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Journal articles on the topic 'Segmental motion'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023

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1

STOKES, IAN A. F., and JOHN W. FRYMOYER. "Segmental Motion and Instability." Spine 12, no. 7 (September 1987): 688–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-198709000-00009.

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2

Saad, W. A. A., Mohd Azuwan Mat Dzahir, Yamamoto Shinichirou, Mohamed Hussein, Maziah Mohamad, Shaharil Mad Saad, Mohd Azwarie Mat Dzahir, and Aizreena Azaman. "Comparison of the spine kinematics by defining lumbar as single and multi-segmental in completing critical daily task." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 14, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 7600–7608. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.14.4.2020.24.0598.

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The change of the spinal curvature in completing a variety of daily tasks is essential to independent living. There is still a lack of studies highlighting the lumbar segmental contribution during sit-to-stand (STS) and stand-to-flexion (STF) using non-invasive study. The purpose of this study is to compare the spine kinematics by defining lumbar as a single and multi-segmental during continuous daily motion in healthy Asian adults using a non-invasive approach. During STS, most subjects implemented kyphotic lumbar curve during the early stage of motion which revealed poor posture implementation and significant differences in the lumbar kinematics which were only noticeable at specific phases between both approaches. A significant difference in multi-segmental behaviour was observed only at the end of the motion. All three segments displayed different time responses during the transition from kyphotic to lordotic curve. Passive/delayed behavior within the lower lumbar segment was observed between 0-50% of motion completion. During STF, statistically significant differences were found between assuming lumbar as a single and multi-segment in all phases. This in vitro study identified characteristic motion patterns in the lumbar spine during daily motions. The results provided a clear description of the healthy spinal condition of adults and may serve to identify specific multi-segmental contribution.
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3

Dubrovin, E. V., M. Schächtele, and T. E. Schäffer. "Nanotemplate-directed DNA segmental thermal motion." RSC Advances 6, no. 83 (2016): 79584–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra14383k.

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4

Medvedevskikh, Yuriy, and Oksana Khavunko. "Kinetic Parameters of Segmental and Translation Polystyrene Motion in Solutions." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 7, no. 1 (March 10, 2013): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht07.01.037.

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5

Netzel, Daniel A. "Low Temperature Studies of Amorphous, Interfacial, and Crystalline Phases in Asphalts Using Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1638, no. 1 (January 1998): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1638-03.

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The road performance behavior of an asphalt depends upon its susceptibility to changes in its rheological properties with time and temperature. One important fundamental molecular property of an asphalt, which dictates its temperature-dependent performance, is the nature of the molecular motions associated with the asphalt molecular components. Changes in the rotational motions of the methyl carbons and the segmental motions of the methylene carbons in the 1- to 10-kHz frequency range were studied (via changes in spin-spin dipolar-dephasing relaxation times) as a function of temperature for three Strategic Highway Research Program asphalts using carbon-13 dipolar-dephasing cross polarization with magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance. The data indicate that the rotational motion of the terminal methyl carbons of n-alkanes in the amorphous phase is nearly independent of decreasing temperature until the glass-transition region is reached. Below the Tg, the rotational motion of the methyl carbons decreases slowly with decrease in temperature for asphalts AAA-1 and AAB-1. However, the methyl rotation in asphalt AAM-1 decreases more rapidly. The segmental motions of the methylene carbons in the mobile-amorphous phase for the different asphalts decrease rapidly with decreasing temperature from 20 to – 20°C. At temperatures below — 20°C, the segmental motions have essentially ceased. The slow, low-frequency motions of the methylene carbons in the inter-facial (rigid-amorphous) and crystalline phases were found to be independent of temperature above and below Tg. It is suggested that the methyl rotation and segmental motions of the methylene carbons in the amorphous phase extensively influence the low-temperature rheological properties of asphalts.
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6

Caelers, Inge J. M. H., Toon F. M. Boselie, Kim Rijkers, Wouter L. W. Van Hemert, Rob A. De Bie, and Henk Van Santbrink. "Lumbar Intervertebral Motion in Healthy Male Participants: Protocol for a Motion Analysis During Flexion and Extension Cinematographic Recordings." JMIR Research Protocols 9, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): e14741. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14741.

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Background Physiological motion of the lumbar spine is a subject of interest for musculoskeletal health care professionals, as abnormal motion is believed to be related to lumbar conditions and complaints. Many researchers have described ranges of motion for the lumbar spine, but only a few have mentioned specific motion patterns of each individual segment during flexion and extension. These motion patterns mostly comprise the sequence of segmental initiation in sagittal rotation. However, an adequate definition of physiological motion of the lumbar spine is still lacking. The reason for this is the reporting of different ranges of motion and sequences of segmental initiation in previous studies. Furthermore, due to insufficient fields of view, none of these papers have reported on maximum flexion and extension motion patterns of L1 to S1. In the lower cervical spine, a consistent pattern of segmental contributions was recently described. In order to understand physiological motion of the lumbar spine, it is necessary to systematically study motion patterns, including the sequence of segmental contribution, of vertebrae L1 to S1 in healthy individuals during maximum flexion and extension. Objective This study aims to define the lumbar spines’ physiological motion pattern of vertebrae L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, and S1 by determining the sequence of segmental contribution and the sequence of segmental initiation of motion in sagittal rotation of each vertebra during maximum flexion and extension. The secondary endpoint will be exploring the possibility of analyzing the intervertebral horizontal and vertical translation of each vertebra during maximum flexion and extension. Methods Cinematographic recordings will be performed on 11 healthy male participants, aged 18-25 years, without a history of spine problems. Cinematographic flexion and extension recordings will be made at two time points with a minimum 2-week interval in between. Results The study has been approved by the local institutional medical ethical committee (Medical Research Ethics Committee of Zuyderland and Zuyd University of Applied Sciences) on September 24, 2018. Inclusion of participants will be completed in 2020. Conclusions If successful, these physiological motion patterns can be compared with motion patterns of patients with lumbar conditions before or after surgery. Ultimately, researchers may be able to determine differences in biomechanics that can potentially be linked to physical complaints like low back pain. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03737227; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03737227 International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/14741
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7

Kolstad, Frode, Øystein P. Nygaard, and Gunnar Leivseth. "Segmental Motion Adjacent to Anterior Cervical Arthrodesis." Spine 32, no. 5 (March 2007): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000256448.04035.bb.

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8

Dickinson, L. C., J. C. W. Chien, and W. J. MacKnight. "Segmental and crosslink point motion in networks." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 34, no. 1 (April 1990): 195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19900340112.

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9

Hayashi, Tetsuo, Michael D. Daubs, Akinobu Suzuki, Trevor P. Scott, Kevin H. Phan, Monchai Ruangchainikom, Shinji Takahashi, Keiichiro Shiba, and Jeffrey C. Wang. "Motion characteristics and related factors of Modic changes in the lumbar spine." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 22, no. 5 (May 2015): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.10.spine14496.

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OBJECT Most studies of Modic changes (MCs) have focused on investigating the relationship between MCs and lowback pain, whereas the kinematic characteristics and degenerative disc disease associated with MCs are not well understood. To the authors' knowledge, no previous study has reported on the kinematics of MCs. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship of MCs to segmental motion and degenerative disc disease. METHODS Four hundred fifty symptomatic patients underwent weight-bearing lumbar kinematic MRI in the neutral, flexion, and extension positions. Segmental displacement and intervertebral angles were measured in 3 positions using computer analysis software. Modic changes, disc degeneration, disc bulging, spondylolisthesis, angular motion, and translational motion were recorded, and the relationship of MCs to these factors was analyzed using a logistic regression model. To control the influence of disc degeneration on segmental motion, angular and translational motion were analyzed according to mild and severe disc degeneration stages. The motion characteristics and disc degeneration among types of MCs were also evaluated. RESULTS Multivariate analysis revealed that age, disc degeneration, angular motion, and translational motion were factors significantly related to MCs. In the severe disc degeneration stage, a significant decrease of angular motion and significant increase of translational motion were found in segments with MCs, indicating that a disorder of the endplate had an additional effect on segmental motion. Disc degeneration increased and angular motion decreased significantly and gradually as the type of MC increased. Translational motion was significantly increased with Type 2 MCs. CONCLUSIONS Age, disc degeneration, angular motion, and translational motion were significantly linked to MCs in the lumbar spine. The translational motion of lumbar segments increased with Type 2 MCs, whereas angular motion decreased as the type of MC increased, indicating that Type 2 MCs may have translational instability likely due to degenerative changes. A disorder of the endplates could play an important role in spinal instability.
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Bertram, J. E. A., K. Gellman, J. W. Hermanson, and K. K. Haussler. "Dynamic Analysis of In Vivo Segmental Spinal Motion: An Instrumentation Strategy." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 13, no. 01 (2000): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632623.

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SummarySummary A transducer for measuring threedimensional segmental spinal motion was designed to directly measure dynamic rotations (Rx, Ry and Rz) about three orthogonal axes using an array of liquid metal strain gauges (LMSGs). The configuration of the LMSG array results in differential length changes due to segmental spinal motion. In vitro calibration utilized transducer attachment to Steinmann pins implanted into the dorsal spinous processes of anatomical spinal segments. The response of the LMSGs approximated linearity (R2 ≥0.980) over the calibrated ranges of angular displacement (i.e., ± 5°). On average, artifactual mechanical noise of the LMSGs was <3% of the signal recorded during locomotion. The minimum resolution of the transducer was 0.07 degrees of flexion-extension, 0.46 degrees of lateral bending, and 0.56 degrees of rotation. Average resistive force for all transducers was 0.31 ± 0.05 Nm at the neutral articular position (0°) and 0.51 ± 0.03 Nm at 5° of flexion. Clinically, the modest mechanical resistance of the transducers did not affect spinal mobility nor locomotion. In vivo application of the transducer was demonstrated at thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal segments in horses treadmill locomotion. The transducer was designed and tested on an equine model, but may be adapted for other quadrupeds. The dynamic and continuous measure of three-dimensional in vivo segmental spinal motion will provide an important new perspective for evaluating normal and altered spinal motion.A technique was developed for directly measuring threedimensional segmental spinal motion in the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spinal segments in horses during treadmill locomotion. The dynamic and continuous measure of three-dimensional in vivo segmental spinal motion will provide an important new perspective for evaluating normal and altered spinal motion associated with back problems.
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11

Maschke, Sabine, Thomas Werncke, Lena Sophie Becker, Julius Renne, Cornelia Lieselotte Angelika Dewald, Karen M. Olsson, Marius M. Hoeper, Frank K. Wacker, Bernhard C. Meyer, and Jan B. Hinrichs. "Motion Reduction for C-Arm Computed Tomography of the Pulmonary Arteries: Image Quality of a Motion Correction Algorithm in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Hypertension During Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty." RöFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Röntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren 193, no. 09 (February 25, 2021): 1074–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1354-6736.

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Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and image quality of a motion correction algorithm for supra-selective C-arm computed tomography (CACT) of the pulmonary arteries in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) undergoing balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA). Materials & Methods CACT raw data acquired during 30 consecutive BPAs were used for image reconstruction using either standard (CACTorg) or a motion correction algorithm (CACTmc), using 400 iterations. Two readers independently evaluated 188 segmental and 564 sub-segmental contrast-enhanced pulmonary arteries in each reconstruction. The following categories were assessed: Sharpness of the vessel, motion artifacts, delineation of bronchial structures, vessel geometry, and visibility of treatable lesions. The mentioned criteria were rated from grade 1 to grade 3: grade 1: excellent quality; grade 2: good quality; grade 3: poor/seriously impaired quality. Inter-observer agreement was calculated using Cohen’s Kappa. Due to an excellent agreement, the ratings of both readers were merged. Differences in the assessed image quality criteria were evaluated using pairwise Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Inter-observer agreement was excellent for all evaluated image quality criteria (κ > 0.81). For all assessed image quality criteria, the ratings on CACTorg were good but improved significantly for CACTmc to excellent for the whole vascular tree (p < 0.01). When considering segmental and sub-segmental levels individually, all image quality criteria improved significantly for CACTmc on both levels (p < 0.01). While ratings of CACTmc were constant for both levels (segmental and sub-segmental) for all criteria, the ratings of CACTorg were slightly impaired for the sub-segmental arteries. Conclusion Motion correction for supra-selective contrast-enhanced CACT of the pulmonary arteries is feasible and improves the overall image quality. Key Points: Citation Format
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12

Landel, Rob, Kornelia Kulig, Michael Fredericson, Bernard Li, and Christopher M. Powers. "Intertester Reliability and Validity of Motion Assessments During Lumbar Spine Accessory Motion Testing." Physical Therapy 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20060179.

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Background and PurposePosterior-anterior (PA) assessment of the lumbar spine correlates with radiographic signs of instability and can guide treatment choices, yet studies of the validity of lumbar PA assessments have not been conducted in vivo. The purposes of this study were to determine the intertester reliability of the PA examination in assessing intersegmental lumbar spine motion and to evaluate the validity of this procedure in vivo with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).SubjectsTwenty-nine subjects with central lumbar pain participated in this study.MethodsTwo physical therapists independently identified each subject's most and least mobile lumbar segments using the PA procedure. Midsagittal lumbar images were obtained simultaneously during one examiner's assessment. Lumbar segmental mobility was quantified from magnetic resonance images as the change in the intervertebral angle between the resting position and the end range of the PA force application. For each vertebral level tested, maximal sagittal-plane segmental motion was determined.ResultsThe intertester reliability for identifying the least mobile segment was good (agreement=82.8%, kappa=.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]=.48 to .94), but it was poor for identifying the most mobile segment (kappa=.29, 95% CI=−.13 to .71), despite good agreement (79.3%). The level of agreement between the PA assessments and intervertebral motion measured by MRI was poor (kappa=.04, 95% CI=−.16 to .24, and kappa=.00, 95% CI=−.09 to .08, for the least and most mobile segments, respectively).Discussion and ConclusionDespite good intertester reliability for identifying the least mobile segment, PA assessments of lumbar segmental mobility did not agree with sagittal-plane motion measured by dynamic MRI. This finding calls into question the validity of the PA procedure for assessing intervertebral lumbar spine motion.
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13

Cho, Kyu Jung, Joung Yoon Lee, In Suk Oh, Myung Ku Kim, Ryuh Sub Kim, and Yoo Chul Mo. "Change of Segmental Motion After Lumbar Posterolateral Fusion." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 34, no. 2 (1999): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.1999.34.2.281.

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14

Auerbach, Joshua D., Okechukwu A. Anakwenze, Andrew H. Milby, Baron S. Lonner, and Richard A. Balderston. "Segmental Contribution Toward Total Cervical Range of Motion." Spine 36, no. 25 (December 2011): E1593—E1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e31821cfd47.

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15

Dubin, Ruth F., Alexis L. Beatty, John R. Teerlink, Nelson B. Schiller, Ann F. Bolger, Dean Alokozai, Carmen A. Peralta, and Kirsten L. Johansen. "Determinants of hemodialysis-induced segmental wall motion abnormalities." Hemodialysis International 18, no. 2 (November 14, 2013): 396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hdi.12111.

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Untch, Christopher, Qi Liu, and Robert Hart. "Segmental Motion Adjacent to an Instrumented Lumbar Fusion." Spine 29, no. 21 (November 2004): 2376–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000143667.55696.bd.

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17

Busse, W. F. "Demonstration of the segmental brownian motion of macromolecules." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 14, no. 1 (March 7, 2007): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070140104.

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18

Jensen, Ole Kudsk, Tummas Justesen, Frank Farsø Nielsen, and Kim Brixen. "Functional Radiographic Examination of the Cervical Spine in Patients with Post-Traumatic Headache." Cephalalgia 10, no. 6 (December 1990): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1990.1006295.x.

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The segmental extension-flexion motion of the cervical spine and the overall C1–C7 motion were measured on functional X-rays in 19 patients with post-traumatic headache and 19 age-and sex-matched controls. The extension-flexion C1–C7 motion was reduced in patients with post-traumatic headache due to reduced motion in three segments: C2–C3, C5–C6 ( p < 0.05), and C6–C7 ( p < 0.01). In both groups a negative correlation between the C1–C7 motion and age was found, but the regression coefficients were different. Only in the control group could a negative correlation between segmental motion and age be demonstrated. In the patients with post-traumatic headache a statistically significant negative correlation between the log(pain index) and the age-corrected C1–C7 motion was found ( p < 0.04). On the segmental level a negative correlation between the log (pain index) and the age-corrected C1–C2 and C5–C6 motion could be demonstrated ( p < 0.05). Regarding C6–C7 there was a tendency to negative correlation. Furthermore, a negative correlation between the frequency of associated symptoms (dizziness, visual disturbances and ear symptoms) and the age-corrected C5–C6 motion was found. Consequently the decrement of motion primarily affected C2–C3, C5–C6, and C6–C7, whereas the analysis of correlation with pain index indicated C1–C2 and C5–C6 (C6–C7) as the most important segments involved.
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Kong, Min Ho, Henry J. Hymanson, Kwan Young Song, Dong Kyu Chin, Yong Eun Cho, Do Heum Yoon, and Jeffrey C. Wang. "Kinetic magnetic resonance imaging analysis of abnormal segmental motion of the functional spine unit." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 10, no. 4 (April 2009): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.12.spine08321.

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Object The authors conducted a retrospective observational study using kinetic MR imaging to investigate the relationship between instability, abnormal sagittal segmental motion, and radiographic variables consisting of intervertebral disc degeneration, facet joint osteoarthritis (FJO), degeneration of the interspinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum hypertrophy (LFH), and the status of the paraspinal muscles. Methods Abnormal segmental motion, defined as > 10° angulation and > 3 mm of translation in the sagittal plane, was investigated in 1575 functional spine units (315 patients) in flexion, neutral, and extension postures using kinetic MR imaging. Each segment was assessed based on the extent of disc degeneration (Grades I–V), FJO (Grades 1–4), interspinous ligament degeneration (Grades 1–4), presence of LFH, and paraspinal muscle fatty infiltration observed on kinetic MR imaging. These factors are often noted in patients with degenerative disease, and there are grading systems to describe these changes. For the first time, the authors attempted to address the relationship between these radiographic observations and the effects on the motion and instability of the functional spine unit. Results The prevalence of abnormal translational motion was significantly higher in patients with Grade IV degenerative discs and Grade 3 arthritic facet joints (p < 0.05). In patients with advanced disc degeneration and FJO, there was a lesser amount of motion in both segmental translation and angulation when compared with lower grades of degeneration, and this difference was statistically significant for angular motion (p < 0.05). Patients with advanced degenerative Grade 4 facet joint arthritis had a significantly lower percentage of abnormal angular motion compared to patients with normal facet joints (p < 0.001). The presence of LFH was strongly associated with abnormal translational and angular motion. Grade 4 interspinous ligament degeneration and the presence of paraspinal muscle fatty infiltration were both significantly associated with excessive abnormal angular motion (p < 0.05). Conclusions This kinetic MR imaging analysis showed that the lumbar functional unit with more disc degeneration, FJO, and LFH had abnormal sagittal plane translation and angulation. These findings suggest that abnormal segmental motion noted on kinetic MR images is closely associated with disc degeneration, FJO, and the pathological characteristics of interspinous ligaments, ligamentum flavum, and paraspinal muscles. Kinetic MR imaging in patients with mechanical back pain may prove a valuable source of information about the stability of the functional spine unit by measuring abnormal segmental motion and grading of radiographic parameters simultaneously.
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Becker, Luis, Lukas Schönnagel, Tim Victor Mihalache, Henryk Haffer, Friederike Schömig, Hendrik Schmidt, and Matthias Pumberger. "Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae alter the distribution of lumbar mobility–Preliminary results of a radiographic evaluation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 29, 2022): e0274581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274581.

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Background Lumbo-sacral transitional vertebrae (LSTV) are one of the most common congenital variances of the spine. They are associated with an increased frequency of degeneration in the cranial adjacent segment. Hypermobility and concomitant increased loads are discussed as a possible reason for segmental degeneration. We therefore examined the lumbar and segmental motion distribution in patients with LSTV with flexion-extension radiographs. Methods A retrospective study of 51 patients with osteochondrosis L5/S1 with flexion and extension radiographs was performed. Of these, 17 patients had LSTV and were matched 1:1 for age and sex with patients without LSTV out of the collective of the remaining 34 patients. The lumbar and segmental range of motion (RoM) by segmental lordosis angle and the segmental wedge angle were determined. Normal distribution of parameters was observed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test. Parametric data were compared by paired T-test. Non-parametric data were compared by Wilcoxon-rank-sum-test. Correlations were observed using Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient. A p-value <0.05 was stated as statistically significant. Results Patients with LSTV had mean age of 52.2±10.9, control group of 48.9±10.3. Both groups included 7 females and 10 males. Patients with LSTV presented with reduced RoM of the lumbar spine (LSTV 37.3°±19.2°, control 52.1°±20.5°, p = 0.065), however effects were statistically insignificant. LSTV significantly decreased segmental RoM in the transitional segment (LSTV 1.8°±2.7°, control 6.7°±6.0°, p = 0.003). Lumbar motion distribution differed significantly; while RoM was decreased in the transitional segment, (LSTV 5.7%, control 16.2%, p = 0.002), the distribution of lumbar motion to the cranial adjacent segment was increased (LSTV 30.7%, control 21.6%, p = 0.007). Conclusion Patients with LSTV show a reduced RoM in the transitional segment and a significantly increased motion distribution to the cranial adjacent segment in flexion-extension radiographs. The increased proportion of mobility in the cranial adjacent segment possibly explain the higher rates of degeneration within the segment.
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Buchert, Karen L., Jack L. Koenig, Shi-Qing Wang, and John L. West. "Molecular Motion Analysis of E7 in PDLCs as a Function of Droplet Size Using Solid-State 13C NMR Relaxation Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 7 (July 1993): 942–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934415219.

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13C NMR relaxation spectroscopy as applied to polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) provides a method for measuring the molecular motions of the liquid crystal molecules within droplets dispersed throughout the material's polymer matrix. Because liquid crystal molecular motion may play a major role in the switching phenomenon of PDLC materials from an opaque film to a clear film, both T1 and T1ρ relaxation experiments are used to measure molecular mobility of the liquid crystal as a function of droplet size for PDLC materials made of E7 and epoxy. The segmental molecular motions measured by T1ρ relaxation show a significant dependence on liquid crystal droplet size. Three models are provided which explain the observed restriction in segmental mobility of the liquid crystal molecules as the droplet size decreases and the polymer/liquid crystal interaction increases.
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Wu, Shyi-Kuen, Li-Chieh Kuo, Haw-Chang H. Lan, Chiung-Ling Chen, Sen-Wei Tsai, Guan-Liang Chang, and Fong-Chin Su. "SEGMENTAL ANGULAR MOTION IN CERVICAL FLEXION AND EXTENSION(2C1 Musculo-Skeletal Biomechanics IV)." Proceedings of the Asian Pacific Conference on Biomechanics : emerging science and technology in biomechanics 2007.3 (2007): S149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeapbio.2007.3.s149.

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23

Seo, Sang Gyo, Eo Jin Kim, Doo Jae Lee, Kee Jeong Bae, Kyoung Min Lee, and Dong Yeon Lee. "Comparison of Multisegmental Foot and Ankle Motion Between Total Ankle Replacement and Ankle Arthrodesis in Adults." Foot & Ankle International 38, no. 9 (June 6, 2017): 1035–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071100717709564.

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Background: Total ankle replacement (TAR) and ankle arthrodesis (AA) are usually performed for severe ankle arthritis. We compared postoperative foot segmental motion during gait in patients treated with TAR and AA. Methods: Gait analysis was performed in 17 and 7 patients undergoing TAR and AA, respectively. Subjects were evaluated using a 3-dimensional multisegmental foot model with 15 markers. Temporal gait parameters were calculated. The maximum and minimum values and the differences in hallux, forefoot, hindfoot, and arch in 3 planes (sagittal, coronal, transverse) were compared between the 2 groups. One hundred healthy adults were evaluated as a control. Results: Gait speed was faster in the TAR ( P = .028). On analysis of foot and ankle segmental motion, the range of hindfoot sagittal motion was significantly greater in the TAR (15.1 vs 10.2 degrees in AA; P = .004). The main component of motion increase was hindfoot dorsiflexion (12.3 and 8.6 degrees). The range of forefoot sagittal motion was greater in the TAR (9.3 vs 5.8 degrees in AA; P = .004). Maximum ankle power in the TAR (1.16) was significantly higher than 0.32 in AA; P = .008). However, the range of hindfoot and forefoot sagittal motion was decreased in both TAR and AA compared with the control group ( P = .000). Conclusion: Although biomechanical results of TAR and AA were not similar to those in the normal controls, joint motions in the TAR more closely matched normal values. Treatment decision making should involve considerations of the effect of surgery on the adjacent joints. Level of Evidence: Level III, case-control study.
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Chung, Sung Soo, Chong Suh Lee, Sung Woo Choi, Jae Wook Yu, and Jong Won Kwon. "Factors Affecting Segmental Motion of Lumbar Total Disc Replacement." Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association 43, no. 5 (2008): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/jkoa.2008.43.5.579.

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Robertson, Christopher G., and Wang. "Nanoscale Cooperative Length of Local Segmental Motion in Polybutadiene." Macromolecules 37, no. 11 (June 2004): 4266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0495792.

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26

Chidiac, Tarek A., and Jeffrey E. Salon. "Left ventricular segmental wall motion abnormality in septic shock." Critical Care Medicine 23, no. 3 (March 1995): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199503000-00028.

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27

Roland, C. M. "Constraints on Local Segmental Motion in Poly(vinylethylene) Networks." Macromolecules 27, no. 15 (July 1994): 4242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00093a027.

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Chin, Kingsley R., Joshua D. Auerbach, Samuel B. Adams, Jeffrey F. Sodl, and K. Daniel Riew. "Mastication Causing Segmental Spinal Motion in Common Cervical Orthoses." Spine 31, no. 4 (February 2006): 430–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000200218.52384.8b.

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JOÃO, FILIPA, ANTÓNIO VELOSO, SANDRA AMADO, PAULO ARMADA-DA-SILVA, and ANA C. MAURÍCIO. "CAN GLOBAL OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE COMPENSATE FOR MARKER SKIN MOVEMENT IN RAT KINEMATICS?" Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 14, no. 05 (August 2014): 1450065. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519414500651.

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The motion of the skeletal estimated from skin attached marker-based motion capture(MOCAP) systems is known to be affected by significant bias caused by anatomical landmarks mislocation but especially by soft tissue artifacts (such as skin deformation and sliding, inertial effects and muscle contraction). As a consequence, the error associated with this bias can propagate to joint kinematics and kinetics data, particularly in small rodents. The purpose of this study was to perform a segmental kinematic analysis of the rat hindlimb during locomotion, using both global optimization as well as segmental optimization methods. Eight rats were evaluated for natural overground walking and motion of the right hindlimb was captured with an optoeletronic system while the animals walked in the track. Three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical analyses were carried out and hip, knee and ankle joint angular displacements and velocities were calculated. Comparison between both methods demonstrated that the magnitude of the kinematic error due to skin movement increases in the segmental optimization when compared with the global optimization method. The kinematic results assessed with the global optimization method matches more closely to the joint angles and ranges of motion calculated from bone-derived kinematics, being the knee and hip joints with more significant differences.
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Wanderlingh, U., C. Branca, C. Crupi, V. Conti Nibali, G. La Rosa, S. Rifici, J. Ollivier, and G. D’Angelo. "Molecular Dynamics of POPC Phospholipid Bilayers through the Gel to Fluid Phase Transition: An Incoherent Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering Study." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3654237.

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The microscopic dynamics for the gel and liquid-crystalline phase of highly aligned D2O-hydrated bilayers of 1-palmitoyl-oleoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (POPC) were investigated in the temperature range from 248 to 273 K by using incoherent quasi-elastic neutrons scattering (QENS). We develop a model for describing the molecular motions of the liquid phase occurring in the 0.3 to 350 ps time range. Accordingly, the complex dynamics of hydrogen are described in terms of simple dynamical processes involving different parts of the phospholipid chain. The analysis of the data evidences the existence of three different motions: the fast motion of hydrogen vibrating around the carbon atoms, the intermediate motion of carbon atoms in the acyl chains, and the slower translational motion of the entire phospholipid molecule. The influence of the temperature on these dynamical processes is investigated. In particular, by going from gel to liquid-crystalline phase, we reveal an increase of the segmental motion mainly affecting the terminal part of the acyl chains and a change of the diffusional dynamics from a localized rattling-like motion to a confined diffusion.
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Setzer, Matthias, Mohamed Eleraky, Wesley M. Johnson, Kamran Aghayev, Nam D. Tran, and Frank D. Vrionis. "Biomechanical comparison of anterior cervical spine instrumentation techniques with and without supplemental posterior fusion after different corpectomy and discectomy combinations." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 16, no. 6 (June 2012): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2012.2.spine11611.

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Object The objective of this study was to compare the stiffness and range of motion (ROM) of 4 cervical spine constructs and the intact condition. The 4 constructs consisted of 3-level anterior cervical discectomy with anterior plating, 1-level discectomy and 1-level corpectomy with anterior plating, 2-level corpectomy with anterior plating, and 2-level corpectomy with anterior plating and posterior fixation. Methods Eight human cadaveric fresh-frozen cervical spines from C2–T2 were used. Three-dimensional motion analysis with an optical tracking device was used to determine motion following various reconstruction methods. The specimens were tested in the following conditions: 1) intact; 2) segmental construct with discectomies at C4–5, C5–6, and C6–7, with polyetheretherketone (PEEK) interbody cage and anterior plate; 3) segmental construct with discectomy at C6–7 and corpectomy of C-5, with PEEK interbody graft at the discectomy level and a titanium cage at the corpectomy level; 4) corpectomy at C-5 and C-6, with titanium cage and an anterior cervical plate; and 5) corpectomy at C-5 and C-6, with titanium cage and an anterior cervical plate, and posterior lateral mass screw-rod system from C-4 to C-7. All specimens underwent a pure moment application of 2 Nm with regards to flexion-extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Results In all tested motions the statistical comparison was significant between the intact condition and the 2-level corpectomy with anterior plating and posterior fixation construct. All other statistical comparisons between the instrumented constructs were not statistically significant except between the 3-level discectomy with anterior plating and the 2-level corpectomy with anterior plating in axial rotation. There were no statistically significant differences between the 1-level discectomy and 1-level corpectomy with anterior plating and the 2-level corpectomy with anterior plating in any tested motion. There was also no statistical significance between the 3-level discectomy with anterior plating and the 2-level corpectomy with anterior plating and posterior fixation. Conclusions This study demonstrates that segmental plate fixation (3-level discectomy) affords the same stiffness and ROM as circumferential fusion in 2-level cervical spine corpectomy in the immediate postoperative setting. This obviates the need for staged circumferential procedures for multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Given that the posterior segmental instrumentation confers significant stability to a multilevel cervical corpectomy, the surgeon should strongly consider the placement of segmental posterior instrumentation to significantly improve the overall stability of the fusion construct after a 2-level cervical corpectomy.
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Seradge, Houshang, Patrick T. Sterbank, Espanta Seradge, and Willis Owens. "Segmental motion of the proximal carpal row: Their global effect on the wrist motion." Journal of Hand Surgery 15, no. 2 (March 1990): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0363-5023(90)90101-v.

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Nagamoto, Yukitaka, Motoki Iwasaki, Tsuyoshi Sugiura, Takahito Fujimori, Yohei Matsuo, Masafumi Kashii, Hironobu Sakaura, et al. "In vivo 3D kinematic changes in the cervical spine after laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 21, no. 3 (September 2014): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2014.5.spine13702.

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Object Cervical laminoplasty is an effective procedure for decompressing the spinal cord at multiple levels, but restriction of neck motion is one of the well-known complications of the procedure. Although many authors have reported on cervical range of motion (ROM) after laminoplasty, they have focused mainly on 2D flexion and extension on lateral radiographs, not on 3D motion (including coupled motion) nor on precise intervertebral motion. The purpose of this study was to clarify the 3D kinematic changes in the cervical spine after laminoplasty performed to treat cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods Eleven consecutive patients (6 men and 5 women, mean age 68.1 years, age range 57–79 years) with cervical spondylotic myelopathy who had undergone laminoplasty were included in the study. All patients underwent 3D CT of the cervical spine in 5 positions (neutral, 45° head rotation left and right, maximum head flexion, and maximum head extension) using supporting devices. The scans were performed preoperatively and at 6 months after laminoplasty. Segmental ROM from Oc–C1 to C7–T1 was calculated both in flexion-extension and in rotation, using a voxel-based registration method. Results Mean C2–7 flexion-extension ROM, equivalent to cervical ROM in all previous studies, was 45.5° ± 7.1° preoperatively and 35.5° ± 8.2° postoperatively, which was a statistically significant 33% decrease. However, mean Oc–T1 flexion-extension ROM, which represented total cervical ROM, was 71.5° ± 8.3° preoperatively and 66.5° ± 8.3° postoperatively, an insignificant 7.0% decrease. In focusing on each motion segment, the authors observed a statistically significant 22.6% decrease in mean segmental ROM at the operated levels during flexion-extension and a statistically insignificant 10.2% decrease during rotation. The most significant decrease was observed at C2–3. Segmental ROM at C2–3 decreased 24.2% during flexion-extension and 21.8% during rotation. However, a statistically insignificant 37.2% increase was observed at the upper cervical spine (Oc–C2) during flexion-extension. The coupling pattern during rotation did not change significantly after laminoplasty. Conclusions In this first accurate documentation of 3D segmental kinematic changes after laminoplasty, Oc–T1 ROM, which represented total cervical ROM, did not change significantly during either flexion-extension or rotation by 6 months after laminoplasty despite a significant decrease in C2–7 flexion-extension ROM. This is thought to be partially because of a compensatory increase in segmental ROM at the upper cervical spine (Oc–C2).
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Salvi, Nicola, Anton Abyzov, and Martin Blackledge. "Solvent-dependent segmental dynamics in intrinsically disordered proteins." Science Advances 5, no. 6 (June 2019): eaax2348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2348.

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Protein and water dynamics have a synergistic relationship, which is particularly important for intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), although the details of this coupling remain poorly understood. Here, we combine temperature-dependent molecular dynamics simulations using different water models with extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation to examine the importance of distinct modes of solvent and solute motion for the accurate reproduction of site-specific dynamics in IDPs. We find that water dynamics play a key role in motional processes internal to “segments” of IDPs, stretches of primary sequence that share dynamic properties and behave as discrete dynamic units. We identify a relationship between the time scales of intrasegment dynamics and the lifetime of hydrogen bonds in bulk water. Correct description of these motions is essential for accurate reproduction of protein relaxation. Our findings open important perspectives for understanding the role of hydration water on the behavior and function of IDPs in solution.
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Kim, Ho-Joong, Seong-Hwan Moon, Heoung-Jae Chun, Kyoung-Tak Kang, Hak-Sun Kim, Eun-Su Moon, Jin-Oh Park, Byung-Yoon Hwang, and Hwan-Mo Lee. "Comparison of mechanical motion profiles following instrumented fusion and non-instrumented fusion at the L4-5 segment." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 32, no. 1 (February 1, 2009): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v32i1.5089.

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Purpose: To investigate the difference in motion profiles between instrumented and non-instrumented fusion of the lumbar spine.. Method: In vivo retrospective radiological analysis of dynamic (flexion-extension) lateral plain films was performed in different lumbar spine fusion types. Twenty-eight patients underwent lumbar fusion surgery at the L4/5 level. Fourteen patients underwent anterior fusion surgery without implantation, and the others underwent posterior instrumented fusion. Segmental angular motion was measured at the fused and adjacent levels using dynamic plain lateral film 2 years after operation. Results: The anterior uninstrumented fusion group showed mean 2.0° of segmental angular motion at the fused level compared with mean of 0.8° in the posterior instrumented fusion group (P < 0.05). In contrast, at the proximal adjacent level, decreased angular motion (mean 7.7°) was noted in the anterior uninstrumented fusion group compared with mean 11.6° in the posterior instrumented fusion group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that differing stiffness of fusion segments could cause different mechanical motion profiles at adjacent segments.
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Hirata, Toyoaki, Hisao Matsuno, Daisuke Kawaguchi, Manabu Inutsuka, Tomoyasu Hirai, Masaru Tanaka, and Keiji Tanaka. "Dynamics of a bioinert polymer in hydrated states by dielectric relaxation spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 2 (2017): 1389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07322k.

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37

Keshner, E. A., and R. V. Kenyon. "The influence of an immersive virtual environment on the segmental organization of postural stabilizing responses." Journal of Vestibular Research 10, no. 4-5 (November 1, 2000): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2000-104-505.

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We examined the effect of a 3-dimensional stereoscopic scene on segmental stabilization. Eight subjects participated in static sway and locomotion experiments with a visual scene that moved sinusoidally or at constant velocity about the pitch or roll axes. Segmental displacements, Fast Fourier Transforms, and Root Mean Square values were calculated. In both pitch and roll, subjects exhibited greater magnitudes of motion in head and trunk than ankle. Smaller amplitudes and frequent phase reversals suggested control of the ankle by segmental proprioceptive inputs and ground reaction forces rather than by the visual-vestibular signals. Postural controllers may set limits of motion at each body segment rather than be governed solely by a perception of the visual vertical. Two locomotor strategies were also exhibited, implying that some subjects could override the effect of the roll axis optic flow field. Our results demonstrate task dependent differences that argue against using static postural responses to moving visual fields when assessing more dynamic tasks.
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Senses, Erkan, Madhusudan Tyagi, Bharath Natarajan, Suresh Narayanan, and Antonio Faraone. "Chain dynamics and nanoparticle motion in attractive polymer nanocomposites subjected to large deformations." Soft Matter 13, no. 43 (2017): 7922–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm01009e.

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39

Jung, Jae Kap, Young Il Moon, Gyung Hyun Kim, and Nae Hyung Tak. "Characterization of Dielectric Relaxation Process by Impedance Spectroscopy for Polymers: Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer." Journal of Spectroscopy 2020 (November 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8815492.

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We invented a dispersion analysis program that analyzes the relaxation processes from dielectric permittivity based on a combination of the Havriliak–Negami and conductivity contribution functions. By applying the created program to polymers such as nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), several relaxation processes were characterized: an α process due to segmental motions of the C-C bond, an α′ process attributed to fluctuations in the end-to-end dipole vector of the polymer chain, the conduction contribution by the filler observed above room temperature, and secondary relaxation processes β and γ of motion for the side group in NBR. In the EPDM specimen, the β process associated with the rotational motion of the side groups, the α process associated with the relaxation of local segmental motion, and the αβ process associated with the origin of the β process at high temperatures above 305 K were observed. The Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars effect and conduction contribution were also presented. The molecular chains responsible for the relaxation processes were assigned by building molecular models of the two polymers. The temperature dependence of the relaxation strength and the shape parameters that characterize the process were investigated. From the temperature-dependent relaxation analysis, the merged αβ process, activation energy, and glass transition temperature were determined and compared.
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Bresser, Dominic, Sandrine Lyonnard, Cristina Iojoiu, Lionel Picard, and Stefano Passerini. "Decoupling segmental relaxation and ionic conductivity for lithium-ion polymer electrolytes." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 4, no. 4 (2019): 779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9me00038k.

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Kitanaka, Shigeyuki, Ryota Takatori, Yuji Arai, Masateru Nagae, Hitoshi Tonomura, Yasuo Mikami, Nozomu Inoue, Taku Ogura, Hiroyoshi Fujiwara, and Toshikazu Kubo. "Facet Joint Osteoarthritis Affects Spinal Segmental Motion in Degenerative Spondylolisthesis." Clinical Spine Surgery 31, no. 8 (October 2018): E386—E390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bsd.0000000000000674.

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42

Propst, Jon W., Lawrence C. Siegel, Ingela Schnittger, Linda Foppiano, Stuart B. Goodman, and John G. Brock-Utne. "Segmental Wall Motion Abnormalities in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Replacement." Anesthesia & Analgesia 77, no. 4 (October 1993): 743???749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199310000-00015.

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Saada, M., A. M. Duval, F. Bonnet, B. Rey, G. Castillon, I. Macquin-Mavier, R. Cabrit, O. Bolco, and A. Castaigne. "Abnormalities in Myocardial Segmental Wall Motion during Lumbar Epidural Anesthesia." Anesthesiology 71, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-198907000-00005.

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Smith, Paul K., and Timothy Niiler. "Relationship Between Muscle Activation Sequencing and Segmental Motion During Punching." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40, Supplement (May 2008): S378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000322616.57895.d4.

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Zhao, Xiong, Zi-xiang Wu, Bao-jun Han, Ya-bo Yan, Yang Zhang, and Wei Lei. "Three-dimensional analysis of cervical spine segmental motion in rotation." Archives of Medical Science 3 (2013): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.35325.

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46

Rouine-Rapp, Kathryn, Pompiliu Ionescu, Michel Balea, Elyse Foster, and Michael K. Cahalan. "Detection of Intraoperative Segmental Wall-Motion Abnormalities by Transesophageal Echocardiography." Anesthesia & Analgesia 83, no. 6 (December 1996): 1141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199612000-00002.

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47

Young, Thomas, Kenneth A. Thielmeier, and Eugene A. II Hessel. "Detection of Intraoperative Segmental Wall Motion Abnormalities by Transesophageal Echocardiography." Anesthesia & Analgesia 85, no. 6 (December 1997): 1410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199712000-00045.

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Rouine-Rapp, Kathryn, and Michael K. Cahalan. "Detection of Intraoperative Segmental Wall Motion Abnormalities by Transesophageal Echocardiography." Anesthesia & Analgesia 85, no. 6 (December 1997): 1411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000539-199712000-00046.

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Rouine-Rapp, Kathryn, Pompiliu Ionescu, Michel Balea, Elyse Foster, and Michael K. Cahalan. "Detection of Intraoperative Segmental Wall-Motion Abnormalities by Transesophageal Echocardiography." Anesthesia & Analgesia 83, no. 6 (December 1996): 1141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199612000-00002.

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50

Young, Thomas, Kenneth A. Thielmeier, and Eugene A. II Hessel. "Detection of Intraoperative Segmental Wall Motion Abnormalities by Transesophageal Echocardiography." Anesthesia & Analgesia 85, no. 6 (December 1997): 1410–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/00000539-199712000-00045.

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