lives might be lost because of building deformation. Malaysia is a nation with low seismic movement. Be that as it may, Malaysia is surrounded by Philippines and Indonesia, which is two of the most seismically dynamic nations and certain level of surface waves, could be felt in our nation. Seismic tremor occasions have turned out to be more regular in this area. Seismic zone mapping for school located in Malaysia particularly in Johor Bahru can assist engineers to predict earthquake risk in building planning. Johor Bahru is situated in southern of peninsular Malaysia and is one of the urban areas with high population. School structures are considered as an essential structure since it contains a high numbers of pupils and teacher most of the time. The seismic zone mapping can recognize high possibly dangerous quake influenced area and essential risk mitigation method can be prepared. The seismic zone mapping not just ready to give designer to recognize region of higher earthquake risk but it can also be a good reference for future seismic safe building advancement.

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Behrens, R. A., and T. T. Tran. "Incorporating Seismic Data of Intermediate Vertical Resolution Into Three-Dimensional Reservoir Models: A New Method." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 2, no. 04 (August 1, 1999): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/57481-pa.

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Summary Three-dimensional (3D) earth models are best created with a combination of well logs and seismic data. Seismic data have good lateral resolution but poor vertical resolution compared to wells. The seismic resolution depends on seismic acquisition and reservoir parameters, and is incorporated into the 3D earth model with different techniques depending on this resolution relative to that of the 3D model. Good vertical resolution of the seismic data may warrant integrating it as a continuous vertical variable informing local reservoir properties, whereas poor resolution warrants using only a single map representing vertically averaged reservoir properties. The first case best applies to thick reservoirs and/or high-frequency seismic data in soft rock and is usually handled using a cokriging-type approach. The second case represents the low end of the seismic resolution spectrum, where the seismic map can now be treated by methods such as block kriging, simulated annealing, or Bayesian techniques. We introduce a new multiple map Bayesian technique with variable weights for the important middle ground where a single seismic map cannot effectively represent the entire reservoir. This new technique extends a previous Bayesian technique by incorporating multiple seismic property maps and also allowing vertically varying weighting functions for each map. This vertical weighting flexibility is physically important because the seismic maps represent reflected wave averages from rock property contrasts such as at the top and base of the reservoir. Depending on the seismic acquisition and reservoir properties, the seismic maps are physically represented by simple but nonconstant weights in the new 3D earth modeling technique. Two field examples are shown where two seismic maps are incorporated in each 3D earth model. The benefit of using multiple maps is illustrated with the geostatistical concept of probability of exceedance. Finally, a postmortem is presented showing well path trajectories of a successful and unsuccessful horizontal well that are explained by model results based on data existing before the wells were drilled. Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) earth models are greatly improved by including seismic data because of the good lateral coverage compared with well data alone. The vertical resolution of seismic data is poor compared with well data, but it may be high or low compared with the reservoir thickness as depicted in Fig. 1. Seismic resolution is typically considered to be one-fourth of a wavelength (?/4) although zones of thinner rock property contrasts can be detected. The seismic resolution relative to the reservoir thickness constrains the applicability of different geostatistical techniques for building the 3D earth model. Fig. 1 is highly schematic and not meant to portray seismic data as a monochromatic (single-frequency) wave. The reference to wavelength here is based on the dominant frequency in the seismic data. Fig. 1 is meant to illustrate the various regimes of vertical resolution in seismic data relative to the reservoir thickness. While there are all sorts of issues, such as tuning, that must be considered in the left two cases, we need to address these cases because of their importance. Seismic data having little vertical resolution over the reservoir interval, as in the left case of Fig. 1 can use geostatistical techniques that incorporate one seismic attribute map. The single attribute can be a static combination of multiple attributes in a multivariate sense but the combination cannot vary spatially. These techniques include sequential Gaussian simulation with Block Kriging1 (SGSBK), simulated annealing,2 or sequential Gaussian simulation with Bayesian updating.3,4 Some of these methods are extendable beyond a single seismic map with modification. Seismic data having good vertical resolution over the reservoir interval, as in the right seismic trace of Fig. 1, can use geostatistical techniques that incorporate 3D volumes of seismic attributes. Techniques include simulated annealing, collocated cokriging simulation,5 a Markov-Bayes approach,6 and spectral separation. The term "3D volume" of seismic, as used here, is distinguished from the term "3D seismic data." (A geophysicist speaks of 3D seismic data when it is acquired over the surface in areal swaths or patches for the purpose of imaging a 3D volume of the earth. Two-dimensional (2D) seismic is acquired along a line on the surface for the purpose of imaging a 2D cross section of the earth.) The 3D volume distinction is made based on the vertical resolution of the seismic relative to the reservoir. To be considered a 3D volume here, we require both lateral and vertical resolution within the reservoir. Seismic data often do not have the vertical resolution within the reservoir zone to warrant using a 3D volume of seismic data. The low and high limits of vertical resolution leave out the case of intermediate vertical resolution as depicted by the middle curve of Fig. 1. Because typical seismic resolution often ranges from 10 to 40 m and many reservoirs have thicknesses one to two times this range, many reservoirs fall into this middle ground. These reservoirs have higher vertical seismic resolution than a single map captures, but not enough to warrant using a 3D volume of seismic. It is this important middle ground that is addressed by a new technique presented in this paper.

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Ismail, Magdy. "Seismic retrofit of steel frame structures." Pollack Periodica 15, no. 2 (August 2020): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/606.2020.15.2.10.

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Abstract:Moment resisting frames are considered as an effective seismic force resisting system that is used for steel structures. Some of these structures that were built in high seismic hazard zones were designed according to old strength-based design codes. Currently, these structures do not meet the requirements of the new seismic codes. Therefore, the seismic retrofit of these structures is mandatory and cannot be overlooked. Steel braces and concrete-steel composite elements are common solutions for enhancing the seismic behavior of existing steel frame structures. This paper presents a numerical study that evaluates different possible techniques for the seismic retrofit of existing steel moment-resisting frame structures. The study investigates the performance of three multi-story buildings with different heights that are located in a high seismic hazard zone. Three retrofit techniques were introduced including; 1) X-Steel braces, 2) buckling restrained composite braces, and 3) composite concrete-steel plate shear walls. The seismic performance enhancement of the studied structures was evaluated in terms of the structure’s fundamental period, maximum inter-story drift and maximum base shear-to-weight ratios. Moreover, the cost of retrofitting material was estimated for each technique and they were compared to select the retrofit technique with the least constitutive material cost.

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Shin, Changsoo. "Sponge boundary condition for frequency‐domain modeling." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 6 (November 1995): 1870–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443918.

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Several techniques have been developed to get rid of edge reflections from artificial boundaries. One of them is to use paraxial approximations of the scalar and elastic wave equations. The other is to attenuate the seismic waves inside the artificial boundary by a gradual reduction of amplitudes. These techniques have been successfully applied to minimize unwanted seismic waves for time‐domain seismic modeling. Unlike time‐domain seismic modeling, suppression of edge reflections from artificial boundaries has not been successful in frequency‐domain seismic modeling. Rayleigh waves caused by coupled motions of P‐ and S‐waves near the surface have been a particularly difficult problem to overcome in seismic modeling. In this paper, I design a damping matrix for frequency‐ domain modeling that damps out seismic waves by adding a diffusion term to the wave equation. This technique can suppress unwanted seismic waves, including Rayleigh waves and P‐ and S‐waves from an artificial boundary.

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Ishibashi, Tadayoshi, and Daisuke Tsukishima. "Seismic Damage of and Seismic Rehabilitation Techniques for Railway Reinforced Concrete Structures." Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 7, no. 3 (October 27, 2009): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/jact.7.287.

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Denney, Dennis. "Seismic Reservoir Monitoring: Measurement Strategies and Techniques." Journal of Petroleum Technology 50, no. 01 (January 1, 1998): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0198-0031-jpt.

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Sugano, Shunsuke. "Techniques for Seismic Retrofit of Concrete Buildings." Concrete Journal 37, no. 3 (1999): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj1975.37.3_11.

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Mahadik, Sanjivan, Lomesh Mahajan, and S. R. Bhagat. "Advances in Seismic Strengthening Materials and Techniques." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 970 (November 17, 2020): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/970/1/012006.

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Wada, Akira, and Michael C. Constantinou. "Special EESD issue on seismic protection techniques." Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 39, no. 13 (October 15, 2010): 1417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1059.

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Chiaruttini, C., V. Roberto, and F. Saitta. "Artificial intelligence techniques in seismic signal interpretation." Geophysical Journal International 98, no. 2 (August 1989): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1989.tb03347.x.

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Michiels, Tim L. G. "Seismic Retrofitting Techniques for Historic Adobe Buildings." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 9, no. 8 (November 17, 2014): 1059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2014.924604.

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Cafforio, C., C. Prati, and F. Rocca. "SAR data focusing using seismic migration techniques." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 27, no. 2 (March 1991): 194–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/7.78293.

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Pilz, Marco, Stefano Parolai, Dino Bindi, Annamaria Saponaro, and Ulan Abdybachaev. "Combining Seismic Noise Techniques for Landslide Characterization." Pure and Applied Geophysics 171, no. 8 (November 27, 2013): 1729–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-013-0733-3.

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Rost, Sebastian, and Christine Thomas. "Improving Seismic Resolution Through Array Processing Techniques." Surveys in Geophysics 30, no. 4-5 (May 12, 2009): 271–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-009-9070-6.

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Zhao, Tao, Vikram Jayaram, Atish Roy, and Kurt J. Marfurt. "A comparison of classification techniques for seismic facies recognition." Interpretation 3, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): SAE29—SAE58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2015-0044.1.

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During the past decade, the size of 3D seismic data volumes and the number of seismic attributes have increased to the extent that it is difficult, if not impossible, for interpreters to examine every seismic line and time slice. To address this problem, several seismic facies classification algorithms including [Formula: see text]-means, self-organizing maps, generative topographic mapping, support vector machines, Gaussian mixture models, and artificial neural networks have been successfully used to extract features of geologic interest from multiple volumes. Although well documented in the literature, the terminology and complexity of these algorithms may bewilder the average seismic interpreter, and few papers have applied these competing methods to the same data volume. We have reviewed six commonly used algorithms and applied them to a single 3D seismic data volume acquired over the Canterbury Basin, offshore New Zealand, where one of the main objectives was to differentiate the architectural elements of a turbidite system. Not surprisingly, the most important parameter in this analysis was the choice of the correct input attributes, which in turn depended on careful pattern recognition by the interpreter. We found that supervised learning methods provided accurate estimates of the desired seismic facies, whereas unsupervised learning methods also highlighted features that might otherwise be overlooked.

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Cao, Haitao, and Roohollah Askari. "Comparison of seismic interferometry techniques for the retrieval of seismic body waves in CO2 sequestration monitoring." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 16, no. 6 (October 7, 2019): 1094–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxz079.

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Abstract Ambient noise seismic interferometry performed by cross-correlation has been proven to be a potential cost-effective technique for geological studies. To improve the resolution of images created by interferometry, additional techniques using deconvolution and cross-coherence have been introduced. While all three methods have previously been evaluated using surface wave data for shear-wave imaging of the near surface, comparatively little study has been devoted to assess the three methods for the retrieval of body waves in reflection surveys for time-lapse application. Moreover, although the application of seismic interferometry to CO2 sequestration by cross-correlation has been investigated by many researchers, to our knowledge, similar time-lapse studies have not been conducted using deconvolution and cross-coherence methods. We evaluate the three methods of cross-correlation, deconvolution and cross-coherence for the retrieval of phase information contained in virtual seismic records by applying seismic interferometry to synthetic data, using a model reservoir before and after CO2 injection. By examining two approaches of regularization and smoothing factors to suppress spurious reflection events observed on the deconvolution and cross-coherence results, we note that both approaches provide similar results. We investigate noise effects by adding random noise independently at each geophone. Finally, we apply these techniques to field data recorded near the CO2 storage site in Ketzin, Germany. For both our numerical and field data studies, we find that the cross-coherence technique retrieves the phase information of body-wave data more effectively than the cross-correlation and deconvolution techniques, and is less sensitive to uncorrelated noise from shallow sources.

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Geary, Andrew. "Seismic Soundoff." Leading Edge 40, no. 4 (April 2021): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40040312.1.

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In this episode, Andrew Geary speaks with Kerry Key and Chloe Gustafson about their massive freshwater discovery off the east coast of the United States. Key and Gustafson discuss how they used existing geophysical techniques in a new way to discover the fresh water. Hear the full episode at https://seg.org/podcast/post/11355 .

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34

Tubaldi, E., A. Dall’Asta, and L. Dezi. "Seismic Response Analysis of Continuous Multispan Bridges with Partial Isolation." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/183756.

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Partially isolated bridges are a particular class of bridges in which isolation bearings are placed only between the piers top and the deck whereas seismic stoppers restrain the transverse motion of the deck at the abutments. This paper proposes an analytical formulation for the seismic analysis of these bridges, modelled as beams with intermediate viscoelastic restraints whose properties describe the pier-isolator behaviour. Different techniques are developed for solving the seismic problem. The first technique employs the complex mode superposition method and provides an exact benchmark solution to the problem at hand. The two other simplified techniques are based on an approximation of the displacement field and are useful for preliminary assessment and design purposes. A realistic bridge is considered as case study and its seismic response under a set of ground motion records is analyzed. First, the complex mode superposition method is applied to study the characteristic features of the dynamic and seismic response of the system. A parametric analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of support stiffness and damping on the seismic performance. Then, a comparison is made between the exact solution and the approximate solutions in order to evaluate the accuracy and suitability of the simplified analysis techniques for evaluating the seismic response of partially isolated bridges.

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Oshima, Mitsutaka, and Hiroshi Takenaka. "A P- and S-Wave Picking Technique Based on the Probabilistic Density Function of Seismic-Waveform Amplitude." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 763–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190078.

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ABSTRACT Picking of P and S waves is a fundamental process in seismology, and various kinds of picking techniques have been developed. Seismic waveforms change dramatically depending on the magnitude, the mechanism of the earthquake, and the positional relationship between the hypocenter and the seismic station. The availability of various picking techniques is supposed to be helpful for appropriately dealing with a variety of seismic records. Hence, in addition to the revision of conventional techniques, the development of new picking techniques is worthwhile. In the present study, we developed a new stochastic technique to detect P and S waves based on the statistical amplitude distribution in the seismic record amplitude. In the proposed method, the probabilistic density function (PDF) of the amplitude is calculated for each segment of seismic records, and the similarity between the PDF of the amplitude and that of the Rayleigh or Gaussian distribution is evaluated by divergence. Because Rayleigh and Gaussian distributions are typically found in amplitude distributions of highly random waves, such as coda waves, the divergence indicates the randomness of the seismic records. P and S waves are found by tracing the temporal change of the divergence. We tested the proposed method using local seismic records for a series of seismic events that occurred before and after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. The mean absolute errors for picking P and S waves are 2.72×10−2 and 7.38×10−2 s, respectively. The proposed method is a simple and new statistical picking method that enables automatic detection of P- and S-wave arrivals.

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Basu, Sarbani. "The seismic Sun." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 181 (1997): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s007418090006109x.

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Helioseismic techniques allow us to probe the interior of the Sun with very high precision and in the process test the physical inputs to stellar models. The picture of the Sun that has been built in this manner may be termed “The Seismic Sun”. After a brief discussion of some of the inversion techniques used in the process, our current view of the seismic Sun shall be reviewed. What we know so far suggests that the internal structure of the Sun can be represented by a standard model, however, one which has a smoother sound-speed and abundance variation than the solar models with the usual treatment of diffusion.

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D’Incecco, Simone, Ermioni Petraki, Georgios Priniotakis, Michail Papoutsidakis, Panayiotis Yannakopoulos, and Dimitrios Nikolopoulos. "CO2 and Radon Emissions as Precursors of Seismic Activity." Earth Systems and Environment 5, no. 3 (June 18, 2021): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00229-2.

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AbstractThis paper reports a review on the relationship between seismic activity and the emissions of CO2 and radon. Direct, indirect and sampling methods are mainly employed to measure CO2 flux and concentration in seismic areas. The accumulation chamber technique is the mostly used in the literature. Radon gas emission in seismic areas can be considered as a short-term pre-seismic precursor. The study and the measurement of radon gas activity prior to earthquakes can be performed through active techniques, with the use of high-precision active monitors and through passive techniques with the use of passive detectors. Several investigators report models to explain the anomalous behavior of in-earth fluid gasses prior to earthquakes. Models are described and discussed.

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Algermissen, S. T. "Techniques and parameters for earthquake risk assessment." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 31, 1989): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.22.4.202-218.

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The principal elements of seismic risk assessment are outlined. An approach to seismic risk assessment is developed that provides quite satisfactory risk assessments on a scale of a single structure to regional assessments of risk. An example of a contemporary risk assessment is discussed and the development of a data base for routine risk assessments is advocated.

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Womack, J. E., J. R. Cruz, H. K. Rigdon, and G. M. Hoover. "Encoding techniques for multiple source point seismic data acquisition." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 10 (October 1990): 1389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442787.

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Recent advances in vibrator electronics have made the use of encoded sweeps for multiple source point data acquisition possible in an operational setting. Alternatives to existing operational multiple source point data acquisition techniques, using complementary series and E‐codes, are developed in this paper. Most existing techniques are, at each source point, a series of linear sweeps of predetermined polarity that enables the cancellation of the contributions from the other source points in processing. The complementary series techniques developed here also choose polarities such that the contributions from other source points can be cancelled. Pairs of E‐codes have been found that produce no crosscorrelation, which makes it possible to use E‐codes to produce a dual source point technique that is fundamentally different from the more conventional techniques. Field tests are carried out using E‐codes in dual source point schemes. Records from the respective source points are readily separated from the composite data collected and compared with records produced by a linear sweep from a single source point. Harmonic distortion appears to be the major limiting factor; however, record quality indicates that E‐codes can be used in operational multiple source point data acquisition.

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Noah, J. T., G. S. Hofland, and K. Lemke. "Seismic interpretation of meander channel point‐bar deposits using realistic seismic modeling techniques." Leading Edge 11, no. 8 (August 1992): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1436890.

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Subarsyah, Subarsyah, and Tumpal Benhard Nainggolan. "ATENUASI WATER-BOTTOM MULTIPLE DENGAN METODE TRANSFORMASI PARABOLIC RADON." JURNAL GEOLOGI KELAUTAN 12, no. 3 (February 16, 2016): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/jgk.12.3.2014.254.

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Interferensi water-bottom multipel terhadap reflektor primer menimbulkan efek bersifat destruktif yang menyebabkan penampang seismik menjadi tidak tepat akibat kehadiran reflektor semu. Teknik demultiple perlu diaplikasikan untuk mengatenuasi multipel. Transformasi parabolic radon merupakan teknik atenuasi multipel dengan metode pemisahan dalam domain radon. Multipel sering teridentifikasi pada penampang seismik. Untuk memperbaiki penampang seismik akan dilakukan dengan metode transformasi parabolic radon. Penerapan metode ini mengakibatkan reflektor multipel melemah dan tereduksi setelah dilakukan muting dalam domain radon terhadap zona multipel. Beberapa reflektor primer juga ikut melemah akibat pemisahan dalam domain radon yang kurang optimal, pemisahan akan optimal membutuhkan distribusi offset yang lebar. Kata kunci: Parabolic radon, multipel, atenuasi Water-bottom mutiple interference often destructively interfere with primary reflection that led to incorrect seismic section due to presence apparent reflector. Demultiple techniques need to be applied to attenuate the multiple. Parabolic Radon transform is demultiple attenuation technique that separate multiple and primary in radon domain. Water-bottom mutiple ussualy appear and easly identified on seismic data, parabolic radon transform applied to improve the seismic section. Application of this method to data showing multiple reflectors weakened and reduced after muting multiple zones in the radon domain. Some of the primary reflector also weakened due to bad separation in radon domain, optimal separation will require a wide distribution of offsets. Keywords: Parabolic radon, multiple, attenuation

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Xiong, Wei, Xu Ji, Yue Ma, Yuxiang Wang, Nasher M. AlBinHassan, Mustafa N. Ali, and Yi Luo. "Seismic fault detection with convolutional neural network." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): O97—O103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0666.1.

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Mapping fault planes using seismic images is a crucial and time-consuming step in hydrocarbon prospecting. Conventionally, this requires significant manual efforts that normally go through several iterations to optimize how the different fault planes connect with each other. Many techniques have been developed to automate this process, such as seismic coherence estimation, edge detection, and ant-tracking, to name a few. However, these techniques do not take advantage of the valuable experience accumulated by the interpreters. We have developed a method that uses the convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect and map fault zones using 3D seismic images in a similar fashion to the way done by interpreters. This new technique is implemented in two steps: training and prediction. In the training step, a CNN model is trained with annotated seismic image cubes of field data, where every point in the seismic image is labeled as fault or nonfault. In the prediction step, the trained model is applied to compute fault probabilities at every location in other seismic image cubes. Unlike reported methods in the literature, our technique does not require precomputed attributes to predict the faults. We verified our approach on the synthetic and field data sets. We clearly determined that the CNN-computed fault probability outperformed that obtained using the coherence technique in terms of exhibiting clearer discontinuities. With the capability of emulating human experience and evolving through training using new field data sets, deep-learning tools manifest huge potential in automating and advancing seismic fault mapping.

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43

French, W. S. "Practical seismic imaging." Exploration Geophysics 20, no. 2 (1989): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eg989011.

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Data examples clearly show that advances in seismic reflection methods over the past few years provide the interpreter with improved geologic information. The shift over the last ten years from 2-D to 3-D surveys and the shift over the past five years from processing based on surface geometry to processing based on subsurface geometry represent the principal advancements. Despite these advancements, the seismic reflection method is not mature.There exists no unified processing method to produce a 3-D geologic picture in depth directly from the data. Current processing techniques are a conglomeration of surface referenced methods (most noise suppression techniques), subsurface referenced methods (DMO, prestack migration) and in-between methods (velocity analysis). Interpreters, processors and field people must all keep abreast of the technology of our profession in order to improve our final product: greater success in both exploration and production.

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Duff, Deanne, Charles Hurich, and Sharon Deemer. "Seismic properties of the Voisey’s Bay massive sulfide deposit: Insights into approaches to seismic imaging." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC59—WC68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0483.1.

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Seismic methods offer significant potential advantages for minerals exploration over more traditional geophysical techniques because of the comparatively high resolution of seismic imaging. This is particularly true as minerals exploration is required to explore deeper to find resources. However, adaptation of seismic imaging techniques to the complex crystalline targets common in the mining environment requires a thorough understanding of the physical properties of the specific combination of ore and host rocks under consideration to choose an appropriate imaging technique. Analysis of the sulfide ores and associated host rocks from the Voisey’s Bay nickel-copper-cobalt deposit indicates that in the pyrrohotite-pentlandite-rich but pyrite-poor assemblage at Voisey’s Bay, seismic velocities are significantly lower ([Formula: see text]) than either the felsic or mafic host rocks ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]). This observation is in contrast with pyrite-rich massive sulfide ores that have velocities that are significantly higher than typical host rocks. The large velocity contrast between the Voisey’s Bay ores and their host rocks makes them good targets for tomographic imaging. However, due to the trade-off between the low velocities and high densities of the Voisey’s Bay sulfides, acoustic impedance contrasts can be quite modest making them less attractive for seismic reflection imaging. Detailed analysis of two different mineralized zones at Voisey’s Bay further demonstrated that, depending on the limiting signal-to-noise ratio, the choice of an effective seismic imaging technique is not universal across a mineral deposit and may be affected by subtle variations in sulfide mineralogy and by the structural/magmatic setting. Our analysis clearly indicated that knowledge of physical properties and geologic setting is critical to the choice of which seismic technique to apply in a given exploration setting.

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Schmelzbach, Cédric, Stewart Greenhalgh, Fabienne Reiser, Jean-François Girard, François Bretaudeau, Laure Capar, and Adnand Bitri. "Advanced seismic processing/imaging techniques and their potential for geothermal exploration." Interpretation 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): SR1—SR18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0017.1.

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Seismic reflection imaging is a geophysical method that provides greater resolution at depth than other methods and is, therefore, the method of choice for hydrocarbon-reservoir exploration. However, seismic imaging has only sparingly been used to explore and monitor geothermal reservoirs. Yet, detailed images of reservoirs are an essential prerequisite to assess the feasibility of geothermal projects and to reduce the risk associated with expensive drilling programs. The vast experience of hydrocarbon seismic imaging has much to offer in illuminating the route toward improved seismic exploration of geothermal reservoirs — but adaptations to the geothermal problem are required. Specialized seismic acquisition and processing techniques with significant potential for the geothermal case are the use of 3D arrays and multicomponent sensors, coupled with sophisticated processing, including seismic attribute analysis, polarization filtering/migration, converted-wave processing, and the analysis of the diffracted wavefield. Furthermore, full-waveform inversion and S-wave splitting investigations potentially provide quantitative estimates of elastic parameters, from which it may be possible to infer critical geothermal properties, such as porosity and temperature.

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Hatherly, P. J. "Attenuation measurements on shallow seismic refraction data." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 2 (February 1986): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442084.

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Techniques of making seismic attenuation measurements are of interest in engineering geophysics because they allow rock type and quality to be estimated. The measurements may be made on field data from spectral amplitudes, amplitude decay curves, or observed pulse broadening. With shallow seismic refraction data, attenuation is best measured from the pulse broadening. I discuss the problem and demonstrate a computer technique for making routine measurements.

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Gochioco, Lawrence M., and Steven A. Cotten. "Locating faults in underground coal mines using high‐resolution seismic reflection techniques." GEOPHYSICS 54, no. 12 (December 1989): 1521–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442619.

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A high‐resolution seismic reflection technique was used to locate faults in coal seams that were not visible on the surface and could only be observed in underground coal mines. An 8‐gauge buffalo gun, built by the research and development department of Consolidation Coal Company, was used as the seismic source. The coal seam at a depth of 700 ft produces a reflection with a predominant frequency of about 125 Hz. The high‐resolution seismic data permitted faults with vertical displacements of the same magnitude as the seam thickness to be detected at depths of several hundred feet beneath the surface. Several faults were detected and interpreted from the seismic sections, and the magnitudes of their displacement were estimated by matching the recorded seismic data to synthetic seismic data. Subsequent underground mine development in the study area confirmed two interpreted faults and their estimated displacements. Mining engineers were able to use the information provided by the seismic survey to plan an entry system through the fault zone so that less rock needed to be mined, resulting in a safer and more productive mine.

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Yan, Zhian, Kang Wang, Song Chao You, Jing Ping Xiao, and Shao Hua Cheng. "Research on Linear Motor in Deep Exploration Based on Experiment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 538 (April 2014): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.538.179.

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Linear motor is applied in the seismic source system of deep well seismic wave exploration, which belongs to international cutting-edge techniques of the exploration industry. Compared to traditional blasting techniques, the technique has better safety performance and lower cost. It is concluded that the setting basic frequency is a critical factor for start-up force of the linear motor in the seismic source system based on the experiment and relative data. The concept of practical efficiency is proposed. In addition, the performance of the linear motor was improved significantly by analyzing relative data curves between inverter output frequencies, line voltage of the linear motor and the start-up force of the linear motor.

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Geary, Andrew. "Seismic Soundoff." Leading Edge 39, no. 4 (April 2020): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle39040296.1.

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The following is an excerpt from SEG's podcast, Seismic Soundoff. In this episode, host Andrew Geary previews Dave Monk's upcoming Distinguished Instructor Short Course and book titled, “Survey design and seismic acquisition for land, marine, and in-between in light of new technology and techniques.” In this engaging conversation, Dave and Andrew discuss how full-waveform inversion impacts survey design, the research breakthroughs needed for the next evolution of seismic surveys, and one group that may not realize that this course is for them. Listen to the full episode at https://seg.org/podcast/post/8946 .

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Zaręba, Mateusz, and Tomasz Danek. "Nonlinear anisotropic diffusion techniques for seismic signal enhancing - Carpathian Foredeep study." E3S Web of Conferences 66 (2018): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186601016.

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The use of nonlinear anisotropic diffusion algorithm for advanced seismic signal processing in the complicated geological region of Carpathian Foredeep was examined. This technique allows for an improvement of seismic data quality and for more accurate interpretation by the recovery of a significant amount of structural information in the form of a correlating seismic reflections and by preserving true DHI indicators. It also allows searching for more subtle geological structures. Anisotropic diffusion is an iterative image processing algorithm that removes noise by modifying the data by solving partial differential equations. Moreover, it can reduce image noise without blurring the edges between regions of different chrominance or brightness. This filter preserves edges, lines, or other features relevant to the seismic structural and stratigraphic interpretation. The algorithm also enables noise reduction without removing significant information from a seismic section even for high dips values. For a better estimation of anisotropic diffusion structure tensor, the parameterization is done using the depth field and the calculations in the two-way travel time field. The presented research shows the results of using an anisotropic diffusion algorithm for post-stack and migration processing of seismic 3D data collected in Carpathian reservoir rocks of southern Poland.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Seismic techniques'

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