Dissertations / Theses: 'Seismic cycles'

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Muldashev, Iskander [Verfasser], Michael [Akademischer Betreuer] Weber, Stephan Vladimir [Akademischer Betreuer] Sobolev, and Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] John. "Modeling of the great earthquake seismic cycles / Iskander Muldashev ; Michael H. Weber, Stephan Vladimir Sobolev, Volker John." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1218402474/34.

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Muldashev, Iskander [Verfasser], Michael H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Weber, Stephan Vladimir [Akademischer Betreuer] Sobolev, and Volker [Akademischer Betreuer] John. "Modeling of the great earthquake seismic cycles / Iskander Muldashev ; Michael H. Weber, Stephan Vladimir Sobolev, Volker John." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1218402474/34.

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Bagur, Laura. "Modeling fluid injection effects in dynamic fault rupture using Fast Boundary Element Methods." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IPPAE010.

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Les tremblements de terre d'origine naturelle ou anthropique provoquent d'importants dégâts humains et matériels. Dans les deux cas, la présence de fluides interstitiels influe sur le déclenchement des instabilités sismiques. Une nouvelle question d'actualité dans la communauté est de montrer que l'instabilité sismique peut être atténuée par un contrôle actif de la pression des fluides. Dans ce travail, nous étudions la capacité des méthodes d'éléments de frontière rapides (Fast BEMs) à fournir un solveur robuste multi-physique à grande échelle nécessaire à la modélisation des processus sismiques, de la sismicité induite et de leur atténuation.Dans une première partie, un solveur BEM rapide avec différents algorithmes d'intégration temporelle est utilisé. Nous évaluons les performances de diverses méthodes à pas de temps adaptatif sur la base de problèmes de cycles sismiques 2D usuels pour les failles planes.Nous proposons une solution asismique analytique pour effectuer des études de convergence et fournir une comparaison rigoureuse des capacités des différentes méthodes en plus des problèmes de cycles sismiques de référence testés.Nous montrons qu'une méthode hybride prédiction-correction / Runge-Kutta à pas de temps adaptatif permet non seulement une résolution précise mais aussi d'incorporer à la fois les effets inertiels et les couplages hydro-mécaniques dans les simulations de rupture dynamique de faille.Dans une deuxième partie, une fois les outils numériques développés pour des configurations standards, notre objectif est de prendre en compte les effets de l'injection de fluide sur le glissement sismique. Nous choisissons le cadre poroélastodynamique pour incorporer les effets de l'injection sur l'instabilité sismique. Un modèle poroélastodynamique complet nécessiterait des coûts de calcul ou des approximations non négligeables. Nous justifions rigoureusement quels effets fluides prédominants sont en jeu lors d'un tremblement de Terre ou d'un cycle sismique. Pour cela, nous effectuons une analyse dimensionnelle des équations, et illustrons les résultats en utilisant un problème de poroelastodynamique 1D simplifié. Plus précisément, nous montrons qu'à l'échelle de temps de l'instabilité sismique, les effets inertiels sont prédominants alors qu'une combinaison de la diffusion du fluide et de la déformation élastique de la matrice solide due à la variation de la pression interstitielle devrait être privilégiée à l'échelle de temps du cycle sismique, au lieu du modèle de diffusion principalement utilisé dans la littérature Earthquakes due to either natural or anthropogenic sources cause important human and material damage. In both cases, the presence of pore fluids influences the triggering of seismic instabilities.A new and timely question in the community is to show that the earthquake instability could be mitigated by active control of the fluid pressure. In this work, we study the ability of Fast Boundary Element Methods (Fast BEMs) to provide a multi-physic large-scale robust solver required for modeling earthquake processes, human induced seismicity and their mitigation.In a first part, a Fast BEM solver with different temporal integration algorithms is used. We assess the performances of various possible adaptive time-step methods on the basis of 2D seismic cycle benchmarks available for planar faults. We design an analytical aseismic solution to perform convergence studies and provide a rigorous comparison of the capacities of the different solving methods in addition to the seismic cycles benchmarks tested. We show that a hybrid prediction-correction / adaptive time-step Runge-Kutta method allows not only for an accurate solving but also to incorporate both inertial effects and hydro-mechanical couplings in dynamic fault rupture simulations.In a second part, once the numerical tools are developed for standard fault configurations, our objective is to take into account fluid injection effects on the seismic slip. We choose the poroelastodynamic framework to incorporate injection effects on the earthquake instability. A complete poroelastodynamic model would require non-negligible computational costs or approximations. We justify rigorously which predominant fluid effects are at stake during an earthquake or a seismic cycle. To this aim, we perform a dimensional analysis of the equations, and illustrate the results using a simplified 1D poroelastodynamic problem. We formally show that at the timescale of the earthquake instability, inertial effects are predominant whereas a combination of diffusion and elastic deformation due to pore pressure change should be privileged at the timescale of the seismic cycle, instead of the diffusion model mainly used in the literature

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Aben, Frans. "Experimental simulation of the seismic cycle in fault damage zones." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU012/document.

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Les séismes le long de grandes failles crustales représentent un danger énorme pour de nombreuses populations. Le mécanique de ces failles est influencé par des zones endommagées qui entourent le coeur de faille. La fracturation dans ces zones contrôle chaque étape du cycle sismique. En effet, cette zone contrôle la mécanique de la rupture sismique, elle est un conduit pour les fluides, réagit chimiquement sous l'effet de fluides réactifs, et facilite la déformation pendant les périodes post- et inter-sismiques. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, des expériences de laboratoire ont été réalisées pour mieux comprendre 1) la façon dont l'endommagement est généré pendant le chargement transitoire co-sismique, 2) comment l'endommagement permet de mieux contraindre le chargement co-sismique le long de grandes failles, et iii) comment les fractures peuvent se cicatriser au fil du temps et contrôler l'évolution de la perméabilité et de la résistance mécanique de la faille.L'introduction de la thèse propose une revue critique de la littérature sur la génération de dommages co-sismiques et en particulier sur la formation des roches pulvérisées. Le potentiel de ces roches comme marqueur des déformations co-sismiques est discuté. Bien que ces roches pulvérisées soient prometteuses pour ces aspects, plusieurs questions restent ouvertes.L'une de ces questions concerne les conditions de chargement transitoire nécessaires pour atteindre la pulvérisation. Le seuil de taux de deformation pour atteindre la pulvérisation peut être réduit par des endommagemments progressifs, au cours de ruptures sismiques successives. Des barres de Hopkinson ont été utilisées pour effectuer des chargements dynamique successifs d'une roche cristalline (monzonite). Les résultats montrent que le seuil pour atteindre la pulvérisation est réduit d'au moins 50% lorsque des chargements successives sont imposés. Cette thèse discute aussi pourquoi les roches pulvérisées sont presque toujours observées dans des roches cristallines et peu dans des roches sédimentaires poreuses. Pour comprendre cette observation, des expériences à haute vitesse de déformation ont été effectuées sur des grès de Rothbach. Les résultats montrent que la pulvérisation des grains eux mêmes ne se produit pas dans les grès. L'endommagement reste se produit principalement à une échelle supérieure à celle grains, et des bandes de compaction sont observées. La compétition entre l'endommagement inter- et intra-granulaire est expliquée par les paramètres microstructuraux en combinant deux modèles micromécaniques classiques. Les microstructures observées dans les grès peuvent se former dans le régime quasi-statiques et aussi dans le régime dynamique. Par conséquent, il est recommandée d'être prudent lors de l'interprétation du mécanisme de deformation dans les roches sédimentaires proches de la surface. La dernière question abordée durant la thèse est la cicatrisation post-sismique de fractures co-sismiques. Des expériences ont été réalisées pour cicatriser des fissures par précipitation de calcite. Le but est l'étude du couplage entre l'augmentation de résistance mécanique de la roche fissurée et l'évolution de la perméabilité. Les échantillons fracturées ont été soumis à des conditions de pression et températures similaires de la croûte supérieure et à une percolation d'un fluide sursaturé en calcite pendant plusieurs mois. Ce couplage non-existe dans les premières étapes de la cicatrisation. Il est révélé par l'imagerie par tomographie aux rayons X que le scellement naissant des fractures se produit dans les porosités situées en aval de barrières d'écoulement, et donc dans des régions qui ne touchent pas les principales voies d'écoulement du fluide. Le découplage entre l'augmentation de résistance de la roche et la perméabilité suggère que les zones d'endommagement peu profondes dans les failles actives peuvent rester des conduits actifs pour les fluides plusieurs années après un séisme Earthquakes along large crustal scale faults are a huge hazard threatening large populations. The behavior of such faults is influenced by the fault damage zone that surrounds the fault core. Fracture damage in such fault damage zones influences each stage of the seismic cycle. The damage zone influences rupture mechanics, behaves as a fluid conduit to release pressurized fluids at depth or to give access to reactive fluids to alter the fault core, and facilitates strain during post- and interseismic periods. Also, it acts as an energy sink for earthquake energy. Here, laboratory experiments were performed to come to a better understanding of how this fracture damage is formed during coseismic transient loading, what this fracture damage can tell us about the earthquake rupture conditions along large faults, and how fracture damage is annihilated over time.First, coseismic damage generation, and specifically the formation of pulverized fault damage zone rock, is reviewed. The potential of these pulverized rocks as a coseismic marker for rupture mechanisms is discussed. Although these rocks are promising in that aspect, several open questions remain.One of these open questions is if the transient loading conditions needed for pulverization can be reduced by progressively damaging during many seismic events. The successive high strain rate loadings performed on quartz monzonites using a split Hopkinson pressure bar reveal that indeed the pulverization strain rate threshold is reduced by at least 50%.Another open question is why pulverized rocks are almost always observed in crystalline lithologies and not in more porous rock, even when crystalline and porous rocks are juxtaposed by a fault. To study this observation, high strain rate experiments were performed on porous Rothbach sandstone. The results show that pervasive pulverization below the grain scale, such as observed in crystalline rock, does not occur in the sandstone samples for the explored strain rate range (60-150 s-1). Damage is mainly occurs at a scale superior to that of the scale of the grains, with intragranular deformation occurring only in weaker regions where compaction bands are formed. The competition between inter- and intragranular damage during dynamic loading is explained with the geometric parameters of the rock in combination with two classic micromechanical models: the Hertzian contact model and the pore-emanated crack model. In conclusion, the observed microstructures can form in both quasi-static and dynamic loading regimes. Therefore caution is advised when interpreting the mechanism responsible for near-fault damage in sedimentary rock near the surface. Moreover, the results suggest that different responses of different lithologies to transient loading are responsible for sub-surface damage zone asymmetry.Finally, post-seismic annihilation of coseismic damage by calcite assisted fracture sealing has been studied in experiments, so that the coupling between strengthening and permeability of the fracture network could be studied. A sample-scale fracture network was introduced in quartz monzonite samples, followed exposure to upper crustal conditions and percolation of a fluid saturated with calcite for several months. A large recovery of up to 50% of the initial P-wave velocity drop has been observed after the sealing experiment. In contrast, the permeability remained more or less constant for the duration of the experiment. This lack of coupling between strengthening and permeability in the first stages of sealing is explained by X-ray computed micro tomography. Incipient sealing in the fracture spaces occurs downstream of flow barriers, thus in regions that do not affect the main fluid flow pathways. The decoupling of strength recovery and permeability suggests that shallow fault damage zones can remain fluid conduits for years after a seismic event, leading to significant transformations of the core and the damage zone of faults with time

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Cossette, Élise. "Crustal Seismic Anisotropy and Structure from Textural and Seismic Investigations in the Cycladic Region, Greece." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32475.

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In the first article, the seismic properties for a suite of rocks along the West Cycladic Detachment System (Greece) are calculated, using Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements and the minerals’ elastic stiffness tensors. Muscovite and glaucophane well defined crystallographic preferred orientation increases the seismic anisotropy. Maximum Pwave velocities have the same orientation as the Miocene extension and maximum S-wave anisotropy is subhorizontal, parallel with mineral alignment, suggesting strong radial anisotropy with a slow subvertical axis of symmetry. In the second article, teleseismic receiver functions are calculated for an array of stations in the Cyclades and decomposed into back-azimuth harmonics to visualise the variations in structure and anisotropy across the array. Synthetic receiver functions are modeled using the first order structural observations of seismic discontinuities and EBSD data. They indicate 5% of anisotropy with slow symmetry axis in the upper crust, and demonstrate the importance of rock textural constraints in seismic velocity profile interpretation.

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Al-Shaikh, Abdulrahman Hassan. "Cyclic static and seismic loading of laterally confined concrete prisms." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38219.

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Fiorin, Laura. "Seismic assessment of suspended ceilings through cyclic quasi-static tests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423162.

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The purpose of this work is the evaluation of the seismic behaviour of suspended ceilings by means of a combined experimental and numerical approach. As concerning the experimental aspects, nowadays the most common experimental produre applied to suspended ceilings worldwide regards shake-table tests, with a protocol defined to certify the ceilings for a determined seismic level. This methodology has some shortcomings, including the high cost and the influence of the input chosen on the experimental results. In fact, these tests have the aim to certify the product rather than providing mechanical characteristics of the specimen tested. Moreover, the results obtained with the certification process cannot be extended to similar products or geographic zones with different seismic risk. To overcome these limitations, an innovative experimental setup for monotonic and cyclic testing of suspended ceiling systems was designed, realized and applied. In order to have a complete characterization of suspended ceilings, an initial experimental campaign on inner joints was realized. These components, in fact, performed poorly in past earthquakes. In detail, 'standard' joints were compared to 'seismic' joints, specifically designed to resist to earthquake motion. Real-scale tests were then performed on the most common T-Grid suspended ceilings and other two typologies of metal ceilings with different structure. Moreover, dry-wall suspended ceilings with single and double plasterboard were tested. For each typology one monotonic and one cyclic quasi-static test were performed. Monotonic tests have the aim to identify the yielding parameters and the damage mechanisms and cyclic tests are performed according to the protocol described in FEMA 461 for cyclic quasi-static tests of non-structural components. The results allow to define the performance of suspended ceilings and to elaborate their capacity curves. As concerning the numerical part of the work, a numerical cascading approach was applied to study the uncoupled behaviour of suspended ceilings installed at different levels of buildings. Results from experimental campaign were used as input data for the numerical anlyses. Elastic linear time history analyses were performed on multi-story buildings with different vibration periods and the elastic floor response spectra were defined. Capacity curves defined experimentally and floor spectra were plotted in an ADRS (Acceleration Displacement Response Spectrum) domain in order to assess the seismic demand in terms of acceleration and displacement of suspended ceilings compared to their capacities. Dynamic analyses of suspended ceilings were conduced both in linear and non linear hypothesis and the results compared in order to assess the effectiveness of standard linear, or equivalent linear, static calculations. Lo scopo della tesi è la valutazione del comportamento sismico di controsoffitti, tramite prove cicliche quasi statiche. La tipologia di prove più comune ad oggi, infatti, riguarda prove su tavole vibrante con un protocollo definito per certificare il prodotto per una certa azione sismica. Queste prove presentano varie limitazioni, tra cui il costo elevato e la stretta correlazione tra risultato e input scelto. Le prove infatti non hanno specifico scopo di ricerca se non l’obiettivo di certificare un prodotto, non forniscono informazioni sulle prestazioni meccaniche dei componenti testati e non permettono di estendere i risultati ottenuti ne su prodotti simili ne in zone geografiche con diverso rischio sismico. È stato quindi progettato un setup di prova innovativo in grado di realizzare prove monotone e cicliche quasi statiche su controsoffitti. Questa tipologia di prove permette di superare le limitazioni dell’attuale procedura sperimentale. Al fine di ottenere una caratterizzazione completa dei controsoffitti, sono stati testati i giunti interni, questi componenti infatti sono risultati danneggiati in seguito a eventi sismici. In particolare, sono stati testati sia giunti ‘standard’ che giunti ‘antisismici’, facenti parte di una particolare linea progettata per resistere all’azione sismica. Sono stati testati a grandezza reale sia controsoffitti con struttura a T (che rappresentano la tipologia più diffusa globalmente), che altri due controsoffitti con diversa sottostruttura metallica, infine le prove hanno riguardato anche controsoffitti con pannelli continui in cartongesso. Per ogni tipologia sono stati eseguite una prova monotona, al fine di individuare i parametri di snervamento e il meccanismo di rottura, e una prova ciclica, seguendo il protocollo indicato nelle FEMA 461 per prove cicliche quasi statiche per componenti non strutturali. I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di definire la prestazione degli elementi testati e di elaborarne la curva di capacità. Tramite approccio numerico “a cascata”, che permette di eseguire uno studio disaccoppiato dei due elementi, è stato possibile studiare il comportamento dei controsoffitti installati a diversi piani. Sono state realizzate analisi time-history lineari elastiche su edifici multi-piano con diverso periodo di vibrazione e sono stati ricavati gli spettri di risposta al piano. Le curve di capacità dei controsoffitti, definite sperimentalmente, e gli spettri al piano sono stati definiti in un dominio ADRS (Acceleration Displacement Response Domain) al fine di valutare la domanda sismica in termini di spostamento e accellerazione in funzione della capacità dei controsoffitti.

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Lachaud, Cédric. "Etude du cycle sismique sur une expérience analogique de zone de faille : caractérisation de la déformation par suivi micro-sismique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU002/document.

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Le cycle sismique résulte de la compétition entre des mécanismes de renforcement et d'endommagement. Le temps de récurrence entre les grands séismes fait qu'il est difficile d'observer des cycles complets. L'étude expérimentale des mécanismes de déformation et de nucléation des fractures a permis de mieux contraindre les processus à l'origine des séismes. Le rôle de la cicatrisation sur l'évolution de la résistance d'une faille soumise à une déformation stationnaire à été étudié expérimentalement par Weiss et al (2016). Dans cette expérience, une faille est créée dans une plaque de glace par cisaillement. Les mécanismes de cicatrisation sont obtenus par le regel de l'eau présente dans la zone de déformation. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, ce dispositif expérimental a été étendu pour permettre le suivi micro-sismique de la déformation imposée. Les mécanismes de déformation fragile émettent des ondes élastiques détectables qui se propagent dans le milieu, nous permettant de les caractériser. En raison de la géométrie en plaque du milieu, on observe la propagation d'ondes guidées similaire aux modes de Lamb symétrique et antisymétrique.Les fractures de grandes tailles se distribuent selon une loi de puissance en $10^{-bm}$ similaire à ce qui est observé en sismologie. Cependant, lors des expériences de déformation stationnaires, la valeur de $b$ est large ($b=3$), et bien supérieure à ce qui est observée dans la croûte terrestre ($b=1$). Une valeur de $b$ aussi élevée traduit le fait que la déformation est principalement accommodée de façon asismique ou part des fractures trop petites pour être détectées par notre méthode. Lorsque le rôle de la cicatrisation est renforcée par rapport à l'endommagement, on observe une diminution de la valeur de $b$. Ce changement de distribution est probablement dû à la diminution des hétérogénéités de structure dans la faille et à une augmentation de sa capacité à accumuler une contrainte plus élevée avant la rupture, permettant aux fractures de se propager sur de plus longues distances. Une partie importante de la sismicité correspond à des multiplets qui semblent être des produits passifs de la déformation. Ce comportement est similaire à ce qui est observé pour les essaims de séismes déclenchés par des transitoires de déformation : valeur de $b$ grande, absence de choc principal et peu de déclenchement de répliques. Pour des taux de déformation faibles, on observe une augmentation des chutes de couple avec la magnitude de la forme $Delta Gamma sim M_0 sim 10^{1.2m}$, similaire à ce qui est observé dans la croûte terrestre, $M_0 sim 10^{1.5m}$. Il est donc possible que la relation observée en sismologie s'étende aux petites magnitudes observées ici. Une diminution du couplage sismique est observé avec l'augmentation du taux de glissement $Omega$. Pour finir, pour une fracture de magnitude donnée, on observe une diminution de la chute de couple avec l'augmentation de $Omega$. Ce comportement peut être expliqué par la diminution du couplage sismique et/ou une dépendance du taux de cicatrisation The deformation observed along a seismic fault can be described as the succession of phases for which the fault accumulate stress imposed by the steady deformation of the surrounding regions, and phases of sudden sliding during which the stress is relaxed: the earthquakes. After the rupture, strengthening mechanisms are required to make possible the new accumulation of elastic stress. Therefore, the seismic cycle results in the steady competition between strengthening and damage. The aim of this study is to explore the role of cohesion-healing on the fault deformation dynamic, as well as to characterize the effect of slip rate on the seismicity. The experimental set-up designed by Weiss et al (2016) has been extended in this study to carry out a micro-seismic monitoring of the deformation. This experiment consists in the shear deformation of a fault created in a thin ice plate overlying a water column. Cohesion-healing mechanisms are achieved through freezing of the water along the fault. The damage mechanisms and the spatial and temporal distribution of the deformation can be characterized thanks to the detectable elastic waves emitted by the fracturing. Because of the plate geometry and underlying water column, we observed guided waves similar to the Lambs symmetric and antisymmetric modes.The largest fractures distribute according to a power law of the form $10^{-bm}$ that is similar to the one observed in seismology. At a constant sliding rate, we observe a large $b$ value, $simeq 3$, which is much larger than the value observed in the Earth's crust ($b=1$). This large $b$ value indicates that the deformation is mainly accommodated aseismically or by small, undetected, fractures. During Slide-Hold-Slide experiment that corresponds to a case for which the cohesion-healing is enhanced compared to the damage, we observe a decrease in the $b$-value likely due to a decrease in fault heterogeneity and an increase of the fault ability to store more elastic stress before the rupture, allowing the fractures to grow larger. An important part of the fractures are multiplets, swarms of fractures, which seem to be passive by-products of the imposed deformation. This behaviour is similar to the one observed for swarm seismicity triggered by slip transient: high $b$-value, no identified mainshock, and very little triggering. For small driving rate $Omega$, we observe an increase in torque drop amplitude with magnitude, $Delta Gamma sim M_0 sim 10^{1.2m}$, similar to the relation observed in seismology, $M_0 sim 10^{1.5m}$. Thus, the latter could be extended to small magnitudes observed in this study. A decrease of the seismic coupling is observed through the decrease in the number of fractures per unit of slip, and because in average a fracture behaves similarly at the different $Omega$ tested. Finally, for a given magnitude interval, we observe a decrease in torque drop amplitude with the increase in $Omega$. This could be explained by the observed decrease in seismic coupling or by a decrease in strengthening rate with $Omega$ that is not observed

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Shin, Hyun. "Life-Cycle Cost-Based Optimal Seismic Design of Structures with Energy Dissipation Devices." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40399.

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Seismic designs of building structures are currently made based on the design criterion of life-safety and this requires that the structures do not collapse to compromise safety of people in the structure, but they can be designed to experience some damage. However, this design approach has allowed large economic losses primarily due to the damage to the nonstructural components at relatively moderate levels of seismic intensities. This led to a new thinking about design approach called performance-based design approach that satisfies the life-safety objective at the same time, reduces the economic loss to an acceptable level. The performance-based design approaches are multi-level design that addresses several different levels of structural performances under different levels of seismic intensities. In this study, we have investigated the use of energy dissipating damping devices to achieve the performance of a building structure in a desirable manner over all levels of seismic intensity. Since the initial motivation of performance-based design was reducing economic loss, the life-cycle cost-based optimization is considered in this study to obtain the optimal designs with different damping devices. For the optimal design, three types of devices are used in this study: fluid viscous dampers, solid visco-elastic dampers, and yielding metallic dampers. The combinations of two different types of dampers are also examined in this study. The genetic algorithm (GA) approach is adopted as an optimizer that searches for the optimal solution in an iterative manner. Numerical results from the application of the optimal design to the selected model building are presented to demonstrate the iii applicability of the developed approach and to estimate the effectiveness of the obtained optimal design with each device. It is shown in the results that the optimal design with each individual damping devices or the combination of two different types of damping devices are very effective in reducing the expected failure cost as well as the displacement response quantities and fragilities. The results also show that the optimal designs focus relatively more on reducing economic losses for the lower but more frequent excitation intensities as these intensities contribute most to the failure costs. Ph. D.

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Schmidt, Johannes. "Deep seismic studies in the Western part of the Baltic shield /." Uppsala : Uppsala university of Uppsala, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40232940n.

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Sumner, Emmett A. "Unified Design of Extended End-Plate Moment Connections Subject to Cyclic Loading." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28078.

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Experimental and analytical research has been conducted to develop unified design procedures for eight extended end-plate moment connection configurations subject to cyclic/seismic loading. In addition, the suitability of extended end-plate moment connections for use in seismic force resisting moment frames was investigated. Eleven full-scale cyclic and nine monotonic extended end-plate moment connection tests were conducted. Design procedures for determining the required bolt diameter and grade, end-plate thickness, and column flange thickness were developed. The proposed design procedure utilizes a strong column, strong connection, and weak beam design philosophy. This forces the connecting beam to provide the required inelastic deformations through formation of a plastic hinge adjacent to the connection region. The proposed design procedure was used to make comparisons with ninety experimental tests conducted over the past twenty-six years. A limited finite element study was conducted to investigate the behavior of the column flange. The experimental results demonstrate that extended end-plate moment connections can be detailed and designed to be suitable for use in seismic force resisting moment frames. The proposed design procedure strength predictions correlated well with the results from ninety experimental tests. The limited finite element modeling conducted as a part of this study, correlated well with the strength predictions produced by the proposed design procedure. Ph. D.

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Saldivar-Moguel, Emilio Enrique. "Investigation into the behaviour of displacement piles under cyclic and seismic loads." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7589.

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Abbas, Ebrahim K. "A Low Cycle Fatigue Testing Framework for Evaluating the Effect of Artifacts on the Seismic Behavior of Moment Frames." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64256.

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Structural steel components erected in real buildings include a wide range of artifacts. In this case, the word artifact is used to describe both defects and fasteners that create discontinuities in the steel such as notches, nicks, welds, powder actuated fasteners, self-drilling screws, repaired defects, and others. Although artifacts occur in real structures and their presence may affect the ductility of elements subjected to large inelastic strains, there is a dearth of experimental data on the seismic behavior of structural systems with artifacts. For instance, full-scale testing of moment resisting connections is expensive which makes it economically infeasible to experimentally examine the wide range of possible artifact types, artifact locations, and structural configurations. A framework has been developed for evaluating the effect of artifacts on special moment resisting frame (SMRF) plastic hinge regions using relatively economical coupon tests. Cyclic bend tests and monotonic tension tests on flat plate coupons that include artifacts are used to calibrate fracture parameters for different low cycle fatigue models such as the Cyclic Void Growth Model (CVGM), Stress-Weighted Damage Model (SWDM) and Cyclic Damage Plasticity Model (CDPM) which are then used in conjunction with finite element (FE) models to predict fracture initiation in full-scale SMRF connections. The framework is general and can be applied to many types of artifacts and seismic structural systems. Fracture propagation has been studied also using CDPM for full-scale tests using FE finite element software LS-DYNA. Alternatively, recommendations for future work is proposed for developing a new test setup, studying artifacts sensitivity to material thickness, and a method of demonstrating equivalence for the artifacts. Ph. D.

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Bowers, Jeremy Thomas. "Nonlinear Cyclic Truss Model for Beam-Column Joints of Non-ductile RC Frames." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50437.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) moment frames comprise a significant portion of the built environment in areas with seismic hazards. The beam-to-column joints of these frames are key components that have a significant impact on the structure's behavior. Modern detailing provides sufficient strength within these joints to transfer the forces between the beams and the columns during a seismic event, but existing structures built with poor detailing are still quite prevalent. Identifying the need and extent of retrofits to ensure public safety through nondestructive means is of primary importance. Existing models used to analyze the performance of RC beam-to-column joints have either been developed for modern, well-detailed joints or are simplified so that they do not capture a broad range of phenomena. The present study is aimed to extend a modeling technique based on the nonlinear truss analogy to the analysis of RC beam-to-column joints under cyclic loads. Steel and concrete elements were arranged into a lattice truss structure with zero-length bond-slip springs connecting them. A new steel model was implemented to more accurately capture the constitutive behavior of reinforcing bars. The joint modeling approach captured well the shear response of the joint. It also provided a good indication of the distribution of forces within the joint. The model was validated against three recently tested beam-column subassemblies. These tests represented the detailing practice of poorly-detailed RC moment frames. The analytical results were in good agreement with the experimental data in terms of initial stiffness, strength and damage pattern through the joint. Master of Science

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15

Kumar, Ramesh. "Effect of cumulative seismic damage and corrosion on life-cycle cost of reinforced concrete bridges." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2474.

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16

Itaba, Satoshi. "Development of the quantitative evaluation method of seismic activity around active faults, and seismicity cycle." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145086.

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Kyoto University (京都大学) 0048 新制・課程博士 博士(理学) 甲第11318号 理博第2876号 新制||理||1430(附属図書館) 22961 UT51-2005-D69 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 (主査)助教授渡辺邦彦, 教授竹本修三, 教授 Mori James Jiro 学位規則第4条第1項該当

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17

Ryan, John Christopher. "Evaluation of Extended End-Plate Moment Connections Under Seismic Loading." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34981.

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An experimental investigation was conducted to study the extended end-plate moment connections subjected to cyclic loading. Seven specimens representing three end-plate moment connection configurations commonly used in the pre-engineered building industry were used. The connections were designed using yield-line theory to predict end-plate yielding and the modified Kennedy method to predict maximum bolt force calculations including prying action. A displacement controlled loading history was used to load the specimens. The maximum moments obtained experimentally and the experimental bolt forces throughout loading were compared with analytical predictions and finite element model results. The inelastic rotation of connections was calculated and conclusions were drawn on the compliance of these connections with current AISC specifications. Master of Science

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18

Honnette, Taylor R. "Measuring Liquefied Residual Strength Using Full-Scale Shake Table Cyclic Simple Shear Tests." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1998.

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This research consists of full-scale cyclic shake table tests to investigate liquefied residual strength of #2/16 Monterey Sand. A simple shear testing apparatus was mounted to a full-scale one-dimensional shake table to mimic a confined layer of saturated sand subjected to strong ground motions. Testing was performed at the Parson’s Geotechnical and Earthquake Laboratory at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. T-bar penetrometer pullout tests were used to measure residual strength of the liquefied soil during cyclic testing. Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) was performed on the soil specimen throughout testing to relate the laboratory specimen to field index test data and to compare CPT results of the #2/16 Monterey sand before and after liquefaction. The generation and dissipation of excess pore pressures during cyclic motion are measured and discussed. The effects of liquefied soil on seismic ground motion are investigated. Measured residual strengths are compared to previous correlations comparing liquefied residual strength ratios and CPT tip resistance.

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19

Akin, Umut. "Seismic Assessment Of Reinforced Concrete Beam-to-column Connections Under Reversed Cyclic Loading." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613123/index.pdf.

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Prior experimental research clearly reveals that the performance of reinforced concrete frame structures under earthquake loading is closely related to the behavior of beam-to-column connection regions. In order for a reinforced concrete building to have an adequate response under high lateral deformations, beam-to-column connections should be able to preserve their integrity. However, even today beam-to-column connections are assumed to be rigid or elastic, leading to an incorrect estimation of the structural response under earthquake loading. One of the basic reasons for the assumption of rigid joints is the lack of analytical models that adequately represent the seismic behavior of the connection region. In this thesis, an analytical model that realistically represents the beam-to-column connection response is developed, in the light of prior experimental data. The experimental subassemblies used in the generation of the analytical model are later modeled in OpenSees environment in order to verify the accuracy of the model. Throughout the research, utmost attention is paid for the model to be simple enough to be used practically and also to cover a wide range of beam to column connection properties.

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Tafsirojjaman, Tafsirojjaman. "Mitigation of seismic and cyclic loading actions on steel structures by FRP strengthening." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/207918/1/Tafsirojjaman_Tafsirojjaman_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis aimed to develop an effective technique to mitigate the cyclic and seismic loading actions on steel structure by FRP strengthening. Extensive study has been done to understand the structural performance of FRP strengthened steel members, beam-column connections under monotonic and cyclic loading and FRP strengthened steel frames under seismic loading through experimental testing, finite element (FE) modelling and theoretical approach. The developed finite element and theoretical model predicted the structural responses of FRP strengthened steel structures accurately. The results showed that the FRP strengthening can effectively mitigate the cyclic and seismic loading actions on the steel structure.

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21

Redmond, Laura M. "Seismic performance, analysis, and design of hybrid concrete-masonry." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53497.

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Caribbean-style hybrid concrete-masonry structures consist of a reinforced concrete frame with partially grouted and reinforced infill masonry walls. The infill walls are typically connected to the RC frame with cast-in-place dowel reinforcement along one or more edges of the wall. There is limited guidance in masonry codes to design these types of structures, and their seismic performance has not been characterized with experimental tests. In this work, an experimental program characterized the seismic behavior of hybrid concrete-masonry frames and showed they do not exhibit the typical strut mechanism observed in unreinforced masonry infill structures. In addition, a detailed finite element modeling scheme and calibration methodology was developed for modeling partially grouted masonry. This model includes a novel calibration method to account for the difference in the shear and tensile behavior of bed joints with grouted and ungrouted cells, and a method to account for the contribution of vertical reinforcement to the shear capacity of the bed joints with grouted cells. Finally, simplified models were proposed for use in engineering design. A modification of the TMS 402 strut model for hybrid concrete-masonry was suggested to incorporate the effects of the masonry infill and connections in large models.

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22

Tesson, Jim. "Histoire sismique des failles normales de la région du Lazio-Abruzzo (Italie) : implications sur la variabilité spatiale et temporelle du glissement sismique au sein d'un système de faille." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0050.

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La mesure et la modélisation des concentrations en $^{36}$Cl accumulé au sein d'un plan de faille normal permet d'estimer l'âge et le glissement des forts séismes passés ayant successivement exhumé ce plan de faille. Si cette méthode présente l'avantage de fournir des enregistrements paléo-sismologiques continus sur des périodes de temps relativement longues (10 000 à 20 000 ans), la modélisation de données repose jusqu’à présent sur un modèle direct qui permet difficilement d'attester de l'unicité du scenario proposé, et d'estimer précisément les incertitudes associées, et ne tient pas compte de l'histoire long-terme du plan de faille, avant son exhumation post-glaciaire (héritage). Nous avons développé dans un premier temps un nouveau modèle qui inclut l’histoire d'héritage, et mis en place une procédure d'inversion des données permettant de 1) déterminer l'ensemble des paramètres de l'histoire sismique d'exhumation, 2) d’attester de l'unicité du scénario proposé, et 3) de contraindre précisément ses incertitudes. Nous appliquons notre méthode d’inversion à 11 failles des Apennins Centraux et montrons une grande variabilité dans leur activité sismique au cours des derniers 10 000 à 45 000 ans, avec des accélérations représentant 2 à 20 fois la vitesse long-terme de la faille. Nos résultats suggèrent en particulier que l'activité sismique des failles des Apennins Centraux pourrait être contrôlée par les propriétés intrinsèques des failles (vitesse long-terme, longueur, segmentation, état de maturité structurale), ainsi que par des processus d'interactions visco-élastiques agissant entre les failles The use of $^{36}$Cl cosmogenic nuclide as a paleo-seismological tool to determine the seismic history of normal faults provide continuous records over the past 10 000 to 20 000 yrs. The modeling of the $^{36}$Cl concentrations measured at the surface of an exhumed fault-plane allows determining the age and the displacement of the past seismic events that successively exhumed the fault-plane. The available modeling approach is however unable to attest for the unicity of the inferred scenario, which makes the estimate of the associated uncertainties difficult. An other limitation concerns the long-term history of the fault-plane prior its post-glacial exhumation (inheritance), that is not fully accounted for in this model (Schlagenhauf et al., 2010). We have developed a reappraisal of this model that accounts for the inheritance history, and includes a procedure of data inversion to 1) determine all parameters of the exhumation history at once, 2) attest for the unicity of the proposed scenario, and 3) precisely determine the associated uncertainties. Applying our new modeling to 11 normal faults previously studied in Central Apennines, we observe a large variability of their seismic activity over the last 10 000 - 45 000 yrs, with slip-rate acceleration reaching 2-20 times their long-term slip-rate. In particular, our results suggest that the seismic activity of normal faults in Central Apennines could be controlled by intrinsic properties of the faults (such as their long-term slip-rate, fault-length, segmentation, state of structural maturity), and by visco-elastic stress transfers between faults

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23

Azimikor, Nazli. "Out-of-plane stability of reinforced masonry shear walls under seismic loading : cyclic uniaxial tests." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42113.

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In recent years, widespread application of low-rise masonry construction, including post-disaster buildings like fire halls, has become limited in seismic regions of Canada. This is because the Canadian Masonry Design Standard (CSA S304.1-04) [Canadian Standard Association 2004] mandates stringent requirements on the design of ductile reinforced masonry (RM) shear walls, especially with regard to their height-to-thickness (h/t) ratios, which were restricted to ensure against out-of-plane instability. This failure mechanism has been observed in the end zones of reinforced concrete shear walls loaded in-plane in experimental research and in past earthquakes. However, there is a lack of similar evidence for RM shear walls; this is a motivation for the research program described in this thesis. The research consists of several major tasks. First, a review of the literature on previous experimental research studies on RM shear walls was conducted, followed by comprehensive investigation into the parameters affecting out-of-plane instability of RM shear walls,. Based on the results of this literature review, the first phase of the experimental program was designed with a focus on modeling the RM wall end zone and understanding the mechanism of lateral instability. Five full-scale specimens representing the wall end zones were constructed and subjected to reversed cyclic axial tension and compression until failure. The effect of varying h/t ratios of the plastic hinge zone, as well as level of axial tensile strain on the out-of-plane instability was examined. Based on the results of the experimental study, it was concluded that the level of applied tensile strain in the wall end zone is one of the critical factors governing its lateral instability. Therefore, the maximum tensile strain that may be imposed on a moderately ductile RM wall end-zone is determined based on a kinematic relationship between the axial strain and the out-of-plane displacement. A preliminary mechanic model has been proposed to predict the maximum tensile strain before instability takes place. The model can be incorporated into design provisions related to the thickness of shear walls of a given height. A comparison with the experimental results showed that the model offers conservative prediction of the maximum tensile strain.

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24

Bruce, Trevor Louis. "Behavior of Post-Tensioning Systems Subjected to Inelastic Cyclic Loading." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49111.

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Post-tensioning (PT) strands have been employed in a number of self-centering seismic force resisting systems as part of the restoring force mechanism which virtually eliminates residual building drifts following seismic loading. As a result of the PT strands large elastic deformation capability, they have been proven to work efficiently in these types of systems. Although typically designed to stay elastic during design basis earthquake events, strands may experience inelastic cyclic loading during extreme earthquakes. Furthermore, the yielding and fracture behavior of PT strand systems is central to the collapse behavior of self-centering systems. The loading conditions to which PT strands are typically subjected in prestressed/post-tensioned concrete applications are vastly dissimilar, and only limited research has explored the behavior of PT strands as subjected to inelastic cyclic loading. The testing program conducted to characterize the behavior of PT strand systems as they might be applied in self-centering applications incorporated more than fifty tests, including monotonic and cyclic tests to failure. Variations in the test configuration included strand obtained from two manufacturers, single-use and multiple-use anchorage systems, and variations in initial post-tensioning strand stress. Characteristics of the response that were investigated included seating losses, deformation capacity prior to initial fracture, additional deformation capacity after initial fracture, and the overall load-deformation behavior. Data was analyzed to provide recommendations for PT strand system usage in self-centering seismic force resisting systems. It was concluded that significant strength and ductility allow PT strand systems to consistently provide self-centering systems with reliable restoring force capability. Master of Science

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25

Yuksel, Bahadir S. "Experimental Investigation Of The Seismic Behavior Of Panel Buildings." Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1070309/index.pdf.

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Shear-wall dominant multi-story reinforced concrete structures, constructed by using a special tunnel form technique are commonly built in countries facing a substantial seismic risk, such as Chile, Japan, Italy and Turkey. In 1999, two severe urban earthquakes struck Kocaeli and D&uuml zce provinces in Turkey with magnitudes (Mw) 7.4 and 7.1, respectively. These catastrophes caused substantial structural damage, casualties and loss of lives. In the aftermath of these destructive earthquakes, neither demolished nor damaged shear-wall dominant buildings constructed by tunnel form techniques were reported. In spite of their high resistance to earthquake excitations, current seismic code provisions including the Uniform Building Code and the Turkish Seismic Code present limited information for their design criteria. This study presents experimental investigation of the panel unit having H-geometry. To investigate the seismic behavior of panel buildings, two prototype test specimens which have H wall design were tested at the Structural Mechanics Laboratory at METU. The experimental work involves the testing of two four-story, 1/5-scale reinforced concrete panel form building test specimens under lateral reversed loading, simulating the seismic forces and free vibration tests. Free vibration tests before and after cracking were done to assess the differences between the dynamic properties of uncracked and cracked test specimens. A moment-curvature program named Waller2002 for shear walls is developed to include the effects of steel strain hardening, confinement of concrete and tension strength of concrete. The moment-curvature relationships of panel form test specimens showed that walls with very low longitudinal steel ratios exhibit a brittle flexural failure with very little energy absorption. Shear walls of panel form test specimens have a reinforcement ratio of 0.0015 in the longitudinal and vertical directions. Under gradually increasing reversed lateral loading, the test specimens reached ultimate strength, as soon as the concrete cracked, followed by yielding and then rupturing of the longitudinal steel. The displacement ductility of the panel form test specimens was found to be very low. Thus, the occurrence of rupture of the longitudinal steel, as also observed in analytical studies, has been experimentally verified. Strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and story drifts of the test specimens were examined by evaluating the test results.

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26

Butler, Luke C. "Behavior and Design of Cast-in-Place Anchors under Simulated Seismic Loading." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1382427376.

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27

Caniven, Yannick. "Cinématique et mécanique des failles décrochantes à l'échelle de temps du cycle sismique : apports d'un modèle expérimental." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20057.

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Le cycle sismique s'étend de la centaine à quelques milliers d'années mais les mesures géodésiques et sismologiques s'étendent sur moins d'un siècle. Cette courte échelle de temps d'observation rend difficile la mise en évidence du rôle des paramètres sismotectoniques clefs qui contrôlent la dynamique des failles actives. Pour pallier ce problème d'échelle temporelle, j'ai développé un nouveau modèle expérimental qui reproduit des microséismes le long d'une faille décrochante sur plusieurs centaines de cycles sismiques. Il est constitué de deux plaques de polyuréthane latéralement en contact, reposant sur une couche basale de silicone, simulant le comportement mécanique d'une croûte supérieure élastoplastique couplée avec une croûte inférieure ductile, respectivement. Pour chaque expérience, environ 4000 mesures du champ de vitesses horizontales sont enregistrées. L'analyse des déplacements de surface au cours des phases intersismiques, cosismiques et postsismiques et leur comparaison aux failles sismogéniques montrent que le modèle reproduit correctement les déformations proches de la faille et en champ lointain. J'ai aussi effectué des inversions du champ de vitesses en surface pour évaluer la distribution spatiale du glissement en profondeur le long du plan de faille. Pour comparer les expériences, j'ai développé plusieurs algorithmes permettant d'étudier l'évolution spatio-temporelle des principaux paramètres physiques et les processus de déformation de surface qui caractérisent le cycle sismique. Mes premiers résultats suggèrent que la vitesse de chargement tectonique imposée en champ lointain joue un rôle sur le cycle sismique en influençant la magnitude des séismes, leur temps de récurrence, ainsi que la capacité de la faille à générer des séismes caractéristiques. Une vitesse de chargement lente favorise l'occurrence de forts évènements caractéristiques et une vitesse rapide de nombreux microséismes de magnitude faible à modérée plus distribués le long de la faille. Ma première hypothèse est que ce comportement est contrôlé par le couplage fragile/ductile à la base des plaques de polyuréthane. Pour une vitesse rapide, les forces visqueuses dans la couche basale augmentent de même que ce couplage. Ce processus contraint la base de la faille à glisser à une vitesse proche de sa vitesse long-terme et induit un champ de contrainte plus hétérogène le long de son plan qui favorise les microséismes de magnitude faible à modérée. Pour une vitesse lente, le silicone se comporte comme un fluide newtonien et les forces visqueuses diminuent considérablement, permettant à la faille de rester bloquée sur une plus longue période et d'accumuler plus de déformation élastique. Les contraintes sont ensuite relaxées par de plus larges évènements sismiques. Enfin, j'ai étudié le rôle joué par les variations de contrainte normale le long de la faille sur le glissement cosismique et le comportement long terme du système. Les résultats montrent que la distribution spatiale du glissement cosismique est fortement contrôlée par les variations de résistance de la faille et de l'accumulation des contraintes cisaillantes qui en résultent. Les évènements majeurs se produisent préférentiellement dans les zones d'aspérité de contrainte cisaillante et leur distribution spatiale du glissement suit une tendance similaire à celle de la variation de contrainte normale le long de la faille. L'analyse révèle aussi que l'hétérogénéité de l'état de contrainte initial influence la régularité du cycle sismique et le comportement long terme du modèle. Les résultats de cette étude paramétrique conforte ainsi l'hypothèse selon laquelle la distribution du glissement cosismique le long des ruptures peut fournir des informations pertinentes sur l'état de contrainte initial et pourrait améliorer notre compréhension de l'aléa sismique. Notre approche expérimentale apparaît donc, comme une méthode complémentaire et efficace pour étudier la dynamique des séismes Average seismic cycle duration extends from hundred to a few thousands years but available geodetic measurements, including trilateration, GPS, Insar and seismological data extend over less than one century. This short time observation scale renders difficult, then, to constrain the role of key parameters such as fault friction and geometry, crust rheology, stress and strain rate that control the kinematics and mechanics of active faults.To solve this time scale issue, I have developed a new experimental set-up that reproduces scaled micro-earthquakes along a strike-slip fault during several hundreds of seismic cycles. The model is constituted by two polyurethane foam plates laterally in contact, lying on a basal silicone layer, which simulate the mechanical behaviour of an elastoplastic upper crust coupled with a ductile lower crust, respectively. For each experience about 4000 horizontal-velocity field measurements are recorded. The analysis of model-interseismic, coseismic and postseismic surface displacements and their comparison to seismogenic natural faults demonstrate that our analog model reproduces correctly both near and far-field surface strains. I also performed surface-velocity field inversions to assess the spatial distribution of slip and stress at depth along the fault plane. To compare the experiences, we have developed several algorithms that allow studying the spatial and temporal evolution of the main physical parameters and surface deformation processes that characterise the seismic cycle (magnitudes, stress, strain, friction coefficients, interseismic locking depth, recurrence time, ...). My first results suggest that far-field boundary-velocity conditions play a key role on the seismic cycle by influencing earthquake magnitudes and recurrence time, as well as the capability of the fault to generate characteristic earthquakes. We observed that low loading rate favors rare but large strong characteristic events and high loading rate numerous low to moderate magnitude more distributed microquakes. My first hypothesis is that this behaviour may be controlled by the brittle/ductile coupling at the base of foam plates. For a high loading rate, viscous forces in the silicone layer increase as well as coupling at the base of the foam plates. These features force the base of the fault to slip at a velocity close to the far field velocity and induce a more heterogeneous stress field along the fault favoring low to moderate microquakes. For a low loading rate, silicone almost behaves as a newtonian fluid and viscous forces strongly decrease, allowing the fault to remain locked for a longer period and to accumulate more elastic strain. Stresses are then relaxed by larger seismic events.Finally, I investigate experimentally the role played by along fault initial normal stress variations on coseismic slip and long term fault behavior. Results show that coseismic slip patterns are strongly controlled by variations in fault strength and subsequent accumulated shear stress along fault strike. Major microquake events occur preferentially into zone of major shear stress asperities and coseismic slip distributions follow similar trends than initial normal stress variations along the fault. Moreover, our experiment suggest that the heterogeneity of initial stress state along the fault influence the regularity of the seismic cycle and, consequently, long term fault slip behavior. Results of this parametric study comfort, then, the hypothesis that coseismic slip distribution along earthquake ruptures may provide relevant informations on unknown initial stress state and could thus improve our understanding of seismic hazard.Our experimental approach appears then, as an efficient complementary method to investigate earthquake dynamics

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28

Gourmelen, Noel. "Measuring Low Fault Strain Rate with Synthetic Aperture Radar: Application to the Pacific-North America Plate Boundary." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/306.

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I use Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) to study the present deformation in the Western Basin and Range and Basin and Range - Sierra Nevada transition. I process 350 SAR data over 190·103 km2 for the period 1992 to 2002. Both stacking and time series processing were applied to produce precise (mm/yr) and high-resolution velocity map for the area. Two new processing techniques have been developed. The first technique solves for the long wavelength ambiguities of the InSAR derived velocity map that arise due to uncertainty in the orbital parameter of the satellite. The technique assimilates continuous GPS data into the InSAR time-series processing. The second technique extracts the horizontal and vertical components of the deformation field from two adjacent radar tracks. I applied stacking to study the transient deformation across the Central Nevada Seismic Belt and interseismic strain accumulation across the Eastern California Shear Zone. I show that the current deformation across the Central Nevada Seismic Belt can be explained by a combination of inter-seismic, post-seismic and anthropogenic deformation. The Post-Seismic deformation is associated with visco-elastic relaxation of the Earth's mantle in response to a centennial earthquake sequence of five ~M7 earthquakes along the Central Nevada Seismic Belt. The anthropogenic deformation is a response of the bedrock to water withdrawal in support of mining activity. A more evolved time-series approach that solves for orbital errors is applied across the Eastern California Shear Zone. The study shows that the Hunter Mountain - Panamint Valley fault system accommodates ~5 mm/yr, a faster rate than geological averages. The region of strain accumulation is a narrow band of ~10 km centered on the Hunter mountain fault, and indicates a very shallow locking depth in agreement with an active low angle normal fault system.

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29

Mays, Timothy Wayne. "Application of the Finite Element Method to the Seismic Design and Analysis of Large Moment End-Plate Connections." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11245.

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Due to problems associated with welded moment connections uncovered after the Northridge earthquake, large bolted connections are becoming a much more attractive alternative for design in seismic regions. However, stringent design requirements established by the AISC Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings (1997) make current moment end-plate configurations and design procedures inadequate for multi-story buildings. This dissertation first examines and critiques current seismic design philosophies as applied to moment end-plate connections. Next, the finite element method is used to develop much-needed design procedures for large moment end-plate connections, and to improve the understanding of the role of geometric parameters (e.g., bolt pitch and stiffener locations) in the response of these connections. Finally, single-story and multi-story frames incorporating large moment end-plate connections with known moment-rotation characteristics are considered under seismic loading to determine the effectiveness of these systems in dissipating energy caused by the ground motion. Ph. D.

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30

Robazza, Brook Raymond. "Out-of-plane stability of reinforced masonry shear walls under seismic loading : in-plane reversed cyclic testing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45238.

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Reinforced concrete block masonry shear walls (RMSWs) often constitute the principal seismic force resisting system in masonry structures in Canada. During an earthquake, these walls experience the combined effects of axial gravity loading and overturning moments due to inplane lateral seismic forces. This loading precipitates out-of-plane instability when the longitudinal reinforcement in the wall end zones is subjected to cycles of high tensile strain followed by compression. The Canadian masonry design standard (CSA S304.1-04) [Canadian Standard Association 2004] stipulates stringent height-to-thickness ratio limits for the seismic design of ductile RMSWs. Experimental research and earthquake evidence have demonstrated this failure mechanism in reinforced concrete shear walls loaded in-plane. However, similar evidence of the mechanism occurring in RMSWs is not available. This provided motivation for the research study described in this thesis. The research presented here represents the second phase of a comprehensive multi-phase research program. The first phase involved the experimental testing of full-scale reinforced masonry (RM) column-like specimens subjected to uniaxial cyclic tension-compression loading. The testing provided valuable insight into the out-of-plane instability as it occurs in RM. The second phase of the research program focused primarily on the lateral reversed-cyclic experimental testing of two full-scale, slender RMSWs with height-to-thickness ratios of 27, well exceeding the CSA S304.2 limits. The target failure mode was an out-of-plane failure mechanism. The results contribute unique benchmark data for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the factors influencing out-of-plane instability of RMSWs as well providing better understanding of the mechanism itself. The effect of applied axial stress on out-of-plane instability is evaluated and possible other influential design parameters are discussed. From the results of the experimental study, it was concluded that the applied axial stress is a critical factor in the initiation of out-of-plane instability. This factor had effects on many other parameters, the most important of which was the development of tensile strain in the vertical reinforcement as well as the width and distribution of cracks over the plastic hinge height. These results indicate that the height-to-thickness ratio alone may not be an adequate factor governing the occurrence of out-of-plane instability in RMSWs.

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31

Li, Destri Nicosia Giovanni. "On seismic design and advanced numerical modelling of flexible cantilever walls under earthquake loading including cyclic mobility." Thesis, Università degli Studi di Catania, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/220.

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Pseudostatic design methods for seismic design of retaining structures are very widely spread in aseismic design codes worldwide. These methods are based on a crude simplification of reality, nevertheless observational evidence of earth retaining structures designed using such methods based on limit equilibrium show their good overall performance except for some situations where saturated granular backfill is present. The aim of this work is first to critically describe the main tools available today for the analysis and seismic design of flexible retaining structures. Secondly to apply different methodologies to a practical benchmark study case describing all issues related to the correct application of simplified methodologies and issues regarding the sophisticated numerical approaches. Finally results obtained by the simplified and the sophisticated approaches are evaluated and compared Differences, advantages and disadvantages between the simplified and the more sophisticated approaches are illustrated with the aim to give useful indications for an effective aseismic design.

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Kurtz, Robin. "Évolution spatio-temporelle des déformations sismiques tardi-Pleistocènes et Holocènes dans le massif du Gobi-Altaï, Mongolie : approches morphotectonique et paléosismologique." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT141/document.

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La Mongolie occidentale a connu une sismicité intracontinentale exceptionnelle au cours de la première moitié du XXe siècle, avec 4 évènements sismiques d'une magnitude supérieure à 7.9, localisés sur des grandes structures décrochantes en régime transpressif senestre. Cette sismicité historique a été qualifiée d’essaim sismique, et des études paléosismologiques indiquent que ce phénomène a déjà pu se produire par le passé (3 à 4 ka). Mais si la partie est de la chaine du Gobi-Altaï a rompu lors du séisme du même nom en 1957 (Mw8) le long de la faille de Bogd orientale (WBF), plusieurs traces de failles affectant des formations Holocènes et présentant des longueurs > 100 km ont été documentées dans la partie ouest du massif, sans pour autant faire l’objet d’études quantitatives.Cette thèse apporte un état des lieux de l’activité sismique dans le Gobi-Altaï, au travers d’une cartographie détaillée des escarpements de failles actives au cours du pléistocène supérieur, associée à une analyse de la segmentation au regard de critères géométriques et cinématiques. Parallèlement, des investigations morphotectoniques et paléosismologiques, couplées à des méthodes de datations au 10Be in situ, OSL et 14C, ont permis de quantifier les vitesses de glissement depuis le Pléistocène supérieur, et les âges des paléo-ruptures au cours de l’Holocène sur les deux principaux décrochements analysés : les failles de la Vallée des Lacs (VOLF), et de Bogd occidentale (WBF) ; des données préliminaires permettent également de contraindre l’âge de la dernière rupture et la vitesse de glissement sur les failles de Tsogt (TF) et de Tsagaan Gol (TGF), situées respectivement dans le prolongement occidental de la WBF et de la VOLF. De plus, des mesures systématiques des décalages cosismiques horizontaux enregistrés par la morphologie, notamment le long de la rupture de surface du séisme de 1957, couplés à l’utilisation et le développement d’une approche statistique de détermination des glissements cosismiques moyens au regard de la segmentation, a permis de déterminer la fonction de distribution du glissement le long de l’EBF sur 3 cycles sismiques, suggérant d’une part une distribution du glissement assez homogène le long de la rupture, et d’autre part que le glissement du séisme généré en 1957 est d’une amplitude comparable de celle des précédents séismes, pour au moins 50 % de la rupture principale. Cette approche de détermination statistique des glissements moyens sur plusieurs cycles sismiques est prometteuse mais présente néanmoins certaines incohérences, et des voies de développement et de validations sont proposées.Les paramètres morphotectoniques et les âges des paléoséismes documentés dans cette thèse présentent une grande cohérence avec les données précédemment acquises sur l’EBF, avec des vitesses de faille lentes (0,7 ± 0,2 mm.a-1 sur la WBF et 0,5 ± 0,1 mm.a-1 sur la VOLF), des périodes de retour longues (4,0 ± 1,2 ka pour la WBF), et des décalages cosismiques relativement importants (2 – 4 m). Nos mesures de vitesses de faille indiquent par ailleurs une distribution de la déformation depuis la EBF vers les WBF et VOLF, séparant la déformation en deux faisceaux de failles, l’un se branchant au nord depuis la VOLF sur la TGF. Les déterminations des âges de paléoséismes indiquent une possibilité de cluster entre les différentes failles étudiées, avec trois ruptures potentiellement synchrones au cours de l’Holocène, dont une, rompant l’intégralité des décrochements analysés (WBF, EBF et VOLF), s’avère être temporellement corrélée au précédent cluster potentiellement identifié à 3 – 4 ka. Les paramètres présentés dans cette thèse permettent finalement de calculer des paléomagnitudes associées aux deniers évènements sur les WBF et VOLF, comprises entre Mw7,6 et Mw8 selon les paramètres et les lois considérés. Ces données fondamentales pourront servir de canevas de base pour les actuelles études d’aléas sismique en Mongolie Western Mongolia experienced an exceptional intracontinental seismic activity during the first part of the XXth century, with four seismic events with Mw > 7.9, located on large strike-slip faults with a transpressive left-lateral motion. This historical seismicity has been qualified as a cluster, and paleoseismological studies indicate that this phenomenon might have occurred 3 to 4 ka ago. Although the eastern part of the Gobi-Altai mountain range broke during the eponymous earthquake in 1957 (Mw8) along the Eastern Bogd Fault (EBF), several fault traces affecting Holocene formations and presenting continuous fault length > 100 km have been documented on the western part of the range, while not been the purpose of quantitative studies.This thesis first gives an inventory of the seismic activity within the Gobi-Altai, through detailed mapping of the fault scarps which show activity during the late-Pleistocene, also with an analyze of the fault segmentation regarding to geometric and kinematic criteria. Secondly, some morphotectonical and paleoseismological surveys have been carried on, along with dating techniques as 10Be in situ, OSL and radiocarbon, which allow quantifying the faults slip-rates since late-Pleistocene, and paleo-ruptures ages during the Holocene period on the two main strike slip faults analyzed : the Valley of Lakes Fault (VOLF), and the Western Bogd Fault (WBF); preliminary data also allow quantifying the slip rates and the age of the most recent event along the Tsogt Fault (TF) and the Tsagaan Gol fault (TGF), respectively located in the westward continuation of the WBF and the VOLF. Moreover, systematic lateral offset measurements have been carried on along the faults traces, and especially along the 1957 surface rupture, where a statistical approach based on probability density has been applied in order to assess the average lateral offsets successively recorded by the landforms, and reveals that the slip distribution along the EBF on 3 seismic cycles. This suggests first that the slip distributions rather even along the rupture, and secondly that the slip related to the 1957 earthquake is of the same amount than previous major ruptures on that fault, for half of the main 1957 surface rupture. This approach of average coseismic slip assessment on several seismic cycles is promising, but still presents some inconsistencies, and we propose developments and validation perspectives.Morphotectonic parameters and ages of paleo-earthquakes reported in this thesis present a strong consistency with former studies along the EBF, with slow slip-rates (0,7 ± 0,2 mm.yr-1 on the WBF and 0,5 ± 0,1 mm.yr-1 on the VOLF), and significant left lateral coseismic offsets (2 – 4 m). Our measurements of slip rates indicate furthermore a distribution of the on-fault deformation from the EBF to the WBF and the VOLF, splitting the deformation in two branches, the north one reaching the TGF and the southern one visibly branches on the TF. Assessments of the paleoearthquakes ages show three possible clusters between the studied faults during the Holocene time, and one of them may break the three faults (WBF, EBF and VOLF), and seems as well to correspond to the cluster possibly identified 3-4 kyr ago. The fault parameters presented in this thesis allow computing the paleomagnitudes related to last seismic events along the WBF and the VOLF, ranging from Mw7.6 and Mw8, depending of parameters and empirical relations considered. Finally those fundamental data may serve as basic pattern for current seismic hazard assessments in Mongolia

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33

Hoffmann, Felix [Verfasser]. "Characterization of the subduction zone seismic cycle of the Northern Chile-Southern Peru seismic gap region: analysing and modelling GPS and InSAR data of the 2014 Mw 8.1 Iquique-Pisagua earthquake / Felix Hoffmann." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206589205/34.

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Toellner, Bradley W. "Evaluating the Effect of Decking Fasteners on the Seismic Behavior of Steel Moment Frame Plastic Hinge Regions." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/23171.

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A series of full-scale beam-to-column moment connection tests were completed to determine the effects of powder actuated fasteners (PAF) and puddle welds on the seismic behavior of steel moment connections. In seismic regions, PAF are currently prohibited in the connection region (referred to as the protected zone) due to the concern of low-cycle fatigue fracture. There is almost no information available in the literature regarding the seismic behavior of moment connections with PAF or puddle welds. Full-scale connection testing is the most accurate way to investigate the behavior of different moment connections with common defects and fasteners applied in the protected zone. However, it is cost prohibitive to conduct full-scale testing programs that are sufficiently comprehensive to investigate a wide range of defect types, severity, and locations. For this reason, it is desired to develop alternative methods of investigation. A finite element (FE) model capable of simulating both the global deformation patterns and local buckling effects in a moment connection has been developed. Validated FE models will allow for further evaluation through numerical simulation of additional configurations. Furthermore, alternate, more economical, test configurations to experimentally investigate the effect of defects on steel moment connections were explored. This report discusses the full-scale test setup, results and analysis of completed experimental testing, the development of an FE connection model, and the preliminary development of alternate test configurations. Master of Science

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Alfred, Anglade. "Performance sismique sous charge axiale nulle des murs en maçonnerie armée entièrement remplis de coulis." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9720.

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Résumé : Cette juxtaposition de matériaux solides -blocs, pierres ou briques,...- liés ou non entre eux que nous appelons maçonnerie ne se comporte pas très bien vis-à-vis des forces latérales, surtout si elle n’a pas été réalisée suivant les normes parasismiques ou de façon adéquate. Cette vulnérabilité (glissement, cisaillement, déchirure en flexion, ou tout autre) vient souvent du fait même de ce processus d’empilement, des problèmes d’interaction avec le reste de la structure et aussi à cause des caractéristiques mécaniques peu fiables de certains éléments utilisés. Malgré cette défaillance structurale, la maçonnerie est encore utilisée aujourd’hui grâce à son côté traditionnel, sa facilité de mise en œuvre et son coût d’utilisation peu élevé. Depuis quelques années, la maçonnerie s’est enrichie de documents qui ont été publiés par divers chercheurs dans le but d’une meilleure compréhension des caractéristiques mécaniques des éléments et aussi, et surtout, des mécanismes de rupture des murs de maçonnerie pour une meilleure réponse face aux sollicitations sismiques. Beaucoup de programmes expérimentaux ont alors été effectués et tant d’autres sont encore nécessaires. Et c’est dans ce contexte que cette recherche a été conduite. Elle présentera, entre autres, le comportement sous charges latérales d’un mur en maçonnerie armée entièrement rempli de coulis. Ce projet de recherche fait partie d’un programme plus large visant à une meilleure connaissance du comportement sismique de la maçonnerie pour une amélioration des techniques de construction et de réparation des ouvrages en maçonnerie. Abstract : This juxtaposition of solid materials -blocks, stones or bricks, ...- linked or not together called masonry does not behave very well towards lateral forces, especially if it has not been carried out according to seismic standards or enough adequate. This vulnerability - sliding, shearing, bending tear, or otherwise- comes often precisely because of this process of stacking, problems of interaction with the rest of the structure and also because of unreliable mechanical characteristics of used items. Despite this structural failure, masonry is still used today because of its traditional side, ease of implementation and low cost of use. In recent years, masonry was enriched with documents published by various researchers to a better understanding of the mechanical properties elements and also, above all, of the failure mechanisms masonry walls for a better response to seismic loading. Many experiences were then performed and many others are still necessary ; and therefore the Canada has for some time been involved in this adventure. And it is in this direction that goes this document. It presents, among others, the behavior under lateral loads of a reinforced masonry wall completely filled with grout. This research project is part of a broader program to a better understanding of the seismic behavior of masonry for an improvement of design and repair techniques of masonry.

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Dyanati, Badabi Mojtaba. "Seismic Performance Evaluation And Economic Feasibility Of Self-Centering Concentrically Braced Frames." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1460216523.

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37

Phillips, Adam Richard. "Large-Scale Cyclic Testing and Development of Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Walls for Improved Seismic Performance of Buildings." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73513.

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A novel shear wall system for building structures has been developed that improves upon the performance of conventional steel plate shear walls by mitigating buckling. The new structural system, called the Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Wall, was investigated and developed through experimental and computational methods. First, the plastic mechanism of the system was numerically derived and then analytically validated with finite element analyses. Next, five large-scale, quasi-static, cyclic experimental tests were conducted in the Thomas M. Murray Structures Laboratory at Virginia Tech. The large-scale experiments validated the system performance and provided data on the boundary frame forces, infill panel shear deformation modes, buckling mode shapes, and buckling magnitudes. Multiple computational modeling techniques were employed to reproduce different facets of the system behavior. First, detailed finite element models were constructed to accurately reproduce the cyclic performance, yielding pattern, and buckling mode shapes. The refined finite element models were utilized to further study the boundary element forces and ultra-low cycle fatigue behavior of the system. Second, reduced-order computational models were constructed that can accurately reproduce the hysteretic performance of the web plates. The reduced-order models were then utilized to study the nonlinear response history behavior of four prototype building structures using Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Walls and conventional steel plate shear walls. The nonlinear response history analyses investigated the application of the system to a short period and a long period building configuration. In total 176 nonlinear response history analyses were conducted and statistically analyzed. Lastly, a practical design methodology for the Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Wall web plates was presented. The experimental tests and computational simulations reported in this dissertation demonstrate that Ring Shaped - Steel Plate Shear Walls are capable of improving seismic performance of buildings by drastically reducing buckling and improving cyclic energy dissipation. Ph. D.

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Bicici, Erkan. "Development of Computational Models for Cyclic Response of Reinforced Concrete Columns." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543501310572891.

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Penubothu, Naga Nataraja Satyanarayana Kumar. "Development of a phenomenological model for beam-to-column connections in moment resisting frames subjected to seismic loads." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=ucin1152583558.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Cincinnati, 2006. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed Nov. 28, 2006). Includes abstract. Keywords: Connections, Moment Resisting Frames, Phenomenological Model, Cyclic; Loads, Seismic loads. Includes bibliographical references.

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Soyoz, Serdar. "Effects Of Soil Structure Interaction And Base Isolated Systems On Seismic Performance Of Foundation Soils." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605119/index.pdf.

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In this thesis primarily structural induced liquefaction potential was aimed to be analyzed. Also the effect of base isolation systems both on structural performance and liquefaction potential was studied. FLAC software was chosen for the analyses so that structure and soil could be modeled together. By these means the soil structure interaction effects were also examined. Four different structures and three different sites were analyzed under two different input motions. All the structures were also analyzed as base isolated. It was mainly found that depending on the structural type and for a certain depth the liquefaction potential could be higher under the structure than the one in the free field. Also it was concluded that base isolation systems were very effective for decreasing the story drifts, shear forces in the structure and liquefaction potential in the soil. It was also found that the interaction took place between structure, soil and input motions.

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Bedford, Jonathan [Verfasser]. "Kinematic and dynamic characterization of the subduction seismic cycle in Northern and South-Central Chile: Modelling the Iquique 2014 Mw 8.1 and Maule 2010 Mw 8.8 GPS data and interpreting models alongside existing seismic catalogues. / Jonathan Bedford." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1090877781/34.

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Hoste, Colomer Roser. "Variations latérales de sismicité le long du méga-chevauchement himalayen au Népal." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE031/document.

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La sismicité présente le long du méga-chevauchement himalayen, dans la trace du fort séisme de 1505, des variations spatiales qui restaient peu résolues. Nous y avons déployé un réseau sismologique temporaire de 15 stations pour la période 2014-2016, en complément du réseau national. Nous avons effectué une détection automatique Seiscomp3 puis un pointé manuel des séismes enregistrés par le réseau, suivi par une localisation absolue Hypo71 et une relocalisation relative d’essaims HypoDD. Le catalogue résultant compte 2154 évènements dans notre zone d’étude dont les profondeurs (8-16 km) sont bien résolues. La confrontation de la sismicité avec des coupes géologiques équilibrées montre que les séismes se localisent dans le compartiment supérieur à proximité du grand chevauchement himalayen au voisinage de rampes ou contacts suspectés entre écailles de moyen pays. Les variations latérales de structures associées à cette sismicité sont susceptibles de contrôler pour partie les ruptures cosismiques de séismes intermédiaires, qui viennent rompre partiellement le chevauchement, comme l’ont démontré les études du séisme de Mw7.8 de Gorkha-Népal, 2015. La segmentation qui en résulte est une donnée importante dans les études d’aléa sismique The seismicity located along the Himalayan mega-thrust, within the trace of the great M8+ 1505AD earthquake, displays striking spatial variations which remained poorly resolved. In order to better constrain and understand these variations, we deployed a 15-stations temporary seismological network for 2 years (2014-2016) as a complement to the national network. We first processed the data with an automatic detection with Seiscomp3, then a manual picking of earthquakes recorded by the network, followed by a Hypo71 absolute localization and HypoDD relative relocation of clustered events. The resulting catalogue contains 2154 local events, shallow to midcrustal (8 - 16 km). The seismicity presented temporal variations suggesting fluid migrations. The confrontation between the seismicity and the geologic balanced cross-sections shows that most eartbquakes happen within the hangingwall of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault nearby ramps or suspected contacts between lesser Himalayan slivers. The lateral variations of some of the structures associated to this seismicity are likely to partially control the extent of the coseismic ruptures during intermediate earthquakes that break partly the locked fault zone, in a similar way as what was reported after the Mw7.8 2015 Gorkha-Nepal earthquake. Better characterizing the segmentation of such faults is an important input for seismic hazard studies

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Baran, Mehmet. "Precast Concrete Panel Reinforced Infill Walls For Seismic Strengthening Of Reinforced Concrete Framed Structures." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12606137/index.pdf.

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The importance of seismic rehabilitation became evident with 1992 Erzincan Earthquake, after which a large number of reinforced concrete buildings damaged in recent earthquakes required strengthening as well as repair. In the studies related to rehabilitation, it has been realized that inadequate lateral stiffness is one of the major causes of damage in reinforced concrete buildings. Recently, economical, structurally effective and practically applicable seismic retrofitting techniques are being developed in METU Structural Mechanics Laboratory to overcome these kinds of problems. The strengthening technique proposed in this thesis is on the basis of the principle of strengthening the existing hollow brick infill walls by using high strength precast concrete panels such that they act as cast-in-place concrete infills improving the lateral stiffness. Also, the technique would not require evacuation of the building and would be applicable without causing too much disturbance to the occupant. For this purpose, after two preliminary tests to verify the proper functioning of the newly developed test set-up, a total of fourteen one-bay two story reinforced concrete frames with hollow brick infill wall, two being unstrengthened reference frames, were tested under reversed cyclic lateral loading simulating earthquake loading. The specimens were strengthened by using six different types of precast concrete panels. Strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and story drift characteristics of the specimens were examined by evaluating the test results. Test results indicated that the proposed seismic strengthening technique can be very effective in improving the seismic performance of the reinforced concrete framed building structures commonly used in Turkey. In the analytical part of the study, hollow brick infill walls strengthened by using high strength precast concrete panels were modelled once by means of equivalent diagonal struts and once as monolithic walls having an equivalent thickness. The experimental results were compared with the analytical results of the two approaches mentioned. On the basis of the analytical work, practical recommendations were made for the design of such strengthening intervention to be executed in actual practice.

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Stevens, Ryan T. "Evaluating the Fracture Potential of Steel Moment Connections with Defects and Repairs." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101954.

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Steel moment frames are a popular seismic-force resisting system, but it is believed that they are susceptible to early fracture if there is a stress concentration in the plastic hinge region, also known as the protected zone. If a defect is present in this area, it may be repaired by grinding and/or welding, but little research has investigated how the repairs affect the performance of full-scale moment connections subjected to inelastic rotations. Thus, the goals of this research were to establish the performance of full-scale moment connections with repairs and defects, then develop a method for predicting fracture of the full-scale specimens using more economical cyclic bend tests. To do this, six full-scale reduced beam section (RBS) connections were tested having arrays of repairs or defects applied to the flanges. The repairs were 0.125 in. deep notches ground to a smooth taper and 0.25 in. deep notches ground to a smooth taper, welded, and ground smooth. The defects were sharp 0.25 in. and 0.375 in. notches. In addition, 54 bend tests were conducted on beam flange and bar stock coupons having the same repairs and defects, power actuated fasteners, puddle welds, and no artifacts. Finally, Coffin-Manson low-cycle fatigue relationships were calibrated using results from the cyclic bend tests with each artifact (repair, defect, or attachment method) and used in conjunction with estimates of full-scale plastic strain amplitudes to predict fracture of full-scale specimens. All four of the full-scale moment connections with repairs satisfied special moment frame qualification criteria (SMF). One full-scale specimen with sharp 0.25 in. notches satisfied SMF qualification criteria, but the flexural resistance dropped rapidly after the qualification cycle. On the other hand, the specimen with sharp 0.375 in. notches did not satisfy SMF qualification criteria due to ductile fractures propagating from the notches. The proposed method for predicting fracture of full-scale connections was validated using the six current and six previous full-scale RBS specimens. This method underpredicted fracture for eleven of the twelve specimens. The ratio of the actual to predicted cumulative story drift at fracture had a mean of 1.13 and a standard deviation of 0.19. M.S. Moment connections in steel structures resist earthquake loads by permanently deforming the material near the connection. This area is called the protected zone and is critical to the safety of the structure in an earthquake. Due to this importance, no defects are allowed near the connection, which can include gouges or notches. If a defect does occur, it must repaired by a grinding or welding. These are the required repair methods, but there have be no tests to determine how the repairs affect the strength and ductility of the connection. This research tested six full-scale moment connections with defects repaired by grinding and welding, as well as unrepaired defects. A correlation was also developed and validated between the full-scale tests and small-scale bend tests of steel bars with the same defects and repairs. This relationship is valuable because the small-scale tests are quicker and less expensive to conduct than the full-scale tests, meaning other defects or repairs could be easily tested in the future. All but one of the six full-scale specimens met the strength requirements and had adequate ductility. The one test specimen that failed had an unrepaired defect. The relationship between the full-scale and small-scale tests underpredicted fracture (a conservative estimate) for the five of the full-scale tests and overpredicted fracture (unconservative estimate) for one test.

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Speicher, Matthew S. "Cyclic testing and assessment of shape memory alloy recentering systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33834.

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In an effort to mitigate damage caused by earthquakes to the built environment, civil engineers have been commissioned to research, design, and build increasingly robust and resilient structural systems. Innovative means to accomplish this task have emerged, such as integrating Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) into structural systems. SMAs are a unique class of materials that have the ability to spontaneously recover strain of up to 8%. With proper placement in a structural system, SMAs can act as superelastic "structural fuses", absorbing large deformations, dissipating energy, and recentering the structure after a loading event. Though few applications have made it into practice, the potential for widespread use has never been better due to improvements in material behavior and reductions in cost. In this research, three different SMA-based structural applications are developed and tested. The first is a tension/compression damper that utilizes nickel-titanium (NiTi) Belleville washers. The second is a partially restrained beam-column connection utilizing NiTi bars. The third is an articulated quadrilateral bracing system utilizing NiTi wire bundles in parallel with c-shape dampers. Each system was uniquely designed to allow a structure to undergo large drift demands and dissipate energy while retaining strength and recentering ability. This exploratory work highlights the potential for SMA-based structural applications to enhance seismic structural performance and community resilience.

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Le, Roux-Mallouf Romain. "Déformation Holocène de l’Himalaya du Bhoutan : apport de la géomorphologie et de la paléosismologie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT142/document.

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La chaîne Himalayenne est l'un des exemples les plus spectaculaires de déformation active à la surface de notre planète. Au cours des derniers siècles, de nombreux séismes majeurs (Mw > 7.5) ont affecté cette zone et le lourd bilan humain du séisme de Gorkha en 2015 a une nouvelle fois rappelé l’importance de parvenir à mieux estimer l’aléa sismique de cette région. Bien que les structures lithologiques et tectoniques semblent montrer au premier ordre une cylindricité le long des 2500 km de l'arc Himalayen, de nombreuses études, menées principalement au Népal, ont permis de mettre en évidence des variations latérales structurales, thermochronologiques, morphologiques, gravimétriques, sismologiques ou géodésiques. Le rôle de ces variations latérales sur la segmentation sismique reste cependant mal contraint. La taille maximale et la probabilité d’occurrence de ces méga-séismes sont donc toujours matière à débat.Ainsi, le comportement sismique de l’Himalaya du Bhoutan reste énigmatique. Pour certains les faibles taux de sismicité observés actuellement font de ce royaume une zone asismique de 350 km de long. Pour d’autres, à l’instar de l’Himalaya du Népal, la faible sismicité observée est associé à une forte accumulation de contrainte susceptible de générer des séismes majeurs. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’améliorer notre connaissance de cette région en quantifiant la déformation à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles via des études morphotectoniques et paléosismologiques.La première partie de cette thèse vise à quantifier les mouvements verticaux à l’ouest Bhutan et le long du Main Frontal Thrust, structure la plus frontale située au sud Bhoutan. Trois campagnes de terrain ont été réalisées permettant l'échantillonnage (1) de terrasses alluviales le long du front afin de quantifier et d'étudier les variations du soulèvement Holocène, (2) de bassins versants pour l'étude de la dénudation court-terme (< 20 ka) dérivée des cosmonucléides ($^{10}$Be) et (3) de terrasses alluviales dans le Moyen-Pays pour quantifier l’incision Holocène. Les vitesses verticales obtenues au front sont comparables à celle proposées le long du reste de l’arc himalayen, suggérant une cinématique relativement simple. Par contre, nos résultats indiquent une variation de la géométrie du chevauchement himalayen (Main Himalayan Thrust) entre l’est Népal et l’ouest Bhoutan.La seconde partie porte sur plusieurs études paléosismologiques le long du front ouest et centre Bhoutanais. Six sites différents ont été étudiés au cours de trois campagnes de terrain. La datation et la modélisation de charbons détritiques a permis de mettre en évidence l'occurrence d’au moins cinq séismes majeurs durant les derniers 2700 ans, faisant du Bhoutan une zone sismiquement aussi active que le Népal. A une échelle régionale, cette étude apporte donc de nouvelles contraintes et contribue au débat sur la possibilité d’occurrence d'un séisme de magnitude 9 le long de l'arc Himalayen The Himalayan arc is one of the most active intra-continental mountain belts in the world. Over the last centuries, several major earthquakes (Mw > 7.5) have struck this arc. The dramatic effects of the Gorkha earthquake sequence in 2015 pointed once again the crucial need to improve seismic hazard assessment of this area.Geological explorations of the Himalayas since the late 19th century have emphasized a 2500-km-long roughly cylindrical structure, with striking continuity of main units and thrust faults. However recent geophysical and geological investigations have revealed lateral variations. The relationship between these variations and earthquakes segmentation along the arc remains poorly constraint. The maximum size and the occurrence probability of such earthquakes are still a matter of debate.For instance, the seismic behavior of Bhutan remains enigmatic. The present-day low seismicity rate observed in this area can reflect two opposite fault behaviors: an aseismic creeping zone or a zone of stress accumulation for future great earthquakes as the others parts of Himalayas. The main objective of this thesis is to bring new constraints on the deformation of the Bhutan Himalayas, at different space- and time-scales, through morphotectonic and paleoseismological approaches.The first part of this thesis focuses on the vertical deformation assessment along a N-S transect in western Bhutan and along the Main Frontal Thrust, which is the southern-most thrust in southern Bhutan. In the past three years, we have carried out three fieldwork campaigns to sample (1) frontal terraces to assess Holocene uplift rates, (2) watershed basins to quantify short term denudation rates (< 20 ky) derived from cosmonuclides $^{10}$Be and (3) hinterland alluvial terraces to quantify the Holocene incision rate. Frontal Holocene uplift rates obtained in Bhutan are consistent with those obtained in the others parts of Himalayas. Furthermore, our results reveal a variation in the geometry of the Main Himalayan Thrust between eastern Nepal and western Bhutan.The second part focuses on several paleoseismic studies along the west and central bhutanese Himalayan front. Different sites were investigated during three fieldwork campaigns. Detritic charcoals sampling and modeling suggest the occurrence of at least five surface-rupturing earthquakes during the last ~2700 years. These results demonstrate that the present-day low seismicity rate observed in Bhutan is not representative of the seismic activity at longer time scale. At regional scale, they also take part of a broader discussion on the probability of occurrence of a magnitude 9 earthquake along the Himalayan arc

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Padilla-Llano, David Alberto. "A Framework for Cyclic Simulation of Thin-Walled Cold-Formed Steel Members in Structural Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52904.

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The objective of this research is to create a computationally efficient seismic analysis framework for cold-formed steel (CFS) framed-buildings supported by hysteretic nonlinear models for CFS members and screw-fastened connections. Design of CFS structures subjected to lateral seismic forces traditionally relies on the strength of subassemblies subjected to lateral loading of systems, such as strapped/sheathed shear walls and diaphragms, to provide adequate protection against collapse. Enabling performance-based seismic design of CFS buildings requires computationally efficient and accurate modeling tools that predict the nonlinear cyclic behavior of CFS buildings, the individual CFS components and connections. Such models should capture the energy dissipation and damage due to buckling and cross-sectional deformations in thin-walled CFS components subjected to cyclic loads such as those induced by earthquakes. Likewise, models for screw-fastened CFS connections should capture the energy dissipation and damage due to tilting, bearing, or screw shear when subjected to cyclic loading. In this dissertation, an analysis framework for CFS structures that captures the nonlinear cyclic behavior of critical components including axial members, flexural members, and screw fastened connections is presented. A modeling approach to simulate thin-walled behavior in CFS members is introduced where parameters were developed using results from an experimental program that investigated the cyclic behavior and energy dissipation in CFS axial members and flexural members. Energy dissipation and cyclic behavior of CFS members were characterized for members experiencing global, distortional and local buckling. Cyclic behavior and energy dissipation in thin steel plates and members was further investigated through finite element analysis in ABAQUS to provide a strategy for modeling steel columns cyclic behavior including local buckling. Model parameters were developed as generalized functions of the hysteretic energy dissipated and slenderness. The capabilities of the analysis framework are demonstrated through simulations of CFS wood sheathed shear wall cyclic responses validated with experimental results from full scale shear wall tests. Ph. D.

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Donniol, Jouve Bénédicte. "Vers l'intégration des taux de déformation dans les modèles de source PSHA en Europe : test de la compatibilité entre les taux de moment sismique et géodésique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024GRALU006.

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La plupart des réglementations sismiques nationales et internationales exigent la quantification de l'aléa sismique en se basant sur des méthodes d'évaluation probabiliste (PSHA). Le PSHA fournit aux autorités une base et une référence à partir desquelles les mouvements du sol sont être pris en compte pour la conception parasismique. La connaissance des sources et des magnitudes susceptibles de se produire doit être interprétée en termes de probabilités d'occurrence sur des fenêtres temporelles futures (modèle de source). Le modèle de source est combiné à un modèle de mouvement du sol pour déterminer les probabilités de dépassement des niveaux de mouvement du sol sur des sites d'intérêt au cours de fenêtres temporelles futures. Le présent travail de recherche vise à comprendre comment la surveillance géodésique peut fournir des contraintes sur le modèle de source.Nous abordons la question de la dérivation des modèles d'aléa sismique à partir du taux de déformation dans les régions de sismicité faible à modérée. Là, la sismicité est diffuse, peu de tremblements de terre peuvent être associés pour identifier des failles actives, et les géométries de failles réalistes ne peuvent pas être intégrées dans les études d'aléa sismique. Les catalogues de séismes, fusionnant des données instrumentales et historiques, sont généralement utilisés pour établir des modèles de récurrence des séismes. Bien que ces catalogues s'étendent sur plusieurs siècles, les fenêtres temporelles d'observation sont souvent courtes par rapport aux temps de récurrence des événements de taille modérée à grande, et les modèles de récurrence peuvent être faiblement contraints. Les mesures GPS fournissent des estimations des taux de déformation et représentent une alternative pour estimer le taux futur de sismicité.En tirant parti du champ de vélocités généré dans EPOS-GNSS en Europe, des cartes de taux de déformation ont été inversées pour l'Europe (Piña Valdes et al. 2020). Les vitesses horizontales sont prises en compte pour estimer le budget de moment potentiellement disponible pour les séismes. Le nouveau modèle de risque sismique ESHM20 (Danciu et al. 2021) est testé par rapport à ces nouvelles données, en comparant les taux de moment sismiques, qui prennent en compte les incertitudes sur le modèle de source ESHM20 avec les taux de moment sismique géodésique. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthodologie pour tenir compte des incertitudes associées aux taux de moment géodésique et constatons que les deux quantités peuvent être en accord dans les zones de forte activité, et, dans certains cas, dans des zones de faible activité (comme dans plusieurs régions françaises). Ensuite, nous tirons parti du travail réalisé par Marsan et Tan (2020) pour générer des catalogues de sismicité synthétiques, équilibrés en terme de moment, afin de questionner si une divergence entre les moments sismiques et géodésiques pourraient être dus à un biais d'échantillonnage des catalogues sismiques Most national and international seismic regulations require quantifying seismic hazard based on probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) methods. PSHA provides authorities with a basis and reference from which ground motions should be considered for earthquake- resistant design. The knowledge about the sources and the magnitudes that may occur must be interpreted in terms of probabilities of occurrence over future time windows (source model). The source model is combined to a ground-motion model to determine the exceedance probabilities of ground-motion levels at sites of interest over future windows of time. The present research work aims at understanding how geodetic monitoring can provide constraints on the source model.We address the issue of deriving seismic hazard models from strain rate in low-to-moderate seismicity regions. There, the seismicity is diffuse, few earthquakes can be associated to identify active faults, and realistic fault geometries cannot be integrated in seismic hazard studies. Earthquake catalogs, merging instrumental and historical data, are usually used to establish earthquake recurrence models. Although these catalogs extend over several centuries, the observation time windows are often short with respect to the recurrence times of moderate-to-large events and the recurrence models can be weakly constrained. GPS measurements provide estimates for deformation rates and represent an alternative for estimating the future rate of seismicity. The model obtained can be coupled with ground-motion models to estimate probabilistic seismic hazard, similarly to a gridded- seismicity model. Taking advantage of the velocity field generated in EPOS-GNSS in Europe, strain rates maps have been derived for Europe (Piña Valdes et al. 2020). Horizontal velocities are considered to estimate the budget potentially available for earthquakes, which implies understanding the origin of the vertical displacement (tectonics, post-glacial rebound). The new ESHM20 seismic hazard model (Danciu et al. 2021) is tested against this new data, comparing the seismic budgets, accounting for uncertainties both on the ESHM20 source model and on geodetic seismic moment rates. We propose a new methodology to account for the uncertainties associated with geodetic moment rates and we find that the two quantities could be in agreement in high activity areas, and, in some cases in low activity area (as in several french regions). Then, we take advantage of the work made by Marsan and Tan (2020) to generate moment balanced synthetic earthquakes catalogs in order to assess the adequacy of earthquake catalog sampling for long-term seismicity in low-to-moderate seismic regions thanks to geodesy

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Piedrafita, Francos Daniel. "Designing, testing and modelling two innovative non-conventional buckling restrained braces for seismic resistant buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/284738.

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In this thesis two all-steel BRB have been designed, manufactured and tested, and both satisfy the testing protocols required by EU and US codes. They are composed of a steel slotted restraining unit which stabilizes the steel core. The first one, the Modular Buckling Restrained Brace (MBRB), is composed by several seriated modules which contain several dissipation units connected in parallel, which yield under shear forces. Although it has good hysteretic response and a high ductility, its core is heavy and expensive to manufacture. The second one,the Slotted Buckling Restraining Brace (SBRB), solves these two shortcomings. It yields under axial forces, like the conventional BRBs, but the usual solid core has been substituted by a perforated plate. The core is a one-piece element composed of two lateral bands, of a nearly uniform section and designed to yield, connected by stabilizing bridges, which behave elastic. The buckling prevention of the lateral bands is done by the restraining unit and the stabilizing bridges. Design expressions have been proposed to design both devices, and a numerical material model have been formulated and implemented in commercial finite element method software to numerically simulate the behavior of the braces, which will reduce the need of full scale tests for its design En la present tesi, dos BVR totalment metàl·lics s’han dissenyat, fabricat i assajat, satisfent tots dos els requeriments dels protocols definits per les normes europees i americanes. Estan formats per un element de travat ranurat que estabilitza el nucli metàl·lic. El primer d’ells, el Braç de Vinclament Restringit Modular (BVRM), està format per diversos mòduls seriats que a la vegada contenen diverses unitats de dissipació, que plastifiquen sota esforços tallants, connectades en paral·lel. Tot i que té un bon comportament histerètic i una gran ductilitat, el nucli és pesat i difícil de fabricar. El segon braç, anomenat Braç de Vinclament Restringit Ranurat (BVRR), soluciona aquests inconvenients. Plastifica sota esforços axials, de la mateixa manera que els BVR convencionals, però el nucli massís és substituït per una platina perforada. Aquest nucli consisteix en un únic element composat per dos bandes laterals, dissenyades per a plastificar i amb una secció quasi constant, connectades per diversos ponts estabilitzadors que es mantenen sempre en el seu rang elàstic. Aquests ponts, juntament amb l’element de travat, impedeixen el vinclament de les bandes laterals. S’han proposat diverses expressions de disseny pels dos braços. S’ha formulat i implementat, en un programa d’elements finits comercial, un model de material per a simular numèricament el comportament dels braços, reduint així la dependència dels assajos a escala real durant el seu procés de disseny

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Bernardi, Martina. "Industrial steel storage racks subjected to static and seismic actions: an experimental and numerical study." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/322402.

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Industrial steel storage racks are pre-engineered lightweight structures commonly used to store goods from supermarkets to big warehouses. These systems are framed structures, usually made of cold-formed steel profiles and characterised by non-standard details. Their performance is quite complex and the prediction of their global response is more difficult than for the traditional steel frames. This difficulty is due to the racks’ main features: the use of cold-formed thin-walled steel sections which are sensitive to different buckling modes, the presence of regular perforation patterns on the uprights, the highly non-linear behaviour of joints, the influence of the structural imperfections and the significant frame sensitivity to second order effects. The behaviour of racks becomes even more complex when seismic or accidental events induce significant horizontal forces acting on the structures. The complexity and variability that characterise racks make it difficult to identify general design solutions. Hence, racks design is traditionally carried out by using the “design by testing” approach, which requires the experimental characterisation of the main structural components, of the joints and the sub-assemblies. The complexity of the racks also affects their numerical modelling, which results in complex analyses that must take into account all the aforementioned features. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the study of a typical steel pallet rack, identified as case study. The research aims to contribute to building up a comprehensive knowledge of the response of both the main rack components and of the whole structure. The main rack components were first individually studied. The behaviour of the uprights, of the base-plate joints and of the beam-to-column joints was experimentally investigated. The experimental data were then taken as reference for the calibration of FE models that enabled exploring each component’s performance. These models were then incorporated into the whole rack model. The response of the uprights was first investigated through stub column tests. The non-negligible interaction between axial force and bending moment of the upright response was then experimentally and numerically analysed to define the M-N domains. In addition, the rules provided by different European standards for the design of isolated members subjected to combined axial load and bending moment were considered and critically compared, identifying the main critical issues of the different design approaches. Although the contribution of joints on the rack global response is of paramount importance, to date, the knowledge is quite limited. In particular, the experimental studies of the behaviour of base-plate joints are still rather modest, especially for the cyclic range. Therefore, an experimental campaign on the rack base-plate joints was carried out: three levels of axial load were considered and the response in both the down-aisle and the cross-aisle direction was investigated under monotonic and cyclic loadings. Similarly, the beam-to-column joint was tested both monotonically and cyclically, taking into account its non-symmetric behaviour. Numerical models for both joint types were developed and validated enabling the characterisation of joints in the monotonic and cyclic range. This in-depth knowledge of the response of individual components facilitated the evaluation of the global rack behaviour. As a final stage of the research, full-scale tests of four-level two-bay racks were performed taking advantage of an innovative full-scale testing set-up and, on the basis of the experimental outcomes, the racks’ global behaviour was numerically investigated. Critical standards issues and needs for future research were further identified.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Seismic cycles'

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