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Journal articles on the topic 'Seiridium cardinale'

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Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Spanos, K. A., A. Pirrie, and S. Woodward. "In vitro expression of resistance responses to Seiridium species in micropropagated shoots of Cupressus sempervirens and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 1103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-121.

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Wounded and nonwounded micropropagated shoots of Cupressus sempervirens and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana were inoculated in vitro with the canker-causing pathogens Seiridium cardinale (Wag.) Sutton & Gibson, Seiridium cupressi (Guba) Boeswinkel and Seiridium unicorne (Cke & Ell.) Sutton. Seiridium cardinale was significantly more pathogenic on Cupressus sempervirens than on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murr.) Parlatore, irrespective of the presence of wounds on the shoots. On wounded shoots, both S. cupressi and S. unicorne caused significantly larger lesions on Chamaecyparis lawsoniana than on Cupressus sempervirens by 20 days after inoculation. Superficial wounding of shoots prior to inoculation caused a significant increase in the lengths of lesions and numbers of shoots girdled by the pathogens on both hosts. These results broadly correlate with known virulence of the three pathogens on these two host tree species in field and glasshouse tests. Using histological methods, penetration of fungal hyphae through stomatal pores of both shoots and leaves into the substomatal cavity and the mesophyll space was observed. Penetration directly through the cuticle was also seen. Defence-related responses, including accumulation of oxidized polyphenols compounds and deposition of lignin and suberin in cell walls, were detected in inoculated tissues. These responses occurred predominantly in the epidermis, including stomatal guard cells, and the hypodermis and were particularly marked in Chamaecyparis lawsoniana inoculated with S. cardinale. The possible utility of these methods in the study and detection of host genotypes resistant to Seiridium spp. is discussed. Key words: Seiridium, Cupressus, Chamaecyparis, micropropagation, in vitro inoculation, defence.

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2

GRANITI, A. "Seiridium cardinale and other cypress cankers." EPPO Bulletin 16, no. 3 (September 1986): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2338.1986.tb00309.x.

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3

Tsopelas, P., I. Barnes, M. J. Wingfield, and S. Xenopoulos. "Seiridium cardinale on Juniperus species in Greece." Forest Pathology 37, no. 5 (October 2007): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00510.x.

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4

Barnes, Irene, Jolanda Roux, Michael J. Wingfield, Martin P. A. Coetzee, and Brenda D. Wingfield. "Characterization of Seiridium spp. Associated with Cypress Canker Based on ß-Tubulin and Histone Sequences." Plant Disease 85, no. 3 (March 2001): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.3.317.

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Cypress canker is a serious disease that has devastated Cupressus spp. in many parts of the world. In Mediterranean Europe it has caused the deaths of millions of trees. Three species of Seiridium, S. cardinale, S. cupressi, and S. unicorne, are associated with cypress canker. Considerable debate surrounds the taxonomic status of these fungi. They have been viewed as a single morphologically variable species, three distinct taxa; or two species based on the presence or absence of conidial appendages. Studies based on ribosomal DNA (ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S gene) sequence failed to separate the cypress canker fungi. In an attempt to distinguish between the species associated with cypress canker we used histone and partial ß-tubulin sequences of fourteen isolates of Seiridium spp. from cypress. Analysis of sequence data showed Seiridium isolates from Cupressus spp., residing in two major clades. One clade accommodated S. unicorne isolates from Portugal and South Africa. The other major clade consisted of two subclades containing non-appendaged S. cardinale isolates. We believe the larger second clade, represents the cypress canker pathogens while the other clade contains the less pathogenic S. unicorne, which has a host range beyond Cupressus. This study thus provides strong evidence to support previous morphological data suggesting three distinct species are associated with cypress canker.

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5

Evidente, Antonio, Giacomino Randazzo, and Alessandro Ballio. "Structure Determination of Seiridin and Isoseiridin, Phytotoxic Butenolides from Culture Filtrate of Seiridium cardinale." Journal of Natural Products 49, no. 4 (July 1986): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50046a006.

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6

Et, J. Ponchet, and Claudine Andréoli. "Histopathologie du chancre cortical du cypres à Seiridium cardinale." European Journal of Forest Pathology 19, no. 4 (August 1989): 212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1989.tb00255.x.

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7

Urbasch, I. "Natural Occurrence of Seiridium cardinale on Thuja in Germany." Journal of Phytopathology 137, no. 3 (March 1993): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1993.tb01338.x.

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8

Danti, R., S. Barberini, A. Pecchioli, V. Di Lonardo, and G. Della Rocca. "The Epidemic Spread of Seiridium cardinale on Leyland Cypress Severely Limits Its Use in the Mediterranean." Plant Disease 98, no. 8 (August 2014): 1081–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-13-1237-re.

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Leyland cypress (× Hesperotropsis leylandii) is a fast-growing conifer used in most temperate regions as an ornamental tree for hedges and screens, and is one of the most commercially important trees in Europe. In recent years, severe diebacks and mortality due to cypress canker have been observed on Leyland cypress plantations in Southern Europe. This study was conducted to evaluate (i) the spread and impact of cypress canker caused by Seiridium cardinale in plantations of a sample area of 1,250 km2 in central Italy, (ii) the response of the most commonly grown Leyland cypress varieties to artificial inoculation with to S. cardinal, and (iii) the pathogenicity of S. cardinale isolates obtained from Leyland cypress. Of the 1,411 surveyed trees, 11.4% had been killed by cypress canker and 43.9% of the living trees were affected by the disease. The number of diseased or dead trees and the percentage of cankered trunks was significantly correlated with the mean trunk diameter of the plantations. Six months after inoculation, the size of developed cankers was significantly different among the inoculated Leyland cypress cultivars but all of them showed markedly larger cankers than the C. sempervirens canker-resistant control clone. All of the tested S. cardinale isolates obtained from Leyland cypress also caused cankers on Cupressus sempervirens when inoculated as conidial suspensions or mycelia. Leyland cypress is highly prone to contract cypress canker in the Mediterranean due to its high susceptibility to S. cardinale infections, low genetic variability among the grown cultivars, and cracks which form on fast-growing trunks, favoring entry of the fungus into the inner bark and the occurrence of infections.

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9

Mutto, S., and A. Panconesi. "Ultrastructural modifications in Cupressus sempervirens tissues invaded by Seiridium cardinale." Forest Pathology 17, no. 4-5 (August 1987): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1987.tb01016.x.

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10

Madar, Zion, and Nili Liphschitz. "Historical Studies of Cupressus Sempervirens L. Affected by Diplodia Pinea f. sp. Cupressi and Seiridium Cardinale." IAWA Journal 10, no. 2 (1989): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000487.

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Between 1980 and 1986 two serious diseases of Cupressus sempervirens were found in Israel: Seiridium cardinale and Diplodia pinea. Visual symptoms of both pathogens are similar and are eharaeterised by eanker formation aeeompanied by strong resin secretion from lesions. Histologieal examinations in the eentre of the eanker revea1 similar reaetions of C. sempervirens to Seiridium and Diplodia inoculation. Numerous resin duets are formed in the bark, necrophyllaetie periderm formation oceurs several months after inoculation, disorganisation of the xylem is eonspieuous, produetion of abnormal lignified parenehyma eells instead of traeheids oceur at the injured site, and eurved traeheids and transverse walls are formed. Tannin aeeumulation oceurs in the bark and xylem. Similar reaetions of C. sempervirens to wounding and similar effects of Matsucoccus josephi on Pinus halepensis are diseussed.

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11

Panconesi, Alberto, Niccolô Casini, Alberto Santini, and Federico M. Stefanini. "Effect of Seiridium cardinale on growth of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) clones." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-013.

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To determine whether cypress bark canker, caused by the fungus Seiridiumcardinale (Wag.) Sutton & Gibson, affects height and diameter growth of common cypress (Cupressussempervirens L.), these parameters were measured over 4 years on inoculated and uninoculated ramets of 50 cypress clones at two locations in Italy. An analysis of covariance, using the pre-trial diameter and height of the ramets as the covariates, showed that the disease had no effect on either height or diameter growth.

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12

Spanos, K. A., and S. Woodward. "Responses of Cupressus and Chamaecyparis callus tissues to inoculations with Seiridium cardinale." Forest Pathology 27, no. 1 (February 1997): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1997.tb00849.x.

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13

Xenopoulos, S., and S. Diamandis. "A distribution map for Seiridium cardinale causing the cypress canker disease in Greece." Forest Pathology 15, no. 4 (August 1985): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1985.tb00889.x.

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14

Danti, R., A. Panconesi, V. Di Lonardo, G. Della Rocca, and P. Raddi. "`Italico' and `Mediterraneo': Two Seiridium cardinale Canker-Resistant Cypress Cultivars of Cupressus sempervirens." HortScience 41, no. 5 (August 2006): 1357–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.5.1357.

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Common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) is an integral feature of the landscape of many Mediterranean regions (particularly in Tuscany). Furthermore, common cypress has multiple uses as ornament, timber, windbreaks, recovery of deteriorated soils, protection of slopes and the production of essential oils. During the last three decades, Seiridum cardinale canker of cypress has caused severe losses in woods, windbreaks and ornamental plantings in the Mediterranean area, significantly limiting the use and cultivation of this tree. In this paper we describe `Italico' and `Mediterraneo', two C. sempervirens varieties which were patented in 2004 for their resistance to cypress canker. Both varieties are particularly suitable for ornamental purposes because of their fastigiated columnar habit and the low production of male flowers and cones. `Italico' and `Mediterraneo' represent the recent result of the breeding programme on cypress, in progress since the 1970s. This program aims at: 1) obtaining a high number of canker-resistant cypress clones and multi-clonal varieties to be used for ornamental plantings and windbreaks and 2) finding mother trees for the production of improved seed for reforestation purposes.

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15

Paoletti, E., and V. Di Lonardo. "Seiridium cardinale cankers in a tolerant Cupressus sempervirens clone under naturally CO2-enriched conditions." Forest Pathology 31, no. 5 (October 21, 2001): 307–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.2001.00255.x.

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16

Della Rocca, G., R. Danti, and M. Garbelotto. "First Report of Seiridium cardinale Causing Bark Cankers on MacNab Cypress (Cupressus macnabiana) in California." Plant Disease 101, no. 10 (October 2017): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-17-0746-pdn.

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17

Xenopoulos, S. G. "Screening for resistance to cypress canker (Seiridium cardinale) in three Greek provenances of Cupressus sempervirens." Forest Pathology 20, no. 3 (July 1990): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1990.tb01124.x.

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18

Santini, Alberto, Paolo Raddi, Alberto Panconesi, and Vincenzo Di Lonardo. "Rootstock effects on the reaction of grafted cypress to it Seiridium cardinale bark canker disease." Agronomie 20, no. 3 (April 2000): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:2000130.

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19

Valdivieso, Jose A., Nicola Luisi, and Teresa J. Bravo. "Susceptibilidad de las cupresáceas presentes en Chile hacia Seiridium cardinale, agente causal del cancro de la corteza del ciprés." Bosque 9, no. 1 (1988): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4206/bosque.1988.v9n1-02.

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20

Spanos, By K. A., A. Pirrie, S. Woodward, and S. Xenopoulos. "Responses in the bark of Cupressus sempervirens clones artificially inoculated with Seiridium cardinale under field conditions." Forest Pathology 29, no. 2 (April 1999): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00136.x.

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21

Madar, Z., Z. Solel, and A. Sztejnberg. "The effect of Diplodia pinea f.sp. cupressi and Seiridium cardinale on water flow in cypress branches." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 37, no. 5 (November 1990): 389–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(90)90121-d.

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22

Milijasevic, Tanja. "The most frequent parasitic and saprophytic fungi on some species in the fam. Cupressaceae." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 87 (2003): 161–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0387161m.

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The parasitic and saprophytic mycoflora was inventoried on three species in the fam. Cupressaaceae (Cupressus sempervirens, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Juniperus virginiana) in Serbia and Montenegro. The greatest number of fungi was recorded on eastern red cedar, but they were mainly the parasites of weakness or saprophytes. The greatest damage on cypress is caused by the pathogenic fungus Seiridium cardinale - agent of bark necrosis and canker. Sphaeropsis sapinea, the pathogen of many coniferous species, was identified on all three hosts on which it does not cause great harm. The study of the morphological characteristics of the fungus on these host plants and the comparative analysis with the morphological characteristics of the same fungus on Pinus spp. shows a difference between them. The study of S. sapinea pathogenicity by artificial inoculations of Austrian pine seedlings in the controlled conditions shows that the isolate of the fungus from cypress can cause infection of uninjured P. nigra shoots.

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23

Andréoli, C., J. Ponchet, and E. Mari. "Effets du porte-greffe sur la réaction du cyprès à la maladie du chancre cortical à Seiridium cardinale." Agronomie 16, no. 9 (1996): 563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro:19960904.

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24

Rocca, G. Della, R. Danti, and M. Garbelotto. "First Report of Seiridium unicorne Causing Bark Cankers on a Monterey Cypress in California." Plant Disease 95, no. 5 (May 2011): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-11-0052.

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In June 2009, dieback of distal branches and resin exudation associated with bark lesions were observed in an adult Cupressus macrocarpa tree in Sonoma County, California (Glenn Ellen; 38°21′N, 122°31′W, elevation 233 m). The fungal pathogen, Seiridium unicorne (Cooke and Ellis) Sutton, was obtained by plating fragments of necrotic bark from the margins of branch cankers on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Identification was based on cultural, morphological, and molecular traits (2,3). Colonies on PDA were dense, cottony, off-white at first and then turning pale gray-green, and 2.3 and 4.3 cm in diameter after 1 and 2 weeks of growth at 20°C, respectively. Colonies of the fungus showed a faster radial growth at 20°C than at 25°C. Acervuli were abundantly produced on water agar amended with autoclaved cypress seeds after 2 to 3 weeks at 18°C under a mixture of fluorescent and near UV light. Conidia were six celled (five euseptate), fusiform, 20.9 to 35.2 × 7.11 to 10.57 μm, straight or slightly curved, with four, brown median cells, and with end cells bearing unbranched appendages 2 to 5 μm long. The DNA sequence of a portion of the β-tubulin locus (GenBank Accession No. HQ678171) revealed a 100% homology with sequences of S. unicorne isolates from Portugal and South Africa, while being clearly distinct from sequences of S. cupressi and S. cardinale isolates (2). Greenhouse stem inoculations were performed by underbark placement of a 3-mm plug taken from the margins of a colony of the fungus grown on PDA. Inoculations were repeated twice in the spring and fall of 2010 on 10 C. macrocarpa saplings grown in pots for 3 years. Three months postinoculation, the pathogen could be successfully reisolated from the edges of 15 to 30 mm long elliptical lesions, present on each one of the inoculated saplings. The observed S. unicorne isolate is atypical because of its shorter appendages compared with the form reported in the literature (2,3). Because of its shorter conidial appendages and in vitro temperature optimum of 18 to 20°C, the fungus described here is similar to an unnamed Coryneum sp. observed by Wagener on C. macrocarpa (4). S. unicorne is a pathogen of many Cupressaceae in Africa, New Zealand, Japan, and some U.S. states (Georgia, South Carolina, Kansas, and Texas) (3), and although it was mentioned in a USDA Plant Quarantine Division report from 1963 as found on cypress in San Francisco (1), it has never been officially reported from California. Since similar disease symptoms were observed on many Cupressaceae in the course of an extensive survey performed in 2009 in California, it may be important to evaluate the relative incidence of S. unicorne compared with that of S. cardinale, a pathogen more commonly reported in association with the disease (4). References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/fungushost/fungushost.cfm , 1/19/2011. (2) P. Krokene et al. Mycologia 96:1352, 2004. (3) N. A. Tisserat. Plant Dis. 75:138, 1991. (4) W. W. Wagener. J. Agric. Res. 58:1, 1939.

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25

Achotegui-Castells, Ander, Roberto Danti, Joan Llusià, Gianni Della Rocca, Sara Barberini, and Josep Peñuelas. "Strong Induction of Minor Terpenes in Italian Cypress, Cupressus sempervirens, in Response to Infection by the Fungus Seiridium cardinale." Journal of Chemical Ecology 41, no. 3 (March 2015): 224–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-015-0554-1.

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26

Xenopoulos, S. G. "Pathogenic variability of various isolates of Seiridium cardinale, S. cupressi and S. unicorne inoculated on selected Cupressus clones and seedlings." Forest Pathology 21, no. 3 (July 1991): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.1991.tb01417.x.

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27

Madar, Z., Z. Solel, A. Sztejnberg, and M. Kimchi. "Effect of pruning of trunk side-branches of cypress on infection by Seiridium cardinale and Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi." Forest Ecology and Management 44, no. 2-4 (November 1991): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90012-k.

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28

Madar, Z. "Effect of Water Stress in Cypress on the Development of Cankers Caused by Diplodia pinea f. sp. cupressi and Seiridium cardinale." Plant Disease 73, no. 6 (1989): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-73-0484.

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29

Raio, Aida, Pierluigi Reveglia, Gerardo Puopolo, Alessio Cimmino, Roberto Danti, and Antonio Evidente. "Involvement of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid in the interaction between Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aureofaciens strain M71 and Seiridium cardinale in vivo." Microbiological Research 199 (June 2017): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2017.03.003.

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30

Della Rocca, G., C. A. Eyre, R. Danti, and M. Garbelotto. "Sequence and Simple-Sequence Repeat Analyses of the Fungal Pathogen Seiridium cardinale Indicate California Is the Most Likely Source of the Cypress Canker Epidemic for the Mediterranean Region." Phytopathology® 101, no. 12 (December 2011): 1408–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-05-11-0144.

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Seiridium cardinale is the pathogenic fungus of unknown origin responsible for a world pandemic known as cypress canker affecting several species of Cupressaceae in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. In this study, a comparative genetic analysis of worldwide populations was performed using sequence analysis of a portion of the β-tubulin locus and seven polymorphic simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci on 96 isolates. Sequence analysis identified two distinct β-tubulin alleles, both present in California. Only one of the two alleles was detected in the Mediterranean basin, while two isolates from the Southern Hemisphere were characterized by the presence of the allele absent from the Mediterranean. SSRs identified a total of 46 multilocus genotypes (MGs): genotypic diversity was always higher in the California population, and calculations of the index of association (IA) determined the presence of linkage disequilibrium associated with the absence of sexual reproduction only in the Mediterranean population but not in California. In 50 instances, the same MG was found at great geographic distances, implying a role played by humans in spreading the disease. Network analysis performed on SSR data identified three clusters of MGs: California, Morocco, and the rest of the Mediterranean. Both the Morocco and the Mediterranean clusters were linked to the California cluster. Coalescent analysis identified insignificant migration between California and Italy, as expected in the presence of a single introduction event, and very high migration from Italy into Greece, as expected of an outbreak still in exponential growth phase and starting from an Italian source.

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31

Della Rocca, Gianni, Roberto Danti, Tina Popenuck, Vincenzo Di Lonardo, and Matteo Garbelotto. "Resistance to Cypress Canker Disease in Italian cypress has desirable effects on disease epidemiology, but may fail against novel genotypes of the pathogen Seiridium cardinale." Forest Ecology and Management 424 (September 2018): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.008.

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32

LAMBARDI, Maurizio, Elif Aylin OZUDOGRU, Sara BARBERINI, and Roberto DANTI. "Strategies for Fast Multiplication and Conservation of Forest Trees by Somatic Embryogenesis and Cryopreservation: a Case Study with Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.)." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha46111011.

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Common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) is one of the most widespread species in the Mediterranean area. It has been traditionally cultivated for its ornamental value, becoming a typical feature of urban and rural landscapes, and high timber quality. In the last 30 years, cypress has been subjected to important breeding programmes, aimed to select clones tolerant to the widespread canker, caused by the pathogenic fungus Seiridium cardinale, leading to various patented varieties today available on the market, as well as for genotypes producing null or low amount of allergenic pollen. Somatic embryogenesis is a suitable in vitro regeneration method for fast cloning of conifer trees, and the cryopreservation of embryogenic callus is a significant tool for the safe long-term conservation of valuable cell lines. Recently, a complete protocol for the production of cypress plants from somatic embryogenesis was developed for the patented clone ‘Mediterraneo’. Here, the coupling of somatic embryogenesis and cryopreservation may offer a superior tool to propagate and maintain selected genotypes of cypress by overcoming repetitive subculturing of selected embryogenic callus lines. For the above, this study aimed to compare different cryopreservation techniques (PVS2-based vitrification and slow cooling) with the ‘Mediterraneo’ embryogenic callus line. Best results were obtained after the optimization of a slow cooling procedure, based on the 30-min treatment of embryogenic masses with a cryoprotective solution containing 180 g l-1 sucrose and 7.5% DMSO, followed by the reduction of the temperature at a rate of -1 °C min-1 up to -40 °C and the subsequent immersion in liquid nitrogen (“two-step freezing”).

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33

Rouault, Gaelle, Raffaella Cantini, Andrea Battisti, and Alain Roques. "Geographic distribution and ecology of two species of Orsillus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) associated with cones of native and introduced Cupressaceae in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin." Canadian Entomologist 137, no. 4 (August 2005): 450–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-044.

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AbstractIn the Mediterranean Basin, two species of true seed bugs in the genus Orsillus Dallas, O. maculatus Fieber and O. depressus Mulsant et Rey, share the exploitation of seed cones of Cupressaceae for feeding and reproduction and may carry spores of the pathogenic fungus Seiridium cardinale Sutton & Gibson, responsible for the cypress bark canker disease. We compared the life history of the two species. A total of 89 cone collections carried out in 10 Mediterranean countries confirmed that O. maculatus is most closely associated with Cupressus sempervirens L., although it may also infest some other Cupressus L. species and, more rarely, species of Chamaecyparis Spach. Orsillus depressus appears to be less host-specific, being capable of feeding and ovipositing on most of the native and exotic species of Juniperus L., Cupressus, and Chamaecyparis. On C. sempervirens, the abundance of each Orsillus species follows an inverted longitudinal gradient along the Mediterranean Basin, probably corresponding to the pathway of introduction of this tree species from its native eastern range towards western Europe. The dominance of O. maculatus progressively decreases from east to west, whereas O. depressus becomes dominant in the Iberian Peninsula. By contrast, O. depressus is the dominant seed bug on other Cupressaceae all over Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. In the area in which C. sempervirens has been introducted, both Orsillus species may live on the same tree, but morphological variability of both adults and nymphs often hinders accurate identification of the species. Based on frequency distribution, the relative length of the rostrum compared with that of the body seems to be a diagnostic character for specific identification of nymphs of the last two instars.

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34

Della Rocca, Gianni, Roberto Danti, Carmen Hernando, Mercedes Guijarro, Marco Michelozzi, Cristina Carrillo, and Javier Madrigal. "Terpenoid Accumulation Links Plant Health and Flammability in the Cypress-Bark Canker Pathosystem." Forests 11, no. 6 (June 7, 2020): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11060651.

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To explore the possible relationship between diseased trees and wildfires, we assessed the flammability of canker-resistant and susceptible common cypress clones that were artificially infected with Seiridium cardinale compared to healthy trees. This study explored the effect of terpenoids produced by the host plant in response to infection and the presence of dead plant portions on flammability. Terpenoids were extracted and quantified in foliage and bark samples by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A Mass Loss Calorimeter was used to determine the main flammability descriptors. The concentration of terpenoids in bark and leaf samples and the flammability parameters were compared using a generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) model. A partial least square (PLS) model was generated to predict flammability based on the content of terpenoid, clone response to bark canker and the disease status of the plants. The total terpenoid content drastically increased in the bark of both cypress clones after infection, with a greater (7-fold) increase observed in the resistant clone. On the contrary, levels of terpenoids in leaves did not alter after infection. The GLMM model showed that after infection, plants of the susceptible clone appeared to be much more flammable in comparison to those of resistant clones, showing higher ignitability, combustibility, sustainability and consumability. This was mainly due to the presence of dried crown parts in the susceptible clone. The resistant clone showed a slightly higher ignitability after infection, while the other flammability parameters did not change. The PLS model (R2Y = 56%) supported these findings, indicating that dead crown parts and fuel moisture content accounted for most of the variation in flammability parameters and greatly prevailed on terpenoid accumulation after infection. The results of this study suggest that a disease can increase the flammability of trees. The deployment of canker-resistant cypress clones can reduce the flammability of cypress plantations in Mediterranean areas affected by bark canker. Epidemiological data of diseased tree distribution can be an important factor in the prediction of fire risk.

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Tsopelas, P., A. Angelopoulos, and K. Nikolaou. "Seiridium cardinaleis a new threat to cypress trees in Cyprus." Plant Pathology 57, no. 4 (August 2008): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01812.x.

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"Seiridium cardinale. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, No.April (August 1, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20143156820.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Seiridium cardinale (Wagener) Sutton & Gibson. Sordariomycetes: Xylariales: Amphisphaeriaceae. Hosts: Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) and Mediterranean cypress (C. sempervirens). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Croatia, Cyprus, France, Germany, Greece, Crete, Irish Republic, Italy, Montenegro, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, UK, England, Wales, Northern Ireland), Asia (Republic of Georgia, Israel, Japan, Syria and Turkey), Africa (Algeria, Morocco, South Africa and Tunisia), North America (Canada, British Columbia, Manitoba, USA, Alaska, California and Oregon), Central America and Caribbean (Costa Rica), South America (Argentina and Chile) and Oceania (Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia and New Zealand).

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"Seiridium cardinale. [Distribution map]." Distribution Maps of Plant Diseases, no. 1) (August 1, 2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dmpd/20066500890.

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Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Seiridium cardinale (Wagener) Sutton & Gibson Fungi: Ascomycota: Amphisphaeriaceae Hosts: Mainly Cupressus macrocarpa and C. sempervirens, also other Cupressus spp., Cupressocyparis spp., Chamaecyparis spp. and Thuja spp. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Azores, Mainland Portugal, Spain, UK, Yugoslavia (Fed. Rep.), ASIA, Israel, Japan, Turkey, AFRICA, South Africa, NORTH AMERICA, USA, Alaska, California, CENTRAL AMERICA & CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina, Chile, OCEANIA, Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland, New Zealand.

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"Seiridium cardinale (cypress canker)." CABI Compendium CABI Compendium (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/cabicompendium.49497.

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This datasheet on Seiridium cardinale covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Hosts/Species Affected, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Seedborne Aspects, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.

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"Seiridium cardinale (cypress canker)." PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank Species Pages (January 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.species.49497.

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Milenković, Ivan, Zlatan Radulović, and Dragan Karadžić. "First report of Seiridium cardinale on Cupressus sempervirens in Serbia." Plant Protection Science, May 10, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/54/2021-pps.

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While monitoring the health of different ornamental and shade trees in Serbia, symptoms indicative of cypress canker disease were observed in young Cupressus sempervirens trees in the Belgrade urban area. Symptoms included tree mortality (specimens were recorded with a change in needle colour, branch decline or longitudinal bark cankers on the stems with resin exudates) and the appearance of acervuli fruiting bodies on the bark and cones. Using light microscopy, cross sections of fruiting bodies on the cankered bark and cones were examined and numerous fusoid, six-cell conidia were recorded with four inner coloured cells and two hyaline cells at the ends. Based on the unique combination of the morphological features and the infected host, this pathogen was identified as Seiridium cardinale. This is the first report of S. cardinale on the common cypress in Serbia. Possible introduction pathways and the implications of the findings are discussed.

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MERT, Figen, Arjin ONDES, and Sibel DERVİŞ. "Türkiye’de Limoni Servilerde (Cupressus macrocarpa cv. Goldcrest) yeni bir tehdit: Seiridium cardinale." ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, March 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33202/comuagri.1080940.

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Lemon cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa cv. Goldcrest) is a coniferous Cuppressaceae tree and is popular in urban landscapes of Turkey. In July 2021, dark-brown elongated bark lesions and resin exuding cracks with die-back symptoms were observed on the main stem of young C. macrocarpa cv. Goldcrest trees in a private house garden in the central district of Çanakkale Province of Turkey. Fungal isolations made from the margin of cankers of trees consistently yielded flat colonies with dense floccose aerial mycelium that were first off-white and grayish olive-green in some parts or in older cultures. Based on the morphological characteristics of obtained isolates, molecular analyses of the ITS rDNA region of a representative isolate, and pathogenicity tests on 4-year-old C. macrocarpa cv. Goldcrest plants, the causal agent was identified as Seiridium cardinale (Wagener) Sutton & Gibson. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of S. cardinale causing canker on C. macrocarpa in Turkey.

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Achotegui-Castells, Ander, Gianni Della Rocca, Joan Llusià, Roberto Danti, Sara Barberini, Mabrouk Bouneb, Sauro Simoni, Marco Michelozzi, and Josep Peñuelas. "Terpene arms race in the Seiridium cardinale – Cupressus sempervirens pathosystem." Scientific Reports 6, no. 1 (January 22, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep18954.

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Hu, Jiahuai. "Detection of Seiridium cardinale Causing Bark Cankers on Leyland Cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii) in Arizona." Plant Health Progress, October 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-04-22-0039-br.

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Leyland cypress (x Cupressocyparis leylandii) is an evergreen landscape tree that is fast-growing and widely used to create windbreaks or privacy screening in Arizona. In Jul 2021, branch dieback and tree mortality were observed in Leyland cypress trees. Other symptoms include changed needle color, yellowing, wilting, branch decline or longitudinal bark cankers on the stems and branches with resin exudates. Four branches with canker and resin exudates were collected for pathogen identification. Slow-growing fungal colonies on PDA had dense and floccose appearance with green or grayish-olive color in the center. Acervuli were formed on sterilized cypress twigs placed on water agar for 3 weeks under natural lighting provided by a nearby window with an eastern exposure (12-14 h photophase). Conidia were oblong-fusiform in shape with sizes ranging from 21-28 × 8-11 μm (15 measurements). Conidia were 5-septate with four dark brown media cells and two hyaline small end cells (1μm long). These morphological characteristics putatively classified the fungus as S. cardinale. ITS and BTUB DNA sequences confirmed its ID. To complete Koch's postulates, pathogenicity tests were conducted in the greenhouse on five 3-year-old Leyland cypress plants in 5-liter pots. This provides the first account of the occurrence of bark cankers caused by S. cardinale in Leyland cypress in Arizona.

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Della Rocca, Gianni, Alessio Papini, Isabella Posarelli, Sara Barberini, Corrado Tani, Roberto Danti, and Salvatore Moricca. "Ultrastructure of Terpene and Polyphenol Synthesis in the Bark of Cupressus sempervirens After Seiridium cardinale Infection." Frontiers in Microbiology 13 (May 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.886331.

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Cypress Canker Disease (CCD) pandemic caused by Seiridium cardinale is the major constraint of many Cupressaceae worldwide. One of the main symptoms of the disease is the flow of resin from the cankered barks. While inducible phloem axial resin duct-like structures (PARDs) have recently been characterized from an anatomical point of view, their actual resin production is still being debated and has never been demonstrated. Although the involvement of polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells) in the bark of Cupressus sempervirens after S. cardinale infection was revealed in one of our previous studies using light microscopy, their evolution from the phloem parenchyma cells is yet to be clarified. This study investigated functional and ultrastructural aspects of both PARD-like structures and PP cells by means of more in-depth light (LM) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) combined with histochemical staining (using Sudan red, Fluorol Yellow, NADI Aniline blue black, and Toluidine blue staining), in addition to Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Two-year-old stem sections of a C. sempervirens canker-resistant clone (var. “Bolgheri”), artificially inoculated with S. cardinale, were sampled 5, 7, 14, 21, and 45 days after inoculation, for time-course observations. FM observation using Fluorol yellow dye clearly showed the presence of lipid material in PARD-like structures lining cells of the cavity and during their secretion into the duct space/cavity. The same tissues were also positive for NADI staining, revealing the presence of terpenoids. The cytoplasm of the ducts' lining cells was also positive for Sudan red. TEM observation highlighted the involvement of plastids and endoplasmic reticulum in the production of terpenoids and the consequent secretion of terpenoids directly through the plasma membrane, without exhibiting vesicle formation. The presence of a high number of mitochondria around the area of terpenoid production suggests that this process is active and consumes ATP. The LM observations showed that PP cells originated from the phloem parenchyma cells (and possibly albuminous cells) through the accumulation of phenolic substances in the vacuole. Here, plastids were again involved in their production. Thus, the findings of this work suggest that the PARD-like structures can actually be considered PARDs or even bark traumatic resin ducts (BTRD).

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Ismael, Ahmed, Jaroslav Klápště, Grahame T. Stovold, Kane Fleet, and Heidi Dungey. "Genetic Variation for Economically Important Traits in Cupressus lusitanica in New Zealand." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (June 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.651729.

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Increasing productivity and tolerance against cypress canker disease is an important goal in the Mexican white cypress breeding program in New Zealand, and screening has been in place since 1983. Cypress canker disease is caused by Seiridium cardinale and Seiridium cupressi, the current study presents the results of two progeny trials within the breeding program in the North Island of New Zealand. The trials were established as open-pollinated progeny tested and were assessed for diameter at breast height, branch size, canker severity score, malformation score, and stem straightness score and acceptability score. Heritability estimates were moderate ranging from 0.21 to 0.41 for diameter at breast height and from 0.14 to 0.31 for canker severity score. Stem form attributes showed heritability from 0.08 (malformation) to 0.38 (straightness). No trait showed any significant G × E interaction between investigated sites. This was supported by the very strong genetic correlations estimated between the traits recorded in Welcome Bay and Matata trials. Unfavourable genetic correlations ranging from 0.25 to 0.46 were found between diameter at breast height and canker severity score, indicating that the continued selection for genotypes with improved diameter at breast height would also increase susceptibility to cypress canker. Additionally, unfavourable genetic correlations ranging from 0.52 to 0.73 were found between branch size and diameter at breast height and should be considered in selection programs. The moderate heritability estimated for canker severity score indicates that breeding values for this trait could be predicted with acceptable accuracy and included in the breeding program for Cupressus lusitanica, enabling the identification of genotypes with tolerance to canker severity to be deployed to locations where cypress canker is present in New Zealand.

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Della Rocca, Gianni, Isabella Posarelli, Federica Morandi, Corrado Tani, Sara Barberini, Roberto Danti, Salvatore Moricca, and Alessio Papini. "Different polyphenolic parenchyma cell and phloem axial resin duct-like structures formation rates in Cupressus sempervirens clones infected with Seiridium cardinale." Plant Disease, April 27, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-01-21-0098-re.

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The aim of this study was the characterization of constitutive and induced defence mechanisms in the bark tissues of Cupressus sempervirens before and after infection with the bark fungus Seiridium cardinale that is responsible for Cypress Canker Disease. The time-course development of polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells) and phloem axial resin ducts PARDs(PARD) like structures) in the phloem was investigated in two C. sempervirens clones, one resistant and one susceptible to the disease, through anatomycal and hystologycal observations carried out by light microscope during a 19 days trial. PP cells were constitutively more abundant in the canker resistant clone compared to the susceptible clone, while PARDsPARD-like structures were not present in the bark of untreated plants of both clones. PP cells increased in both clones as a response to infection, but in the resistant clone they were more abundant 5 and 12 days after inoculation. Following inoculation, PARDsPARD-like structures appeared in the phloem after 5 days in the resistant clone and only after 12 days in the susceptible clone. Even the number of secretory cells (surrounding the PARDsPARD-like structures) was higher in the R clone 5 and 12 days after inoculation compared to the S clone. These observations demonstrate a faster phloem response of the resistant clone in the early phase of the infection. This may slow down initial growth of the fungus contributing to the resistance mechanism.

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