Academic literature on the topic 'Segregation white flight'
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Journal articles on the topic "Segregation white flight"
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Shertzer, Allison, and Randall P. Walsh. "Racial Sorting and the Emergence of Segregation in American Cities." Review of Economics and Statistics 101, no. 3 (July 2019): 415–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00786.
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Residential segregation by race grew sharply during the early twentieth century as black migrants from the South arrived in northern cities. Using newly assembled neighborhood-level data, we provide the first systematic evidence on the impact of prewar population dynamics within cities on the emergence of the American ghetto. Leveraging exogenous changes in neighborhood racial composition, we show that white flight in response to black arrivals was quantitatively large and accelerated between 1900 and 1930. A key implication of our findings is that segregation could have arisen solely from the flight behavior of whites.
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Bonds, Michael, and Marie Gina Sandy. "State-Sponsored ‘New’ White Flight through Public School Choice and its Impact on Contemporary Urban Schools: A Case Study of Milwaukee’s Open Enrollment Program." International Journal of Regional Development 4, no. 1 (November 21, 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v4i1.10072.
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<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>‘White flight’ has largely come to mean exit from or avoidance of racially mixed public schools in urban neighborhoods. But the ‘new’ white flight is complicated by the fact that more whites who are often more affluent remain or relocate to desirable urban areas that are close to jobs and attractive city amenities. This paper describes how white flight can now happen without housing relocation with support from state-wide and municipal school choice policies resulting in the further re-segregation of regional schools. Using the Milwaukee Public School system’s Open Enrollment program as a case study, the authors demonstrate that this seemingly politically neutral school choice program supports the new white flight, enabling the children of white families to attend – and subsidize – the region’s suburban schools with declining enrollment, while further undermining the financial base of urban public schools. This study confirms earlier research indicating white students comprise the majority of participants in Open Enrollment programs, but with more non-white students participating in the Milwaukee program in the last five years. Extensive qualitative analysis of historical documents served as the primary research method for this study. Implications for other regions are discussed.</p>
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Cordini, Marta, Andrea Parma, and Costanzo Ranci. "‘White flight’ in Milan: School segregation as a result of home-to-school mobility." Urban Studies 56, no. 15 (May 7, 2019): 3216–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019836661.
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The paper aims to show how and to what extent the system of compulsory education in Milan is affected by social and ethnic segregation. We argue that, despite being guided by the general criteria of universal access and equality of treatment, not only do Milan’s schools fail to counter socio-economic inequalities and differentiation along ethnic lines in an effective manner, but they actually tend to amplify and entrench them. We begin with a theoretical discussion of the main factors contributing to school segregation and a general overview of Italy’s compulsory education system. This is followed by a presentation of the empirical case of Milan, analysing social and ethnic segregation of children of primary school age (i.e. 6–10 years) by place of residence and school of enrolment. As a clear gap emerges between the ‘natural’ and the ‘actual’ school composition, our analytical focus then shifts to home-to-school mobility as an expression of parental choice. We show that 56% of all students in Milan do not enrol at local state schools and this is due to two main phenomena: families choosing private schools and families moving within the state school system. The analysis of these movements makes it possible to identify avoidance dynamics (i.e., in which disadvantaged or ethnic areas are avoided), as well as incoming mobility towards private schools and state schools located in affluent areas or with a lower intake of pupils of non-Italian ethnic backgrounds.
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Logan, Trevon D., and John M. Parman. "The National Rise in Residential Segregation." Journal of Economic History 77, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 127–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000079.
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Exploiting complete census manuscript files, we derive a new segregation measure using the racial similarity of next-door neighbors. The fineness of our measure reveals new facts not captured by traditional segregation indices. First, segregation doubled nationally from 1880 to 1940. Second, contrary to prior estimates, Southern urban areas were the most segregated in the country and remained so over time. Third, increasing segregation in the twentieth century was not strictly driven by urbanization, black migration, or white flight: it resulted from increasing racial sorting at the household level. In all areas—North and South, urban and rural—segregation increased dramatically.
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Clark, W. A. V. "School Integration Impacts on Residential Change: Evaluation and Tests." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 6, no. 4 (December 1988): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c060475.
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The assertions of links between school segregation and segregation in housing are evaluated in a case study of housing patterns and school integration in part of the Los Angeles metropolitan region. The indices of separation/segregation show that although schools in many instances were integrated with voluntary and then mandatory pupil assignments, the housing patterns changed little. However, there was a substantial increase in private school enrollment. This latter response is consistent with the residential choice literature which indicates significant white flight when there is intervention in school systems.
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Araújo, Marta. "A very ‘prudent integration’: white flight, school segregation and the depoliticization of (anti-)racism." Race Ethnicity and Education 19, no. 2 (November 12, 2014): 300–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.969225.
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Crowder, Kyle, and Scott J. South. "Spatial Dynamics of White Flight: The Effects of Local and Extralocal Racial Conditions on Neighborhood Out-Migration." American Sociological Review 73, no. 5 (October 2008): 792–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300505.
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Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and three U.S. censuses, we examine how the composition of extralocal areas—areas surrounding a householder's neighborhood of residence—shapes the likelihood that Whites will move out of their neighborhoods. Net of local neighborhood conditions and other predictors of residential mobility, high concentrations of minorities in surrounding neighborhoods reduce the likelihood that Whites will move, presumably by reducing the attractiveness of nearby residential alternatives. Notably, this effect also suppresses the influence of the racial composition of the immediate neighborhood on White out-migration. Recent growth in the size of an extralocal minority population increases the likelihood of White outmigration and accounts for much of the influence previously attributed to racial changes in the local neighborhood. High levels of minority concentration in surrounding neighborhoods also exacerbate the positive effect of local minority concentration on White out-migration. These results highlight the importance of looking beyond reactions to local racial conditions to understand mobility decisions and resulting patterns of segregation.
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Savage, Michael. "Beyond Boundaries: Envisioning Metropolitan School Desegregation in Boston, Detroit, and Philadelphia, 1963-1974." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 1 (September 21, 2018): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218801595.
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From the early 1960s onward, battles over school desegregation took on an increasingly metropolitan orientation, one all but destroyed by the Supreme Court’s 1974 decision in Milliken v. Bradley. In Boston, Detroit, and Philadelphia, segregationist urbanites, when faced with a legal challenge either created or made possible by black civil rights advocates, reversed course and trumpeted the advantages of metropolitan desegregation. These tactical metropolitanists recognized that a larger desegregation area reaching into the predominantly white suburbs would mean that white children would continue attending majority-white schools and they understood that stoking suburban opposition to desegregation could defeat integrationist legislation. Despite their segregationist motives, tactical metropolitanists offered a potentially productive solution capable of mitigating white flight, providing lasting integration, and aligning with the efforts of integrationist civil rights advocates in court. Uncovering tactical metropolitanism complicates our understandings of urban segregation and the sources of metropolitan reform. It suggests the need for a metropolitan history of civil rights that centers the importance of municipal boundaries in perpetuating inequality.
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JOHNSON, NIA, and LANCE WAHLERT. "Urban Bioethics: A Call for the Prestige." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180119000434.
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Abstract:Many teaching hospitals in the United States were founded on philanthropic principles and aimed to aid the urban poor and underserved. However, as times have changed, there has been a divide created between the urban poor and teaching hospitals. There is a plethora of reasons why this is the case. This paper will specifically focus on the histories of ten hospitals and medical schools and the effect that white flight, segregation, elitism, and marginalization had on healthcare institutions all over the United States. It will call for a reexamination of the values of Ivy League and Ivy Plus teaching hospitals and medical schools and for them to take an intentional look into their communities.
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Newman, Mark. "The Catholic Way: The Catholic Diocese of Dallas and Desegregation, 1945–1971." Journal of American Ethnic History 41, no. 3 (April 1, 2022): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.41.3.01.
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Abstract Neglected in the many studies of Dallas, Bishop Thomas K. Gorman and Catholic religious orders that staffed schools and churches in the Diocese of Dallas led the way in desegregation and achieved peaceful change ahead of secular institutions. Gorman and religious orders formulated, supported, and implemented desegregation policies without fanfare or publicity that might divide Catholics and arouse segregationist opposition from within and/or outside the Church's ranks. Black Catholics were far from quiescent and made important contributions to secular desegregation. In September 1955, two African American Catholics enrolled in Jesuit High, a boys’ school, making it the only desegregated school in Dallas. George Allen, the father of one of the boys, subsequently worked behind the scenes to negotiate desegregation of the city's buses and other public accommodations. Another African American lay Catholic, Clarence A. Laws, organized and led civil rights protests in the city as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People's Southwest regional director. White sisters also contributed to racial change. Even before the US Supreme Court ruled public school segregation unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education in May 1954, the Sisters of St. Mary of Namur, without publicity, admitted African Americans to a white girls’ school, Our Lady of Victory, in Fort Worth, making it the first desegregated school in the city. However, residential segregation and white flight limited integration of Catholic schools and churches, and Catholic school desegregation largely involved the closure of black schools.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Segregation white flight"
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Farrie, Danielle C. "School Choice and Segregation: How Race Influences Choices and the Consequences for Neighborhood Public Schools." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2008. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/8656.
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SociologyPh.D.
This dissertation examines the relationship between school choice and race. I examine whether the racial composition of schools influences choices and whether choices of private and public choice schools lead to greater segregation and stratification in neighborhood schools. I improve on existing research by adopting the theoretical framework used in neighborhood preferences literature to distinguish between race and race-associated reasons as motivations for avoiding racially integrating schools. This study utilizes geocoded data from the Philadelphia Area Study (PAS) and elementary school catchment maps to examine families' preferences and behaviors in the context of the actual conditions of their assigned schools. Catchment maps are integrated with Census data to determine whether choice schools have a role in white flight and segregation and stratification in neighborhood schools. The findings suggest that families are most likely to avoid neighborhood schools with high proportions of racial minorities. However, attitudes regarding racial climates are more consistent predictors of preferences than the actual racial composition of local schools. Highly segregated neighborhood schools satisfy families who desire racially homogeneous school climates, as do private schools. Families who seek diverse environments are more likely to look to charter and magnet schools. The white flight analysis shows that whites are more likely to leave schools that have modest proportions of black students, and less likely to leave schools that are already integrated. These results suggest that whites react especially strongly to schools with low levels of integration, and those who remain in the few racially balanced schools do so out of a preference for diversity or because they do not have the resources to leave. Public choice schools spur white flight in urban areas, but actually reduce flight in suburban schools. Finally, I find that choice schools do not uniformly affect the degree to which racial groups are spatially segregated from whites, and they also do not uniformly affect the degree to which racial groups attend more or less disadvantaged schools than whites. This suggests that segregation and stratification are two distinct aspects of racial inequality and should be considered separately when evaluating the effectiveness of choice programs.
Temple University--Theses
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Hayward, William Chris. "Segregation in U.S. public schools desegregation, resegregation, and white flight /." 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/15368907.html.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1986.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-42).
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Alozie, Chidozie Obialor. "Taking (back) the Wheel: Structural educational reform in the United States and Australia, and its Effect upon Inequality in Australian schooling." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/124602.
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This study investigated educational reform policies in both the United States and Australia to discern a relationship between policies of reform and racial segregation in education. This thesis took as its object of study educational reform policies from the United States between 1983 and 2015 and from Australia between the years 2008 and 2013, examining them through a (Foucauldian-inspired) poststructuralist policy discourse analysis, WPR (Bacchi, 2007, 2009; Bacchi & Goodwin, 2016) and theories of affect (Wetherell, 2012; Ahmed 2004, 2013, 2016), to gauge their import to the observed phenomena of inequality, and specifically segregation within schooling. With regards to educational inequality, and to racial segregation specifically, the literature is clear as to what has happened. The more pertinent questions, however, are how, despite all the information regarding its effects, it has happened -and especially with regards to inequality-how (and why) it persists. By beginning at the end, with observed human actions within the field of policy, this research project reveals the manner through which policy constructs its issues. It develops an understanding of educational segregation which first, challenges hegemonic conceptions of neoliberalism as well as the simultaneous reification and culpability of the conception of choice within the neoliberalised policy paradigm. It also problematises the pursuance of choice through policy as a form of ‘regulated autonomy’ (Marginson, 1997a) and a manufactured form of freedom, a false freedom, as it were. This combination of methodological and theoretical traditions furthers the development of policy analysis and contributes to the body of possible perspectives for policy analysis. Specifically, it demonstrates the facility of the WPR methodology through its unique pairing with theories of affect, and in the formulation of a mechanism of a model of affective policy circulation, identifies how and why policy manifests in specific ways.Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Education, 2019
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"Demographic Change and White Flight in Rural America: Exploiting Minority Labor and Segregating Public Schools in Garden City, KS." Doctoral diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.9317.
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abstract: "White flight" is a sociological phenomenon where White members depart urban neighborhoods or schools predominantly populated by minorities, and move to places like suburbs or commuter towns. A huge limitation in White flight research does not account for communities in rural America. The rural community of Garden City, Kansas, is of particular interest because of its shift in demographics over the years. Garden City has transformed dramatically with the arrival of immigrants to staff meatpacking plants and their children who attend the Garden City Public School District. In the last eighteen years, the Garden City Public School District has experienced a 204% growth in Hispanic student enrollment while simultaneously experiencing a 54% decline in White student enrollment. The exodus of White students from the Garden City Public School District is the focus of this research. The findings of this study indicate that White flight exists in the Garden City Public School District primarily as a product of racism due to White community constituents' feelings of xenophobia and ethnophobia toward Garden City's minority populations.Dissertation/Thesis
Ed.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011
Books on the topic "Segregation white flight"
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White flight: Atlanta and the making of modern conservatism. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2005.
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Kruse, Kevin M. White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton University Press, 2013.
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Kruse, Kevin M. White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton University Press, 2013.
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White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Politics and Society in Twentieth Century America). Princeton University Press, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Segregation white flight"
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"1. Introduction: Th e Irony of Religion and Racial Segregation." In Shades of White Flight, 1–14. Rutgers University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36019/9780813564845-003.
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Quraishi, Uzma. "Finding Whiter and Browner Pastures in the Ethnoburbs, 1990s–2000s." In Redefining the Immigrant South, 199–218. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469655192.003.0008.
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Chapter 6 sheds light on the ways Houstonians navigated their city in response to demographically changing schools and neighborhoods, again reinforcing existing class-and race-based segregation. It examines the terms and coded racial language (“suburbs,” “good neighborhoods,” “poor people,” etc.) that characterized residential decisions or micro-migrations across the city, showing how they were loaded with meaning. The chapter interrogates the actions of South Asian Americans as a window into Houstonians’ views of race, the city, and its environs in the aftermath of de jure racial segregation to the present, highlighting how the processes of white and brown suburban flight upheld de facto segregation.
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Irons, Peter. "“Two Cities—One White, the Other Black”." In White Men's Law, 195–212. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190914943.003.0011.
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This chapter looks at Black struggles for equal rights during the 1960s and 1970s, first assessing the impact of the Vietnam War on Blacks, with Muhammad Ali drawing the link between the war and the denial of civil rights to Blacks. The chapter looks closely at the sit-in movement that started in the 1940s and spread across the country, followed by convoys of buses in Freedom Rides marked by White mob violence, beatings, and hundreds of arrests. Activists from the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee launched a “Freedom Summer” campaign in 1964 to register Black voters in Deep South states; the fierce White resistance included the murders of more than twenty Black and White volunteers. The chapter then shifts focus to Detroit, as the city became progressively more Black with the flight of several hundred thousand Whites from city to suburbs. The racial segregation of Black children in Detroit schools, while the suburban schools were virtually all-White, led to an NAACP lawsuit that resulted in a judicial order for large-scale busing between Detroit and its suburbs. This case, Milliken v. Bradley, ended in 1974 with a 5–4 Supreme Court decision that banned busing across school district lines, with a passionate dissent by Justice Thurgood Marshall; that year also saw violent White resistance to a busing order in Boston.
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Bhimull, Chandra D. "Planes." In Empire in the Air. NYU Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479843473.003.0010.
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Chapter 4 concentrates on how people learned to be in and live with ordinary flight through the everyday sky. Focused on air passage itself, it explores how a flying culture took hold and examines the affective dimensions of airline travel. Analyzing air travel stories, it chronicles what first-generation fliers did and felt inside early airline cabins. The vertical distance between the airplane and the ground profoundly altered the ways air passengers related to colonial landscapes and lives beneath them. The second part of the chapter illuminates how black people on the ground reacted to white people in the sky, and vice versa. It connects the emergence of everyday air travel practices to the upward expansion of empire. The last part of the chapter brings the history of white flight and racial segregation to present-day discussions of aerial mobility and the varying experiences of frequent and infrequent fliers.
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Armor, David J. "The Effectiveness of Desegregation Remedies." In Forced Justice. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090123.003.0008.
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In the complex body of case law on school segregation and desegregation, there has been one enduring feature in an otherwise variable landscape. If a school board is held liable for intentionally segregating its schools, then a federal court is obliged to order remedies that “restore the victims of discriminatory conduct to the position they would have occupied in the absence of such conduct.” While legal scholars may disagree over the meaning of intentional segregation and social scientists may argue about the benefits of desegregation, no federal court since the 1971 Swann decision has failed to order some type of school desegregation remedy after finding de jure segregation. What constitutes an acceptable remedy? Three distinct but interrelated questions have dominated legal and social science discussions about desegregation remedies. The first is the proper scope of a remedy, particularly the conditions that trigger a systemwide desegregation plan, such as mandatory busing, that affects all schools. The second concerns the definition of desegregation and the standards that should be applied to judge whether a school or a school system is desegregated. The third is the effectiveness of particular types of plans or techniques in eliminating the dual school system and its vestiges as found by a court. Without question, the central and most difficult issue in effectiveness is the attainment of desegregated student bodies, given an appropriate standard for defining a desegregated school. All three of these areas have been subjected to vigorous debates over such concerns as the degree of court intervention in school operations, how desegregation should be measured, the problem of white flight, and the effectiveness of mandatory versus voluntary desegregation techniques. Although these issues are covered in a general way by a host of court doctrines and standards, laws, and regulations, there is much room for variations and disagreement on the specifics of desegregation remedies. There are, of course, legitimate differences among affected parties and constituencies on the questions of scope, definitions, and the types of outcomes for evaluating the effectiveness of a given desegregation remedy.
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Asch, Chris Myers, and George Derek Musgrove. "How Long? How Long?" In Chocolate City. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469635866.003.0012.
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This chapter begins with urban renewal, which destroyed the entire quadrant of Southwest Washington in the late 1950s. The catastrophic impact of urban renewal helped catalyze an era of grassroots citizen activism throughout Washington in the decade after the legal barriers to racial segregation had tumbled. From the late 1950s to the late 1960s, black and white activists fought back against the business interests and unelected officials who ran Washington, challenging embedded economic inequalities in the black-majority city. Mobilizing citizen power, they struggled to stem white flight, open economic opportunities, build affordable housing, end police brutality, and win home rule. It was a time of extraordinary social ferment, escalating tensions, and explosive confrontation as Washingtonians questioned the basic relationship between the city and the nation. Progress, however, did not keep up with expectations. Despite years of protests, negotiations, hearings, and reports about racial inequality, Washington remained separate and unequal, the divide between black and white only seemed to grow wider, and frustration within the low-income black community intensified.
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Fernández, Johanna. "The Politics and Culture of the Young Lords Party." In The Young Lords, 193–232. University of North Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469653440.003.0008.
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The Young Lords applied to the U.S. context the worldview known as Third World socialism—the ideas and strategies for liberation that emerged during wars of decolonization in Vietnam, Cuba, Algeria. These drew from Marxism, Maoism, Franz Fanon, and Lenin. In the US, radicals argued that racialized groups—including black Americans, Native Americans, Chicanos, Asian Americans, and Puerto Ricans—were internal domestic colonies, politically and economically underdeveloped and dispossessed of their rights to self-determination. While Third World revolutions iconized peasant guerrillas, organizations like the Black Panthers and the Young Lords identified the lumpenproletariat as the most revolutionary class in society. At a moment when economic restructuring and the flight of industries to the suburbs produced permanent unemployment and greater economic and racial segregation in the city, the activism and politics of grassroots radicals like the Young Lords reflected the distinctive social features of their urban environments. The Revolutionary Nationalism of urban radicals was tied to the vast relocation of white Americans from city to suburb. In this environment, the ideal of people of color fighting together with white Americans for change grew more and more difficult to enact as the daily lives of these populations grew further and further apart.
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Rios, Jodi. "Confluence and Contestation." In Black Lives and Spatial Matters, 42–81. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750465.003.0003.
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This chapter highlights some of the moments and patterns that are illustrative of the particularities and peculiarities of the St. Louis region and are therefore important for understanding North St. Louis County. In many ways, the history of St. Louis in the latter part of the twentieth century closely follows the histories of most cities in the rust belt of the United States—in terms of de jure and de facto segregation in housing, education, and the labor force, as well as histories of suburbanization, discriminatory lending, and white flight. Moreover, the genealogies outlined in the chapter reflect the interconnected global histories of chattel slavery, colonial and imperial expansion, and capitalist development. In keeping with these histories, Black residents in the suburbs of North St. Louis County are disciplined as less-than-human, profit-generating bodies by tiny cities that have been stripped of resources and struggle to provide basic services except for an ever-expanding police force. A fierce desire for self-governance and municipal autonomy, a persistent tradition of parochial hierarchies, a peculiar reliance on the local courts, and the perpetual conflation of blackness and risk are legacies that result in specific forms of cultural politics and racialized practices across a highly fragmented geography.
Conference papers on the topic "Segregation white flight"
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Nastic, A., B. Jodoin, D. Poirier, and J. G. Legoux. "Powder Impact Temperature Influence on Metallurgical Bonding—An Investigation for Soft Particle Deposition on Hard Substrate." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0189.
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Abstract Segregating the convoluted effects of particle size; impact temperature and velocity on deposition behavior and adhesion is of utmost interest to the cold spray field. The current study aims to associate the particle impact behavior and adhesion to its in-flight characteristics by studying and decoupling the influence of particle size; temperature and velocity for single particle impacts and full coatings. Experimental results reveal that in-situ peening processes contribute to the adhesion at low impact temperature while η (V.VC) controls the adhesion/cohesion at increased particle impact temperatures. The benefits of both bonding mechanisms are discussed in terms of measured adhesion/cohesion; bend-to-break fracture surfaces; pseudoplasticity; deposition efficiency and critical velocity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results provide individual particle trajectory; size; temperature and velocity; of successfully deposited particles; which have led to the observed signs of metallurgical bonding.
Reports on the topic "Segregation white flight"
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Troesken, Werner, and Randall Walsh. Collective Action, White Flight, and the Origins of Formal Segregation Laws. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23691.
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