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Academic literature on the topic 'Seismic Isolation System'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Seismic Isolation System"

1

ARAMIZU, Teruo. "SF08 Seismic isolation system." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2014 (2014): _SF08–1_—_SF08–3_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2014._sf08-1_.

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Miyazaki, Mitsuo, Yukihiro Nishimura, and Tadashi Mizue. "Seismic Isolation with No Strain Energy – Research on New Seismic Isolation System with No Resonance Characteristics –." Journal of Disaster Research 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2011): 645–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2011.p0645.

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Since the safety of seismically-isolated buildings during earthquakes depends mainly on the largedeformation stability of the isolation devices, it is necessary to either provide large isolator deformation capacity or to reduce seismic response deformation to ensure enhanced building safety. From the viewpoint of earthquake demand, it must be recognized that, the isolator response deformation may exceed the allowable capacity when the isolation system resonates with strong, near-source earthquake ground motions. This paper first establishes the problem of the damping capacity of conventional isolation systems that a system with strong restoration spring causes large elastic strain energy to accumulate in largely deformed isolators. Then, a new hysteresis behavior is proposed to reduce the strain energy developed in isolators. Based on studies of the fundamental characteristics of the proposed hysteresis behavior, this paper proposes a new isolation system concept called “Seismic Isolation with No Strain Energy (NSE)” which does not result in resonance because it eliminates the strain energy stored in deformed isolators, even if the period of the isolation system coincides with predominant period of the input ground motions. The superior performance of NSE Seismic Isolation is confirmed by the results of dynamic response analyses for strong, near-source earthquake ground motions.
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3

Cho, Chang Beck, Young Jin Kim, Won Jong Chin, and Jin-Young Lee. "Comparing Rubber Bearings and Eradi-Quake System for Seismic Isolation of Bridges." Materials 13, no. 22 (November 20, 2020): 5247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13225247.

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Seismic isolation systems have been used worldwide in bridge structures to reduce vibration and avoid collapse. The seismic isolator, damper, and Shock Transmission Unit (SUT) are generally adopted in the seismic design of bridges to improve their seismic safety with economic efficiency. There are several seismic isolation systems, such as Natural Rubber Bearing (NRB), Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB), and the Eradi-Quake System (EQS). EQS as a new technology is expected to effectively reduce both seismic force and displacement, but there is still some need to verify whether it might provide an economical and practical strategy for a bridge isolation system. Moreover, it is important to guarantee consistent performance of the isolators by quality control. A comparative evaluation of the basic properties of the available seismic isolators is thus necessary to achieve a balance between cost-effectiveness and the desired performance of the bridge subjected to extreme loading. Accordingly, in this study, the seismic response characteristics of the seismic isolation systems for bridges were investigated by conducting compressive test and compressive-shear test on NRB, LRB, and EQS.
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Duan, Shao Wei, Xiao Wei Tao, and Hai Kuan Liu. "The Isolation Effect Analysis of Base and Story Isolation System in Vertical Seismic Action." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3893.

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Through establishing single material point model of base isolation system and two material points model of story isolation system in vertical earthquake, the isolation effect of base and story isolation system in vertical earthquake are studied. Results show that two kinds of isolation systems cannot effectively keep apart the vertical seismic action, and the effect is amplified on the contrary, especially the position of isolation layers in story structures affect the amplification effect. Compared with the base and story isolation structures, while using the same isolation device, the former is better than the latter in isolating vertical seismic action.
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Ni, Guo Wei, Deng Ling Jiang, Jia Rui Qi, and Juan Nong Chen. "Analysis of Base-Isolation Building System." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 807–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.807.

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In order to improve the effect of isolation structure, the principles and behaviours of the base-isolation system are studied, and the types and characteristics of the base-isolation are also discussed. Compared to the traditional aseismatic structures, the base isolation structures decrease the seismic response obviously: the total structural aseismatic value decrease 1/4-1/32, the seismic shear stress in the upper structure decrease 1/14-1/23. In the huge seism, the structure can have the obvious aseismatic effect.
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Yang, Wen Xia, Tian Qi Song, and Rong Jin Shi. "Study on a New Seismic Isolation System Based on Dynamic Test." Applied Mechanics and Materials 638-640 (September 2014): 1873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.638-640.1873.

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A new seismic isolation system entirely different from wildly used Laminated Rubber seismic isolator model was suggested. Vibration table test on the Plexiglas model of the suggested seismic-isolation (S-I) system was carried out. The results show that the seismic force transferred to the superstructure is only about one-tenth of the ground vibrating.
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Omarov, Khadjimurad M., and Abakar D. Abakarov. "The Seismic Response Investigation on the Multi-Storey Buildings with Seismically Insulating Rubber-Metal Supports." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 362–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.362.

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The buildings of various constructive solutions with seismic isolation and without seismic isolation are considered. The system of differential equations of a multi-storey building motion with seismic isolating rubber-metal supports is presented. The graphs of the seismic response of 5, 9 and 12-storey buildings with seismic insulating rubber-metal bearings are obtained as well as with seismic action in the form of the unsteady random process. The effectiveness of seismic isolation systems with rubber-metal bearings with lead core and without it is estimated.
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Vibhute, A. S., S. D. Bharti, M. K. Shrimali, and S. Vern. "Seismic Performance of Elastomeric and Sliding Friction Isolation System." Proceedings of the 12th Structural Engineering Convention, SEC 2022: Themes 1-2 1, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.38208/acp.v1.588.

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The base isolation technique is widely used in the isolation of structures for providing efficient protection to structures concerning different loadings. This study aims to evaluate comparative performance and inelastic responses of the base-isolated structure for two types of isolation systems under the Far-field and Near-field earthquake. For this purpose, seismic response quantities like base shear, peak ?oor displacement, absolute acceleration, and isolator displacement for ten-story reinforced concrete building frame base isolated by lead rubber bearings (LRBs) are evaluated and compared with the seismic response of the same structure base isolated by Friction Pendulum Bearing Isolator. Nonlinear time history analysis is carried out to investigate the inelastic behavior of the base-isolated structure. The building frame was designed according to IS1893:2016 seismic code and IS 456:2000. To represent a wide range of assessments, a 10 storey building frame taking identical isolation parameters for elastomeric and sliding isolation system was analyzed in SAP 2000. It was observed that the responses of both the isolation system are nearly the same for all the three earthquakes.
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Abakarov, A. D., and H. R. Zainulabidova. "The Influence of the Friction-Sliding Coefficient of Support Structures and Parameters of Seismic Actions on Reactions and Reliability of Structures with Seismic Protection." PNRPU Mechanics Bulletin, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15593/perm.mech/2021.2.02.

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The study is focused on a structure represented by a multimass elastic cantilever rod with dry friction seismic isolation elements in the support part under a horizontal random impact of a seismic type. The paper aims at investigating the seismic reaction and selecting optimal parameters of the seismic isolation system involving random impact characteristics, limit parameters of the structure, and the seismic isolation system. The researches are based on dynamic computations; the impacts and fluctuations of the system are random processes. The dynamic model of the structure with the considered seismic isolation is presented in the form of a cantilever rod with concentrated masses; a system of differential equations describing the displacement of the structure with the seismic-isolating sliding elements at the level of the top of the foundations is compiled; and a seismic impact is modeled in the form of a nonstationary random process. An algorithm is developed to integrate the system of differential equations of motion and to determine the statistical characteristics of the seismic reaction and reliability indicators of the structures with the seismic isolation. A method aimed at evaluating effectiveness of the seismic isolation system and selecting its rational parameters is suggested. We developed the computational dynamic model of the structure with the seismic-isolating sliding elements installed at the top level of the foundations, and elastic and rigid limiters for the movement of the sliding supports. This model is made in the form of a multimass cantilever rod that takes into account the relative movements of the masses and the stops of the system on the movement limiters. The structure’s movement under a seismic impact is described by a system of differential equations that takes into account the conditions of transitions of the structure from the state of sticking to the state of sliding and vice versa. The statistical characteristics of the seismic reaction and the reliability indicators of the structure in the process of vibrations are determined for different values of the maximum acceleration of the ground vibration, the prevailing period of impact, the number of masses in the calculated model and the coefficient of friction-sliding of the support elements. The influence of the impact parameters and the system on the efficiency of the seismic isolation of the structures with sliding elements is estimated. The proposed approach to selecting the optimal parameters of the seismic isolation system can be used as a research method aimed at improving efficiency of systems with different design options for seismic isolation of structures.
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Karimi, Najia, and Roozbeh Sarem. "Seismic response of multi-storey building using different vibration technique-A review." International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies 4, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v4i1.49.

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This review presents the high performance of failure-resistant structural device system for the sustainable and flexible buildings. Firstly, the motivation and basic principles as well as methodology of the developing device system are explicitly illustrated. Then, the structural detail and seismic response of base isolation systems, namely, lead Rubber Bearing (LRB), HDLRB isolators, viscous damper (Base Isolation with in-Parallel Dissipation system: BIPD) and sliding bearing isolator (Base Isolation with in-Series Sliding system: BISS) are summarized. The theoretical and experimental study results was shown that all four types of isolator system can be able to minimize damage after seismic an earthquake to the structural system. The viscous damper devices and energy dissipate as well as viscoelastic and fluid viscous dampening can be able to enhance the energy dissipation capacity of structural system under an earthquake loading. A placement of L shape, shear walls at the structural configuration plan is given more efficient behavior under seismic load than all other placements of shear walls at the building’s configuration. Many numerical specimens of tunnel form buildings were constructed and modelled to analyze and interpreted the dynamic and static cyclic response of structures against seismic force. The deformation of the dynamic response of tunnel form building was smaller by using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) repairing and retrofitting method. Contradictory, the usage of base isolations, energy dissipation devices, shear walls and tunnel form buildings can enhance the efficiency of structures under seismic force by reducing the economic cost saving in their construction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seismic Isolation System"

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Kelly, John P. (John Peter) 1977. "The installation of a seismic isolation system for building retrofit." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84262.

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LUCIA, TROZZO. "Low Frequency Optimization and Performance of Advanced Virgo Seismic Isolation System." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1052744.

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The Gravitational Waves are perturbations of the metric of the space-time. Their effect on free falling masses is to alter their distance. The typical order of magnitude of the gravitational wave signal (for kilometer-scale distances), it is around 10−18m and for this reason it has been chosen to exploit the precision allowed by laser optics and symmetric interferometric detection for these devices. Since present interferometers are ground-based, the mirror suspension attenuation system, as well as its control strategy, is fundamental. Virgo detector was designed not to be limited by seismic noise starting from 10 Hz. To this purpose the INFN-Pisa Group developed and built a sophisticated system, the so-called Superattenuator, allowing to consider the mirror test masses as free-falling from few Hz. In order to be compatible with the amplitude of the gravitational signal to be detected, a hierarchical control scheme for the suspensions must be implemented. The main control implemented, applied to the Superattenuator top-stage is the active mode damping, the so-called Inertial Damping. The sophisticated mechanical design of the overall suspension and the performance of the Inertial Damping are among the key features of Virgo. The target of this thesis is the reduction of the impact of this control on the actual AdV sensitivity and the study of possible alternative developments, as Kalman filtering and Optimal control approach. In this document, modeling and simulation studies based upon actual data are presented in the context of AdV commissioning works.
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Kalantari, Afshin. "Artificially generated nonlinear structural system by smart seismic isolation using variable dampers." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/144542.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第11870号
工博第2563号
新制||工||1358(附属図書館)
23650
UT51-2005-N704
京都大学大学院工学研究科土木システム工学専攻
(主査)教授 家村 浩和, 教授 松久 寛, 助教授 五十嵐 晃
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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ZEESHAN, BADAR-UL-ALI. "Constructing an Innovative Base-Isolation System under Masonry Structures." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2540704.

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Seismic up-gradation of existing buildings is a very challenging task, as it requires us to consider historical and economical aspects of building. While proposing a seismic-retrofit scheme for a historical building, one should keep in mind that it should be compatible with existing materials, be least intrusive, monitorable and removable. A novel base-isolation technique has been proposed for the up-gradation of existing buildings against seismic actions which does not involve any alteration in existing buildings, and it is monitorable and removable. The method asks for the uncoupling of soil under, and around the building, with the help of closely spaced microtunnels, trenches and retaining walls. Closely spaced microtunnels will lay under the foundation of building, running parallel to one of the dimension of the building, and base-isolation devices will be fitted in lining of these microtunnels. These closely spaced micro-tunnels, along with the trenches and retaining walls around the building, will isolate the structure from seismic actions. This assembly of microtunnels, fitted with isolation devices, and trenches, around the building, will be able to filter seismic forces in both directions of building. The construction of these micro-tunnels, for realisation of innovative base-isolation technique, is the most critical phase, because it can have a detrimental effect on building. This work explores the potential applicability of the novel base-isolation method on masonry buildings by assessing susceptibility of masonry wall, having different physical and material characteristics, to damage (relating to aesthetic of building) inflicted by the construction of microtunnels in various soil conditions. The effect of transverse ground movements is considered in this study. A parametric study is conducted using 2-D (coupled) nonlinear finite element analyses, considering factors such as strength and stiffness of masonry, stiffness of soil, soil-structure interface, excavation sequence of tunnels, different physical characteristics of wall and depth of tunnels. The study shows the applicability of innovative base-isolation technique, highlights the vulnerability levels of walls of different physical characteristics, emphasizes the importance of excavation sequence of microtunnels in reducing risk of damage, and mentions symptoms that correlate with damage.
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Eroz, Murat. "Advanced models for sliding seismic isolation and applications for typical multi-span highway bridges." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19709.

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Thesis (Ph.D)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: DesRoches, Reginald; Committee Member: Goodno, Barry; Committee Member: Jacobs, Laurence; Committee Member: Streator, Jeffrey; Committee Member: White, Donald.
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Zhang, Zhi, and Zhi Zhang. "Analytical Investigation of Inertial Force-Limiting Floor Anchorage System for Seismic Resistant Building Structures." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625385.

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This dissertation describes the analytical research as part of a comprehensive research program to develop a new floor anchorage system for seismic resistant design, termed the Inertial Force-limiting Floor Anchorage System (IFAS). The IFAS intends to reduce damage in seismic resistant building structures by limiting the inertial force that develops in the building during earthquakes. The development of the IFAS is being conducted through a large research project involving both experimental and analytical research. This dissertation work focuses on analytical component of this research, which involves stand-alone computational simulation as well as analytical simulation in support of the experimental research (structural and shake table testing). The analytical research covered in this dissertation includes four major parts: (1) Examination of the fundamental dynamic behavior of structures possessing the IFAS (termed herein IFAS structures) by evaluation of simple two-degree of freedom systems (2DOF). The 2DOF system is based on a prototype structure, and simplified to represent only its fundamental mode response. Equations of motions are derived for the 2DOF system and used to find the optimum design space of the 2DOF system. The optimum design space is validated by transient analysis using earthquakes. (2) Evaluation of the effectiveness of IFAS designs for different design parameters through earthquake simulations of two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear numerical models of an evaluation structure. The models are based on a IFAS prototype developed by a fellow researcher on the project at Lehigh University. (3) Development and calibration of three-dimensional nonlinear numerical models of the shake table test specimen used in the experimental research. This model was used for predicting and designing the shake table testing program. (4) Analytical parameter studies of the calibrated shake table test model. These studies include: relating the shake table test performance to the previous evaluation structure analytical response, performing extended parametric analyses, and investigating and explaining certain unexpected shake table test responses. This dissertation describes the concept and scope of the analytical research, the analytical results, the conclusions, and suggests future work. The conclusions include analytical results that verify the IFAS effectiveness, show the potential of the IFAS in reducing building seismic demands, and provide an optimum design space of the IFAS.
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TROVATO, DANIELE. "Degradation of Dissipative Characteristics of Friction Pendulum Isolators due to Thermal Effect." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2518996.

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The purpose of the research is to predict the reliability of friction pendulum devices during their service life. These bearings are characterized by the capability to undergo large displacements despite their compact size. This peculiar property makes this device competitive among other commonly used isolation devices such as lead-rubber bearings. In these supports the dissipation of seismic motion occurs exclusively by the friction produced during sliding of the surfaces while the seismic isolation is obtained by the shifting of the natural period of the superstructure. Over the time, the interest of the scientific community for such devices has focused on the study of the friction coefficient involved during the motion and also on its dependence on certain mechanical variables such as velocity and apparent pressure. Several studies have shown that the friction coefficient in a contact problem between polymer (PTFE) and stainless steel deviates from the Coulomb’s friction law. Furthermore, most recent studies have shown that the coefficient of friction is closely related to the increase of temperature due to the thermal effect. This phenomenon consists in a cyclic degradation of the dissipative capacities of friction pendulum that in the design phase is not considered. The observed reduction of energy dissipated during repetitive cycles is often coupled with peak displacements larger than predicted with potential consequences on the whole structure’s safety. This PhD study is composed by 8 chapter and it start with an introduction of the basic concept in seismic base isolation (Chapter 2) while the main characteristics of friction pendulum devices are introduced are defined in Chapter 3. The basic theory of frictional heating useful to describe the increase of temperature which occurs in polymer-stainless steel surface is introduced in chapter 4. Through an experimental campaign carried out with single pendulum bearings, the dependence of the friction coefficient with the temperature rise has been investigated in chapter 5, in order to propose a phenomenological model able to assess the real performance of the friction pendulum. Specifically, in chapter 5 is described the experimental analysis carried out in Caltrans SRMD Testing Facility of San Diego University of California. A series of friction pendulum have been tested at Caltrans SRMD which is equipped with a shaking table test specifically designed for full-scale tests. During the tests, the table was also equipped with a thermographic camera specially calibrated for the type of material tested (polished stainless steel). Thanks to the use of the camera it has been possible to evaluate the temperature rise during the whole testing time and in the portion of the concave surface affected by the thermal heating. In chapter 6, an analytical comparison has been carried out between the friction coefficient recorded during the test and the temperature rise obtained with the analytical model of degradation of the friction coefficient introduced in chapter 4. Finally in chapter 7 a prediction model that takes into account mechanical variables such as velocity and apparent pressure, and also the degradation of dissipative characteristics of a friction pendulum due to thermal effects, is given. The proposed friction model is suitable for immediate implementation in generalized structural analysis codes and provides an important design tool for a more realistic assessment of the seismic response of structures equipped with Friction Pendulum devices.
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Wenzel, Moritz. "Development of a Metamaterial-Based Foundation System for the Seismic Protection of Fuel Storage Tanks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/256685.

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Metamaterials are typically described as materials with ’unusual’ wave propagation properties. Originally developed for electromagnetic waves, these materials have also spread into the field of acoustic wave guiding and cloaking, with the most relevant of these ’unusual’ properties, being the so called band-gap phenomenon. A band-gap signifies a frequency region where elastic waves cannot propagate through the material, which in principle, could be used to protect buildings from earthquakes. Based on this, two relevant concepts have been proposed in the field of seismic engineering, namely: metabarriers, and metamaterial-based foundations. This thesis deals with the development of the Metafoundation, a metamaterial-based foundation system for the seismic protection of fuel storage tanks against excessive base shear and pipeline rupture. Note that storage tanks have proven to be highly sensitive to earthquakes, can trigger sever economic and environmental consequences in case of failure and were therefore chosen as a superstructure for this study. Furthermore, when tanks are protected with traditional base isolation systems, the resulting horizontal displacements, during seismic action, may become excessively large and subsequently damage connected pipelines. A novel system to protect both, tank and pipeline, could significantly augment the overall safety of industrial plants. With the tank as the primary structure of interest in mind, the Metafoundation was conceived as a locally resonant metamaterial with a band gap encompassing the tanks critical eigenfrequency. The initial design comprised a continuous concrete matrix with embedded resonators and rubber inclusions, which was later reinvented to be a column based structure with steel springs for resonator suspension. After investigating the band-gap phenomenon, a parametric study of the system specifications showed that the horizontal stiffness of the overall foundation is crucial to its functionality, while the superstructure turned out to be non-negligible when tuning the resonators. Furthermore, storage tanks are commonly connected to pipeline system, which can be damaged by the interaction between tank and pipeline during seismic events. Due to the complex and nonlinear response of pipeline systems, the coupled tank-pipeline behaviour becomes increasingly difficult to represent through numerical models, which lead to the experimental study of a foundation-tank-pipeline setup. Under the aid of a hybrid simulation, only the pipeline needed to be represented via a physical substructure, while both tank and Metafoundation were modelled as numerical substrucutres and coupled to the pipeline. The results showed that the foundation can effectively reduce the stresses in the tank and, at the same time, limit the displacements imposed on the pipeline. Leading up on this, an optimization algorithm was developed in the frequency domain, under the consideration of superstructure and ground motion spectrum. The advantages of optimizing in the frequency domain were on the one hand the reduction of computational effort, and on the other hand the consideration of the stochastic nature of the earthquake. Based on this, two different performance indices, investigating interstory drifts and energy dissipation, revealed that neither superstructure nor ground motion can be disregarded when designing a metamaterial-based foundation. Moreover, a 4 m tall optimized foundation, designed to remain elastic when verified with a response spectrum analysis at a return period of 2475 years (according to NTC 2018), reduced the tanks base shear on average by 30%. These results indicated that the foundation was feasible and functional in terms of construction practices and dynamic response, yet unpractical from an economic point of view. In order to tackle the issue of reducing the uneconomic system size, a negative stiffness mechanism was invented and implemented into the foundation as a periodic structure. This mechanism, based on a local instability, amplified the metamaterial like properties and thereby enhanced the overall system performance. Note that due to the considered instability, the device exerted a nonlinear force-displacement relationship, which had the interesting effect of reducing the band-gap instead of increasing it. Furthermore, time history analyses demonstrated that with 50% of the maximum admissible negative stiffness, the foundation could be reduced to 1/3 of its original size, while maintaining its performance. Last but not least, a study on wire ropes as resonator suspension was conducted. Their nonlinear behaviour was approximated with the Bouc Wen model, subsequently linearized by means of stochastic techniques and finally optimized with the algorithm developed earlier. The conclusion was that wire ropes could be used as a more realistic suspension mechanism, while maintaining the high damping values required by the optimized foundation layouts. In sum, a metamaterial-based foundation system is developed and studied herein, with the main findings being: (i) a structure of this type is feasible under common construction practices; (ii) the shear stiffness of the system has a fundamental impact on its functionality; (iii) the superstructure cannot be neglected when studying metamaterial-based foundations; (iv) the complete coupled system can be tuned with an optimization algorithm based on calculations in the frequency domain; (v) an experimental study suggests that the system could be advantageous to connected pipelines; (vi) wire ropes may serve as resonator suspension; and (vii) a novel negative stiffness mechanism can effectively improve the system performance.
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9

Wenzel, Moritz. "Development of a Metamaterial-Based Foundation System for the Seismic Protection of Fuel Storage Tanks." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/256685.

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Abstract:
Metamaterials are typically described as materials with ’unusual’ wave propagation properties. Originally developed for electromagnetic waves, these materials have also spread into the field of acoustic wave guiding and cloaking, with the most relevant of these ’unusual’ properties, being the so called band-gap phenomenon. A band-gap signifies a frequency region where elastic waves cannot propagate through the material, which in principle, could be used to protect buildings from earthquakes. Based on this, two relevant concepts have been proposed in the field of seismic engineering, namely: metabarriers, and metamaterial-based foundations. This thesis deals with the development of the Metafoundation, a metamaterial-based foundation system for the seismic protection of fuel storage tanks against excessive base shear and pipeline rupture. Note that storage tanks have proven to be highly sensitive to earthquakes, can trigger sever economic and environmental consequences in case of failure and were therefore chosen as a superstructure for this study. Furthermore, when tanks are protected with traditional base isolation systems, the resulting horizontal displacements, during seismic action, may become excessively large and subsequently damage connected pipelines. A novel system to protect both, tank and pipeline, could significantly augment the overall safety of industrial plants. With the tank as the primary structure of interest in mind, the Metafoundation was conceived as a locally resonant metamaterial with a band gap encompassing the tanks critical eigenfrequency. The initial design comprised a continuous concrete matrix with embedded resonators and rubber inclusions, which was later reinvented to be a column based structure with steel springs for resonator suspension. After investigating the band-gap phenomenon, a parametric study of the system specifications showed that the horizontal stiffness of the overall foundation is crucial to its functionality, while the superstructure turned out to be non-negligible when tuning the resonators. Furthermore, storage tanks are commonly connected to pipeline system, which can be damaged by the interaction between tank and pipeline during seismic events. Due to the complex and nonlinear response of pipeline systems, the coupled tank-pipeline behaviour becomes increasingly difficult to represent through numerical models, which lead to the experimental study of a foundation-tank-pipeline setup. Under the aid of a hybrid simulation, only the pipeline needed to be represented via a physical substructure, while both tank and Metafoundation were modelled as numerical substrucutres and coupled to the pipeline. The results showed that the foundation can effectively reduce the stresses in the tank and, at the same time, limit the displacements imposed on the pipeline. Leading up on this, an optimization algorithm was developed in the frequency domain, under the consideration of superstructure and ground motion spectrum. The advantages of optimizing in the frequency domain were on the one hand the reduction of computational effort, and on the other hand the consideration of the stochastic nature of the earthquake. Based on this, two different performance indices, investigating interstory drifts and energy dissipation, revealed that neither superstructure nor ground motion can be disregarded when designing a metamaterial-based foundation. Moreover, a 4 m tall optimized foundation, designed to remain elastic when verified with a response spectrum analysis at a return period of 2475 years (according to NTC 2018), reduced the tanks base shear on average by 30%. These results indicated that the foundation was feasible and functional in terms of construction practices and dynamic response, yet unpractical from an economic point of view. In order to tackle the issue of reducing the uneconomic system size, a negative stiffness mechanism was invented and implemented into the foundation as a periodic structure. This mechanism, based on a local instability, amplified the metamaterial like properties and thereby enhanced the overall system performance. Note that due to the considered instability, the device exerted a nonlinear force-displacement relationship, which had the interesting effect of reducing the band-gap instead of increasing it. Furthermore, time history analyses demonstrated that with 50% of the maximum admissible negative stiffness, the foundation could be reduced to 1/3 of its original size, while maintaining its performance. Last but not least, a study on wire ropes as resonator suspension was conducted. Their nonlinear behaviour was approximated with the Bouc Wen model, subsequently linearized by means of stochastic techniques and finally optimized with the algorithm developed earlier. The conclusion was that wire ropes could be used as a more realistic suspension mechanism, while maintaining the high damping values required by the optimized foundation layouts. In sum, a metamaterial-based foundation system is developed and studied herein, with the main findings being: (i) a structure of this type is feasible under common construction practices; (ii) the shear stiffness of the system has a fundamental impact on its functionality; (iii) the superstructure cannot be neglected when studying metamaterial-based foundations; (iv) the complete coupled system can be tuned with an optimization algorithm based on calculations in the frequency domain; (v) an experimental study suggests that the system could be advantageous to connected pipelines; (vi) wire ropes may serve as resonator suspension; and (vii) a novel negative stiffness mechanism can effectively improve the system performance.
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Dehghanpoor, Sichani Ahmad. "Soil-pile-superstructure systems under combined horizontal and vertical strong ground motions." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207885/1/Ahmad_Dehghanpoor%20Sichani_Thesis.pdf.

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Highway bridges considered as important but possibly vulnerable superstructures must be studied under natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes. This thesis was a novel investigation on reinforced concrete bridges under coupled horizontal and vertical ground motions. A variety of ground motions has been examined for different classification of bridges and novel conclusions have been presented in the probabilistic and deterministic frameworks.
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Books on the topic "Seismic Isolation System"

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Apostolidi, Eftychia, Stephanos Dritsos, Christos Giarlelis, José Jara, Fatih Sutcu, Toru Takeuchi, and Joe White. Seismic Isolation and Response Control. Edited by Andreas Lampropoulos. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed019.

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<p>The seismic resilience of new and existing structures is a key priority for the protection of human lives and the reduction of economic losses in earthquake prone areas. The modern seismic codes have focused on the upgrade of the structural performance of the new and existing structures. However, in many cases it is preferrable to mitigate the effects of the earthquakes by reducing the induced loads in the structures using seismic isolation and response control devices. The limited expertise in the selection and design of the appropriate system for new and existing structures is the main challenge for an extensive use of seismic isolation and response control systems in practice.</p> <p>This document aims to provide a practical guide by presenting a collection of the most commonly used seismic isolation and response control systems and a critical evaluation of the main characteristics of these systems. Comparisons of the key parameters of the design processes for new buildings with seismic isolation are presented, while the application of seismic isolation systems and response control systems for the retrofitting of existing structures is also examined, followed by various case studies from Greece, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, and Turkey.</p>
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Shiesetsu Kensetsu Sōgō Jōhō Sentā. Yūsei shisetsu no menshin seishin kenchiku: Seismic isolation & passive control system architecture for Postal Services in Japan. Tōkyō: Shisetsu Kensetsu Sōgō Jōhō Sentā, 2001.

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Inc, Dynamic Isolation Systems, Highway Innovative Technology Evaluation Center (U.S.), and Civil Engineering Research Foundation, eds. Evaluation findings for Dynamic Isolation Systems, Inc. elastomeric bearings. Washington, DC: Civil Engineering Research Foundation, 1998.

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Guyer, J. Paul. Introduction to Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Systems for Buildings. Independently Published, 2017.

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Seismic Isolation Systems for Nuclear Installations: IAEA TecDoc No. 1905. International Atomic Energy Agency, 2020.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seismic Isolation System"

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Kasimzade, Azer A., Sertac Tuhta, and Gencay Atmaca. "New Structural Seismic Isolation System." In Seismic Isolation, Structural Health Monitoring, and Performance Based Seismic Design in Earthquake Engineering, 3–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93157-9_1.

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Kusunoki, Koichi, and Masaomi Teshigawara. "Soft-Landing Base-Isolation System." In Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, 211–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2681-1_11.

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Chakraborty, Sanjukta, Koushik Roy, Chetan Chinta Arun, and Samit Ray Chaudhuri. "On Development of a New Seismic Base Isolation System." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 574–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33362-0_45.

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Mukai, Yoichi, and Hideo Fujitani. "Development of Resilient Seismic Response Control with a Semi-active System." In Seismic Isolation, Structural Health Monitoring, and Performance Based Seismic Design in Earthquake Engineering, 55–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93157-9_2.

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Ventura, Carlos E., Yavuz Kaya, and Alireza Taale. "BC Earthquake Early Warning System, a Program for Seismic Structural Health Monitoring of Infrastructure." In Seismic Isolation, Structural Health Monitoring, and Performance Based Seismic Design in Earthquake Engineering, 131–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93157-9_4.

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Choudhury, Soumitri Soumyarani, and Sanjaya Kumar Patro. "Seismic Control of Soft Storey Buildings Using LRB Isolation System." In Recent Developments in Sustainable Infrastructure, 301–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4577-1_25.

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Faiella, D., M. Argenziano, G. Brandonisio, F. Esposito, and E. Mele. "Intermediate isolation system for the seismic retrofit of existing masonry buildings." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 1895–900. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348443-311.

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Faiella, D., M. Argenziano, G. Brandonisio, F. Esposito, and E. Mele. "Intermediate Isolation System for the seismic retrofit of existing masonry buildings." In Current Perspectives and New Directions in Mechanics, Modelling and Design of Structural Systems, 661–62. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003348450-311.

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Masano, Ryo, Nanako Miura, and Akira Sone. "Experimental Vibration Analysis of Seismic Isolation System Using Inertial Mass Damper." In Vibration Engineering for a Sustainable Future, 255–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48153-7_33.

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Ahmad, Faisal, Nikhil A. Jambhale, and Tejas D. Doshi. "Investigate the Effect of Isolation System for RC Structure Under Seismic Forces." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 455–71. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3371-4_40.

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Conference papers on the topic "Seismic Isolation System"

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Kajii, Shinichiro, Naoki Sawa, Nobuhiro Kunitake, and K. Umeki. "Three Dimensional Seismic Isolation System Using Hydraulic Cylinder." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1429.

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A three-dimensional (3D) seismic isolation system for FBR building is under development. The proposed vertical isolation system consists form hydraulic cylinders with water-based liquid and accumulators to support large vertical static load and to realize low natural frequency in the vertical direction. For horizontal isolation, laminated rubber isolator or sliding type isolator will be combined. Because the major part of the feasibility of this isolation system depends on the sealing function and durability of the hydraulic cylinder, a series of feasibility tests of the hydraulic cylinder have been conducted to verify the reliability against seismic load and seismic motion. This paper describes the specification of the seismic isolations system, seismic response characteristics and the results of the feasibility tests of the seal. This study was performed as part of a government sponsored R&D project on 3D seismic isolation.
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Fujita, Satoshi, Keisuke Minagawa, Mitsuru Miyazaki, Go Tanaka, Toshio Omi, and Haruo Shimosaka. "Isolation Performance of Intelligent Seismic Isolation System Using Air Bearing." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77600.

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This paper describes three-dimensional isolation performance of seismic isolation system using air bearings. Long period seismic waves having predominant period of from a few seconds to a few ten seconds have recently been observed in various earthquakes. Also resonances of high-rise buildings and sloshing of petroleum tanks in consequence of long period seismic waves have been reported. Therefore the isolation systems having very long natural period or no natural period are required. In a previous paper [1], we proposed an isolation system having no natural period by using air bearings. Additionally we have already reported an introduction of the system, and have investigated horizontal motion during earthquake in the previous paper. It was confirmed by horizontal vibration experiment and simulation in the previous paper that the proposed system had good performance of isolation. However vertical motion should be investigated, because vertical motion varies horizontal frictional force. Therefore this paper describes investigation regarding vertical motion of the proposed system by experiment. At first, a vertical excitation test of the system is carried out so as to investigate vertical dynamic property. Then a three-dimensional vibration test using seismic waves is carried out so as to investigate performance of isolation against three-dimensional seismic waves.
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Furuya, Osamu, Kiyotaka Takito, Hiroshi Kurabayashi, Kunio Sampei, and Koji Yamazaki. "Study on Multifunctional Base Isolation System Using Air-Floating Technique." In ASME 2020 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2020-21743.

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Abstract Vibration isolation devices are generally applied to equipment that dislikes vibration installed in buildings. Since the vibration isolator is intended for small vibration input, the damage has been frequently confirmed with excessive vibration input such as an huge earthquake motion. Therefore, the development of a seismic isolation device with a vibration isolation function is desired for important equipment and expensive manufacturing equipment. However, the vibration region targeted by the vibration isolator and the vibration region of the seismic input are at completely different levels. In this study, the authors propose a seismic isolation system using air floating technique to cope with such different vibration levels. In this paper, basic concept, basic performance, preliminary performance evaluation by nonlinear time response analysis, and performance evaluation by shaking table test.
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Fujita, Satoshi, Keisuke Minagawa, and Takeshi Kodaira. "Required Properties of Seismic Isolation System for Nuclear Power Plants." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-25409.

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In Japan, applications of seismic isolation systems to new generation nuclear power plants and fast breeder reactors have been expected in order to enhance seismic safety. However there are lots of restrictions for design of isolation systems, such as strong design seismic wave, deformation of piping between an isolated structure and a non-isolated structure, and so on. In addition combination of horizontal and vertical isolation has possibility to cause rocking motion if a three-dimensional isolation system is applied. Therefore isolation systems should be designed properly. Moreover the design of seismic isolation system has to consider influence on inner equipment and piping. This paper describes investigation regarding required properties and performance of seismic isolation system for nuclear power plants. The investigation is carried out by numerical analysis. In the analysis, various isolation devices such as friction pendulum bearings and so on are applied as well as natural rubber bearings.
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Yoo, B., and R. F. Kulak. "Application of Seismic Isolation to the STAR-LM Reactor." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22506.

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This paper presents findings from our initial work in developing a seismic isolation system for the STAR-LM reactor design. Research and development was carried out to determine the characteristics of the isolator device. The heavy weight and small footprint presented a challenge in bearing design and bearing placement. Results are also presented from a study on the use of three-dimensional seismic isolation devices to the full-scale reactor. Both two-dimensional (i.e., one device for horizontal isolation only) and integral (i.e., one device for horizontal and vertical) concepts were explored. The seismic analysis responses of the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional isolation systems for the STAR-LM are compared with that of the conventional fixed base system. Finally, results are presented from a study on the effects of the levels of vertical and horizontal damping on the seismic response of STAR-LM.
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FENG, Demin, Wenguang LIU, and Takafumi MIYAMA. "CERTIFICATION SYSTEM OF SEISMIC ISOLATION DEVICES IN JAPAN." In The 16th World Conference on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation and Active Vibration Control of Structures. Russian Association for Earthquake Engineering and Protection from Natural and Manmade Hazards, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2686-7974-2019-16-202-209.

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Mikoshiba, Tadashi, Toshiya Suzuki, Takanori Sato, Masakazu Terai, and Toshio Chiba. "Seismic Isolation of Base-Isolated Vending Machine With Air Dampers." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57148.

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By setting the isolation system between the foundation of the house and the foundation ground, it makes it possible to scale back the influence of the earthquake. A sliding isolator, which is compact and has high isolation characteristics, had been developed. This isolation system of the house have found effective and had high performance. This system was applied to the vending machine. Although the sliding isolator has been shown to be effective, it required the wide space around the vending machine. By using the base isolation combined with the air damper, it allowed to use in the narrow space area. It is useful when the vending machine is set in front of the wall. A sliding isolator combined with air damper has high isolation characteristics.
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Otani, Akihito, Teruyoshi Otoyo, Hideo Hirai, Hirohide Iiizumi, Hiroshi Shimizu, Mitsuru Saitoh, and Shigenobu Onishi. "Development of an Evaluation Method for Seismic Isolation Systems of Nuclear Power Facilities: Part 3 — Seismic Response of Crossover Piping for Seismic Isolation System." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-29012.

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This paper, which is part of the series entitled “Development of an Evaluation Method for Seismic Isolation Systems of Nuclear Power Facilities”, shows the linear seismic response of crossover piping installed in a seismically isolated plant. The crossover piping, supported by both isolated and non-isolated buildings, deforms with large relative displacement between the two buildings and the seismic response of the crossover piping is caused by two different seismic excitations from the buildings. A flexible and robust structure is needed for the high-pressure crossover piping. In this study, shaking tests on a 1/10 scale piping model and FEM analyses were performed to investigate the seismic response of the crossover piping which was excited and deformed by two different seismic motions under isolated and non-isolated conditions. Specifically, as linear response analysis of the crossover piping, modal time-history analysis and response spectrum analysis with multiple excitations were carried out and the applicability of the analyses was confirmed. Moreover, the seismic response of actual crossover piping was estimated and the feasibility was evaluated.
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CIMELLARO, Gian Paolo, Marco DOMANESCHI, and Gordon WARN. "A NEW VERTICAL BASE ISOLATION SYSTEM." In The 16th World Conference on Seismic Isolation, Energy Dissipation and Active Vibration Control of Structures. Russian Association for Earthquake Engineering and Protection from Natural and Manmade Hazards, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37153/2686-7974-2019-16-165-175.

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Aikawa, Yuji, Hiroshi Hibino, Yoshitaka Takeuchi, Shingo Asahara, Hideo Hirai, Shinji Kosugi, Shinji Matsuoka, and Yoshito Umeki. "Development of an Evaluation Method for Seismic Isolation Systems of Nuclear Power Facilities: Part 11 — Improvement of the Seismic Isolator Design Method." In ASME 2014 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2014-29000.

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This paper provides a part of series of “Development of an Evaluation Method for Seismic Isolation Systems of Nuclear Power Facilities”. This part shows improvements of seismic isolator design method applied to nuclear power facilities. The proposed improvement design methods consist of the following two items. One is an improvement of design method for axial stress in a laminated rubber bearing. Largely different natural frequency in vertical and horizontal direction of the seismic isolator may need a special consideration to combine the design seismic loads in different directions. Therefore isolator’s behavior under multiple direction earthquake is studied, and an improved design method is proposed in the axial stress in a laminated rubber bearing. The other is a reasonable design method for seismic isolator joints. A seismic isolator joint is considered to be one of the key factors for assuring seismic integrity of the seismic isolation system for nuclear power facilities. As a series of design method of seismic isolators, evaluation method of axial force of anchor bolts, among various parts of joints, under design level seismic load is studied and improved method is proposed to confirm the structural behavior for a better performance of the system.
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Reports on the topic "Seismic Isolation System"

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Wu, Yingjie, Selim Gunay, and Khalid Mosalam. Hybrid Simulations for the Seismic Evaluation of Resilient Highway Bridge Systems. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/ytgv8834.

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Bridges often serve as key links in local and national transportation networks. Bridge closures can result in severe costs, not only in the form of repair or replacement, but also in the form of economic losses related to medium- and long-term interruption of businesses and disruption to surrounding communities. In addition, continuous functionality of bridges is very important after any seismic event for emergency response and recovery purposes. Considering the importance of these structures, the associated structural design philosophy is shifting from collapse prevention to maintaining functionality in the aftermath of moderate to strong earthquakes, referred to as “resiliency” in earthquake engineering research. Moreover, the associated construction philosophy is being modernized with the utilization of accelerated bridge construction (ABC) techniques, which strive to reduce the impact of construction on traffic, society, economy and on-site safety. This report presents two bridge systems that target the aforementioned issues. A study that combined numerical and experimental research was undertaken to characterize the seismic performance of these bridge systems. The first part of the study focuses on the structural system-level response of highway bridges that incorporate a class of innovative connecting devices called the “V-connector,”, which can be used to connect two components in a structural system, e.g., the column and the bridge deck, or the column and its foundation. This device, designed by ACII, Inc., results in an isolation surface at the connection plane via a connector rod placed in a V-shaped tube that is embedded into the concrete. Energy dissipation is provided by friction between a special washer located around the V-shaped tube and a top plate. Because of the period elongation due to the isolation layer and the limited amount of force transferred by the relatively flexible connector rod, bridge columns are protected from experiencing damage, thus leading to improved seismic behavior. The V-connector system also facilitates the ABC by allowing on-site assembly of prefabricated structural parts including those of the V-connector. A single-column, two-span highway bridge located in Northern California was used for the proof-of-concept of the proposed V-connector protective system. The V-connector was designed to result in an elastic bridge response based on nonlinear dynamic analyses of the bridge model with the V-connector. Accordingly, a one-third scale V-connector was fabricated based on a set of selected design parameters. A quasi-static cyclic test was first conducted to characterize the force-displacement relationship of the V-connector, followed by a hybrid simulation (HS) test in the longitudinal direction of the bridge to verify the intended linear elastic response of the bridge system. In the HS test, all bridge components were analytically modeled except for the V-connector, which was simulated as the experimental substructure in a specially designed and constructed test setup. Linear elastic bridge response was confirmed according to the HS results. The response of the bridge with the V-connector was compared against that of the as-built bridge without the V-connector, which experienced significant column damage. These results justified the effectiveness of this innovative device. The second part of the study presents the HS test conducted on a one-third scale two-column bridge bent with self-centering columns (broadly defined as “resilient columns” in this study) to reduce (or ultimately eliminate) any residual drifts. The comparison of the HS test with a previously conducted shaking table test on an identical bridge bent is one of the highlights of this study. The concept of resiliency was incorporated in the design of the bridge bent columns characterized by a well-balanced combination of self-centering, rocking, and energy-dissipating mechanisms. This combination is expected to lead to minimum damage and low levels of residual drifts. The ABC is achieved by utilizing precast columns and end members (cap beam and foundation) through an innovative socket connection. In order to conduct the HS test, a new hybrid simulation system (HSS) was developed, utilizing commonly available software and hardware components in most structural laboratories including: a computational platform using Matlab/Simulink [MathWorks 2015], an interface hardware/software platform dSPACE [2017], and MTS controllers and data acquisition (DAQ) system for the utilized actuators and sensors. Proper operation of the HSS was verified using a trial run without the test specimen before the actual HS test. In the conducted HS test, the two-column bridge bent was simulated as the experimental substructure while modeling the horizontal and vertical inertia masses and corresponding mass proportional damping in the computer. The same ground motions from the shaking table test, consisting of one horizontal component and the vertical component, were applied as input excitations to the equations of motion in the HS. Good matching was obtained between the shaking table and the HS test results, demonstrating the appropriateness of the defined governing equations of motion and the employed damping model, in addition to the reliability of the developed HSS with minimum simulation errors. The small residual drifts and the minimum level of structural damage at large peak drift levels demonstrated the superior seismic response of the innovative design of the bridge bent with self-centering columns. The reliability of the developed HS approach motivated performing a follow-up HS study focusing on the transverse direction of the bridge, where the entire two-span bridge deck and its abutments represented the computational substructure, while the two-column bridge bent was the physical substructure. This investigation was effective in shedding light on the system-level performance of the entire bridge system that incorporated innovative bridge bent design beyond what can be achieved via shaking table tests, which are usually limited by large-scale bridge system testing capacities.
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Yan, Yiqun, Yi-Lung Mo, Farn-Yuh Menq, Kenneth H. Stokoe, II, Judy Perkins, and Yu Tang. Development of Seismic Isolation Systems Using Periodic Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1183763.

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Trummer, D. J., and S. C. Sommer. Overview of seismic base isolation systems, applications, and performance during earthquakes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10185638.

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Shenton, Harry W. III. Guidelines for pre-qualification, prototype and quality control testing of seismic isolation systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5800.

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Bolisetti, Chandrakanth, Justin Coleman, William Hoffman, Andrew Whittaker, Sai Parsi, Jason Redd, Michael Cohen, et al. Seismic Isolation of Major Advanced Reactor Systems for Economic Improvement and Safety Assurance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1690240.

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Shenton, Harry W. III. Summary and results of the NIST Workshop on Proposed Guidelines for Testing and Evaluation of Seismic Isolation Systems:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5785.

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Draft guidelines for quality control testing of elastomeric seismic isolation systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5345.

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Draft guidelines for quality control testing of elastomeric seismic isolation systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5359.

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Draft guidelines for quality control testing of sliding seismic isolation systems. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.5371.

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