Academic literature on the topic 'Segregation – Economic aspects'
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Journal articles on the topic "Segregation – Economic aspects"
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Wojciechowska-Solis, Julia, Agata Kobyłka, and Adam Gawryluk. "Social Responsibility of Economic Units and the Well-Being of Society in the Tourism Sector: Example of Accommodation Facility." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 6270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196270.
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Corporate social responsibility (CSR) assumes that companies should justify their existence with services for various stakeholders and not with profit alone. There is a strong emphasis on the implications of CSR for managing human resources in hotels and other accommodation services, supporting local communities, and promoting environmental sustainability. This article aims to present the adjustment of business entities providing accommodation services in Poland to the CSR principles. Two aspects were examined: the environmental aspect, i.e., waste segregation and the use of economic energy receivers, while the social aspect included engaging employees, as well as investing in improving their qualifications towards pro-ecological awareness. The study was conducted on a sample of 207 owners and managers of economic entities in the accommodation sector in Poland. The Statistica software was used to analyze the obtained results, including Chi2 statistics and correspondence analysis. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the employees of accommodation centers usually deal with the final segregation of waste because they believe that tourists do not follow the rules of proper segregation. Most hotels are equipped with bins for all fractions of waste. The affiliation of a center to a specific macroregion in Poland was not statistically significant in terms of waste segregation practices. Only in the southern macroregion of Poland, ordinary light bulbs are used in accommodation establishments, which account for 0.97% of the surveyed population. In other regions, ¾ establishments use energy-saving receivers in all rooms. Only 1/3 of the facilities invested in developing their staff by organizing training courses toward sustainable development. The most popular subjects were topics related to waste segregation, energy and water saving, and environmental protection.
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Pásztor, Gyöngyi. "Slums and pauperization processes." Erdélyi Társadalom 1, no. 1 (2003): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.14.
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The study of poverty and its urban manifestations gains more and more importance in the transition period. Due to the official constraints regarding the choice of the workplace and the residence during state-socialism, phenomena of residential segregation were much seldom in Romania than in Western societies. After 1989, a considerable proportion of the houses stock became suddenly private poverty; consequently, the housing market started to function as a real market, after the rules of demand and offer. In the same time, the social and economic changes led to a general decay of the living standards and to an increase of the number of those living under the poverty line. The joint effects of the impoverishment of the population, the precarious social protection, and the liberalization of the housing market became manifest in the accentuation of residential segregation. Poverty cannot be treated any longer only as a statistically circumscribed category, it ought to be analyzed in relation with the local segregational phenomena, paying attention to territorial aspects as well. In her present work, Pásztor Gyöngyi investigates how the segregation process took place in Cluj, determining the appearance of slum areas
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Groisman, Fernando. "La persistencia de la segregación residencial socioeconómica en Argentina / The Persistence of Socio-Economic Residential Segregation in Argentina." Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos 25, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/edu.v25i2.1356.
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Este documento se refiere a uno de los aspectos de la dinámica de la segregación residencial socioeconómica: su persistencia en el tiempo. Se analiza el tema en el contexto de la recuperación económica que experimentó Argentina luego de la crisis de 2001. Durante este periodo la pobreza y la desocupación disminuyeron notablemente, y aminoró la desigualdad de la distribución del ingreso en los primeros años para luego mantenerse estable. Mediante la confección de cohortes ficticias se procedió a evaluar si quienes se encontraban en entornos expuestos a mayor privación socioeconómica mejoraron su situación en términos relativos durante esos años. Los resultados sugieren que el patrón de segregación residencial socioeconómica no se modificó. Ello obliga a avanzar hacia la formulación de una agenda de políticas públicas que tome en cuenta explícitamente tales aspectos del bienestar de la población. AbstractThis document explores one of the aspects of the dynamics of socio-economic regional segregation: its persistence over time. The topic is analyzed in the context of the economic recovery undergone by Argentina after the 2001 crisis. This period saw a sharp drop in poverty and unemployment, while there was a decrease in income distribution inequality improved in the early years before leveling off. Fictitious cohorts are used to assess whether those in environments exposed to higher levels of socio-economic deprival improved their situation in relative terms during this period. The results obtained suggest that the pattern of socio-economic residential segregation was not modified. This forces one to advance towards the discussion of a public policy agenda that will specifically take into account these aspects of the population’s welfare.
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Haque, Ismail, Dipendra Nath Das, and Priyank Pravin Patel. "Spatial Segregation in Indian Cities." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 9, no. 1 (March 2018): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425317749657.
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As India transforms into an increasingly urban society, ward-level data from the 2011 Indian Census is analysed to decipher how inequality patterns vary across different scales of urban settlements, highlighting the spatial segregation by gender, caste, socio-economic status (SES) and access to goods, by examining a specific state (Uttar Pradesh) as a microcosm to account for the nation’s enormous socio-political diversity. Caste-based spatial segregation is greater in small and medium cities compared to metropolises, possibly from greater intermingling of socio-cultural identities in larger urban locales that lower caste barriers. This also applies to segregation by SES. Contrastingly, segregation by gender or by access to essential goods is higher in larger and medium cities. Within cities, caste-based segregation is greater than that by SES. A stark spatial segregation in terms of households’ (HHs) access to essential public and private goods exists, often higher than even caste-based segregation. Summary explanations for these differentials in spatial segregation across settlements scales are offered, highlighting probable further research aspects.
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Butar-butar, Lamria, and Yohanes Tuaderu. "Social Class Segregation in American Society As Portrayed in Edward Albee’s The Zoo Story." LINGUA LITERA : journal of english linguistics and literature 2, no. 2 (February 4, 2017): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.55345/stba1.v2i2.17.
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This paper discusses about social class segregation in American Society especially in Manhattan as portrayed in The Zoo Story written by Edward Albee in 1958. The segregation can be seen through the social intercourse between Peter and Jerry, the main characters in this play. These characters are positioned in different social class because of the difference of educational and economic background. The writers use various sources to enrich their perspective and analysis taken from books and online sources. This research stands on the sociological side to view the problem why segregation may occur in real social life. To develop a good elaboration on the data found in the drama, the writers use sociological theory proposed by Pierre Bourdieu that focuses on educational and economic capital as the main factors to segregate people in human society. After conducting the research, the writers found that there is a social class segregation in American Society which is depicted in The Zoo Story. This fact encourages most Americans to realize the what-so-called American Dream which aims to have a good and happy life based on freedom and equality in all aspects of life without considering the race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, gender, religion, employment status, and so on.
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Porter, Jeremy R., Emory Morrison, Sriram Chintakrindi, and Derrick Shapley. "The historically enduring gap in death penalty support." Kriminologija & socijalna integracija 26, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 136–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/ksi.26.2.1.
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This paper evaluates four racial‑ecological theories regarding the historically enduring racial divide in public opinion regarding death penalty support. Using geo‑coded data from the 20th century, this research examines the relative representation of African Americans, the level of black‑white economic inequality, and the extent of racial residential segregation on race‑spe‑ cific odds of supporting the death penalty. The research finds support for aspects of racial social context accounting for a portion of the black-white gap in death penalty support at the time. We find differential effects, by race, of representation and segregation as mediators of public opinion regarding the death penalty.
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Semyonov, Moshe. "Development and Gender-Linked Economic Inequality in the Era of Globalization." Sociology of Development 4, no. 3 (2018): 304–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2018.4.3.304.
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This paper focuses on the relations between development and gender disparities in labor market outcomes in the era of globalization. Within a cross-national comparative framework, the article examines the relations between development and globalization and three aspects of gender-linked disparities (women's labor force participation, gender occupational differentiation, and gender pay gap) at two time points: 1990 and 2015. The data reveal patterns in the relationship between development, globalization, and each dimension of gender inequality. First, development but not globalization tends to increase women's labor force participation. Second, development is likely to reduce gender occupational segregation. But the effect is indirect; it is transmitted via the increased number of economically active women. Third, less gender occupational segregation does not necessarily mean greater occupational equality; high female labor force participation is likely to reduce women's likelihood of employment in high-status professional and managerial occupations. Fourth, gender occupational inequality appears to be one of the sources of a country's gender pay gap; the pay disparity between men and women tends to be greater in countries where gender occupational inequality is high. A model that summarizes the complex relations among development, globalization, and the various dimensions of gender-linked economic activity and inequality is proposed and discussed.
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Rebhun, Uzi. "Immigrant Integration and COVID-19." Border Crossing 11, no. 1 (March 23, 2021): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v11i1.1291.
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Covid-19 has thrust millions of people who have recently crossed international borders into unprecedented social and economic havoc. The patterns of immigration and settlement in a new country, on the one hand, and the nature of the virus, on the other hand, have placed immigrants at high risk of infection, possibly generating or accelerating anti-immigration sentiments among the local population. In this viewpoint, I discuss five complementary aspects of the migration-pandemic nexus: immigrants’ legal status, language proficiency, ethnic segregation, religiosity, and economic wellbeing. My concluding remarks carry several implications for policy.
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Valibeigi, Mojtaba, Sakineh Maroofi, and Sara Danay. "Forgotten Territories in the Iranian Home: Issues of Segregation." Changing Societies & Personalities 6, no. 1 (April 11, 2022): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/csp.2022.6.1.167.
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This article addresses issues associated with segregation and gender discrimination in the traditional culture of Iranian home. The concept of Iranian home with an emphasis on its territories and social characteristics, as well as segregation and gender aspects, was investigated. Using expert opinions, seven house samples were analyzed. Following a review of plans and maps, interviews, and visual observations, a content analysis of activities, social relations, and physical features was conducted. The results show that individual values have been forgotten, and the privacy is defined as a collective state for a family. Under the management of the father, home has a biological and economic nature. All household activities and social relationships are determined by gender. Among the things having distinct segregation attributes are permanent house elements, such as walls and entrances. Finally, it seems that the culture of Iranian home further emphasizes such concepts as confidentiality, purity, cooperation, and humility.
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Voevodina, Ekaterina V. "THE THIRD MISSION OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DIGITAL SOCIETY: GENDER ASPECTS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Philosophy. Social Studies. Art Studies, no. 1 (2022): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6401-2022-1-182-189.
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The article analyzes the gender aspects of sustainable development, notes the high relevance of inclusion and gender diversity in this process. It mentions that companies that have implemented these principles in their practice achieve better economic efficiency. Based on a review of modern research and statistical data (UNESCO, OECD, McKinsey, Crowe), on the one hand, a conclusion can be drawn that the gender gap in higher education in developed countries is gradually closing. On the other, there is a gender segregation of professions, especially in STEM sciences, the digital sector and IT. In Russia, the proportion of women in the field of higher education is quite high, but among the scientific personnel of the highest qualification (professors), it is only 35%. Under the third mission of universities, we mean the activities of universities, directly or indirectly aimed at solving social and economic issues, including those related to the implementation of sustainable development goals. To that end the author summarizes that it is necessary to promote programs that support inclusion and gender diversity in higher education through programs of the corporate social responsibility and support. Universities are “guides” of sustainable development at the local level.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Segregation – Economic aspects"
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鄺為臻 and Wai-chun Valerius Kwong. "Voluntary and imposed racial segregation zoning: a Coasian-Olson Hong Kong comparative empirical study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39558927.
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Kiaušienė, Laima. "Nedarbas ir užimtumas Lietuvoje: lyčių lygių galimybių aspektas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070104_134632-47940.
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Pasirinkta tema – “Nedarbas ir užimtumas Lietuvoje: lyčių lygių galimybių aspektas”. Vienas svarbiausių šiuolaikinių visuomenių raidos bruožų yra esminiai moterų socialinių vaidmenų pokyčiai – per pastaruosius keturiasdešimt-penkiasdešimt metų jos aktyviai įsitraukė į darbo rinką, švietimą, politiką ir kitas visuomenės gyvenimo sferas. Tačiau tiek ES valstybėse, tiek ir kitose išsivysčiusiose šalyse moterų ir vyrų padėties skirtumai tebėra gana ryškūs, nors pagal įstatymus jie turi lygias teises. Šiandieninė moters situacija šeimoje yra dvilypė: nepaisant to, kad dažniausiai jos yra lygiavertės partnerės, priimant sprendimus, tvarkant biudžetą ir pan., jos tuo pačiu yra ir neapmokama darbo jėga namų ūkyje, visų šeimos narių aptarnautojos ir kasdieninių buitinių poreikių tenkintojos. Būtent nelygus pasidalijimas namų ruošos darbais bene labiausiai atspindi patriarchalines mūsų visuomenės nuostatas, kurių nepakeitė penkiasdešimt aktyvaus moterų dalyvavimo ekonominiame Lietuvos gyvenime metų.Transformation in social process determined changes of women status. In recent decades new opportunities have opened to women and the gender roles of women have changed greatly. These changes led to changes in the attitudes of women about work which resulted in women becoming more career and education oriented. Today's women are actively participated in economic, political and education life. Although in EU and other developed countries laws make men and women legally equal in their rights changes between men and women are visible. Despite of certain adaptation of society to social changes, it has still remained high degree of traditionality. For instance, although nowadays a role of a woman as an economic provider, decision maker had been significantly enforced, the role of a caretaker in a family still remains to be a prerogative of a woman. As part of the historical process in the development of a patriarchal system, roles and behavior deemed appropriate to the sexes are expressed in values, customs, laws, social roles. Differences between men and women in family jobs share are still showing patriarchy, or the establishment and practice of male dominance over women. While Lithuania had made progress by passing new legislation and creating mechanisms for their implementation, gender equality had not been achieved yet in all spheres. In this thesis was analysed employers approach to the gender equality in labor force in Anyksciai area with the aim to show the situation... [to full text]
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Šilinskė, Silvija. "Gyventojų užimtumas Lietuvoje: lyčių lygybės aspektas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100224_141019-90149.
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Šiuo metu pripažįstama, jog lyčių lygybės aspekto integravimas darbo rinkoje yra neatsiejama užimtumo politikos įgyvendinimo dalis. Nepaisant pažangos moterų užimtumo srityje Lietuvoje vis dar egzistuoja lyčių diskriminavimo apraiškos užimtumo srityje, kurios tampa ypač aktualios ekonominio sunkmečio akivaizdoje. Šio magistro darbo tikslas yra atskleisti lyčių lygybės principo įgyvendinimą Lietuvos užimtumo politikoje. Darbą sudaro teorinės studijos, problemos analizė, praktinis tyrimas bei darbo išvados ir siūlomos rekomendacijos. Teorinėje dalyje aptariama užimtumo samprata ir lyčių lygybės principo įgyvendinimo darbo rinkoje svarba. Problemos analizė grindžiama statistiniais duomenimis, kurie atskleidžia nelygias moterų ir vyrų dalyvavimo darbo rinkoje galimybes. Praktinėje dalyje atlikta ekspertų apklausa, siekiant atskleisti lyčių diskriminacijos apraiškas ekonomikos nuosmukio metu. Atliekant teorines gyventojų užimtumo studijas bei atliekant užimtumo analizę lyčių aspektu magistro darbe naudoti bendramoksliniai tyrimo metodai – sisteminė ir lyginamoji mokslinės literatūros, teisinių dokumentų, internetinės informacijos bei statistinių duomenų analizė. Empirinio tyrimo atlikimui pasirinktas ekspertų apklausos metodas.Despite the substantial progress, there are still significant employment problems related to gender equality facing Lithuania. Gender discrimination in labour market especially is important in presence of economics crisis. Aim of this work is to analyze and to estimate implementation of gender equality in employment policy. The work consists of the following parts: theoretical solutions, problem analysis, research and its results, conclusions and recommendations. The theoretical studies consist of three basic parts: theoretical aspects of employment, analyse of the employment policy implementation in Lithuania and importance of gender equality in labour market. Problem analysis is based on statistical data which help to identify men’s and women’s opportunity to participate in labour market The empirical research is based on the survey. The goal of the research is finding out about gender discrimination in Lithuania labour market nowadays. The last chapter consists of conclusions and recommendations drawn upon the results of theoretical and empirical researches. The methods used in this work are: the systematic and comparative analysis of scientific literature, juridical acts, internet information sources and statistical data. For the empirical part was used qualitative research method – expert interview.
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Montalban, Castilla José. "Addressing Inequalities in Education : Need-Based Grants, Gender Differences and School Choice." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0155.
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Cette thèse rassemble des recherches sur trois sources d’inégalités éducatives en Espagne, à différents niveaux d’éducation (préscolaire, primaire, secondaire et supérieur). Ces recherches tentent d’évaluer l’impact causal de politiques de grande ampleur sur l'efficacité et l'équité des systèmes éducatifs. Le premier chapitre porte sur les effets de l'aide financière aux étudiants défavorisés, dans le contexte de l'enseignement supérieur. Les programmes nationaux d’aide financière (bourses) aux étudiants défavorisés couvrent une grande partie des étudiants et représentent une part non négligeable des budgets alloués à l’enseignement supérieur. En s’intéressant à une réforme du système de bourses en Espagne qui modifie les exigences académiques nécessaires pour bénéficier des aides, on tente d’identifier l’effet de ces exigences académiques, à niveau de bourse donné, sur les performances des étudiants, leur propension à abandonner ou réussir leurs études. Pour cela, on utilise des micro-données administratives sur l'univers des candidats aux bourses dans une grande université. En exploitant les discontinuités dans la formule d’éligibilité, on trouve des effets positifs marqués de l’association d’exigences académiques élevées aux bourses, sans aucun effet négatif sur le décrochage. Les étudiants sont plus fréquemment présents aux examens de fin d’année, leur moyenne générale comme leur taux de réussite y sont plus élevés, et ils ont moins souvent besoin de passer des rattrapages. Le deuxième chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact des conditions d’examen, dans le primaire et le secondaire, sur les performances académiques selon le genre. Les conditions d’examen académique elles-mêmes ont néanmoins fait l’objet de peu d’attention dans cette littérature. Ce chapitre s’intéresse précisément aux différences de performance entre garçons et filles qui apparaissent lorsque l’environnement de l’examen est modifié. Pour cela, ce chapitre analyse une intervention aléatoire concernant l’ensemble des élèves de 6e et 10e années dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). Les écoles de la région ont été assignées de façon aléatoire dans deux groupes devant administrer leurs examens de façon différente: en interne, où les élèves étaient évalués par des enseignants de l’école vs. en externe, où des enseignants extérieurs venaient effectuer les tests. Lorsque l’examinateur est externe, les filles performent moins bien que les garçons, notamment dans les matières où elles performent généralement moins bien à la base. Les données d’une enquête additionnelle sur le stress, la confiance en soi et le degré d’effort indiquent que ces performances relatives découlent d’une moins bonne gestion du stress provoqué par un environnement non familier. Le troisième chapitre étudie la relation entre choix de l’école et ségrégation scolaire, dans le contexte de l'éducation préscolaire. Ce chapitre vise à élargir cette littérature en étudiant comment la régulation publique affecte les décisions des familles et la ségrégation des enfants entre les écoles, dans le cadre du Mécanisme de Boston. Ce chapitre analyse deux réformes à grande échelle, entreprises dans la région de Madrid (Espagne). En particulier, on exploite ici une réforme interdistricts qui a largement élargi l’univers des choix possibles pour les familles. Son impact est mesuré en combinant une event study first difference entre cohortes avec une différence de différences. Grâce à des données uniques sur les candidatures des familles auprès des différentes écoles, ce chapitre montre que les familles ont candidaté à des écoles plus éloignées de leur domicile. La reforme produit des effets différenciés, avec les parents les plus éduqués et n’étant pas immigrés réagissant le plus fortement (en termes absolus). Les résultats indiquent un déclin de la ségrégation par niveau d’éducation des parents mais une croissance de cette ségrégation entre enfant de parents immigrés et non-immigrésThis dissertation gathers evidence on three sources of education inequalities across different education levels (preschool, primary, secondary, and higher education) in the context of Spain. It revolves around the causal effects of large-scale educational policies on the efficiency and equity of educational systems.The first chapter focuses on the effects of financial aid for disadvantaged students in the context of higher education. National financial aid programs for disadvantaged students cover a large fraction of college students and represent a non-negligible component of the public budget. Using a reform in the Spanish need-based grant program, this paper tests the causal effect of receiving the same amount of grant under different intensities of academic requirements on student performance, degree completion and student dropout. I use administrative micro-data on the universe of applicants to the grant in a large university. Exploiting sharp discontinuities in the grant eligibility formula, I find strong positive effects of being eligible for a grant on student performance when combined with demanding academic requirements, while there are no effects on student dropout. Students improve their final exam attendance rate, their average GPA in final exams, and their probability of completing the degree. They also reduce the fraction of subjects that they have to retake. The second chapter centers on the gender differences in academic performance due to the testing-environment, in the context of primary and secondary education. However, little attention has been devoted to investigating how the organization of student testing may influence the relative performance of male and female students. This paper analyzes the gender gap in test scores that arises as a result of differential responses by boys and girls to the testing environment. To that end, we exploit a unique randomized intervention on the entire population of students in the 6th and 10th grades in the Region of Madrid (Spain). The intervention assigned schools to either internally or externally administered testing. We find that girls do worse than boys in exams that are externally administered, especially in male-dominated subjects. Additional survey evidence on stress, self-confidence, and effort suggests that lower relative female performance in externally administered tests results from a lower ability to cope with stressful situations as a result of less familiarity with the testing environment.The third chapter studies the relationship between school choice priorities and school segregation in the context of preschool education. This work aims at broadening the scope of market design questions to school choice by examining how government-determined school choice priorities affect families’ choices and pupil sorting across schools in the context of the Boston Mechanism. We use two large-scale school choice reforms in the school choice priority structure undertaken in the region of Madrid (Spain) as a source of variation. In particular, we exploit an inter-district school choice reform that widely expanded families’ choice set of schools. We combine an event study first difference across cohorts and a Difference-in-Difference design to identify the impact of the reforms. Using unique administrative data on parents’ applications to schools, this paper shows that families reacted to the reform exerting higher inter-district choice and applying to schools located further away from home than before the reform. We find distributional effects of the reform concluding that parents from the highest education levels and parents of non-immigrant students were those who reacted the most in absolute terms. We find a decrease in school segregation by parental education and an increase in school segregation by immigrant status
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Chauhan, Khalid Mahmood. "Sex segregation in the public sector in Pakistan : gender training, representation, resources, and patriarchy." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151446.
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This thesis examines the problem of sex segregation in the public sector of Pakistan in relation to the increasingly applied development solution of gender training of public sector employees. The three main labour market theories of sex segregation - social, economic and political - and the parallel development approaches, that is, Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD), and Gender and Development (GAD), consider the solution to the problem of sex segregation in the labour market to be, respectively, the integration of women in institutions, women's access to economic resources, and the reorganisation of gender relations through dismantling entrenched patriarchy. In practice, the social approach of gender training has increasingly become the development solution and there is a belief that training will result in institutional transformation and the elimination of gender inequality. The research for this thesis was concerned with how gender training relates to the problem of sex segregation in terms of issues of women's low representation, access to resources, and institutional policies and practices. The research interviewed 198 public sector employees in Pakistan to seek opinions on women's representation, the changes and policies required in the public sector and actual changes in practices after gender training. The data captured the diversity of views of male and female employees both with and without gender training, belonging to two geographic locations, 10 organisations, and at three levels within the organisations. The research found that training provoked resistance to women's representation and access to resources and did not result in changes in practices of research participants, which continued to be determined by institutional inertia owing to unchanged organisational policies. There was a contest between the opposing interests of men and women about the issues of women's representation and access to resources. While both men and women opposed increased representation of women in organisations through quotas, women asked for greater access to institutional and social resources but men in similar positions opposed it, suggesting gender inequality is inherently political. Patriarchal benevolence was shown by men in senior management positions in their support for increased women's representation and resources, because their elite status was not challenged by interventions at the lower level. Further, gender training did not transform organisational practices and gender- trained research participants returned to work in the existing patriarchal framework of the public sector. These findings seek a refocus of development interventions by suggesting that more and better training cannot cure the problem of sex segregation, nor do social and liberal theories of sex segregation offer a solution to the problem of sex segregation, because women's low representation and limited access to resources are not causes of sex segregation, as assumed by the social and economic theories of sex segregation in the labour market, but are effects of the patriarchal control of institutions, as argued in the political theories of sex segregation in the labour market. While training is important, the problem first requires a change in the patriarchal processes, policies and procedures that disenfranchise women.
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Mnguni, Phindile Samukelisiwe. "School choice and commuting in Ladybrand, Free State: a socio-economic analysis." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27397.
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This study explored school choice and school commuting in the town of Ladybrand in the Free State Province. A mixed research method (survey and qualitative interviews) was used. Grade 8 parents from all three public secondary schools in Ladybrand were surveyed. Members of the School Governing Bodies (SGB) and School Management Teams (SMT) were also interviewed. The study found that all three schools are dominated by Black African children, although Ladybrand High (a fee-charging, former Model C, whites-only school), had a multiracial learner profile. Most Black African learners in Ladybrand High came from lower to middle-class working homes in the neighbouring township. Lesotho nationals were also enrolled in this school. Most Ladybrand High learners had parents who are married, financially resourced, educated, and working in skilled or professional jobs. In terms of Lereng Secondary and Sehlabeng Secondary School (both no-fee township schools), most learners hail from poorly educated, single-parent homes, where the parents are either working in semi-skilled or unskilled jobs or are unemployed. None were from Lesotho. Their financial status is weak. These parents said they selected the school based on proximity and low cost, whereas quality of education drove enrolment in Ladybrand High. Thus, the schools in the Ladybrand area demonstrate that class segregation has replaced apartheid race segregation. Learners from Ladybrand High commute using a variety of transport modes, while learners in township schools either use a subsidised government bus or walk – in some cases long distances if they live on neighbouring farms. The township schools complained of poor learner discipline and feeling unsafe due to local gang activities, both of which negatively impact on the functioning of the schools. This was not the case with Ladybrand High. While all the schools offer extra lessons, the two township schools hold extensive extra-lesson sessions and matriculation study camps.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Martin, Charles T. (Charles Tyler). "Economic feasibility of segregating grain by protein concentration while harvesting." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/30334.
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Price premiums and discounts are currently paid for various classes of wheat in the US marketplace. These premiums and the known heterogeneity of grain protein across landscapes beg the question of whether grain could be separated on the farm to maximize revenues. Theoretically, the concavity or convexity of a price function defines if an opportunity to segregate grain exists. Although this is true, prices in the market place are paid in stepped increments, which result in unique revenue maximizing solutions. This study was conducted to determine the economic feasibility of segregating wheat by protein content on the combine harvester during harvest. Both web-based and spreadsheet calculators were built to predict the best point in which to segregate a crop at, as well as define the protein level and quantity of each segregated volume of grain. The costs of segregation vary by operation, but fixed, variable, and opportunity costs are estimated to total $0.1739 bu⁻¹ if segregation is used every year. Revenue gains varied with the price schedule, field mean protein value, and the standard deviation of protein. Revenue gains increased in proportion to the size of a price step in a price schedule. Soft white winter wheat showed the greatest potential for segregation; however, on average yearly expected premiums are less than $.05 bu⁻¹, well below total variable costs. Price schedules occur which allow for profits of over $1.00 bu⁻¹ from segregation, although these are not the norm. Historically, on-combine grain segregation would not be economically feasible for the average producer. However, under certain supply and demand conditions, premiums occur that would make on-combine grain segregation profitable. Individuals will have to evaluate the feasibility on a case-by-case basis.Graduation date: 2013
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Llanque, Zonta Victor Eduardo. "Does Mass Transit Counter the Educational Effects of Residential Segregation in the Metropolitan Area of La Paz-El Alto, Bolivia?" Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8GH9W7V.
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This dissertation explored the links between residential segregation, transportation policy, and education equity in the metropolitan area of La Paz-El Alto, Bolivia. Using quantitative and qualitative research methods, the study assessed whether mass transit projects counter the educational effects of residential segregation. The specific goals of the study were to: (a) measure the level of segregation that students experience in neighborhoods and schools; (b) assess disparities in school accessibility among students of different ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds; and (c) to measure the effects of mass transit availability on school segregation. The results showed that students in the metropolitan area of La Paz-El Alto are highly segregated by ethnic and socioeconomic background. Moreover, neighborhoods with a higher proportion of either Indigenous or low-income students have lower levels of school accessibility. School accessibility is hindered by the limited supply of schooling and by an inefficient, unsafe, and limited public transportation system. The introduction of high-quality mass transit had a small yet statistically significant effect on school segregation. Students in the lowest third of the wealth distribution are more likely than their wealthier counterparts to change schools when mass transit becomes available. Mass transit projects have thus been a welcome addition to families’ transportation options, which highlights the significance of pairing education and transportation policies to promote greater equality of educational opportunity.
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Nala, Nomfundo. "Commuting to school in semi-rural KwaZulu-Natal: characteristics, causes and consequences." Diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27434.
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The Umnini Tribal Authority is a poor, semi-rural area in KwaZulu-Natal, governed by a local chief. This study set out to determine school commuting patterns in relation to school choice and socio-economic status (SES) in the area. Mixed methods were used, involving a parental questionnaire survey, interviews, focus groups and a field audit with photographs. Overall, almost all learners enrolled in the seven 'no-fee' state primary (four) and high schools (three) under study were found to be Black African, IsiZulu speakers, and generally ‘extremely poor’ to ‘very poor’. Most households are headed by single mothers who have completed high school but are unemployed. Most households rely on government social grants to some extent. Most fathers were either absent, poorly educated to uneducated, and far less likely to be employed than the mothers. Children living with both parents, especially where the father was tertiary educated, and the mother employed, fell into the ‘less poor’ and ‘better off than most’ categories. In terms of school choice affordability, good teachers, good school management and proximity to home were the main drivers of enrolment. SES seems to have an impact on the amount of money spent on school lunches and school expenses, although there were some concerning exceptions. Primary school learners walked to school, but many parents pay for monthly transport. Some use the government-subsidised bus. High school learners tended to have longer and less safe journeys to school and back than primary school learners. This is especially true for boy learners, who are targets for criminals, drug addicts and, even worse, school bus drivers. Several challenges face all these learners en route to school every day: crime, unsafe and poor road conditions, roadworthy vehicles, long journeys and rough terrain. Primary school learners often get lost or left behind by their transport drivers. Fortunately, their teachers are actively involved in ensuring their safety and well-being – far more so than their parents, who seldom even know the name of the transport driver, let alone whether the vehicle is appropriate, roadworthy or licenced. High school learners were more likely to live in ‘extremely poor’ to ‘very poor’ households, a possible indicator that financially better-off parents are sending their high school children to schools outside of the area. It is recommended that the local tribal authority, the provincial government, the schools, parents and drivers need to work in unison to make the school commute simpler and safer.Environmental Sciences
M. Sc. (Environmental Management)
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Bennett, Magdalena. "Three Essays on Causal Inference for Observational Studies." Thesis, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-7epe-kt10.
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The generation of robust causal evidence is of paramount importance for informing policy and assessing the effect of different interventions in the educational setting. The objective of this thesis is to design and apply new methods for causal inference, particularly in observational studies, to answer pressing educational questions and provide evidence of the effect of specific events and policies.
This thesis consists of three papers that use different identification strategies, such as a natural experiment, a regression discontinuity design, and a difference-in-differences approach, in combination with matching techniques, to identify the effect that specific educational interventions and a natural disaster had on students' and schools' outcomes in Chile.
In the first paper, Vielma, Zubizarreta, and I present a new way of matching in observational studies that is able to (i) balance covariates directly with multiple-valued treatments, (ii) build self-weighted matched samples that are representative of a target population, and (iii) handle matching problems in large datasets in a fast and efficient way. The key insights of this new approach to matching are balancing the treatment groups relative to a target population and positing a linear-sized mixed integer formulation of the matching problem. We illustrate this method using both a simulation study and a case study. In the observational study, we estimate the effect that different intensities of the 2010 Chilean earthquake had on senior high school students' educational outcomes. We find that while increasing levels of exposure to the earthquake had a negative impact on school attendance, it had no effect on college admission test scores.
In my second paper, I tackle the issue of generalization in a regression discontinuity design. Regression discontinuity designs are a commonly used approach for causal inference in observational studies. Under mild continuity assumptions, the method provides a robust estimate of the average treatment effect for observations directly at the threshold of assignment. However, it has limited external validity for populations away from the cutoff. This paper proposes a strategy to overcome this limitation by identifying a wider interval around the cutoff for estimation using a Generalization of a Regression Discontinuity Design (GRD). In this interval, predictive covariates are used to explain away the relationship between the assignment score and the outcome of interest for the pre-intervention period. Under the partially-testable assumption of conditional time-invariance in absence of the treatment, the generalization bandwidth can be applied to the post-intervention period, allowing for the estimation of average treatment effects for populations away from the cutoff. To illustrate this method, GRD is applied in the context of free higher education in Chile to estimate effects for vulnerable students. I find evidence that students at the margin of eligibility were positively affected by the policy, increasing both application and enrollment rates to university. In terms of a generalized effect, evidence is also consistent with an increasing effect as we get away from the cutoff.
Finally, the third paper in this thesis addresses the question of unintended consequences in school segregation due to the introduction of a targeted voucher scheme. I use a difference-in-difference approach, in combination with matching on time-stable covariates, to estimate the effect that the 2008 Chilean voucher policy had on both average students' household income and academic performance at the school level. Results show that even though the policy had a positive effect on schools' standardized test scores, closing the gap between schools that subscribed to the policy compared to those that did not, there was also an increase in the differences between socioeconomic characteristics at the school level, such as average household income.
Books on the topic "Segregation – Economic aspects"
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Schlecht, Shannon M. Logistical costs and strategies for wheat segregation. Fargo, N.D: Dept. of Agribusiness and Applied Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, 2004.
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RC 21 International Conference on Challenging Urban Identities (2003 Milan, Italy). Globalizing cities: Inequality and segregation in developing countries. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2007.
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Hellerstein, Judith K. Workplace segregation in the United States: Race, ethnicity, and skill. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Hellerstein, Judith K. Workplace segregation in the United States: Race, ethnicity, and skill. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.
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Card, David E. Racial segregation and the black-white test score gap. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.
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Hellerstein, Judith K. Ethnicity, language, and workplace segregation: Evidence from a new matched employer-employee data set. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.
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Fernandez, Raquel. Education, segregation and marital sorting: Theory and an application to UK data. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
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Cutler, David M. Are ghettos good or bad? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.
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Raquel, Fernandez. Sorting, education and inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001.
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Benabou, Roland. Education, income distribution, and growth: The local connection. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Segregation – Economic aspects"
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Hess, Daniel Baldwin, and Alex Bitterman. "Who Are the People in Your Gayborhood? Understanding Population Change and Cultural Shifts in LGBTQ+ Neighborhoods." In The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods, 3–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66073-4_1.
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AbstractGay neighborhoods, like all neighborhoods, are in a state of continual change. The relevance of gay neighborhoods—originally formed to promote segregation of individuals who identify as sexual minorities—is lately challenged by advances in technology, experiences with pandemics, shifts in generational opinion and social values, increasing acceptance of LGBTQ+ individuals, and (in certain places) increased rights and protections for LGBTQ+ individuals. This confluence of change has created for many people anxiety related to the belief that gay neighborhoods may be dissolving or even disappearing altogether. Seeking to address these concerns, this opening chapter of the book The Life and Afterlife of Gay Neighborhoods: Renaissance and Resurgence presents eight important takeaway messages distilled from the chapters in this volume that, taken together, provide an in-depth overview of the formation, maturation, current challenges, and future prospects of LGBTQ+ spaces in urban environments. Findings suggest that shifts in patterns of residence, socialization, and entertainment for LGBTQ+ residents and visitors across metropolitan space have resulted in certain gay neighborhoods becoming less gay while other neighborhoods become more gay. In this time of social change, economic inequities, public health crises, and technological evolution, gay neighborhoods provide a culturally and historically significant template for communities in confronting adversity, fear, and discrimination. At this point in their maturity, gay neighborhoods have reached a plateau in their evolution; from here we pause to consider the current state of gay neighborhoods—and trajectories that might describe their future form—as we contemplate the importance of gay neighborhoods in the ongoing advancement of LGBTQ+ people everywhere. We conclude by observing that while gayborhoods have experienced a certain level of de-gaying, the trend toward viewing gayborhoods as inclusive and gay-friendly places de-emphasizes the self-segregation aspects of gayborhoods that were important to their initial formation; consequently, while gay neighborhoods may become less gay, other neighborhoods may also become more gay.
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Shaban, Abdul, and Zinat Aboli. "Socio-spatial Segregation and Exclusion in Mumbai." In The Urban Book Series, 153–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_8.
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AbstractIndian society is characterised by significant horizontal (religious, regional, linguistic) and vertical (income, occupation, caste) divisions. These socio-economic fragmentations significantly shape the production of space in cities. In fact, all major cities in the country are pervaded by socio-spatial divides, which often become sources of conflict, violence, exclusion and, also, solidarity. Mumbai is the industrial, commercial and financial capital of the country. Bollywood has, over the years, helped in carving out a distinct (pan) Indian identity for itself and the city, both within and outside India, and is a major rallying and unifying aspect for India. Among all its glitter, the city is also infamous for its underworld (originating from its excluded and marginalised neighbourhoods), slums and poor residential areas. The city is pervaded by socio-spatial fragmentation and is a divided city. This chapter shows that the highest level of segregation in Mumbai is based on religion (Muslims and Non-Muslims), followed by class, caste and tribe.
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Stenroos, Marko, and Jenni Helakorpi. "The Multiple Stories in Finnish Roma Schooling." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 99–116. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_7.
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AbstractRegardless of the good reputation of the Finnish basic education system, Finnish Roma children fall behind the overall average in their performance of academic skills: Roma children face more challenges completing basic education and have more repeated school years. Furthermore, compared to the average, Roma youth apply less for upper secondary education and thus their general level of education remains low. However, looking at Roma education solely through problematic representations only provides a partial picture. In this article, based on two separate sets of fieldwork among Finnish Kaale Roma, we examine how teachers, Roma activists and mediators perceive the educational trajectories of Finnish Roma children and youth. The article seeks to scrutinize Finnish Roma schooling within the framework of the Finnish National Policy on Roma (NRIS). The analysis highlights the multiplicity of voices in the field, discusses the possibilities, and thus problematizes the single-aspect discourse on Roma education. Many countries in Central and Eastern Europe struggle with school and residential segregation, but Finnish Roma face different challenges.
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Taylor, John, and Josh Silver. "The Community Reinvestment Act as a Catalyst for Integration and an Antidote to Concentrated Poverty." In Facing Segregation, 120–45. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190862305.003.0007.
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Policymakers tend to focus on federal programs as remedies to poverty. While important, the largest of these programs do not combat poverty’s geographic aspects. The Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) imposes an affirmative obligation on banks to meet the credit needs of low- and moderate-income (LMI) neighborhoods. The act is designed to promote affordable housing and economic development by combating lending discrimination, thereby alleviating poverty and building wealth in LMI areas. Federal CRA exams rate banks on their loans and investments in LMI neighborhoods. By promoting responsible lending, the CRA has increased homeownership and small-business ownership in those neighborhoods. However, the act’s full potential to combat concentrations of poverty has not been realized. This chapter explores how improved examination procedures can make the CRA more effective in promoting integration in gentrifying and distressed neighborhoods and how the CRA can be combined with the US Department of Housing and Urban Development’s recent fair housing rule and other anti-poverty programs to combat concentrations of poverty.
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Baduel, Benedicte, Asel Isakova, and Anna Ter-Martirosyan. "Generational Aspects of Inclusive Growth." In How to Achieve Inclusive Growth, 645–73. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192846938.003.0018.
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Sharing economic benefits equitably across all segments of society includes addressing the specific challenges of different generations. At present, youth and elderly are particularly vulnerable to poverty relative to adults in their middle years. The chapter examines broad-based policies to foster youth integration into the labor market and ensure adequate income and health care support for the elderly. Turning to the intergenerational dimension, everyone should have the same chances in life, regardless of their family background. The chapter analyzes policies that promote social mobility, including improving access to high-quality care and education starting from a very early age, supporting lifelong learning, effective social protection schemes, and investing in infrastructure and other services to reduce spatial segregation.
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Steiner, Hadas A. "Cropping the View." In Buffalo at the Crossroads, 255–64. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749766.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses how the deployment of architectural history in Buffalo demonstrates how scholarship can be used to justify policies that reify segregation. It describes Buffalo as an industrial city where the longue durée of fiscal, racial, and ethnic ghettoization has stranded 30 percent of the population below the poverty line despite claims of an economic renaissance. It also cites the co-option of cultural capital by politicians and developers in relation to identifying how disciplinary resources might be directed elsewhere to stem the growing tide of spatial injustice. The chapter contrasts the most important aspects of the Buffalo landscape and the abstraction of its architecture into an aesthetic discourse. It recounts the terracotta fac¸ade of the Guaranty Building by Louis Sullivan that has now been restored and the demolition of the Larkin Administration Building by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1950.
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Grabowski, Gabriel. "Circular economy in the waste management sector." In Sustainability and sustainable development, 243–50. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Poznaniu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18559/978-83-8211-074-6/iv5.
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The growing population and rising standards of living lead to an increase of the consumption of many goods. Reducing municipal waste which is created in that process can result in a wide range of environmental, economic, and social benefits, such as reducing pollution in water and soil, greenhouse gas emissions and loss of valuable materials. The concept to solve this problem of municipal waste due to increased consumption can be found, among others, in circular economy (CE). Circular economy can be defined as “an economic system that is based on business models which replace the ‘end-of-life’ concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes to accomplish sustainable development” (Kirchherr, Reike, & Hekkert, 2017). A current trend in developed countries is closing the loop, moving from the concept of “end-of-pipe” waste management towards more holistic resource management (Wilson, 2007). Implementing the circular economy approach through waste management systems can pose multiple challenges while providing incentives to improve waste management infrastructure. However, this requires investments and may be perceived by many people as cost, not investment in future generations and their standard of living. The aim of this chapter is to initiate discussion on the positive aspects and barriers of circular economy development in the Polish waste management sector. In the case study described in the text, the roles of citizens, public institutions as well as enterprises are shown in selective waste collection processes as an important element of circular economy. In Poland, awareness of waste segregation and the importance of using recycled materials is not well-developed compared to many other EU countries, although this situation is beginning to gradually improve.
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Ray, Kamal, Ramesh Chandra Das, and Utpal Das. "Convergence Aspect of Capital Formation." In Handbook of Research on Global Indicators of Economic and Political Convergence, 51–66. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0215-9.ch003.
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Empirical evidences on convergence or divergence of a group of economies or regions in most instances are based upon per capita income as the only determinant for discussion. As time goes on, there has been a lot of studies on the convergence or divergence of certain variables which are proxy to the income variable. The present chapter attempts to examine whether there is convergence or divergence in per capita gross capital formation across 37 countries for the period 1980-2013. The study observes that there is significant absolute ß and s convergence for the cross section of all the economies for the entire period. By segregating the entire data into the categories of developed and developing country, the study further observes significant s convergence in both the cases with no absolute ß convergence in either of the country categories.
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Schafran, Alex. "Conclusion." In Road to Resegregation, 254–80. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520286443.003.0010.
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This chapter argues that had political leaders and a broad coalition of interest groups truly wanted to heal both wounds from the postwar era—racialized segregation and environmental destruction—far more could have been done. The utterly broken politics of urbanization and development in the Bay Area became and remain a useful excuse from varying political sides, a way of abdicating responsibility in the face of history. Building a new, more unified politics of development will take time. It will require rethinking who plans and who is a planner, and the very role of urban development in the economy as a whole. It means abandoning some of the normative baggage with which places and housing choices are judged, and ensuring that everyone's place and everyone's home is as secure and risk-free as possible. It will also require a renewed commitment to combating exploitation in all aspects of metropolis-building.
Conference papers on the topic "Segregation – Economic aspects"
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KWAME, ADDAE-DAPAAH. "AGE SEGREGATION AND THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE ELDERLY IN HIGH-RISE STUDIO APARTMENTS." In Tall Buildings from Engineering to Sustainability - Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701480_0160.
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Maycotte Pansza, Elvira, and Erick Sánchez Flores. "Ciudades dispersas, viviendas abandonadas: la política de vivienda y su impacto territorial y social en las ciudades mexicanas." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7569.
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La política de vivienda en México, implementada en el año 2002, otorgó un apoyo pleno a la iniciativa privada para participar en la producción de la vivienda social. La primera acción que el gobierno federal realizó fue la institución de la Comisión Nacional para el Fomento a la Vivienda, CONAFOVI (hoy CONAVI), órgano descentralizado de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL, creado por el Presidente de la República en el año 2001. Esta Comisión tiene como responsabilidad diseñar, promover, dirigir y coordinar la política nacional de vivienda. Aún cuando atiende a los diversos niveles, desde vivienda residencial hasta interés social, incide particularmente en esta última, vista ahora como un producto inmobiliario de muy alta rentabilidad, cuyo financiamiento está asegurado por los programas subsidiarios del gobierno, y es promovida, además, por el mismo sector público por considerarse un importante generador de actividad económica e impulsor del desarrollo del sector, creando un círculo virtuoso que inminentemente impacta los aspectos sociales y culturales aún en tiempos de recesión.
Si bien la producción de vivienda social se vio estimulada en todo el país, fue en la frontera norte, particularmente en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, donde el eco de este programa tuvo mayor magnitud. En ella se produjo la mayor producción de vivienda económica en cuatro ocasiones consecutivas, de 2004 a 2007, a nivel a nivel nacional. Ciudad Juárez es una de las 52 zonas metropolitanas de México, el principal polo de desarrollo del Estado en donde se asienta el 40.52% de la población de la entidad y la sexta ciudad en el país en cuanto a tamaño de habitantes se refiere. Aproximadamente el 82% de la PEA tiene ingresos iguales o menores a 4 salarios mínimos, lo cual la hace potencialmente beneficiaria de créditos de vivienda económica.
Este hecho puede tener diversas lecturas, sin embargo, la que ahora merece nuestra atención es el impacto que este fenómeno ha tenido en el suelo de uso habitacional y la participación que han tenido el sector público y el privado en su ocupación durante el periodo 2001 a 2006, así como la presión inmobiliaria que se ha ejercido y derivado en la ampliación del fundo legal del municipio sin estar esto considerado en el Plan de Desarrollo del Municipio de Juárez.
Los diferentes porcentajes de participación en la producción de vivienda social del sector público y privado con su proyección en la utilización de suelo, la ubicación de los conjuntos habitacionales desarrollados así como el número de acciones de vivienda realizadas de acuerdo a sus diversos tipos: social, media y residencial, al sumarse constituyen un importante segmento de la panorámica que habrá de llevarnos a conocer el impacto que la política nacional de vivienda ha tenido en la ciudad que ha sido su mejor receptora, y por tanto, su mejor ejemplificación.
A siete años de distancia, tenemos una ciudad segregada, desarticulada y con grandes superficies vacías a su interior. El crecimiento disperso y la cuestionable “demanda de vivienda” han producido un paisaje en donde los barrios consolidados lucen abandonados. A la par, un alto porcentaje de viviendas emplazadas en los nuevos fraccionamientos ni siquiera han sido habitadas ante la falta de accesibilidad a equipamiento y servicios urbanos.
El aval de las políticas públicas para adquirir una segunda vivienda, aún de interés social, ha hecho que éstas de incorporen al mercado de vivienda en renta pese a que ello se contrapone a su carácter social. En síntesis, tenemos que el apoyo incondicional a la producción de vivienda social sin visualizar sus efectos colaterales, han sido la piedra angular para la expansión irracional de las ciudades mexicanas. Mexico's housing policy, created in the year 2002, gave the private sector whole support to participate in the production of social housing. The first action of the federal government was creating the National Commission for Housing Support, (CONAFOVI, later CONAVI), a decentralized organization of the Secretary of Social Development, SEDESOL, created by the President on 2001. This Commission has the responsibility to design, promote, direct and coordinate the national housing policy, which despite supporting different housing levels, from high income to social housing, now seen this last one as a highly profitable real state product, whose credit is insured by the government's subsidies. The social housing is promoted by the public sector itself since its considered an important source of economic activity even while in times of a recession and to economic development is granted and being a support for the sector development, creating a virtuous circle which imminently impacts on social and cultural aspects.
Though social housing development was stimulated in the whole country, it was in the northern border, particularly in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, where the echoes of this program had a greater magnitude; so much that it is responsible for the biggest production of economical housing on four consecutive years, from 2004 to 2007, in the whole country. Ciudad Juarez is the main pole of development in the state, where 40.52% of the state's population resides and proximately 82% of the PEA has an income equal or less than four minimal wages, which makes it a potentially beneficiary of economic housing credits.
This fact can have several different readings, nevertheless the one now deserves our attention is the impact this phenomenon has had in the residential land use and the participation that the public and private sector have had in its occupation during the 2001 to 2006 period, as well as the real state pressure that has been exerted and is responsible for increasing the city limits without taking into account the Municipal Development Plan of Juarez.
The different percentages of participation in the production of social housing by the public and private sectors with their projection in the land use, the location of developed housing sectors and the number of housing actions that have taken place according to their diverse levels: social, middle and high income, when added constitute an important segment of the panorama that will take us to know the impact that the national housing policy has had in the city, which has been its main receptor, thus, its best example.
Seven years in time, we have a city that suffers from segregation, disarticulation and with a great amount of inner empty spaces. Disperse growth and the questionable "housing demand" have produced a scenery in which consolidated neighborhoods look abandoned; along side, a high percentage of built homes in the new neighborhoods have not been inhabited because of the lack of equipment and urban services.
The ability to acquire a second house, even if it is social level, has caused them to be incorporated to the rental market even though this contradicts their social character. In conclusion, we have found that unconditional support to the production of social housing without foreseeing its collateral effects has been a key factor for the irrational expansion in Mexican cities.
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Barcelos Jorge da Silveira, Victoria, Diego Moreira Souza, and Fabrício Peixoto Alvarenga. "Urban Landscape in the Historic Center of Campos dos Goytacazes:the effect of oil royalties on the use of public and private spaces between 1996 and 2020." In 7th International Congress on Scientific Knowledge. Perspectivas Online: Humanas e Sociais Aplicadas, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25242/8876113220212431.
Full textAbstract:
The analysis of space comes from its importance in people's daily lives, to carry out their optional, necessary and social activities. In addition to the geographic field, with its divisions and connections, space also influences social bonds, due to its imposition on segregating aspects imposed on society, reproducing it and supporting its relationships, being dynamic and ephemeral according to time . Thus, it is unquestionable that the historic center of a city is commonly defined by its ability to seduce its users, being a central place in relation to the rest of the built area, still remaining as commercial attraction areas and with a large number of developments. This demand causes an increase in the value of properties located in this region and also a dispute for space where the private ends up overtaking the public, for personal interests or groups of people. This dispute for space by non-equivalent forces has resulted directly in the urban landscape. The analysis of public spaces in the historic center of the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, in the period in which its budget had a high bias, especially fostered by the amounts received from the transfer of royalties for oil exploration, aims to verify the changes that occurred in these spaces. The methodology developed for this work involves the review of scientific literature, the collection of primary sources such as users, permit holders and concessionaires of public spaces and a detailed on-site survey of some urban elements such as walkways and roads;number of private spaces for vehicles, kiosks and stalls in public areas. Based on the suggested surveys, it will be possible to verify if the last relevant economic cycle that occurred in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes -the transfer of royalties for oil exploration, was responsible for the modification of the urban landscape in its Historic Center.