Relevant bibliographies by topics / Seismic surface wave

Academic literature on the topic 'Seismic surface wave'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Seismic surface wave"

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Halliday, David F., Andrew Curtis, Johan O. A. Robertsson, and Dirk-Jan van Manen. "Interferometric surface-wave isolation and removal." GEOPHYSICS 72, no. 5 (September 2007): A69—A73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2761967.

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The removal of surface waves (ground roll) from land seismic data is critical in seismic processing because these waves tend to mask informative body-wave arrivals. Removal becomes difficult when surface waves are scattered, and data quality is often impaired. We apply a method of seismic interferometry, using both sources and receivers at the surface, to estimate the surface-wave component of the Green’s function between any two points. These estimates are subtracted adaptively from seismic survey data, providing a new method of ground-roll removal that is not limited to nonscattering regions.
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Winterstein, D. F., and B. N. P. Paulsson. "Velocity anisotropy in shale determined from crosshole seismic and vertical seismic profile data." GEOPHYSICS 55, no. 4 (April 1990): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442856.

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Crosshole and vertical seismic profile (VST) data made possible accurate characterization of the elastic properties, including noticeable velocity anisotropy, of a near‐surface late Tertiary shale formation. Shear‐wave splitting was obvious in both crosshole and VSP data. In crosshole data, two orthologonally polarrized shear (S) waves arrived 19 ms in the uppermost 246 ft (75 m). Vertically traveling S waves of the VSP separated about 10 ms in the uppermost 300 ft (90 m) but remained at nearly constant separation below that level. A transversely isotropic model, which incorporates a rapid increase in S-wave velocities with depth but slow increase in P-wave velocities, closely fits the data over most of the measured interval. Elastic constants of the transvesely isotropic model show spherical P- and [Formula: see text]wave velocity surfaces but an ellipsoidal [Formula: see text]wave surface with a ratio of major to minor axes of 1.15. The magnitude of this S-wave anisotropy is consistent with and lends credence to S-wave anisotropy magnitudes deduced less directly from data of many sedimentary basins.
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Shearer, P. M., and J. A. Orcutt. "Surface and near-surface effects on seismic waves—theory and borehole seismometer results." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 77, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 1168–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0770041168.

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Abstract A simple plane wave model is adequate to explain many surface versus borehole seismometer data sets. Using such a model, we present a series of examples which demonstrate the effects of the free-surface, near-surface velocity gradients, and low impedance surface layers on the amplitudes of upcoming body waves. In some cases, these amplitudes are predictable from simple free-surface and impedance contrast expressions. However, in other cases these expressions are an unreliable guide to the complete response, and the full plane wave calculation must be performed. Large surface amplifications are possible, even without focusing due to lateral heterogeneities or nonlinear effects. Both surface and borehole seismometer site responses are almost always frequency-dependent. Ocean bottom versus borehole seismic data from the 1983 Ngendei Seismic Experiment in the southwest Pacific are consistent with both a simple plane wave model and a more complete synthetic seismogram calculation. The borehole seismic response to upcoming P waves is reduced at high frequencies because of interference between the upgoing P wave and downgoing P and SV waves reflected from the sediment-basement interface. However, because of much lower borehole noise levels, the borehole seismometer enjoys a P-wave signal-to-noise advantage of 3 to 7 dB over nearby ocean bottom instruments.
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Brodic, Bojan, Alireza Malehmir, André Pugin, and Georgiana Maries. "Three-component seismic land streamer study of an esker architecture through S- and surface-wave imaging." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): B339—B353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0747.1.

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We deployed a newly developed 3C microelectromechanical system-based seismic land streamer over porous glacial sediments to delineate water table and bedrock in Southwestern Finland. The seismic source used was a 500 kg vertical impact drop hammer. We analyzed the SH-wave component and interpreted it together with previously analyzed P-wave component data. In addition to this, we examined the land streamer’s potential for multichannel analysis of surface waves and delineated the site’s stratigraphy with surface-wave-derived S-wave velocities and [Formula: see text] ratios along the entire profile. These S-wave velocities and [Formula: see text] ratios complement the interpretation conducted previously on P-wave stacked section. Peculiarly, although the seismic source used is of a vertical-type nature, the data inspection indicated clear bedrock reflection on the horizontal components, particularly the transverse component. This observation led us to scrutinize the horizontal component data through side-by-side inspection of the shot records of all the three components and particle motion analysis to confirm the S-wave nature of the reflection. Using the apparent moveout velocity of the reflection, as well as the known depth to bedrock based on drilling, we used finite-difference synthetic modeling to further verify its nature. Compared with the P-wave seismic section, bedrock is relatively well delineated on the transverse component S-wave section. Some structures connected to the kettle holes and other stratigraphic units imaged on the P-wave results were also notable on the S-wave section, and particularly on the surface-wave derived S-wave velocity model and [Formula: see text] ratios. Our results indicate that P-, SV-, and SH-wave energy is generated simultaneously at the source location itself. This study demonstrates the potential of 3C seismic for characterization and delineation of the near-surface seismics.
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Ardhuin, Fabrice, and T. H. C. Herbers. "Noise generation in the solid Earth, oceans and atmosphere, from nonlinear interacting surface gravity waves in finite depth." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 716 (January 25, 2013): 316–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2012.548.

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AbstractOceanic pressure measurements, even in very deep water, and atmospheric pressure or seismic records, from anywhere on Earth, contain noise with dominant periods between 3 and 10 s, which is believed to be excited by ocean surface gravity waves. Most of this noise is explained by a nonlinear wave–wave interaction mechanism, and takes the form of surface gravity waves, acoustic or seismic waves. Previous theoretical work on seismic noise focused on surface (Rayleigh) waves, and did not consider finite-depth effects on the generating wave kinematics. These finite-depth effects are introduced here, which requires the consideration of the direct wave-induced pressure at the ocean bottom, a contribution previously overlooked in the context of seismic noise. That contribution can lead to a considerable reduction of the seismic noise source, which is particularly relevant for noise periods larger than 10 s. The theory is applied to acoustic waves in the atmosphere, extending previous theories that were limited to vertical propagation only. Finally, the noise generation theory is also extended beyond the domain of Rayleigh waves, giving the first quantitative expression for sources of seismic body waves. In the limit of slow phase speeds in the ocean wave forcing, the known and well-verified gravity wave result is obtained, which was previously derived for an incompressible ocean. The noise source of acoustic, acoustic-gravity and seismic modes are given by a mode-specific amplification of the same wave-induced pressure field near zero wavenumber.
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Preston, Leiph, Christian Poppeliers, and David J. Schodt. "Seismic Characterization of the Nevada National Security Site Using Joint Body Wave, Surface Wave, and Gravity Inversion." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 110, no. 1 (November 19, 2019): 110–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190151.

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ABSTRACT As a part of the series of Source Physics Experiments (SPE) conducted on the Nevada National Security Site in southern Nevada, we have developed a local-to-regional scale seismic velocity model of the site and surrounding area. Accurate earth models are critical for modeling sources like the SPE to investigate the role of earth structure on the propagation and scattering of seismic waves. We combine seismic body waves, surface waves, and gravity data in a joint inversion procedure to solve for the optimal 3D seismic compressional and shear-wave velocity structures and earthquake locations subject to model smoothness constraints. Earthquakes, which are relocated as part of the inversion, provide P- and S-body-wave absolute and differential travel times. Active source experiments in the region augment this dataset with P-body-wave absolute times and surface-wave dispersion data. Dense ground-based gravity observations and surface-wave dispersion derived from ambient noise in the region fill in many areas where body-wave data are sparse. In general, the top 1–2 km of the surface is relatively poorly sampled by the body waves alone. However, the addition of gravity and surface waves to the body-wave dataset greatly enhances structural resolvability in the near surface. We discuss the methodology we developed for simultaneous inversion of these disparate data types and briefly describe results of the inversion in the context of previous work in the region.
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Peterie, Shelby L., Julian Ivanov, Erik Knippel, Richard D. Miller, and Steven D. Sloan. "Shallow tunnel detection using converted surface waves." GEOPHYSICS 86, no. 3 (May 1, 2021): WA59—WA68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0357.1.

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Seismic surface waves that were likely converted from incident body waves were used to detect a 3 m deep tunnel using two novel processing methods. In data acquired at a tunnel test site, a unique forward-propagating wave (traveling away from the tunnel and seismic source) was identified as an early-arriving surface wave converted at the tunnel from an incident body wave. To our knowledge, our research represents the first time converted surface waves have been observed originating from a tunnel. We have developed two novel processing methods targeting this unique wavefield component for detecting tunnels, cavities, or other shallow anomalies. The first is a time-domain imaging method that takes advantage of the unique kinematic characteristics of converted surface waves to produce a cross section with a coherent, high-amplitude signature originating from the horizontal location of the tunnel. The second method uses frequency-domain analysis of surface-wave amplitudes, which reveals increased amplitudes (primarily from converted surface waves) at locations expected for the tunnel. These proposed approaches for analysis of converted surface waves were successfully used to detect the tunnel and accurately interpret its horizontal location in real-world data. These novel methods could be the key for detecting shallow tunnels or other subsurface anomalies and complement existing seismic detection methods.
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Baker, Gregory S., Don W. Steeples, and Chris Schmeissner. "In‐situ, high‐frequency P-wave velocity measurements within 1 m of the earth’s surface." GEOPHYSICS 64, no. 2 (March 1999): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444537.

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Seismic P-wave velocities in near‐surface materials can be much slower than the speed of sound waves in air (normally 335 m/s or 1100 ft/s). Difficulties often arise when measuring these low‐velocity P-waves because of interference by the air wave and the air‐coupled waves near the seismic source, at least when gathering data with the more commonly used shallow P-wave sources. Additional problems in separating the direct and refracted arrivals within ∼2 m of the source arise from source‐generated nonlinear displacement, even when small energy sources such as sledgehammers, small‐caliber rifles, and seismic blasting caps are used. Using an automotive spark plug as an energy source allowed us to measure seismic P-wave velocities accurately, in situ, from a few decimeters to a few meters from the shotpoint. We were able to observe three distinct P-wave velocities at our test site: ∼130m/s, 180m/s, and 300m/s. Even the third layer, which would normally constitute the first detected layer in a shallow‐seismic‐refraction survey, had a P-wave velocity lower than the speed of sound in air.
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Lee, Dong-Woo, Young-Hoon Kang, and Sang-Hoon Kim. "Seismic Surface Wave Cloaking by Acoustic Wave Refraction." Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea 19, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5000/eesk.2015.19.6.257.

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Xu, Jixiang, Shitai Dong, Huajuan Cui, Yan Zhang, Ying Hu, and Xiping Sun. "Near-surface scattered waves enhancement with source-receiver interferometry." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): Q49—Q69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0806.1.

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Near-surface scattered waves (NSWs) are the main noise in seismic data in areas with a complex near surface and can be divided into surface-to-surface scattered waves and body-to-surface scattered waves. We have developed a method for NSW enhancement that uses modified source-receiver interferometry. The method consists of two parts. First, deconvolutional intersource interferometry is used to cancel the common raypath of seismic waves from a near-surface scatterer to the common receiver and the receiver function. Second, convolutional interreceiver interferometry is used to compensate the common raypath of seismic waves from the common source to the near-surface scatterer and the source function. For an isotropic point scatterer near the earth’s surface in modified source-receiver interferometry, a body-to-surface scattered wave can be reconstructed by constructive interference not only among three body-to-surface scattered waves but also among a body-to-surface scattered wave and two surface-to-surface scattered waves; a surface-to-surface scattered wave can be reconstructed by constructive interference not only among three surface-to-surface scattered waves but also among a surface-to-surface scattered wave and two body-to-surface scattered waves. According to stationary phase analysis based on the superposition principle, we have developed a so-called dual-wheel driving configuration of modified source-receiver interferometry for enhancing NSWs in the data of conventional seismic exploration. The main advantages of the scheme are that (1) it can be used to enhance NSWs without the need for any a priori knowledge of topography and near-surface velocity, (2) it can be used to reconstruct NSWs from real sources to real receivers, including 3D near-surface side-scattered waves, and (3) it can be applied to conventional seismic data with finite-frequency bandwidth, spatially limited and sparse arrays, different source and receiver functions, and static correction. Numerically simulated data and field seismic data are used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the scheme.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seismic surface wave"

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Malladi, Subrahmanya Sastry Venkata. "Modeling and Algorithm Performance For Seismic Surface Wave Velocity Estimation." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1194630399.

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Ruan, Youyi. "Surface wave propagation in 3-D anelastic media." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28945.

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Lateral perturbations in anelasticity (Q) and wave speed together provide important constraints on thermal and chemical structures in the mantle. In present-day tomography studies of global wave speed and anelasticity, the significance of 3-D wave speed and 3-D Q structures on surface wave travel times and amplitudes has not been well understood. In this dissertation, the effects of lateral perturbations in anelasticity (Q) and wave speed on surface wave observables are quantified based upon wave propagation simulations in 3-D earth models using a Spectral Element Method. Comparison between phase delays caused by 3-D wave speed structures and those caused by 3-D Q variations show that anelastic dispersion due to lateral perturbation in Q is important in long-period surface wave and can account for 15-20% observed phase delays. For amplitude perturbations, elastic focusing/defocusing effects associated with 3-D wave speed structures are dominant while energy dissipation is important in short-period (â ¼ 50 s) surface waves but decreases quickly with increasing wave period. Anelastic focusing/defocusing associated with 3-D anelastic dispersion becomes more important than wave attenuation in longer period surface waves. In tomography studies, ray theory breaks down and finite frequency effects become important when the length scale of heterogenities are smaller than seismic wavelength. Finite frequency effects in 3-D earth models are investigated by comparing theoretical predictions of travel times and amplitudes with â ground truthâ measurements made on synthetic seismograms generated in SEM simulations. The comparisons show that finite frequency effects are stronger in amplitudes than in phases, especially at long periods.
Ph. D.
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Liu, Kui. "Surface Wave Propagation and Global Crustal Tomography." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/25428.

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In this thesis, a finite-frequency theory is developed to calculate Born sensitivity kernels for Rayleigh-wave phase and amplitude measurements that are valid in regions near seismic stations. Calculations of sensitivity kernels for inter-station measurements show that exact travelling-wave representation of Green tensor is necessary when station spacing is close to or smaller than the seismic wavelength. This finite-frequency theory will allow us to take advantage of dense seismic arrays to obtain high-resolution surface-wave tomography using inter-station measurements. The non-linear dependence of surface wave phase upon large perturbations in crustal thickness as well as finite-frequency effects in global surface-wave tomography are investigated using wave propagation simulations. Calculations show that non-linearity as well as finite-frequency effects can be accounted for by using 2D phase-velocity kernels for boundary perturbations. A 3D-reference tomographic approach is developed for iterative inversions of global crustal structure where Frechet kernels are calculated in 3D reference models. A global dataset of minor-arc and major-arc Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements at periods between 25 seconds and 100 seconds are built and global phase velocity maps based on the dataset are obtained using diffractional tomography. The phase velocity model confirms many general features associated with surface tectonics including the ocean-continent dichotomy and the signature of lithospheric cooling in oceanic plates. There are significant differences between the phase velocity model and calculations based on a current global model CRUST2.0+S20RTS in oceanic regions, Archean and Proterozoic cratons as well as orogenic belts. In addition, the high resolution phase velocity maps reveal a major change in the distribution of small scale anomalies in the Pacific at different wave periods.
Ph. D.
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Hebeler, Gregory L. "Site characterization in Shelby County, Tennessee using advanced surface wave methods." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/20996.

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BATTAGLIA, ENZO. "Seismic reflection imaging of near surface structures using the Common Reflection Surface (CRS) Stack Method." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266406.

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This PhD thesis aims to evaluate whether the Common-Refl ection-Surface (CRS) stack method can be considered as a more cost efficient processing alternative to the conventionally used Common Midpoint (CMP) stack method for processing of shallow and ultrashallow reflection data. The CRS stack is a seismic imaging method established for oil and gas exploration that is similar in concept to the conventional CMP stack method. Unlike the CMP stack, the CRS stack process is not confined to single CMP gathers (offset direction), but also includes neighbouring CMPs (midpoint direction) into the so-called CRS supergathers. The use of CRS supergathers enables stable \data-driven", i.e. without human interactions, velocity analysis and residual static corrections, avoiding the poorly-automated and time-consuming processing steps that are instead required when implementing conventional CMP processing. This makes the seismic imaging process more compatible with budgets available for near-surface geophysical investigations. Improving seismic imaging of near-surface reflection data, while at the same time reducing processing costs and human interaction during processing was the principal objective which guided my work. To investigate the advantages and limitations of exporting the CRS stack from the hydrocarbon exploration field to the near-surface scale, I have firstly analysed and adapted the characteristics of the CRS to the requirements of near-surface reflection data. Then, I have compared the results (seismic sections and velocity fields) obtained by processing with the CMP and the CRS stack methods for two real field datasets (P- and SH-wave)and two synthetic datasets that exhibited very large vertical velocity changes. Finally, I have proposed some original solutions that overcome several of the issues encountered when using CRS stack with near-surface data. The P-wave dataset was collected as part of a hydrogeological investigation with the aim of delineating the hydrogeological framework of a paleolake environment to a depth of few hundred metres. Using the CMP method, several nearly horizontal reectors with onsets from 60 to about 250 ms were imaged. The CRS stack produced a stacked section with greater coherency and lateral continuity than the CMP section, but also spurious alignments of seismic energy which hinder interpretation. Weighing the CRS stacked section with the corresponding CRS coherence and number of CRS stacked traces leads to a considerable reduction of the spurious alignments, resulting in a seismic section more suited to delineate the aquifer and its confining units. The SH-wave ultrashallow dataset was collected to support a geotechnical study to a depth of 10 m. The obtained CMP stacked section imaged a dipping bedrock interface below four horizontal re ectors in unconsolidated, very low velocity sediments. The vertical and lateral resolution was very high, so that despite the very shallow depth the resulting CMP stacked section showed the well-defined pinchout of two layers at less than 10 m depth. The CRS stack improved the continuity of the shallowest reector but showed an excessive smearing effect with some reector portions, including the pinchout, unresolved and not as well defined as in the (very detailed) CMP counterpart. Restricting the CRS stack process to single CMP gathers, preserving the CRS-supergather for the search of stacking parameters, produced a time section very similar to the CMP counterpart. In both cases, I swiftly obtained the CRS stacked sections in a fully automatic way, so with a cost/benefit ratio considerably more advantageous than that of the CMP sections, which required time-consuming prestack velocity analysis as well as residual static corrections. Moreover, using the kinematic wave field attributes determined for each stacking operation I reconstructed velocity fields matching the ones estimated with the CMP processing, even if this required a greater amount of work than that required to produce the CRS stacked sections. Finally, using two synthetic datasets, I addressed the issue of the crossing reection events that appear in data acquired in soils characterized by strong vertical velocity gradients. Although a matter debate for decades, this is an issue still unresolved by use of the conventional CMP method. Using the first synthetic dataset I showed that unlike in conventional CMP processing which cannot accurately process crossing reflection events without generating distortions and artefacts, the data-driven CRS stack imaging process considerably restricts their generation, limiting the reduction of signal-to-noise ratio and of temporal resolution in stacked traces. With the second synthetic dataset I simulated a data acquisition reproducing a case history with a high-velocity contrast in the first 5 m depth. The CRS results that I obtained from the modelled data demonstrated that the CRS stack method may be a reliable alternative for processing crossing reection events, definitely easier and faster than the construction of complicated velocity functions and/or the separated processing of the crossing events. By comparing these results with those obtained using the CMP method I obtained other interesting results, which, however, to validate would necessitate the use of real datasets. The findings of this present study demonstrates that the CRS stack could represent a significant step forward for the reduction of the costs involved in shallow and ultrashallow seismic reflection data processing, one which does not compromise the quality of results. Both these conditions being essential to the increased acceptance of the seismic reection method as a routine investigation method for use in shallow and ultrashallow seismics.
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Almayahi, Ali Z. "SHEAR-WAVE IMAGING AND BIREFRINGENCE IN A COMPLEX NEAR-SURFACE GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/12.

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Multiple geophysical and geological data sets were compiled, reprocessed, and interpreted using state-of-the-art signal processing and modeling algorithms to characterize the complex post-Paleozoic geology that overlies the southwestern projection of the Fluorspar Area Fault Complex (FAFC) in western Kentucky. Specific data included 21.5 km of SH-wave seismic reflection, 1.5 km of P-wave seismic reflection, 2 km of electrical resistivity, vertical seismic profiles, Vp and Vs sonic-suspension logs, and 930 lithologic borehole logs. The resultant model indicates three general northeast–southwest-oriented fault zones pass through the study area as southwestern extensions of parts of the FAFC. These fault zones form two significant subparallel grabens with ancillary substructures. The geometry of the interpreted fault zones indicates that they have undergone episodic tectonic deformation since their first formation. Evidence of thickening and steeply dipping reflectors within Tertiary and Quaternary sediment in the downthrown blocks indicate syndepositional movement. Subtle thickening and lack of steeply dipping intraformational reflectors in the Cretaceous suggest a more quiescent period, with sediment deposition unconformably draping and filling the earlier Paleozoic structural surface. There is also evidence that the Tertiary and early Quaternary reactivation was associated with an extensional to compressional regional stress reversal, as manifested by the antiformal folds seen in the hanging wall reflectors and the potential small-amplitude force folds in the Quaternary alluvium, as well as a clear displacement inversion along the Metropolis-loess seismic horizon in two high-resolution reflection images. A surface shear-wave splitting experiment proved to be an efficient and effective tool for characterizing shallow subsurface azimuthally anisotropic geologic inclusions in low-impedance water-saturated sediment environments. The measured azimuthal anisotropy across a well-constrained N60ºE-striking fault exhibited a natural coordinate system that had a fast direction coincident with the fault strike and an orthogonal slow direction. This is also one indicator that faults inactive during significant geologic intervals (i.e., Holocene) do not "heal". Integrated shear-wave velocity models and electrical resistivity tomography profiles across the fault zones exhibit lower shear-wave velocities and resistivities within the deformation zones compared with values outside the boundaries. This is additional evidence that the deformed sediment does not reconsolidate or heal, but that the sediment particle configuration remains more loosely packed, providing an increase in the overall porosity (i.e., hydraulic conductivity). This can wholly or in large part explain the anomalous contaminant plume migration path that is coincident with the deformed zones of the regional gravel groundwater aquifer.
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Liu, Faqi. "Surface multiple attenuation operators in the plane wave domain : theory and applications /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Schlottmann, Robert Brian. "A path integral formulation of elastic wave propagation /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004372.

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Baumann-Wilke, Maria. "Combining body wave tomography, surface wave inversion, seismic interferometry and laboratory measurements to characterize the black shales on Bornholm at different scales." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6900/.

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Black shales are sedimentary rocks with a high content of organic carbon, which leads to a dark grayish to black color. Due to their potential to contain oil or gas, black shales are of great interest for the support of the worldwide energy supply. An integrated seismic investigation of the Lower Palaeozoic black shales was carried out at the Danish island Bornholm to locate the shallow-lying Alum Shale layer and its surrounding formations and to characterize its potential as a source rock. Therefore, two seismic experiments at a total of three crossing profiles were carried out in October 2010 and in June 2012 in the southern part of the island. Two different active measurements were conducted with either a weight drop source or a minivibrator. Additionally, the ambient noise field was recorded at the study location over a time interval of about one day, and also a laboratory analysis of borehole samples was carried out. The seismic profiles were positioned as close as possible to two scientific boreholes which were used for comparative purposes. The seismic field data was analyzed with traveltime tomography, surface wave inversion and seismic interferometry to obtain the P-wave and S-wave velocity models of the subsurface. The P-wave velocity models which were determined for all three profiles clearly locate the Alum Shale layer between the Komstad Limestone layer on top and the Læså Sandstone Formation at the base of the models. The black shale layer has P-wave velocities around 3 km/s which are lower compared to the adjacent formations. Due to a very good agreement of the sonic log and the vertical velocity profiles of the two seismic lines, which are directly crossing the borehole where the sonic log was conducted, the reliability of the traveltime tomography is proven. A correlation of the seismic velocities with the content of organic carbon is an important task for the characterization of the reservoir properties of a black shale formation. It is not possible without calibration but in combination with a full 2D tomographic image of the subsurface it gives the subsurface distribution of the organic material. The S-wave model obtained with surface wave inversion of the vibroseis data of one of the profiles images the Alum Shale layer also very well with S-wave velocities around 2 km/s. Although individual 1D velocity models for each of the source positions were determined, the subsurface S-wave velocity distribution is very uniform with a good match between the single models. A really new approach described here is the application of seismic interferometry to a really small study area and a quite short time interval. Also new is the selective procedure of only using time windows with the best crosscorrelation signals to achieve the final interferograms. Due to the small scale of the interferometry even P-wave signals can be observed in the final crosscorrelations. In the laboratory measurements the seismic body waves were recorded for different pressure and temperature stages. Therefore, samples of different depths of the Alum Shale were available from one of the scientific boreholes at the study location. The measured velocities have a high variance with changing pressure or temperature. Recordings with wave propagation both parallel and perpendicular to the bedding of the samples reveal a great amount of anisotropy for the P-wave velocity, whereas the S-wave velocity is almost independent of the wave direction. The calculated velocity ratio is also highly anisotropic with very low values for the perpendicular samples and very high values for the parallel ones. Interestingly, the laboratory velocities of the perpendicular samples are comparable to the velocities of the field experiments indicating that the field measurements are sensitive to wave propagation in vertical direction. The velocity ratio is also calculated with the P-wave and S-wave velocity models of the field experiments. Again, the Alum Shale can be clearly separated from the adjacent formations because it shows overall very low vP/vS ratios around 1.4. The very low velocity ratio indicates the content of gas in the black shale formation. With the combination of all the different methods described here, a comprehensive interpretation of the seismic response of the black shale layer can be made and the hydrocarbon source rock potential can be estimated.
Schwarzschiefer sind Sedimentgesteine, die einen hohen Gehalt an organischem Kohlenstoff aufweisen, was zu einer dunkelgrauen bis schwarzen Färbung führt. Da Schwarzschiefer das Potenzial besitzen, Öl oder Gas zu enthalten und somit zur weltweiten Energieversorgung beitragen könnten, sind sie von großem Interesse. Mit Hilfe der Kombination verschiedener seismischer Messverfahren wurden die Schwarzschiefer des Unteren Paläozoikums auf der dänischen Insel Bornholm untersucht um den oberflächennahen Alaunschiefer und dessen Umgebungsgestein dort zu lokalisieren und sein Potenzial als Muttergestein abzuschätzen. Dafür wurden im Oktober 2010 und im Juni 2012 im südlichen Teil der Insel zwei seismische Experimente auf insgesamt drei sich kreuzenden Profilen durchgeführt. Für zwei aktive seismische Messungen wurden ein Fallgewicht und ein Minivibrator als Quellen genutzt. Zusätzlich wurde im Messgebiet noch das Wellenfeld des umgebenden Rauschens über einen Zeitraum von etwa einem Tag aufgezeichnet. Außerdem wurden Labormessungen an Bohrkernen aus dem Alaunschiefer durchgeführt. Die seismischen Messprofile befanden sich so nah wie möglich an zwei wissenschaftlichen Bohrungen, die für Vergleichszwecke genutzt wurden. Um die P- und S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodelle des Untergrundes zu erhalten wurden die seismischen Felddaten mittels Laufzeittomographie, Oberflächenwelleninversion und seismischer Interferometrie ausgewertet. Die P-Wellenmodelle, die für alle drei seismischen Profile erstellt wurden, zeigen den Alaunschiefer zwischen dem Komstad Kalkstein, der den Alaunschiefer überdeckt, und der Læså Sandsteinformation, die die Basis der Modelle bildet. Für die Schwarzschieferschicht ergeben sich mit rund 3 km/s deutlich geringere P-Wellengeschwindigkeiten als für die umgebenden Gesteine. Zwei seismische Profile liegen direkt an einer der Bohrungen, für die verschiedene Bohrloch-Logs durchgeführt wurden. Der Vergleich des Sonic-Logs mit den vertikalen Geschwindigkeitsprofilen beider Modelle am Bohrpunkt zeigt eine sehr gute übereinstimmung aller Geschwindigkeiten. Dies ist ein Indiz für die Plausibilität der durchgeführten Laufzeittomographie. Um die Reservoireigenschaften der Schwarzschieferschicht einordnen zu können, wurde versucht, die seismischen Geschwindigkeiten mit dem Gehalt an organischem Material zu korrelieren. Ohne geeignete Kalibrierung ist diese Korrelation schwierig, kann aber mit Hilfe der Tomographieergebnisse ein zweidimensionales Abbild der Verteilung des organischen Materials im Untergrund liefern. Auch das S-Wellengeschwindigkeitsmodell, welches mit der Oberflächenwelleninversion der Vibroseisdaten erstellt wurde, bildet den Alaunschiefer gut ab. Hierbei zeigen sich S-Wellengeschwindigkeiten um 2 km/s. Obwohl jeweils nur 1D-Modelle für jede Quellposition bestimmt wurden, ergibt sich für die gesamte Untergrundstruktur des untersuchten Profils ein einheitliches Bild der Geschwindigkeiten. Einen sehr neuen Ansatz bildet die Anwendung der seismischen Interferometrie auf ein sehr kleines Untersuchungsgebiet und über einen sehr kurzen Zeitraum. Neu ist außerdem, dass für die Bestimmung der endgültigen Interferogramme nur Zeitfenster der Kreuzkorrelationen ausgewählt werden, in denen die Signalqualität hinreichend gut ist. In den berechneten Kreuzkorrelationen sind sogar P-Wellen enthalten, was auf die geringen Abstände der seismischen Rekorder zurück zu führen ist. Bei den Labormessungen wurden die Raumwellen für verschiedene Drücke und Temperaturen aufgezeichnet. Die Messungen der Geschwindigkeiten sowohl parallel als auch senkrecht zur Schichtung der Proben zeigen eine starke Anisotropie für die P-Welle. Dagegen scheint die S-Wellengeschwindigkeit fast unabhängig von der Ausbreitungsrichtung der Wellen zu sein. Auch das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten weist starke Anisotropie auf. Für die Wellenausbreitung senkrecht zur Schichtung zeigen sich sehr niedrige Werte, die Werte für die Messungen parallel zur Schichtung sind dagegen deutlich erhöht. Ein interessanter Aspekt der aus den Labormessungen resultiert ist, dass die Geschwindigkeit der Messungen senkrecht zur Schichtung mit den Geschwindigkeitswerten der Feldmessungen übereinstimmen. Damit scheinen die Feldmessungen besonders die Ausbreitung der Wellen in vertikaler Richtung zu registrieren. Das Geschwindigkeitsverhältnis wurde auch mit den P- und S-Wellenmodellen der Feldexperimente berechnet. Auch hier hebt sich der Alaunschiefer mit deutlich verringerten Werten um 1.4 vom Umgebungsgestein ab. Solch geringe Werte für das Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten deutet auf den Gehalt von Gas im Schwarzschiefer. Mit der Kombination der verschiedenen Methoden ist es möglich, die seismische Antwort der Schwarzschieferschicht umfassend zu beschreiben und Schlussfolgerungen darüber zu ziehen, ob die hier untersuchte Schwarzschieferschicht das Potenzial hat als Kohlenwasserstofflagerstätte zu fungieren.
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Martin, Brian E. "Seismic surface-wave ray tracing for anisotropic and laterally varying Earth models." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20671.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Seismic surface wave"

1

Malischewsky, Peter. Surface waves and discontinuities. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987.

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Snieder, Roel. Surface wave scattering theory: With applications to forward and inverse problems in seismology. [Utrecht]: Instituut voor Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1987.

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Howe, Michael Joseph. Improving Estimates of Seismic Source Parameters Using Surface-Wave Observations: Applications to Earthquakes and Underground Nuclear Explosions. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2019.

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Isaakovich, Keĭlis-Borok Vladimir, and Levshin Anatoli L. 1932-, eds. Seismic surface waves in a laterally inhomogeneous earth. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.

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Zuberek, Wacław M. Wykorzystanie efektu emisji sejsmoakustycznej w geotechnice =: Geotechnical applications of seismoacoustic emission. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1988.

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Keilis-Borok, V. I., ed. Seismic Surface Waves in a Laterally Inhomogeneous Earth. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0883-3.

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Dost, Bernard. The NARS array: A seismic experiment in Western Europe = Het NARS array : een seismisch experiment in West-Europa. [Utrecht: Instituut voor Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, 1987.

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D, Miller Richard. Advances in near-surface seismology and ground-penetrating radar. Tulsa, Okla: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2010.

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International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion (2nd 1998 Yokohama-shi, Japan). The effects of surface geology on seismic motion: Recent progress and new horizon on ESG study. Tokyo, Japan: Association for Earthquake Disaster Prevention, 1998.

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International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion (2nd 1998 Yokohama, Japan). The effects of surface geology on seismic motion: Recent progress and new horizon on ESG study : proceedings of the Second International Symposium on the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, Yokohama, Japan, 1-3 December 1998. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seismic surface wave"

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Snieder, R. "Surface wave holography." In Seismic Tomography, 323–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3899-1_14.

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Dorman, James. "Seismic Surface-Wave Data on the Upper Mantle." In The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle, 257–65. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm013p0257.

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Keilis-Borok, V. I. "Recording, Identification, and Measurement of Surface Wave Parameters." In Seismic Surface Waves in a Laterally Inhomogeneous Earth, 131–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0883-3_5.

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van der Lee, Suzan, and Andrew Frederiksen. "Surface wave tomography applied to the North American upper mantle." In Seismic Earth: Array Analysis of Broadband Seismograms, 67–80. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/157gm05.

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Wu, Ning, Yue Li, and Haitao Ma. "Trace Transform and Its Application in Seismic Surface Wave Processing." In Recent Advances in Computer Science and Information Engineering, 167–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25792-6_26.

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Yang, Lipeng. "Analysis of influencing factors of Rayleigh surface wave exploration depth." In Advances in Civil Engineering: Structural Seismic Resistance, Monitoring and Detection, 536–42. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003310884-72.

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Forsyth, Donald W., and Aibing Li. "Array analysis of two-dimensional variations in surface wave phase velocity and azimuthal anisotropy in the presence of multipathing interference." In Seismic Earth: Array Analysis of Broadband Seismograms, 81–97. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/157gm06.

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Jakka, Ravi S., and Narayan Roy. "Uncertainties in Site Characterization Using Surface Wave Techniques and Their Effects on Seismic Ground Response." In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 371–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7721-0_22.

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Mikhailenko, B. G., and N. N. Sergeev-Al’bov. "Algorithm for Calculation of Seismic Wave Field Propagation in the Medium with Curvilinear Free Surface." In Geophysical Data Inversion Methods and Applications, 547–60. Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-89416-8_32.

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Mitchell, Brian J., Nazieh K. Yacoub, and Antoni M. Correig. "A Summary of Seismic Surface Wave Attenuation and Its Regional Variation Across Continents and Oceans." In Geophysical Monograph Series, 405–25. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm020p0405.

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Conference papers on the topic "Seismic surface wave"

1

Skomedal, E. "Shear Wave Seismic – The Missing Link?" In Near Surface Geoscience 2014 - First Applied Shallow Marine Geophysics Conference. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20142136.

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Safani, J. "Seismic Surface Wave in Irregular Dispersive Medium." In EAGE-HAGI 1st Asia Pacific Meeting on Near Surface Geoscience and Engineering. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201800412.

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Stark, Timothy D., Thomas J. Dehlin, Soheil Nazarian, Hoda Azari, Deren Yuan, and Carlton L. Ho. "Seismic Surface Wave Testing for Track Substructure Assessment." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3776.

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This paper presents some results of a Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) sponsored research project on using seismic surface waves to evaluate track substructure (ballast and subgrade) condition and performance. The main objective of this project is to develop a system for rapidly, nondestructively, and quantitatively assessing the engineering properties of the track substructure (ballast and subgrade). These engineering properties — shear modulus, Young’s modulus, and shear strength — are derived from measurement of the shear wave velocity profile and can be used to evaluate track safety and to predict inspection and maintenance intervals. This paper describes the seismic testing, results of field measurements, and numerical modeling of the seismic wave propagation in the track substructure. Procedural issues addressed by the numerical models and presented herein include the size and location of the excitation source and orientation and spacing of the receiving accelerometers.
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Allnor, Rune, Andrea Caiti, and Børge Arntsen. "Inversion of seismic surface waves for shear wave velocities." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1997. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1885818.

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Lu, Zhiqu, Glenn Wilson, and Tianyu Zhang. "Seismic Surface Wave Technique for Agricultural Applications." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2011. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.3614295.

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Wu, Zheshu, and James Rector. "Seismic-velocity inversion using surface-wave tomography." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2018. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2018-2998108.1.

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Bodet, L., S. Pasquet, A. Dhemaied, J. Boisson-Gaboriau, Y. J. Cui, P. Leroux, S. Nebieridze, A. M. Tang, J. M. Terpereau, and Q. Vitale. "Seismic Surface-wave Analysis for Railway Platform Auscultation." In Near Surface Geoscience 2015 - 21st European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413802.

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Li, Hong-Nan, Yan-Gang Zhao, Chen Li, and Li-Ye Sun. "Rotational Components of Seismic Motion Based on Surface Wave." In ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71350.

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In this paper, the appropriate methods are presented to obtain the seismic rotational components caused by the arrival of the surface waves applying the theory of elastic wave propagation. The rocking component around a horizontal axis and the torsional component around a vertical axis are generated respectively by the Rayleigh and Love waves. At the same time, the calculation formulations of phase velocities about these waves with frequent dispersion are derived and introduced to the rotational components, which may be more suitable for engineering practice. A procedure is developed to compute the time histories. Finally, numerical results have shown that the rotational motions have more energy than the translatonal motions in high frequent range by using the given methods.
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Bitri, A., K. Samyn, and C. Filippi. "Can We Really Detect Cavities Using Seismic Surface Wave?" In Near Surface Geoscience 2016 - 22nd European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201601976.

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Bing*, Fang, Sun Chengyu, Tang Jie, Xiao Guangrui, and Li Lianjun. "Influence of Near-surface on Seismic Wave Propagation." In Beijing 2014 International Geophysical Conference & Exposition, Beijing, China, 21-24 April 2014. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Chinese Petroleum Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/igcbeijing2014-300.

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Reports on the topic "Seismic surface wave"

1

Leland Timothy Long. Seismic Surface-Wave Tomography of Waste Sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/806810.

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Long, Leland T. Seismic Surface-Wave Tomography of Waste Sites. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/834607.

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Sloan, Steven, Shelby Peterie, Richard Miller, Julian Ivanov, J. Schwenk, and Jason McKenna. Detecting clandestine tunnels by using near-surface seismic techniques. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40419.

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Geophysical detection of clandestine tunnels is a complex problem that has been met with limited success. Multiple methods have been applied spanning several decades, but a reliable solution has yet to be found. This report presents shallow seismic data collected at a tunnel test site representative of geologic settings found along the southwestern U.S. border. Results demonstrate the capability of using compressional wave diffraction and surface-wave backscatter techniques to detect a purpose-built subterranean tunnel. Near-surface seismic data were also collected at multiple sites in Afghanistan to detect and locate subsurface anomalies (e.g., data collected over an escape tunnel discovered in 2011 at the Sarposa Prison in Kandahar, Afghanistan, which allowed more than 480 prisoners to escape, and data from another shallow tunnel recently discovered at an undisclosed location). The final example from Afghanistan is the first time surface-based seismic methods have detected a tunnel whose presence and location were not previously known. Seismic results directly led to the discovery of the tunnel. Interpreted tunnel locations for all examples were less than 2 m of the actual location. Seismic surface wave backscatter and body-wave diffraction methods show promise for efficient data acquisition and processing for locating purposefully hidden tunnels within unconsolidated sediments.
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Long, Timothy L. Seismic Surface-Wave Tomography of Waste Sites - Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/781156.

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Harkrider, David G., Donald V. Helmberger, and Robert W. Clayton. Body and Surface Wave Modeling of Observed Seismic Events. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada166149.

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Taylor, Oliver-Denzil, Amy Cunningham,, Robert Walker, Mihan McKenna, Kathryn Martin, and Pamela Kinnebrew. The behaviour of near-surface soils through ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41826.

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Seismometers installed within the upper metre of the subsurface can experience significant variability in signal propagation and attenuation properties of observed arrivals due to meteorological events. For example, during rain events, both the time and frequency representations of observed seismic waveforms can be significantly altered, complicating potential automatic signal processing efforts. Historically, a lack of laboratory equipment to explicitly investigate the effects of active inundation on seismic wave properties in the near surface prevented recreation of the observed phenomena in a controlled environment. Presented herein is a new flow chamber designed specifically for near-surface seismic wave/fluid flow interaction phenomenology research, the ultrasonic near-surface inundation testing device and new vp-saturation and vs-saturation relationships due to the effects of matric suction on the soil fabric.
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Long, T. L. Seismic surface wave tomography of waste sites. 1997 annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13562.

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Long, T. L. Seismic surface-wave tomography of waste sites. 1998 annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/13563.

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Song, Xiaodong. Surface Wave Dispersion Measurements and Tomography From Ambient Seismic Noise in China. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada496404.

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Poppeliers, Christian. The use of multiwavelets for uncertainty estimation in seismic surface wave dispersion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1413439.

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