Journal articles on the topic 'Seismic response of tunnels'
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1
Lei, Hao, Honggang Wu, and Tianwen Lai. "Shaking Table Tests for Seismic Response of Oblique Overlapped Tunnel." Shock and Vibration 2021 (January 25, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8816755.
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To study the dynamic response and spectrum characteristics of the three-dimensional crossing tunnel under the action of seismic load, we established a 1/50 downscale model based on a typical of the oblique overlapped tunnel and conducted a series of shaking table tests. Through examining the recorded dynamic responses (acceleration and dynamic strain measured at different locations in model tunnels), we found that the seismic response of the crown was the largest at the central section, and the invert of the tunnels was exactly opposite to the crown, which presented a “parabolic” distribution, and we inferred that the damage within the model may be mainly concentrated on the crown of the tunnels. Additionally, the dynamic strain showed obvious nonlinear and nonstationary characteristics under the action of different degrees of seismic intensities. Different from a single tunnel, the acceleration superposition effect appears in the cross section of two tunnels because of the spatial effect of overlapping tunnels, resulting in the obvious seismic response in the cross section. Meanwhile, we also found that the 1st dominant frequency (0.1–6.26 Hz) seismic wave played a leading role in the process of tunnel slope failure. Furthermore, the analysis of the acceleration response spectrum also showed that the surrounding rock mass has an amplification effect on low-frequency seismic waves. These results help us better understand the features of the dynamic responses and also provide evidence to reinforce the overlapped tunnels against earthquakes.
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Cilingir, Ulas, and S. P. Gopal Madabhushi. "Effect of depth on seismic response of circular tunnels." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 1 (January 2011): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-047.
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Tunnels in seismically active areas are vulnerable to adverse effects of earthquake loading. Recent seismic events have shown that there is a need to validate current design methods to better understand the deformation mechanisms associated with the dynamic behaviour of tunnels. The research described in this paper consists of physical and numerical modelling of circular tunnels with dynamic centrifuge experiments and complementary finite element simulations. The aim is to develop an understanding of the effects of tunnel depth on the seismic behaviour of tunnels. Tunnels with different depth-to-diameter ratios were tested in dry, loose silica sand. Accelerations around the tunnel and earth pressures on the lining were measured. A high-speed digital camera was used to record soil and lining deformations. Particle image velocimetry analyses were carried out on the recorded images to measure the deformations. Complementary dynamic finite element simulations were also conducted with a code capable of managing contact simulations at the soil–lining interface. Measurement of centrifuge experiments and finite element analyses show that the tunnel shifts from a static equilibrium to a dynamic equilibrium state as soon as the earthquake starts. The nature of the dynamic equilibrium, however, is difficult to predict using conventional analysis methods.
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Elgamal, Ahmed, and Nissreen Elfaris. "Adverse Impact of Earthquake Seismic Loading on Angular Offset Tunnels and Effects of Isolation Grout." Infrastructures 7, no. 7 (June 23, 2022): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7070087.
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This paper investigates the effects of seismic loads on tunnels in an attempt to provide better protection from earthquake shaking. Dynamic analysis of angular offset tunnels was performed, and the tunnels’ behavior under earthquake shaking and their response when using seismic isolation were analyzed in detail. The time history analysis was used to compute the stresses and deformation that develop in the tunnels during seismic events. Earthquake records with different frequency spectra were applied as seismic excitation to the twin tunnels. The excitation was applied normally to the tunnel axis, with peak ground accelerations of 0.10 g–0.30 g. The seismic event lasted 15 s, with a time step of 0.02 s utilized in the numerical analysis. Finite element modeling was employed to simulate the soil–tunnel interaction. Numerical models simulated twin tunnels passing through soft clay or stiff clay, with various earthquake records applied as seismic inputs. The effects of a silicon-based isolation material composed of silicon oil and fly-ash were compared with the use of traditional grout. The numerical model results show how seismic isolation affects the stresses and deformations that happen in tunnel bodies during earthquakes.
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Liu, Shaodong, Shuxian Liu, Shasha Lu, Fenghai Ma, and Ge Pei. "Seismic Behaviour of Shallow Tunnelling Method Tunnels Accounting for Primary Lining Effects." Buildings 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010020.
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The shallow tunnelling method (STM) is usually used to construct shallow tunnels buried in soft ground. It consists of primary lining and secondary lining (tunnel). In the seismic design of STM tunnels, it is usually assumed that the secondary lining (tunnel) is resistant to all seismic effects. However, the soil–primary–secondary lining system may generate complex interaction phenomena during ground shaking. Compared with the case where the primary lining is not considered, the existence of the primary lining alters the seismic response of the secondary lining (tunnel). The paper attempts to investigate this complex interaction, focusing on the response of the secondary lining (tunnel). The full dynamic time history analysis is adopted to investigate the interaction in the transversal direction. A case history of the Hohhot (China) arched STM tunnel buried in a stratified soil deposit has been analyzed. Two tunnel configurations for a two-dimensional plane strain model of STM tunnels in Hohhot are studied and compared, including a model with primary lining and one without primary lining. A numerical parametric analysis was conducted to elucidate critical response characteristics of STM tunnels. Salient parameters that may affect the dynamic response of the tunnel were studied, including the characteristics of ground motion, the characteristics of contact interface, the characteristics of the soil, and the characteristics of the tunnel lining. The response characteristics of the tunnel are compared and discussed, including horizontal acceleration, deformation mode, lining internal force, and lining damage. The results show that the primary lining has a significant influence on the magnitude and distribution of the seismic response, especially considering the nonlinearity of the soil and the nonlinear characteristics of the tunnel lining. The effect of primary lining on the seismic response is about 5%–35 %.
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Duan, Yawei, Mi Zhao, Jingqi Huang, Huifang Li, and Xiuli Du. "Analytical Solution for Circular Tunnel under Obliquely Incident P Waves considering Different Contact Conditions." Shock and Vibration 2021 (December 22, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1946184.
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An analytical solution for the seismic-induced thrust and moment of the circular tunnel in half-space under obliquely incident P waves is developed in this study, which is the superposition of the solution for deep tunnels under incident and reflected P waves and the reflected SV waves. To consider tangential contact stiffness at the ground-tunnel interface, a spring-type stiffness coefficient is introduced into the force-displacement relationship. Moreover, the tunnel lining is treated as the thick-wall cylinder, providing more precise forecasts than beam or shell models used in previous analytical solution, especially for tunnels with thick lining. The reliability of the proposed analytical solution is assessed by comparing with the dynamic numerical results. Based on the proposed analytical solution, parametrical studies are conducted to investigate the effect of some critical factors on the tunnel’s seismic response, including the incident angles, the tangential contact stiffness at the ground-tunnel interface, and the relative stiffness between the ground and the tunnel. The results demonstrate that the proposed analytical solution performs well and can be adopted to predict the internal forces of circular tunnels under obliquely incident P waves in seismic design.
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Shen, Zhongyuan, and Xue Bai. "Multibody System Discrete Time Transfer Matrix Method for Nonlinear Shear Dynamic analysis of Immersed Tunnels." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602035.
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Shear seismic response analysis is critical for seismic design of immersed tunnels. According to the structural characters of immersed tunnels and shear dynamic response of their joints, a multibody dynamic model consisting of multi-rigid body, shear hinge, and viscous damping hinge is proposed for shear response analysis, in which the dynamic stiffness of the shear hinge is divided into two stages based on a threshold. Following the discrete time transfer matrix method for multibody system dynamics (MS-DT-TMM), the mechanical model and mathematical expression of each tunnel element is derived first and then assembled for the whole tunnel system. A solution procedure is proposed to solve the shear dynamic response of immersed tunnels using the proposed multibody system model. It is shown that the MS-DT-TMM has the same computational accuracy as the finite element method (FEM) and the modeling process is more efficient and flexible when compared to FEM. Although the MS-DT-TMM discussed herein is only applied to shear response analysis, it can easily be extended to analyze axial force and bending moment of immersed tunnels leading to a complete, rapid yet accurate enough seismic analysis of immersed tunnels suitable for engineering practices.
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Zhu, Duan, Zhende Zhu, Cong Zhang, and Xinghua Xie. "Shaking Table Test on the Tunnel Dynamic Response under Different Fault Dip Angles." Symmetry 13, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13081375.
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Fault-crossing tunnels are often severely damaged under seismic dynamics. Study of the dynamic response characteristics of tunnels crossing faults is thus of great engineering significance. Here, the Xianglushan Tunnel of the Central Yunnan Water Diversion Project was studied. A shaking table experimental device was used, and four sets of dynamic model tests of deep-buried tunnels with different fault inclination angles were conducted. Test schemes of model similarity ratio, similar material selection, model box design, and sine wave loading were introduced. The acceleration and strain data of the tunnel lining were monitored. Analysis of the acceleration data showed that when the input PGA was 0.6 g, compared with the ordinary tunnel, the acceleration increases by 117% when the inclination angle was 75°, 127% when the inclination angle was 45°, and 144% when the inclination angle was 30°. This indicates that the dynamic response of the cross-fault tunnel structure was stronger than that of the ordinary tunnel, and the effect was more obvious as the fault dip angle decreased. Analysis of the strain data showed that the strain response of the fault-crossing tunnels was more sensitive to the fault dip. The peak strain and increase in fault-crossing tunnels were much larger than those of ordinary tunnels, and smaller fault dips led to larger increases in the strain peak; consequently, the tunnel would reach the ultimate strain and break down when the input PGA was smaller. Generally, the influence of fault inclination on the dynamic response of the tunnel lining should receive increased consideration in the seismic design of tunnels.
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Yang, Tao, Yunkang Rao, Honggang Wu, Junyun Zhang, Hao Lei, and Haojiang Ding. "Dynamic Response of Parallel Overlapped Tunnel under Seismic Loading by Shaking Table Tests." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 7, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2535762.
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Potential earthquake-induced damage to overlapped tunnels probably occurs during the operation and maintenance of mountain tunnel engineering, especially in the seismically active zone. This study investigated the dynamic response and the failure characteristics of the parallel overlapped tunnel under seismic loadings by employing shaking table tests. The failure mode of the parallel overlapped tunnels was analyzed through macroscopic test phenomena. The dynamic responses of the surrounding rock and tunnel lining were evaluated by acceleration and dynamic strain, respectively. In particular, wavelet packets were used to investigate the spectrum characteristics of the tunnel structure in depth. The failure process of the model can be divided into three stages. The upper-span and the under-crossing tunnels showed different failure characteristics. Additionally, the lining damage on the outer surface of the tunnel mainly occurred on the right side arch waist and the left side wall, whereas the lining damage on the inner surface of the tunnel mainly appeared on the crown and invert. Wavelet packet energy results showed that the energy characteristic distributions of the upper-span and the under-crossing tunnels were not consistent. Specifically, the energy eigenvalues of the crown of the upper-span tunnel and the invert of the under-crossing tunnel were the largest, which should be considered to be the weak parts in the seismic design.
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Lyu, Dunyu, Chu Yu, Sha Ma, and Xiaowei Wang. "Nonlinear Seismic Response of a Hydraulic Tunnel Considering Fluid-Solid Coupling." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (November 5, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9608542.
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The seismic response of hydraulic tunnels is a complex nonlinear process. What makes the case even more interesting is that the large amount of water in hydraulic tunnels which is likely to induce considerable hydrodynamic pressure acted on tunnel structures during earthquakes. In this work, a full three-dimensional (3D) dynamic finite element model is adopted to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the seismic behaviors of a hydraulic tunnel system. In this analysis, the plastic-damage model is employed to reflect the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of the concrete lining, and a fluid-solid coupling method based on an explicit weighted residual approach is proposed to consider the effects of the hydrodynamic pressures on the seismic response of the hydraulic tunnel. The numerical results indicate that the hydrodynamic pressure contributes to a greater seismic response of the tunnel structure. When the hydrodynamic pressure is considered, the magnitudes of the maximum principal stresses are likely to increase by 50% and the displacement amplitudes are approximately 2 cm more than that of without hydrodynamic pressure. The hydrodynamic pressure exacerbates the damage degree of the tunnel structure, and the waist suffers the most severe damage.
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Sadiq, Shamsher, Quang van Nguyen, Hyunil Jung, and Duhee Park. "Effect of Flexibility Ratio on Seismic Response of Cut-and-Cover Box Tunnel." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 29, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4905329.
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Equivalent linear time history analyses are conducted to calculate the seismic response of various types of cut-and-cover single box tunnels. A finite-element numerical model is calibrated against the results of centrifuge tests. The calculated tunnel responses compare favourably with the measurements. A validated model is then used to quantify the seismic response of box tunnels. The flexibility ratio (F) is illustrated to have a governing influence on the tunnel response. It is shown that the previously developed relationship between F and the racking ratio (R) is applicable for a wide range of F up to 20. It is also shown that an increase in F accompanies corresponding increase in R, the spectral acceleration in the tunnel lining, and the shear stress along the tunnel lining-soil interface. The thrust in the tunnel lining is also revealed to increase with F, although the calculated value is significantly lower than the pressure on yielding walls. Additionally, the surface settlement is shown to increase with an increase in F.
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Ouyang, Zhiyong, Jie Cui, Ruofan Luo, and Peijie Li. "Shaking Table Test of Seismic Response of Immersed Tunnels under the Influence of Multiple Factors." Shock and Vibration 2020 (October 19, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8858486.
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To explore the dynamic characteristics and influencing factors of immersed tunnels under the action of earthquakes, 5 groups of shaking table model tests were carried out. Three different site conditions (unsaturated sand site, homogeneous saturated sand site, and nonuniform site), structural stiffness, and seismic wave input direction were considered. By comparing the above influencing factors, the seismic response law affecting the immersed tunnels was obtained. The test results show that, under the action of horizontal earthquakes, the liquefaction of sand and the larger tunnel stiffness may influence the acceleration development of the soil layers; seismic wave input directions affect the excellent frequency and frequency range of the soil layers, and the liquefaction of sand and large structural stiffness change the shape of the Fourier spectrum curve of the soil layers; site conditions, structural stiffness, and seismic wave input direction have a significant effect on the internal forces of tunnels. Normally, the strain in the heterogeneous soil layer under the horizontal seismic wave input is the largest, and the peak strain of the upper side of the tunnel side wall and center column is larger than the lower part, while the mechanism of structural damage caused by vertical earthquakes is different.
12
An, Dong, Zheng Chen, and Guangyao Cui. "Research on seismic ground motion parameters applicable to the safety of rectangular shallow tunnel." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 14, no. 1 (January 2022): 168781402110726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211072627.
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The objective of this paper is to optimize the selection of seismic ground motion intensity indexes in the seismic fortification of urban shallow-buried rectangular tunnels. This paper takes a shallow-buried rectangular tunnel in a city as the research object, uses ABAQUS to establish a finite-infinite element coupling model, and selects 70 typical seismic ground motions for dynamic calculation. Using dynamic time history analysis method to study the seismic response of tunnel lining structure in terms of internal force, minimum safety factor and strain energy, and analyze their correlation with 15 seismic ground motion parameters. Selecting the seismic ground motion parameters with strong correlation, good effectiveness, and high credibility for safety evaluation. The research results show that: Peak acceleration (PGA) has a weak correlation with the seismic response of tunnel lining structures, and PGA as an independent seismic ground motion intensity index has greater uncertainty in the seismic fortification of tunnels; Peak displacement (PGD), Root-mean-square velocity (RMSV), Root-mean-square displacement (RMSD), and Specific energy density (SED) can be used as independent seismic ground motion intensity index, The linear regression model is used to evaluate the safety of the lining structure, and finally the evaluation result is verified by the incremental dynamic analysis method (IDA), which shows that the evaluation result is accurate. The research results can provide reference for the preliminary design of seismic fortification of rectangular shallow tunnels.
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Jin, Liguo, Xujin Liu, Hongyang Sun, and Zhenghua Zhou. "An Analytical Solution for 2D Dynamic Structure-Soil-Structure Interaction for Twin Flexible Tunnels Embedded in a Homogeneous Half-Space." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2021): 10343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110343.
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The interaction between subway tunnels is investigated by using a 2D analytic model of a twin tunnels system embedded in a homogenous half-space. The closed-form analytical solution for tunnel displacement response is derived through the wave function expansion method and the mirror method, and the correctness of the solution is verified through residuals convergence and comparison with the published results. The analysis focuses on the effects of tunnel relative stiffness on tunnel–soil–tunnel interaction. Tunnel relative stiffness has a great influence on tunnel displacement response. For small tunnel relative stiffness, tunnel displacement amplitude can be enlarged by 3.3 times that of single rigid tunnel model. The response of the tunnel–soil–tunnel interaction system depends not only on the distances between tunnels but also on the frequency of the incident wave and the incident angle. The strength of the interaction between the tunnels is highly related to the tunnel spacing distance. The smaller the distance between tunnels, the stronger the interaction between them. When the distance between tunnels reaches s/a = 20, the interaction between tunnels can be ignored. It is worth pointing out that the seismic design of underground tunnels should consider the interaction between tunnels when the tunnel distance is small.
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Zeng, Yu, Bo Huang, Yu Zou, and Yao Bai. "Numerical Study on Static and Dynamic Load Response of Temporary Support System for Group Tunnels Excavation." Buildings 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2022): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101719.
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In this study, the static response of the preliminary pilot tunnels excavation to the ground, and the dynamic response of the group cavern system under seismic excitation under the use of the construction of a metro station based on the Pile-Beam-Arch approach are investigated through numerical calculation. The results suggest that the excavation sequences of “top first and then bottom” and “middle first and then both sides” can generate the minimum ground settlement. When the pilot tunnels were excavated, the horizontal PGA (peak ground acceleration) amplification coefficient tends to increase with significant nonlinear characteristics under the excitation of EI Centro wave with a horizontal acceleration of 0.15 g, and the horizontal PGA amplification coefficient reaches the maximum at the ground surface. The effect of horizontal acceleration around the upper pilot tunnels increases. Under the static load, the maximum principal stress of the lining structure after the completion of the pilot tunnels is largely concentrated at the foot of the arch of the pilot tunnel, and the maximum principal stress value is 1.124 MPa. The maximum principal stress is primarily concentrated at the foot of the arch and the foot of the upper and lower guide tunnel under seismic excitation, and the maximum principal stress value is 1.424 MPa. This study reveals that a reasonable excavation sequence can be employed when the pilot tunnels are being excavated to control the settlement. Furthermore, the support of the arch and footing of the pilot tunnels should be enhanced during the seismic design.
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Luo, Zhanyou, Yongheng Deng, Baoping Zou, Jianfeng Zhu, Mingyao Jiang, and Kuangqin Xie. "Study on Field Test and Seismic Performance of MJS Joint Microdisturbance Reinforcement on Existing Tunnel." Shock and Vibration 2021 (September 25, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7709050.
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Metro Jet System (MJS) joint microdisturbance reinforcement is often adopted to strengthen and remediate existing tunnels that are severely deformed by under-construction peripheral works, but analysis related to the reinforcement system of tunnel under consideration of seismic effects is insufficient at present. In this work, a field test of MJS joint microdisturbance reinforcement system of existing tunnels was conducted on the basis of a subway tunnel deformation reinforcement project. Then, a numerical simulation study of the seismic dynamic response of reinforcement system was performed in combination with seismic wave direction and intensity. Results show that the MJS joint microdisturbance reinforcement measures can effectively reduce the settlement and horizontal radial convergence deformation of the tunnel. The seismic longitudinal wave significantly affects the vertical displacement of the tunnel, and the seismic-induced vertical displacement of the tunnel increases with the rise in seismic intensity. The seismic transverse wave significantly affects the horizontal radial convergence deformation of the tunnel, and the seismic-induced horizontal radial convergence deformation of the tunnel increases with the rise in seismic intensity. The antiseismic property of MJS joint microdisturbance reinforcement measures on the existing tunnel is not obvious.
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Ouadfel, K., S. Messast, and K. Boulfoul. "Seismic Response of Undrained Twin Tunnels." Физико-технические проблемы разработки полезных ископаемых, no. 2 (2022): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/ftprpi20220203.
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Ouadfel, K., S. Messast, and K. Boulfoul. "Seismic Response of Undrained Twin Tunnels." Journal of Mining Science 58, no. 2 (April 2022): 192–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106273912202003x.
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Tang, Baoli, and Yongqiang Ren. "Study on Seismic Response and Damping Measures of Surrounding Rock and Secondary Lining of Deep Tunnel." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 29, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7824527.
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Tunnel construction is gradually developing to areas with high in situ stress; the deeper the tunnel construction, the more intense the earthquake disturbance. Under the background of frequent earthquakes, the seismic characteristics of tunnels become an important content related to the safety and stability of engineering structures. In view of the key problems of seismic response and vibration reduction measures for complex deep buried tunnels, the methods of advanced grouting and foam concrete aseismic are studied in this paper. Firstly, through geological survey, the in situ stress and geological conditions of the study area are analyzed. The structural characteristics of surrounding rock and related rock mechanics parameters are analyzed. The failure criterion of concrete lining under dynamic load is studied theoretically, and the relevant numerical calculation parameters are modified. A numerical model based on viscous boundary conditions is established. Through numerical calculation, the seismic response of tunnel surrounding rock and lining under different damping measures is analyzed. The research results have theoretical research value and social and economic benefits for ensuring the safety and stability of tunnel structure and improving the seismic fortification level.
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Zhang, Weiwei, Xianlong Jin, and Zhihao Yang. "Combined equivalent & multi-scale simulation method for 3-D seismic analysis of large-scale shield tunnel." Engineering Computations 31, no. 3 (April 28, 2014): 584–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ec-02-2012-0034.
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Purpose – The great magnitude differences between the integral tunnel and its structure details make it impossible to numerically model and analyze the global and local seismic behavior of large-scale shield tunnels using a unified spatial scale, even with the help of supercomputers. The paper aims to present a combined equivalent & multi-scale simulation method, by which the tunnel's major mechanical properties under seismic loads can be represented by the equivalent model, and the seismic responses of the interested details can be studied efficiently by the coupled multi-scale model. Design/methodology/approach – The nominal orthotropic material constants of the equivalent tunnel model are inversely determined by fitting the modal characteristics of the equivalent model with the corresponding segmental lining model. The critical sections are selected by comprehensive analyzing of the integral compression/extension and bending loads in the equivalent lining under the seismic shaking and the coupled multi-scale model containing the details of interest is solved by the mixed time explicit integration algorithm. Findings – The combined equivalent & multi-scale simulation method is an effective and efficient way for seismic analyses of large-scale tunnels. The response of each flexible joint is related to its polar location on the lining ring, and the mixed time integration method can speed-up the calculation process for hybrid FE model with great differences in element sizes. Originality/value – The orthotropic equivalent assumption is, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, for the first time, used in the 3D simulation of the shield tunnel lining, representing the rigidity discrepancies caused by the structural property.
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Jiang, Lu Zhen. "State-of-the-Art of Seismic Response of Utility Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 353-356 (August 2013): 2202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.353-356.2202.
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A state-of-the-art review of the seismic response of utility tunnels is presented. The objectives of the review are to present a view of current state of utility tunnel and to examine trends in the future. The review includes: the theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and experimental research on the utility tunnel under earthquake wave excitation. Based on the review, the future scope of work on the subject is outlined.
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Chen, Zhengfa, and Minghui Bian. "Dynamic Centrifuge Test and Numerical Modelling of the Seismic Response of the Tunnel in Cohesive Soil Foundation." Buildings 12, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030337.
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Few studies have been published on the dynamic centrifuge model test of cohesive soil under earthquake action. The seismic response of cohesive soil foundation and tunnel was studied by the centrifuge experiment and numerical modelling. Through a comparison of the acceleration results of tunnel and cohesive soil foundation and the pore pressure and displacement of cohesive soil foundation, the influence of tunnel on cohesive soil foundation is discussed. The weak position of the tunnel under earthquake is predicted by effective numerical modelling. The results show that: (1) Under the Parkfield seismic wave, the natural frequency of the cohesive soil foundation with the tunnel is about 0.3 Hz, which is the most clear for the amplification of the low frequency component and the amplification of the seismic acceleration from bottom to top; (2) The acceleration response of the tunnel itself is small, and the effect of seismic wave on the surrounding soil is weakened due to the existence of tunnels; (3) The maximum bending moment and shear force appear at the corner of the rectangular tunnel, and the maximum axial force appears at the top of the rectangular tunnel; (4) The lateral displacement of the surface soil is the largest, and the pore pressure reduction in the middle soil is the largest compared with other soil layers. The existence of tunnels weakens the liquefaction potential of the surrounding soil.
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Shen, Guoshun, Yuanhao Lou, Jianguo Wu, Xiaoguang Jin, and Yunchuan Xue. "Simulation analysis on seismic dynamic response of pile supported tunnels in deep backfill area of soil-rock mixture." Vibroengineering PROCEDIA 46 (November 18, 2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21595/vp.2022.22712.
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To reveal the seismic dynamic response of the pile-supported tunnel group in the soil-rock mixture deep backfill region, a three-dimensional finite element model was established based on the engineering conditions of the subway section and three tunnels with close access lines. Subsequently, the seismic dynamic response of the tunnel lining structure was studied. The results show that: Under the action of seismic, the soil-rock mixture stratum presents nonlinear characteristics with shear failure and plastic deformation. In addition, the acceleration and earth pressure of the soil-rock mixture stratum is in a “saturated” state; The seismic dynamic response of the three tunnels influences each other. The bending moments in the X and Y directions of the tunnel lining cross-section are distributed in “X” and inverted “V” shapes, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile stress and shear stress are distributed in an “X” shape; Under the action of seismic, the main failure form of tunnel lining is tension shear failure, and the most vulnerable position is the left and right arch foot, followed by the left and right arch shoulder; The bending moment of the pile body changes nonlinearly in the height direction. The most significant bending moment value appears at the top 1/5 of the pile length and the junction of different strata. Furthermore, the most significant horizontal displacement of the lining structure occurs at the tunnel vault.
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Luo, Yan-ping, Quan Feng, Tao Zhou, Tao Liu, Zheng-yong Xiao, and Sheng Wang. "The Seismic Response of a Lined Tunnel under Plane P-wave in a Slope Site." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2230, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2230/1/012014.
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Abstract The indirect boundary element method (IBEM) is adopted to solve the 2D scattering problem of circular underground lining tunnels near canyons and slopes to the P-wave. The numerical results show that the canyon and slope topography near the underground lining tunnel has an evident influence on the surface displacement. The horizontal displacement amplification reaches nearly two times. The presence of slopes has a shielding effect on the nearby underground tunnels. The stress concentration exists at the top and bottom of the arch of the lining tunnel. The dynamic interaction between the slope and the tunnel should be considered when building a tunnel close to the slope.
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Razavian Amrei, Seyed Amin, Reza Vahdani, Mohsen Gerami, and Gholamreza Ghodrati Amiri. "Correlation Effects of Near-Field Seismic Components in Circular Metro Tunnels: A Case Study—Tehran Metro Tunnels." Shock and Vibration 2020 (May 30, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3016465.
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Seismic evaluation of underground structures such as tunnels requires nonlinear dynamic analysis, due to the complex dynamic behavior of soil and the interaction of soil and structure. Simulation of the seismic response of the structure using nonlinear dynamic analysis is possible only with proper acceleration time history. Considering the vertical component of the earthquake (such as near-fault earthquakes) on the site is an important factor to achieve real structural responses. In the current study, soil-tunnel system has been modeled in ABAQUS software, considering Mohr–Coulomb nonlinear model for soil and concrete damage plasticity model for tunnel lining. In order to investigate the effect of seismic components correlation under different combinations of loads on the acceleration, axial force, and maximum shear force in tunnel lining, nonlinear dynamic analysis has been performed under four near-field earthquakes with different horizontal and vertical component ratios, considering 15 load combinations. The results show that increasing the vertical-horizontal component ratio has an insignificant effect on the maximum horizontal acceleration experienced by the tunnel lining. Also, the results of axial forces and shear forces indicate that increasing the ratio of vertical to horizontal components of the earthquake is the most effective factor on the axial force response.
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Su, Zhi Bin, and Sheng Nan Sun. "Seismic Response of Submerged Floating Tunnel Based on Numerical Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 4651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4651.
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To study the seismic response of submerged floating tunnel, a numerical model of submerged floating tunnel is set up based on the potential fluid theory. According to the parameters of designed submerged floating tunnels at home and abroad, main factors that affect the dynamic response of submerged floating tunnel were analyzed by numerical method. The results show that, the investigated parameters, such as tether spacing, external diameter of tube, immersion depth of tube, water depth and tube concrete thickness, have strong influence on the global behavior of the submerged floating tunnel. Definitely, by the caring choice of such features, it is possible to optimize the submerged floating tunnel structural behavior.
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Hui, Yang, Jiang Xueliang, and Lian Pengyuan. "Seismic Response of Tunnel Lining for Shallow-Bias Tunnel with a Small Clear Distance under Wenchuan Earthquake." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2578062.
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In order to study the internal force characteristics of shallow-bias tunnel with a small clear distance in earthquake, a large-scale shaking table slope model test was designed, and the geometric scale was 1 : 10. In the model test, the Wenchuan (WC) seismic wave was used as the excitation wave. Then, the three-dimensional numerical model was established by using MIDAS-NX, and the reliability of the numerical model was verified by comparing the acceleration of the test results. The axial force, bending moment, and shear force of the tunnel cross section and longitudinal direction were calculated by the numerical model under different excitation directions included the horizontal direction (X), the vertical direction (Z), and the horizontal and vertical direction (XZ). The results show the following. (1) The internal force of right arch foot of left hole and the left arch foot of right hole is larger than other part of the tunnels because the distance between the two tunnels is smaller and they interact with each other. (2) The loading direction of single direction loading method is different and the variation trend of tunnel force are different, so the loading direction of seismic wave has a significant influence on the seismic force response of the tunnel. (3) All of the internal force values of tunnel lining under the seismic wave action in bidirection are larger than those in single direction. The value is not a simple superposition of two directions and has some coupling effect. The influence of the vertical seismic wave cannot be ignored in dynamic response research. These results improve the understanding of the rock slope with small spacing tunnel under seismic action.
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Kontoe, Stavroula, Lidija Zdravkovic, David M. Potts, and Christopher O. Menkiti. "Case study on seismic tunnel response." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 12 (December 2008): 1743–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-087.
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This paper presents a case study of the Bolu highway twin tunnels that experienced a wide range of damage during the 1999 Duzce earthquake in Turkey. Attention is focused on a particular section of the left tunnel that was still under construction when the earthquake struck and that experienced extensive damage during the seismic event. Static and dynamic plane-strain finite element (FE) analyses were undertaken to investigate the seismic tunnel response at two sections and to compare the results with the post-earthquake field observations. The predicted maximum total hoop stress during the earthquake exceeds the strength of shotcrete in the examined section. The occurrence of lining failure and the predicted failure mechanism compare very favourably with field observations. The results of the dynamic FE analyses are also compared with those obtained by simplified methodologies (i.e., two analytical elastic solutions and quasi-static elastoplastic FE analyses). For this example, the quasi-static racking analysis gave thrust and bending-moment distributions around the lining that differed significantly from those obtained from full dynamic analyses. However, the resulting hoop stress distributions were in reasonable agreement.
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Hu, H. Y., X. J. Zhou, and T. Chen. "Influence of Dip Angle on Non-Anti-Symmetry Response of Tunnels in Bedding Rock Mass Due to Seismic qSV Wave Propagation." MATEC Web of Conferences 206 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820601001.
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By considering the transverse isotropic constitutive law of the bedding rock mass and using the wave method to analyze a high-speed railway tunnel in a bedding rock mass, we studied the influence of dip angle on non-anti-symmetry response of tunnels in bedding rock mass due to seismic qsv wave propagation. The results show that the non-anti-symmetry of tunnel seismic response does not obey linear relationship with the change of rock dip, and the variation law is segmental; the moment of seismic response is anti-symmetric strictly when the rock layer is vertical or horizontal, and it is non-anti-symmetrical when the rock layer is inclined; within each segmented interval, the non-anti-symmetry of seismic response increases first and then decreases with the increase of dip angle. This indicates that the influence of dip angle on the non-anti-symmetry of tunnel seismic response is significant.
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Yao, Ji, Liang Cao, Hui Min Wang, Li Jie Zhang, Liang Wu, and Shan Guang Qian. "Dynamic Time History Analysis on Groundwater Hydraulic Tunnel under Three Dimensional Viscoelastic Boundary Conditions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 302 (February 2013): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.302.622.
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The three dimensional finite element model of a groundwater hydraulic tunnel was eatablished in this paper by FEM software ANSYS, two seismic waves of bedrock wave and EI-centro wave in similar sites were entered, and dynamic time history method was applied to compare the seismic response of the two hydraulic tunnels which were under rigid boundary conditions and viscoelastic boundary conditions respectively. The results showed that, the dynamic response of the model under rigid boundary conditions was larger than the response under viscoelastic boundary, and the viscoelastic boundary was closer to the actual situation. Under viscoelastic boundary conditions, the smaller depth of the hydraulic tunnel, the more intensive of the seismic response.
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Rodríguez-Castellanos, Alejandro, Víctor Martínez-Calzada, Fabian Ibarra-Peña, and Ernesto Pineda-León. "Seismic Response of Underground and Floating Tunnels." Pure and Applied Geophysics 179, no. 3 (February 15, 2022): 973–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00024-022-02955-8.
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Liu, Cong, Li-min Peng, Ming-feng Lei, and Yu-feng Li. "Research on Crossing Tunnels’ Seismic Response Characteristics." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 11 (October 14, 2019): 4910–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-0458-7.
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HE, CHUAN, PING GENG, QIXIANG YAN, and KUN FENG. "STATUS OF SEISMIC ANALYSIS METHODS FOR TRAFFIC TUNNEL AND THEIR APPLICABILITY SUGGESTIONS IN CHINA." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 07, no. 03 (September 2013): 1350026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431113500267.
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Located between the Eurasia seismic zone and the circum-Pacific seismic belt, China is the largest continent shallow earthquake area around the world by the frequent earthquake activities. And great quantities of tunnels are located in high earthquake intensity area of China. As one of the main structure of the national lifeline, the seismic analysis methods of tunnel must be paid high attention. Based on seismic response characteristics of the traffic tunnel structure, this paper provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge in the area of seismic analysis for tunnel, including the seismic design criteria, earthquake effects, tunnel seismic behaviors, and the seismic analysis procedure of tunnel. It focuses on analysis methods of tunnel subjected to seismic motion. There are three major seismic analysis methods normally used in tunnel structures; they are seismic coefficient method, seismic deformation method and dynamic response method. The basic principles of the three methods are described in this paper. Based on the different mechanical characteristics between cross-section and axial direction, the proper seismic analysis methods in the two directions are put forward according to the different construction method of tunnel. The research results will provide reference for seismic analysis of traffic tunnel.
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Xu, Hua, Tianbin Li, Jingsong Xu, and Yingjun Wang. "Dynamic Response of Underground Circular Lining Tunnels Subjected to Incident P Waves." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/297424.
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Dynamic stress concentration in tunnels and underground structures during earthquakes often leads to serious structural damage. A series solution of wave equation for dynamic response of underground circular lining tunnels subjected to incident plane P waves is presented by Fourier-Bessel series expansion method in this paper. The deformation and stress fields of the whole medium of surrounding rock and tunnel were obtained by solving the equations of seismic wave propagation in an elastic half space. Based on the assumption of a large circular arc, a series of solutions for dynamic stress were deduced by using a wave function expansion approach for a circular lining tunnel in an elastic half space rock medium subjected to incident plane P waves. Then, the dynamic response of the circular lining tunnel was obtained by solving a series of algebraic equations after imposing its boundary conditions for displacement and stress of the circular lining tunnel. The effects of different factors on circular lining rock tunnels, including incident frequency, incident angle, buried depth, rock conditions, and lining stiffness, were derived and several application examples are presented. The results may provide a good reference for studies on the dynamic response and aseismic design of tunnels and underground structures.
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Zhao, Jie, Yang Zheng, and Gui Xuan Wang. "Seismic Analysis of Intake Tunnel for Nuclear Power Plant." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 3513–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.3513.
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Aiming at the nuclear power plant structure and adopting time domain analysis approach, the seismic analysis of an intake tunnel for nuclear power plant is performed with FLAC3D in this paper. Contraposing the characters of the field rock of the nuclear plant, the internal force distribution of the tunnel under different wall rocks is researched and analysed, and the envelope diagram of inner force in the lining of the tunnel is drawn. The obtained law can provide the basis for the seismic response analysis of tunnels.
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Wu, Honggang, Hao Lei, and Tianwen Lai. "Shaking Table Tests for Seismic Response of Orthogonal Overlapped Tunnel under Horizontal Seismic Loading." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (January 19, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6633535.
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This paper presents the seismic dynamic response and spectrum characteristics of an orthogonal overlapped tunnel by shaking table tests. First, a prototype of the engineering and shaking table test device, which was used to design details of the experiment, was developed. Then, the sensors used in the test were selected, and the measurement points were arranged. Subsequently, the Wenchuan seismic wave with horizontal direction in different peak ground accelerations was inputted into the model, followed by a short analysis of the seismic response of the overlapped tunnel in the shaking table test as well as the distribution of the peak acceleration. Throughout the studies, the model exhibited obvious deformation stages during the seismic wave loading process, which can be divided into elastic, plastic, plastic enhancement, and failure stage. In particular, the time- and frequency-domain characteristics of the key parts of the tunnel were discussed in detail by using the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) based on the Morlet wavelet as the basis function. We found that the acceleration response was more intense within 25–60 s after the seismic wave was inputted. Furthermore, owing to “the superposition effect,” the seismic response at the crown of the under-crossing tunnel was stronger than that at the invert of the upper-span tunnel. The low and medium frequencies in the transformation of small scales (5–20) significantly affected the overlapped tunnel. These results elucidate the seismic dynamic response of the overlapped tunnel and provide guidance for the design of stabilizing structures for reinforcing tunnels against earthquakes.
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Mei, Xiancheng, Qian Sheng, and Zhen Cui. "Effect of Near-Fault Pulsed Ground Motions on Seismic Response and Seismic Performance to Tunnel Structures." Shock and Vibration 2021 (June 11, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9999007.
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Seismic analysis of tunnels close to or crossing seismogenic faults is a complex problem, which is often neglected at the design stage for the lack of specific codes or guidelines and also because underground structures are considered less vulnerable than that of the corresponding above-ground facilities. Near-fault ground motions are generally assumed to providing more powerful energy to tunnel structures. Therefore, a recently developed velocity pulse equivalent model is proposed to synthesize the artificial near-fault pulsed ground motion for the seismic response behavior of the tunnel structure. A newly proposed nonlinear dynamic time history methodology, the incremental dynamic analysis method, is introduced into the analysis of seismic performance and fragility for tunnel structures. This study takes the Zheduoshan tunnel as a case study to illustrate the effects of velocity pulse on the seismic response behavior and seismic performance. The applicability of different seismic intensity measures is preliminarily discussed, and the vulnerability of the tunnel structure at different characteristic locations is analyzed. Afterward, the seismic vulnerability probabilities of the tunnel structure under the action of the near-fault pulsed ground motions and the far-field ground motions are presented, and then, the failure probabilities of the tunnel structure under the three-level support requirements are obtained. Research results provide an objective assessment of the velocity pulse effects and acts as a reference for the likely seismic damage assessment of tunnel structures.
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Le, Thai Son, Jung Won Huh, Jin Hee Ahn, and Achintya Haldar. "Damage State Identification and Seismic Fragility Evaluation of the Underground Tunnels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 775 (July 2015): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.775.274.
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An efficient seismic fragility assessment method is proposed for underground tunnel structures in this paper. The ground response acceleration method for buried structure (GRAMBS), an efficient quasi-static method considering soil-structure interaction (SSI) effect, is used in the proposed approach to estimate the dynamic response behavior of the underground tunnels. In addition, the pushover analyses are conducted to identify the damage states of tunnels and Latin Hypercube sampling technique is used to consider uncertainties in the design variables. A large set of artificially generated ground motions satisfying a design spectrum for specific earthquake intensity are generated and fragility curves are developed. The seismic fragility curves are represented by two-parameter lognormal distribution function and its two parameters, namely the median and log-standard deviation, are estimated using the maximum likelihood estimates method.
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Lin, Li, He Chuan, Zhang Jing, and Geng Ping. "Seismic Response Analysis for Shallow Tunnel in Different Earthquake Intensity." Advanced Materials Research 680 (April 2013): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.680.161.
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Base on the large-shaking table model test，studies on the seismic response characters of shallow tunnel in different earthquake intensity are made by mainly using numerical simulation. The results indicate that there is a good agreement between the model test and numerical simulation. the different earthquake intensity has great effects on the seismic response characters, The distribution of the lining cross-section’s internal force is oval-shaped and the value which in conjugate 45° direction is greater than crown and bottom of arch. Moreover, the internal forces vary from earthquake intensity in the same direction. It is great to recognize the seismic response characters of shallow tunnels through the study results and it provides reference for the similar projects.
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Zou, Yan, Li Ping Jing, Hai Feng Sun, and Yong Qiang Li. "Analysis of Seismic Factors to Tunnels in the Earthquake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 2182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.2182.
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Underground structures have mechanical characteristics and seismic responses very different from common structures on the ground in the earthquake due to the constraints of the surrounding soil. Tunnel destruction has occurred many times in domestic and international earthquake. In order to study seismic factors and failure mechanism of tunnels in the earthquake, numerical simulation of the seismic responses of the circular shield tunnel is carried on. Harmonic P-waves and S-waves are entered to make the tunnel vibrate and deform. Viscous-spring artificial boundary condition is applied in the numerical simulation to consider the semi-infinity of soil. The elastic modulus of soil, the frequency of harmonic waves and the depth of the tunnel are regarded as the main factors. The seismic responses such as stress and relative displacement are analyzed in different parameters to get the failure mechanism of circular tunnel.
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Zhang, Yanjie, Houle Zhang, and Yongxin Wu. "Dynamic Response of Rectangular Tunnels Embedded at Various Depths in Spatially Variable Soils." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (October 22, 2022): 10719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110719.
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This study investigated the seismic response of rectangular tunnels with various embedment depths considering the spatial variability of soil shear modulus. The spectral representation method was adopted to simulate the anisotropic random field of soil. The excess pore water pressure, the liquefied zone, the ground displacement and the uplift displacement of the tunnel were obtained through the random finite difference method to analyze the seismic response. It was observed that the soil excess pore water pressure ratio under the tunnel gradually decreased and the liquefaction degree reduced with depth increase. The peak value of the liquefied zone range increased with the increase in embedment depth. The mean response of stochastic analysis was smaller than the deterministic calculation results when the tunnel embedment depth was less than 10 m. The maximum tunnel floating displacement obtained from random analyses had the probability of 67.3%, exceeding the value calculated by deterministic analyses when H = 12 m.
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Cheng, Xinjun, Liping Jing, Jie Cui, Yongqiang Li, and Rui Dong. "Shaking-Table Tests for Immersed Tunnels at Different Sites." Shock and Vibration 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2546318.
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Immersed tunnels are typically built in areas subjected to ground motion. Therefore, an evaluation of the seismic performance of the soil-tunnel system is essential. A series of shaking-table tests was conducted to study the influences of the site soil and overlying water layer on the seismic responses of soil deposits and an immersed tunnel. Detailed information on the experiment setup is provided with special focus on the similitude relationship, fabrication of the model system, measurement setup, and loading procedures for a simulation of the seismic waves. Three groups of tests at different sites in dry sand, saturated sand, and saturated sand with an overlying water layer were carried out using the same seismic excitations. The seismic responses of the soil deposits and the dynamic responses of the tunnel model were obtained. The experiment results indicate that, when considering only horizontal earthquake excitations, soil liquefaction significantly influences the propagation of seismic waves and the dynamic responses of the tunnel, whereas the water layer has no obvious effects on the dynamic performance of the ground or tunnel. Furthermore, the acceleration responses of the tunnel elements were analyzed qualitatively, and the joints are deemed important elements in an antiseismic immersed tunnel design.
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Yang, Hui, Wang Zhou, Chan Liu, Xueliang Jiang, and Lei Yu. "Large-Scale Shaking Table Test of Seismic Response Laws for a Shallow Double-Arch Tunnel under Unsymmetrical Pressure with a Damping Layer." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (August 26, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8899276.
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Based on the similarity theory, a large-scale shaking table test of a shallow double-arch tunnel under unsymmetrical pressure with a similarity ratio of 1 : 20 was designed and completed, and a foam concrete damping layer was set in the double-arch tunnel. The acceleration response, strain response, and crack distribution of double-arch tunnels under different intensities and different directions of the Wenchuan wave excitation were studied (WC-X, WC-Z, and WC-XZ). The results showed that (1) the bias side (right hole) is greatly affected by the unevenness of the cover soil, and the horizontal acceleration response difference between the two tunnels is large and there is no symmetry. The incident direction of seismic waves has a great influence on the acceleration response of double-arch tunnels. The amplification factor of WC-Z is greater than that of WC-X. (2) On the same horizontal plane, with the vertical centerline of the middle wall as the axis of symmetry, the vertical acceleration amplification factor also has a large difference between the arch foot and the shoulder, but the difference is relatively small at other points. (3) The dynamic strain increases with the increase of seismic intensity, and the tendency is similar under the three different seismic wave excitation directions. The lining is under tensile strain and compressive strain, the strain of the left hole is greater than the strain of the right hole, and severe stress concentration occurs at the top left of the mid partition. (4) The middle partition, shoulder, and vault of the left hole and the shoulder, vault, and foot of the right hole are weak parts of earthquake resistance. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the seismic design.
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An, Dong, Zheng Chen, Linghan Meng, and Guangyao Cui. "Application of fiber-reinforced concrete lining for fault-crossing tunnels in meizoseismal area to improving seismic performance." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 12, no. 7 (July 2020): 168781402094402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814020944023.
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The fault-crossing tunnel in meizoseismal area is directly subjected to strong ground motion, which leads to the failure of the tunnel lining. In order to improve the seismic safety of tunnel, fiber-reinforced concrete is applied to tunnel lining in this article. Taking the section of Zhongyi tunnel crossing Wanlong fault as an example, seismic performance of fiber-reinforced concrete tunnel lining was studied by finite difference numerical calculation software FLAC3D. The seismic displacement, stress response, and side wall convergence of secondary lining structures which are plain concrete, steel fiber-reinforced concrete, and steel-basalt hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete were comparatively analyzed. Moreover, the safety factor of each lining structure was investigated with the present numerical model. With the obtained data, seismic performance of steel-basalt hybrid fiber-reinforced concrete secondary lining is better than that of steel fiber-reinforced concrete secondary lining. The results may provide references for seismic design of fault-crossing tunnels in meizoseismal area.
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Yoo, Jin-Kwon, Jeong-Seon Park, Duhee Park, and Seung-Won Lee. "Seismic Response of Circular Tunnels in Jointed Rock." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 4 (April 2018): 1121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1184-7.
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Yan, Gaoming, Bo Gao, Yusheng Shen, Qing Zheng, Kaixiang Fan, and Haifeng Huang. "Shaking table test on seismic performances of newly designed joints for mountain tunnels crossing faults." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 2 (August 12, 2019): 248–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219868932.
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The zones where tunnels pass through faults are considered to be severely damaged during earthquakes. Site investigation of tunnels crossing faults revealed that there were different types of damage patterns after earthquakes. This article proposed a new seismic design concept of “guiding” and “yielding.” Two types of joints, multilevel brittle-flexible joint and flexible joint, were based on this concept and were investigated in this study. A series of shaking table tests were conducted on reduced scale tunnel models under two steps of the loading process, fault movement and subsequent seismic excitation with increasing intensities. The results showed that both types of joints clearly reduced the seismic responses of the tunnel lining. The idealized behavior—step-like deformation—appeared along the longitudinal direction of the tunnel in the two tests. No shear failure of the tunnel linings was found, and the longitudinal cracks in the crown, arch springing, and invert were common in the tests. The multilevel brittle-flexible joint was verified to be more appropriate for tunnels subject to massive earthquakes.
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Jishnu, Rama Bhadran, and Ramanathan Ayothiraman. "Interaction of Urban Underground Twin Metro Tunnels Under Static and Earthquake Loading." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 14, no. 04 (August 2020): 2050019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431120500190.
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New Delhi is a city affected by near/far-field earthquakes, where underground metro construction activities have been undertaken since the early 2000s. Due to the seismic effects, these structures are designed by conventional force/displacement methods. The present study validates the efficacy of these methods, numerically. For this, varying geotechnical conditions in static and seismic cases were quantified with the expected ground motion. Bored tunnels at different cover depths were modeled in 2D and 3D, to ascertain the static response of these structures, followed by a true dynamic analysis. It was found that conventional design procedures using force methods gave conservative estimates for increments on the tunnel liner. Also, the importance of a full dynamic analysis could not be ignored because (i) higher surface spectral responses were found at the tunnel pillar location and (ii) the cumulative strains on the tunnel liner were found to exceed permissible limits.
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Sun, Hao, Honggang Wu, Zhigang Ma, Zhou Yuan, and Kang Feng. "Analysis of Seismic Damage Modes of Landslides Containing Tunnels under Horizontal Earthquake Action." Geofluids 2022 (November 14, 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6026316.
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With the vigorous development of railway and highway construction, tunnel construction often follows the mountains and rivers, crossing high-intensity landslide areas, and potential earthquakes triggering damage in areas including tunnel landslides have become a hot issue today. Based on this, this paper performs a shaker test on the tunnel-containing landslide body, inputs horizontal seismic waves, and tests the acceleration response data of different bits in the landslide body. By analyzing the temporal and frequency domain transformations of the acceleration response at different positions in the slope body combined with the deformation characteristics of the slope, and then analyzing the seismic response of the slope under the action of the front and back seismic sequences, the results show that (1) the existence of the tunnel has the effect of energy dissipation and vibration reduction, making the energy input at T8, and the measuring point on the upper part of the tunnel at the lowest. (2) When the seismic wave is transmitted, it will cause reflection around the tunnel, forming complex seismic wave field, resulting in the irregular distribution of acceleration amplification coefficient. (3) There is a high correlation between seismic responses of different levels. When the acceleration response of the preseismic response to the landslide-containing tunnel is not considered, the acceleration response of the postseismic response to the slope and the structure will be lower than the real value. (4) The sequence of failure at different locations of landslide mass containing tunnel is found through marginal spectrum analysis. It is concluded that the failure mode of landslide mass with tunnel is extrusion and sliding out of the middle slope. The research results can provide some reference for the reinforcement design of landslide with tunnel in high-intensity area.
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Rostami, Arash, Abdolreza S. Moghadam, Mahmood Hosseini, and Nima Asghari. "Evaluation of Formation of Plastic Hinge and Seismic Behavior of Steel Structures Due to Soil–Structure–Tunnel Interaction." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 14, no. 03 (February 7, 2020): 2050014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431120500141.
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The seismic design of the structures is carried out by technical regulations and codes in free-field conditions (regardless of underground cavities). With the availability of tunnels and the complex interaction between the tunnel and the aboveground structures, which may be contemplated wrongly, it could be dangerous for over ground buildings and structures. Consequently, the examination of the underground tunnels and their impact on the land surface and adjacent buildings seismic response seems to be significant. The present research focuses on formation of the plastic hinges in steel structures due to underground cavities and the soil–tunnel–structure interaction of underground structures. First, an existing model was verified by finite element method and the results were compared with a sample specimen. Thus, several effective parameters were considered and studied such as soil type, multi-story structures (4, 8 and 12 stories) and dynamic load type. Then the models were evaluated under real earthquake records. As a result, the seismic response of the structures and plastic conditions of plastic hinge conditions were obtained. The results indicate that the underground cavities have affected the formation of plastic hinges in the structure. They increased the input energy to the structure and had an impact on the total behavior of the structures. Also, the high-rise structures were much more vulnerable to underground tunnels. Therefore, the structures which are located above the underground cavities should be retrofitted and rehabilitated.
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Shi, Chun Xia, Marco Domaneschi, and Luca Martinelli. "Nonlinear Behaviors of Submerged Floating Tunnels under Seismic Excitation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 1124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.1124.
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The Submerged Floating Tunnels are one new type of infrastructure, representing a challenge in structural engineering, both on the theoretical and operational fields. In this paper, a 3D finite element analysis procedure is developed accounting for material and geometrical nonlinearities, soil-structure interaction and multiple-support seismic excitation. A comparison between dynamic response in case of elastic and inelastic material behavior of the anchor bars is given, which shows the beneficial effect of this source of energy dissipation. Furthermore, the effects of introducing dissipation devices for restraining the tunnel axial motion have been investigated as well. Besides this, the earthquake transmission through water (seaquake) is here introduced as an additional hydrodynamic loading on the tunnel. The ensuing increase of loading in the tunnel indicates that a significant role is played by this loading source and highlights the need of further investigations on seaquake effects.
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Abate, Glenda, Salvatore Grasso, and Maria Rossella Massimino. "The Role of Shear Wave Velocity and Non-Linearity of Soil in the Seismic Response of a Coupled Tunnel-Soil-Above Ground Building System." Geosciences 9, no. 11 (November 9, 2019): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9110473.
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The presence of tunnels close to aboveground structures may modify the response of these structures, while the contrary is also true, the presence of aboveground structures may modify the dynamic response of tunnels. In this context, the dynamic properties of the soil through which the aboveground and underground structures are “connected” could play an important role. The paper reports dynamic FEM (Finite Element Method) analyses of a coupled tunnel-soil-above ground structure system (TSS system), which differ in regards to the soil shear wave velocity and in turns for the damping ratio, in order to investigate the role of these parameters in the full-coupled TSS system response. The analyses were performed using three different seismic inputs. Moreover, the soil non-linearity was taken into account adopting two different constitutive models: i) an equivalent linear visco-elastic model, characterized by degraded soil shear moduli and damping ratios, according to suggestions given by EC8 in 2003; and ii) a visco-elasto-plastic constitutive model, characterized by isotropic and kinematic hardening and a non-associated flow rule. The seismic response of the system was investigated in the time and frequency domains, in terms of: acceleration ratios; amplification ratios and response spectra; and bending moments in the tunnel.