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ZHANG, SHIMENG, LAURENCE A. MOUND, and JINIAN FENG. "Systematic significance of antennal segmentation and sense cones in Thripidae (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia)." Zootaxa 4554, no. 1 (February 8, 2019): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4554.1.8.
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Variation is discussed concerning the number of antennal segments in adults, and the number of their sense cones, among 182 of the 289 genera of Thripidae. Brief comments are also made concerning antennal structure and sensoria among the other seven terebrantian families. The plesiotypic condition for Thysanoptera is 9-segmented antennae, but fusion between various segments leads to a reduction in number to as few as five segments, and such fusion occurs in unrelated species. In Thripidae, antennal segment III never bears more than one sense cone, but the distribution of sense cones on segments IV–VIII varies and is tabulated. On antennal segment IV, species in nearly all Panchaetothripinae genera and more than half of Thripinae genera have two sense cones, but genera of Dendrothripinae and Sericothripinae bear only one on this segment. The differing patterns of segmental fusion that occur in Thripidae are discussed in association with the number of sense cones on VI–VIII; species with 7, 8 or 9 segmented antennae almost always lack a sense cone on the terminal segment. It is concluded that the number of antennal segments is subject to irregular homoplasy, and is thus sometimes an unreliable indicator of relationships.
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Rodríguez-Hernández, Ana, Albert L. Rhoton, and Michael T. Lawton. "Segmental anatomy of cerebellar arteries: a proposed nomenclature." Journal of Neurosurgery 115, no. 2 (August 2011): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2011.3.jns101413.
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Object The conceptual division of intracranial arteries into segments provides a better understanding of their courses and a useful working vocabulary. Segmental anatomy of cerebral arteries is commonly cited by a numerical nomenclature, but an analogous nomenclature for cerebellar arteries has not been described. In this report, the microsurgical anatomy of the cerebellar arteries is reviewed, and a numbering system for cerebellar arteries is proposed. Methods Cerebellar arteries were designated by the first letter of the artery's name in lowercase letters, distinguishing them from cerebral arteries with the same first letter of the artery's name. Segmental anatomy was numbered in ascending order from proximal to distal segments. Results The superior cerebellar artery was divided into 4 segments: s1, anterior pontomesencephalic segment; s2, lateral pontomesencephalic segment; s3, cerebellomesencephalic segment; and s4, cortical segment. The anterior inferior cerebellar artery was divided into 4 segments: a1, anterior pontine segment; a2, lateral pontine segment; a3, flocculopeduncular segment; and a4, cortical segment. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery was divided into 5 segments: p1, anterior medullary segment; p2, lateral medullary segment; p3, tonsillomedullary segment; p4, telovelotonsillar segment; and p5, cortical segment. Conclusions The proposed nomenclature for segmental anatomy of cerebellar artery complements established nomenclature for segmental anatomy of cerebral arteries. This nomenclature is simple, easy to learn, and practical. The nomenclature localizes distal cerebellar artery aneurysms and also localizes an anastomosis or describes a graft's connections to donor and recipient arteries. These applications of the proposed nomenclature with cerebellar arteries mimic the applications of the established nomenclature with cerebral arteries.
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Gao, Huijie, and Chao Liu. "Demarcation of arteriopulmonary segments: a novel and effective method for the identification of pulmonary segments." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 5 (May 2021): 030006052110143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211014383.
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Objective Each pulmonary segment is an anatomical and functional unit. However, it is fundamentally difficult to precisely distinguish every pulmonary segment using the conventional pulmonary intersegmental planes from computed tomography images. Building arteriopulmonary segments is likely to be an effective way to identify pulmonary segments. Methods The thoracic computed tomography images of 40 patients were collected. The anatomic structures of interest were extracted in the transverse, sagittal, and coronal planes using the semi-automated segmentation tools provided by Amira software. The intrapulmonary vessels were subsequently segmented and reconstructed. The distributions of the pulmonary arteries, veins, and bronchi were observed. In patients with pulmonary masses, the mass was also reconstructed. Results The three-dimensional reconstructed images showed the branches of the pulmonary artery ramified up to their eighth order covering the entire lung as well as evident intersegmental gaps without pulmonary arteries. The segmental artery was closely accompanied by the segmental bronchi in 486 pulmonary segments (90% of total number of segments). The size and spatial location of the pulmonary mass within a pulmonary segment were also clearly visible. Conclusions Demarcation of arteriopulmonary segments can be used to precisely distinguish every pulmonary segment and provide its detailed anatomical structure before pulmonary segmentectomy.
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Nardelli-Haefliger, D., and M. Shankland. "Lox2, a putative leech segment identity gene, is expressed in the same segmental domain in different stem cell lineages." Development 116, no. 3 (November 1, 1992): 697–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.3.697.
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The segmented tissues of the adult leech arise from a set of five, bilaterally paired embryonic stem cells via a stereotyped sequence of cell lineage. Individual segments exhibit unique patterns of cell differentiation, and previous studies have suggested that each stem cell lineage establishes at least some aspects of its own segmental specificity autonomously. In this paper, we describe a putative leech segment identity gene, Lox2, and examine its expression in the various stem cell lineages. Both sequence analysis and the segmental pattern of Lox2 expression suggest a specific homology to the fruitfly segment identity genes Ubx and abdA. In situ hybridization reveals a cellular accumulation of Lox2 RNA over a contiguous domain of 16 midbody segments (M6-M21), including postmitotic neurons, muscles and the differentiating genitalia. Lox2 transcripts were not detected at the stage when segment identities are first established, suggesting that Lox2 gene products may not be part of the initial specification process. Individual stem cell lineages were labeled by intracellular injection of fluorescent tracers, and single cell colocalization of lineage tracer and hybridization reaction product revealed expression of Lox2 RNA in the progeny of four different stem cells. The segmental domain of Lox2 RNA was very similar in the various stem cell lineages, despite the fact that some stem cells generate one founder cell/segment, whereas other stem cells generate two founder cells/segment.
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Easton, P. A., J. W. Fitting, R. Arnoux, A. Guerraty, and A. E. Grassino. "Costal and crural diaphragm function during CO2 rebreathing in awake dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 74, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1406–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.74.3.1406.
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If costal and crural diaphragm segments can perform as separate muscles, then CO2-stimulated ventilation may elicit differential segmental function. We studied diaphragm segmental length, shortening, and electromyogram (EMG) activity in 10 awake dogs chronically implanted with sonomicrometer transducers and EMG electrodes. During CO2 rebreathing, segmental shortening and EMG activity per whole tidal breath progressively increased, but segmental responses could not be differentiated at any level of CO2. With increasing CO2, resting end-expiratory length of both diaphragm segments increased. During the complete intrabreath inspiratory-expiratory cycle, costal and crural diaphragm revealed distinctive segmental function. At rest, crural shortening exceeded costal shortening in earliest inspiration, costal and especially crural shortening persisted into early expiration, and EMG activity of the crural segment was greater than that of the costal segment in earliest inspiration and showed more end-inspiratory/early expiratory [post-inspiratory inspiratory activity (PIIA)] activity. During CO2-stimulated breathing, neither segment shortened during the inspiratory flow of earliest inspiration. During CO2 rebreathing, shortening of the crural segment exceeded that of the costal segment during early inspiration and outlasted costal shortening during expiration; for both segments, shortening persisted after termination of inspiratory airflow. With increased CO2, EMG activity of the crural segment preceded that of the costal segment in earliest inspiration and was dominant into expiration, whereas costal EMG activity terminated abruptly with inspiratory flow. Thus, costal EMG PIIA was not evident during hypercapnia, whereas crural EMG PIIA was significant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Brilianto, Mohammad Algi, Silvia Sukirman, and Welly Pradipta. "Perencanaan Tebal Perkerasan Jalan Logging di Kabupaten Penajam, Kalimantan Timur. (Hal. 47-57))." RekaRacana: Jurnal Teknil Sipil 4, no. 2 (June 7, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaracana.v4i2.47.
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ABSTRAKPerkerasan merupakan salah satu komponen prasarana pada kegiatan logging yang harus didesain agar dapat melayani lalu-lintas kendaraan berat. Metode Austroads 2006 dan Bina Marga 2017 merupakan panduan dalam perencanaan tebal perkerasan jalan logging. Studi kasus untuk penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Penajam, Kalimantan Timur. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari konsultan perencana, niilai CBR pada ruas jalan rencana dibagi menjadi empat segmen dengan nilai CBR pada segmen 1 = 3%, segmen 2 = 9%, segmen 3 = 29% dan segmen 4 = 9%. Perencanaan dilakukan dengan umur rencana 10 tahun dan tingkat pertumbuhan 3%. Jenis perkerasan yang digunakan untuk kedua metode berupa batu pecah. Hasil perencanaan tebal perkerasan menggunakan metode Austroads 2006 untuk segmen 1 = 480 mm, segmen 2 = 320 mm, segmen 3 = 160 mm dan segmen 4 = 320 mm. Hasil perencanaan tebal perkerasan menggunakan metode Bina Marga 2017 untuk segmen 1 = 480 mm, segmen 2 = 260 mm, segmen 3 = 140 mm dan segmen 4 = 260 mm.Kata kunci: perencanaan tebal perkerasan jalan logging ABSTRACTPavement is one of the infrastructure components in logging activities that must be designed in order to serve heavy vehicle traffic. Austroads 2006 method and Bina Marga 2017 methodis a guide to design the thickness of logging pavement. Case study for this research was conducted in Penajam District, East Kalimantan. Based on the data obtained from the planner consultant, the CBR value on the road plan is divided into four segments with CBR value in segment 1 = 3%, segment 2 = 9%, segment 3 = 29% and segment 4 = 9%. The planning is done with 10 years and 3% growth rate. Types of pavement used for both methods is granular. The results of pavement thickness planning using Austroads 2006 method for segment 1 = 480 mm, segment 2 = 320 mm, segment 3 = 160 mm and segment 4 = 320 mm. The results of pavement thickness planning using Bina Marga 2017 method for segment 1 = 480 mm, segment 2 = 260 mm, segment 3 = 140 mm and segment 4 = 260 mm.Keywords: thickness design of pavement logging
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Durbin, L., P. Sordino, A. Barrios, M. Gering, C. Thisse, B. Thisse, C. Brennan, A. Green, S. Wilson, and N. Holder. "Anteroposterior patterning is required within segments for somite boundary formation in developing zebrafish." Development 127, no. 8 (April 15, 2000): 1703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.8.1703.
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Somite formation involves the establishment of a segmental prepattern in the presomitic mesoderm, anteroposterior patterning of each segmental primordium and formation of boundaries between adjacent segments. How these events are co-ordinated remains uncertain. In this study, analysis of expression of zebrafish mesp-a reveals that each segment acquires anteroposterior regionalisation when located in the anterior presomitic mesoderm. Thus anteroposterior patterning is occurring after the establishment of a segmental prepattern in the paraxial mesoderm and prior to somite boundary formation. Zebrafish fss(−), bea(−), des(−) and aei(−) embryos all fail to form somites, yet we demonstrate that a segmental prepattern is established in the presomitic mesoderm of all these mutants and hox gene expression shows that overall anteroposterior patterning of the mesoderm is also normal. However, analysis of various molecular markers reveals that anteroposterior regionalisation within each segment is disturbed in the mutants. In fss(−), there is a loss of anterior segment markers, such that all segments appear posteriorized, whereas in bea(−), des(−) and aei(−), anterior and posterior markers are expressed throughout each segment. Since somite formation is disrupted in these mutants, correct anteroposterior patterning within segments may be a prerequisite for somite boundary formation. In support of this hypothesis, we show that it is possible to rescue boundary formation in fss(−) through the ectopic expression of EphA4, an anterior segment marker, in the paraxial mesoderm. These observations indicate that a key consequence of the anteroposterior regionalisation of segments may be the induction of Eph and ephrin expression at segment interfaces and that Eph/ephrin signalling subsequently contributes to the formation of somite boundaries.
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Pardede, Robert Pius, and Tri Ernawati. "Analisis Penerapan PSAK 5 (Revisi 2009) terhadap Pengungkapan Segmen Operasi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI)." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Kesatuan 5, no. 2 (July 27, 2018): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37641/jiakes.v5i2.86.
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The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is committed to improve their standards’ quality, which is the global accounting standards that reflect information in financial statements as transparent and comparable for public purposes. The International Accounting Standards (IAS) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) provide guidelines in creating and interpreting companies’ financial statements (Iatridis & Dalla, 2011). The purpose of this research was to assess the impact of the application of PSAK 5 (revised 2009). PSAK 5 (revised 2009) requires segment disclosure based on the internal reporting reviewed by the operation decision maker. PSAK 5 (revised 2000) requires companies to disclose segments information based on the format of the primary and secondary segments as identified per products / services that generate the same level of risk and return. The six analytical frameworks developed for this research, namely: (1) analysis of the presentation of segment information based on PSAK 5 (revised 2000) versus PSAK 5 (revised 2009), (2) analysis of the determination and identification of operational decision-making, (3) the analysis of the definition and identification operating segments between industry sectors, (4) analysis of segment aggregation, (5) analysis of determination of the reportable segments, and (6) analysis of reported segment disclosures. In conclusion, generally, the disclosure of segment information based on PSAK 5 (revised 2009) by using the management approach yields a more complete segment report, by conveying more relevant segmental information from the standpoint of management's internal performance than the previous standard, which was PSAK 5 (revised 2000).
This research found significant changes related to an increase in the disclosure of segment disclosure in business segments, segment aggregation, and basic information on company's segmental performance measurement in Indonesia.
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Jin, D. Y., R. X. Hu, W. R. Zhang, D. Lu, Q. Fu, and Y. J. Zhang. "Novel Emitter-Segmented Power HBT with 2-D Non-Uniform Segment Spacing for High Thermal Stability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 313-314 (March 2013): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.313-314.737.
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With the aid of the thermal model, thermal resistance matrix of emitter-segmented power HBT is proposed to represent thermal effects. The effect of 2-dimensional (2-D) inter-segment spacing on thermal stability of device is studied. It is shown that the increase of inter-segment spacing could effectively decrease thermal coupling resistance, lower temperature of center segments, and hence improves the thermal stability. Furthermore, a novel emitter-segmented power HBT with 2-D non-uniform segment spacing is proposed, in which the non-uniformity of segment temperature is improved by 75.26% and the maximum power level difference of emitter segment is improved by 55.84%, when compared with uniform segment spacing HBT. Therefore the technique of 2-D non-uniform segment spacing is a better method for enhancing the thermal stability of power HBTs.
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Ishida, Hiroho, Shin Murakami, Haruhiko Kamiki, Hiromichi Matsugo, Misa Katayama, Wataru Sekine, Kosuke Ohira, Akiko Takenaka-Uema, and Taisuke Horimoto. "Construction of an Influenza D Virus with an Eight-Segmented Genome." Viruses 13, no. 11 (October 27, 2021): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112166.
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Influenza D virus (IDV) may cause the bovine respiratory disease complex, which is the most common and costly disease affecting the cattle industry. Previously, we revealed that eight segments could be actively packaged in its single virion, suggesting that IDV with the seven-segmented genome shows an agnostic genome packaging mechanism. Herein, we engineered an eight-segmented recombinant IDV in which the NS1 or NS2 genes were separated from NS segment into independent segments (NS1 or NS2 segments, respectively), leading to monocistronic translation of each NS protein. We constructed two plasmids: one for the viral RNA (vRNA)-synthesis of the NS1 segment with a silent mutation at the splicing acceptor site, which controls NS2 transcription in the NS segment; and another for the RNA synthesis of the NS2 segment, with deletion of the intron in the NS segment. These plasmids and six other vRNA-synthesis plasmids were used to fabricate an infectious eight-segmented IDV via reverse genetics. This system enables analysis of the functions of NS1 or NS2. We tested the requirement of the N-terminal overlapping region (NOR) in these proteins for viral infectivity. We rescued a virus with NOR-deleted NS2 protein, which displayed a growth rate equivalent to that of the eight-segmented virus with intact NS2. Thus, the NOR may not influence viral growth. In contrast, a virus with NOR-deleted NS1 protein could not be rescued. These results indicate that the eight-segmented rescue system of IDV may provide an alternative method to analyze viral proteins at the molecular level.
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McAndrew, D., M. Gorelick, and J. M. M. Brown. "MUSCLES WITHIN MUSCLES: A MECHANOMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE SEGMENT CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES WITHIN HUMAN GLUTEUS MAXIMUS." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 10, no. 01 (March 2006): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218957706001704.
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The aim of this investigation was to determine the contractile properties of motor units within 3 segments of the gluteus maximus utilizing a laser-based mechanomyographic (MMG) technique. The intention was to determine whether there were segmental differences in motor unit contractile properties and whether these differences may be related to the muscle segment's function and its fibre type composition. Ten subjects were recruited from the student population at the University of Wollongong. Maximal percutaneous neuromuscular stimulation (PNS) was delivered to the medial and lateral portions of three (cranial, middle, caudal) muscle segments of the gluteus maximus by an MMG stimulator. An MMG laser sensor measured the lateral displacement of the muscle segment belly resulting from the development of maximal isometric tension. Parameters characterizing the MMG waveforms were statistically compared to determine variations in contractile properties both within (medial to lateral) and between segments. Our results indicated that the contractile properties of motor units varied significantly (p < 0.05) between, but not within (medial to lateral), the three segments of the gluteus maximus. Most the gluteus maximus. Most notably, segment contraction time (t c ) decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in a cranio to caudal direction suggesting a variation in muscle fibre type composition within the three segments of the muscle. Even when corrected for differences in muscle belly displacement between subjects, the cranial segment was found to have a significantly (p < 0.05) longer contraction time than the two more caudal segments. The results suggest that the gluteus maximus was composed of muscle segments that were physiologically, as well as anatomically, designed to fulfil particular roles during everyday motor tasks. Based upon these results, the MMG technique appears to have considerable utility for the non-invasive assessment of muscle segment contractile properties for both laboratory and clinical applications.
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Fatmawati, Dian Surya Ayu, Bambang Subroto, and Aulia Fuad Rahman. "PENGUNGKAPAN JUMLAH SEGMEN PASCA KONVERGENSI IFRS." Jurnal Reviu Akuntansi dan Keuangan 8, no. 2 (October 22, 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jrak.v8i2.35.
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The purpose of this study is to examine what extent of disclosure segmental reporting after IFRS convergence in Indonesia. The great value of this study is highlighted by the effort to empirically investigate the beginning impact of segmental disclosure standard to segment number. Descriptive analysis was used to describe changes of Line Of Business (LOB) segment, geographical segment, level of specificity number. The study consist of 32 Multinational company that listing in Indonesian Stock Exchange (ISE) at 2012-2017. Thus result show that number and types of segments reported decrease 4% for LOB and 2% for geographic segment and using more disaggregated at geographic level. Those findings about changing can help to lead an insight of segmental disclosure implementation in the future.
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Gleizer, L., and G. S. Stent. "Developmental origin of segmental identity in the leech mesoderm." Development 117, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.1.177.
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Segmentation in the leech embryo is established by a stereotyped cell lineage. Each of the 32 segments arises from homologous, bilaterally symmetrical complements of mesodermal and ectodermal blast cell clones. Although segments are homologous, they are regionally differentiated along the longitudinal body axis. Various segments display idiosyncratic ensembles of features, which constitute discrete segmental identities. The differentiation of segment-specific features, such as the mesoderm-derived nephridia, genital primordia and identified Small Cardioactive Peptide immunoreactive neurons, reflects a diversification of the developmental fates of homologous blast cell clones. We have investigated whether segment-specific differentiation of homologous mesodermal blast cell clones depends on cell-intrinsic mechanisms (based on the cells' lineage history) or on cell-extrinsic mechanisms (based on the cells' interactions with their environment) in embryos of Theromyzon rude. For this purpose, we first mapped the segment-specific fates of individual mesodermal blast cell clones, and then induced mesodermal clones to take part in the formation of segments for which they are not normally destined. Two types of ectopic segmental position were produced: one in which a mesodermal blast cell clone was out of register with all other consegmental cells and one in which a mesodermal blast cell clone was out of register with its overlying ectoderm, but was in normal register with the mesoderm and ectoderm on the other side of the embryo. Mesodermal blast cell clones that developed in either type of ectopic segmental position gave rise to segment-specific features characteristic of their original segmental fates rather than their ectopic positions. Thus, the development of segmental identity in the leech mesoderm is attributable to a cell-intrinsic mechanism and, either before or soon after their birth, mesodermal blast cells are autonomously committed to segment-specific fates.
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Diehl, Randy L. "On segments and segment boundaries." Journal of Phonetics 15, no. 3 (July 1987): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30573-x.
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Adiyoga, Witono. "Segmentasi Konsumen Kentang, Bawang Merah, dan Cabai Merah Berdasarkan Peubah Sosio-Demografis dan Kepentingan Kriteria Produk." Jurnal Hortikultura 21, no. 4 (December 2, 2011): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v21n4.2011.p353-371.
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Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi segmen-segmen konsumen kentang, bawang merah, dan cabai merah berdasarkan peubah sosio-demografis dan persepsi tentang kepentingan kriteria produk. Penelitian survai dilaksanakan di tiga kota besar konsumen utama sayuran, yaitu Jakarta (DKI Jaya), Bandung (Jawa Barat), dan Padang (Sumatera Barat) pada bulan Juni sampai dengan September 2006. Responden terdiri dari 335 konsumen kentang, bawang merah, dan cabai merah yang dipilih secara acak. Alat analisis yang digunakan ialah statistik deskriptif, tabulasi silang, dan analisis klaster. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk kentang, dua peubah sosio-demografis (pendidikan dan pengeluaran) dan 11 peubah kriteria produk (kesegaran, rasa, kebersihan, nilai gizi, tidak mengandung residu pestisida, penampakan luar, tidak ada tanda busuk, harga, kemasan, label produk, dan kenyamanan tempat pembelian) berpengaruh nyata terhadap perbedaan karakteristik segmen konsumen kentang. Jumlah segmen konsumen kentang yang dianggap paling sensible (pantas/masuk akal) ialah tiga segmen (segmen 1=120 orang, segmen 2=12 orang, dan segmen 3=203 orang). Berdasarkan komposisi tersebut, pemasar/petani kentang disarankan agar lebih mengarahkan strategi pemasarannya ke segmen 3. Untuk bawang merah, tiga peubah sosio-demografis (pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan pengeluaran) dan 13 peubah kriteria produk (kesegaran, kebersihan, nilai gizi, tidak mengandung residu pestisida, penampakan luar, tidak ada tanda busuk, harga, warna, aroma, label produk, produk lokal, produk impor, dan kenyamanan tempat pembelian) berpengaruh nyata terhadap perbedaan karakteristik segmen konsumen bawang merah. Jumlah segmen konsumen bawang merah yang dianggap paling sensible ialah dua segmen (segmen 1=113 orang dan segmen 2=222 orang). Komposisi anggota klaster tersebut menyarankan kepada pemasar/petani bawang merah agar lebih mengarahkan strategi pemasarannya ke segmen 2. Untuk cabai merah, empat peubah sosio-demografis (pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengeluaran, dan frekuensi memasak sendiri) dan 11 peubah kriteria produk (kesegaran, rasa, kebersihan, nilai gizi, tidak mengandung residu pestisida, penampakan luar, tidak ada tanda busuk, harga, warna, label produk, dan kenyamanan tempat pembelian) berpengaruh nyata terhadap perbedaan karakteristik segmen konsumen cabai merah. Jumlah segmen konsumen cabai merah yang dianggap paling sensible ialah tiga segmen (segmen 1=152 orang, segmen 2=2 orang, dan segmen 3=181 orang). Komposisi anggota klaster tersebut menyarankan kepada pemasar/petani cabai merah agar lebih mengarahkan strategi pemasarannya ke segmen 3 dan 1. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu mempertimbangkan pencantuman peubah kriteria produk secara lebih terinci dan spesifik.<br /><br /><br /><br />The objective of this study was to identify market or consumer segments of potato, shallots, and hot peppers based on socio-demographic variables and the importance of product criteria. Consumer surveys were carried out in three big cities of vegetable main consumer in Indonesia i.e. Jakarta (DKI Jaya), Bandung (West Java), and Padang (West Sumatera) from June to September 2006. Respondents of these surveys were 335 potato, shallots, and hot peppers consumers who were randomly selected. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulations, and cluster analysis were used for data elaboration. Results show that for potato, two socio-demographic variables (education and expenditures) and 11 product criteria variables (freshness, taste, cleanliness, nutrient value, no pesticide-residue, appearance, no blemishes, price, packing, product label, and convenient purchasing place) were significantly contributing to the separation of the potato clusters. Three clusters are identified as the most sensible subgroup for potato consumer segments i.e. segment 1=120 cases, segment 2=12 cases, and segment 3=203 cases. Based on this composition, potato marketers/farmers were suggested to focus on segment 3 for implementing their marketing mix strategy. For shallots, three socio-demographic variables (education, employment, and expenditures) and 13 product criteria variables (freshness, cleanliness, nutrient value, no pesticide-residue, appearance, no blemishes, price, color, aroma, product label, local product, imported product, and convenient purchasing place) were significantly contributing to the separation of the shallots clusters. Two clusters were identified as the most sensible subgroup for shallots consumer segments i.e. segment 1=113 cases and segment 2=222 cases. Based on this composition, shallots marketers/farmers are suggested to focus on segment 2 for implementing their marketing mix strategy. For hot peppers, four socio-demographic variables (education, employment, expenditures, and self-cooking frequency), and 11 product criteria variables (freshness, taste, cleanliness, nutrient value, no pesticide-residue, appearance, no blemishes, price, color, product label, and convenient purchasing place) were significantly contributing to the separation of the hot peppers clusters. Three clusters were identified as the most sensible subgroup for hot peppers consumer segments i.e. segment 1=152 cases, segment 2=2 cases, and segment 3=181 cases. Based on this composition, hot peppers marketers/farmers were suggested to focus on segment 3 and 1 for implementing their marketing mix strategy. Further study needs to consider involving more detailed and more specific product criteria variables. <br /><br />
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Park, Jae-Hong, Youngbae B. Kim, Seung-Jae Hyun, Kyu-Bok Kang, and Pil-Sun Park. "Changes in Thoracic Kyphosis and Thoracolumbar Kyphosis in Asymptomatic Korean Male Subjects Aged >50 Years: Do They Progress Above T5, T10, T12, or L2?" Asian Spine Journal 14, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31616/asj.2019.0060.
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Study Design: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.Purpose: To evaluate the natural progression of segmental kyphosis in thoracic and thoracolumbar spine with advancing age.Overview of Literature: To our knowledge, the evolution of segmental thoracic kyphosis (TK) in individuals aged >50 years has not been reported.Methods: Total 179 normal, asymptomatic Korean men were divided in to three groups (6th, 7th, and 8th decade) according to their age. Standard sagittal spinopelvic parameters, including TK and thoracolumbar kyphosis, were measured and subdivided into the following four segments: A (C7 upper end plate [UEP]–T5 UEP), B (T5 UEP–T10 UEP), C (T10 UEP–T12 lower end plate [LEP]), and D (T12 LEP–L2 LEP). These segments of the three study groups were analyzed.Results: In segment B, the segmental kyphosis of group 3 (20.2°±8.0°) showed a statistically larger value than that of group 1 (15.6°±6.8°) and group 2 (16.7°±8.8°) (p=0.017). In segment C, the segmental kyphosis of group 2 (12.9°±6.5°) and group 3 (12.2°±7.1°) showed statistically larger values than that of group 1 (9.5°±6.2°) (p=0.016). The A and D segments of the three groups were not significantly different.Conclusions: Increased TK was observed in the middle (segment B) and lower (segment C) thoracic segments in normal asymptomatic male subjects with age. The results from the natural progression of segmental kyphosis with age would provide baseline reference data to help surgeons choose the optimal point of the upper instrumented vertebra level for preventing proximal junctional kyphosis.
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Hall, Anja. "Sind Abiturientenberufe immer von Vorteil? Schulbildungsbezogene Segmentation in der Ausbildung und überqualifizierte Beschäftigung bei Männern und Frauen." Zeitschrift für Soziologie 50, no. 3-4 (August 1, 2021): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-2021-0016.
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Zusammenfassung Die Berufe des dualen Systems unterscheiden sich nicht nur horizontal nach ihrer fachlichen Ausrichtung, sondern auch vertikal hinsichtlich des schulbildungsspezifischen Zugangs. Im Beitrag werden deshalb ein höheres, ein mittleres und ein niedrigeres Segment unterschieden. Es wird untersucht, inwieweit diese Segmente die Wahrscheinlichkeit beeinflussen, überqualifiziert beschäftigt zu sein, d. h. eine Tätigkeit unterhalb des Ausbildungsniveaus auszuüben. Die Analysen basieren auf den Daten der BIBB/BAuA-Erwerbstätigenbefragung 2018 und logistischen Mehrebenenmodellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Überqualifizierung zwar mit der Höhe des Segments sinkt, der Segmenteffekt jedoch mit dem Geschlecht interagiert. Während sich bei Männern zwischen höherem und mittlerem Segment kein Unterschied im Überqualifizierungsrisiko zeigt, sind die typischen Abiturientenberufe des höheren Segments bei Frauen mit einer deutlich geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit der Überqualifizierung verbunden. Unterschiede zu Männern zeigen sich im höheren Segment nicht.
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Tang, Hong Yuan, and Zhe Lin Fan. "Theory Analysis of Full-Scale Segment Model of Huaian Cable-Stayed Bridge Pylon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 4614–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.4614.
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The difference of the mechanical performance between the whole bridge pylon and the segment model are analyzed in theoretical method to provide theoretical support for the full-scale segmental model test study. Firstly, choose the most representative full-scale segment in anchorage zone of bridge pylon. Secondly, select the whole model composed of several segments. Finally, analysis the stress distributions in two models under the working load and the cracking load. In the coordinate segment position, stress distribution under design cable force in whole model and full scale segment model is almost the same. It indicates that the working performance of the anchorage zone in the bridge pylon can be studied through the full-scale segment model test.
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Chen, Peter F., and Guochang Zhang. "Segment Profitability, Misvaluation, and Corporate Divestment." Accounting Review 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2007.82.1.1.
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This paper develops a theoretical model to explain corporate divestment in the context of accounting-based valuation and provides empirical evidence to support the model's predictions. Building on Zhang's (2000) real-options-based equity value model, we develop a model to explain why firms with multiple business segments may have incentives in financial reporting to shift earnings from one segment to another to influence market valuation. Cross-segment earnings shifting, however, causes information asymmetry about segmental performance, which leads to market misvaluation. Divestment arises as a voluntary commitment by (some) firms to not engage in segmental earnings manipulation, with the aim of restoring valuation accuracy. Our theoretical analysis yields a number of testable implications. Consistent with our model's predictions, we find empirically that (1) divestment is preceded by an increased divergence in profitability between the divested and continuing segments of the divesting firm, (2) there are positive abnormal stock returns surrounding divestment announcements that are not dependent on increased expectations about future operating performance, (3) the magnitude of market revaluation increases with the profitability divergence between the divested and continuing segments, and (4) market revaluation is greater for more complex firms (in terms of having a larger number of segments and greater uncertainty facing investors).
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Müller, Juliane, Steffen Müller, Josefine Stoll, Michael Rector, Heiner Baur, and Frank Mayer. "Influence of Load on Three-Dimensional Segmental Trunk Kinematics in One-Handed Lifting: A Pilot Study." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 32, no. 5 (October 2016): 520–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2015-0227.
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Stability of the trunk is relevant in determining trunk response to different loading in everyday tasks initiated by the limbs. Descriptions of the trunk’s mechanical movement patterns in response to different loads while lifting objects are still under debate. Hence, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of weight on 3-dimensional segmental motion of the trunk during 1-handed lifting. Ten asymptomatic subjects were included (29 ± 3 y; 1.79 ± 0.09 m; 75 ± 14 kg). Subjects lifted 3× a light and heavy load from the ground up onto a table. Three-dimensional segmental trunk motion was measured (12 markers; 3 segments: upper thoracic area [UTA], lower thoracic area [LTA], lumbar area [LA]). Outcomes were total motion amplitudes (ROM;[°]) for anterior flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of each segment. The highest ROM was observed in the LTA segment (anterior flexion), and the smallest ROM in the UTA segment (lateral flexion). ROM differed for all planes between the 3 segments for both tasks (P < .001). There were no differences in ROM between light and heavy loads (P > .05). No interaction effects (load × segment) were observed, as ROM did not reveal differences between loading tasks. Regardless of weight, the 3 segments did reflect differences, supporting the relevance of multisegmental analysis.
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Moore, Damien, Adam I. Semciw, Jodie McClelland, Henry Wajswelner, and Tania Pizzari. "Rehabilitation Exercises for the Gluteus Minimus Muscle Segments: An Electromyography Study." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 6 (August 1, 2019): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0262.
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Context:The gluteus minimus (GMin) muscle consists of 2 uniquely oriented segments that have potential for independent function and have different responses to pathology and aging. For healthy young adults, it is unknown that which rehabilitation exercises specifically target the individual segments.Objective:To quantify segmental GMin activity for 6 common lower-limb rehabilitation exercises in healthy young adults and determine if significant differences exist in segmental activity levels between the exercises.Method:Six common lower-limb rehabilitation exercises were performed by 10 healthy young adults with fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes inserted into the anterior and posterior segments of the GMin muscle.Main Outcome Measures:Electromyography signals were recorded, and median normalized exercise activity levels were reported and compared for each GMin segment across the 6 exercises.Results:High activity levels were generated in the anterior segment by the resisted hip abduction–extension exercise (51% maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]), whereas for the posterior segment, high activity levels were produced by the single-leg bridge (49% MVIC), the side-lie hip abduction (43% MVIC), the resisted hip abduction–extension exercise (43% MVIC), and the single-leg squat (40% MVIC). There were significant differences (P < .05) in the median electromyography activity levels for the anterior GMin segment but not for the posterior GMin segment across some of the exercises with large effect sizes.Conclusion:Targeted rehabilitation exercises graded by exercise intensity can be prescribed specifically for the anterior and posterior GMin segments to aid in restoration of hip function following injury or aging.
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Nazin, Vladimir. "Revealing deformation of segments and their supports in a hydrostatic segmental bearing." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 7(112) (August 31, 2021): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.239066.
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At present, there are theoretical and experimental studies of such bearings without taking into account the elastic deformation of the bearing segments. The rotor bearings of powerful turbines at nuclear power plants are subjected to loads as high as tens of tons. One of the important issues in designing segmental bearings operating under these conditions consists in taking into account elastic deformations of the segments. A schematic diagram of a segmental hydrostatic bearing was presented and the principle of its operation was described. When determining the deformation of spherical support, a formula of change in volume of a solid steel ball subjected to uniform pressure was applied. To determine the segment deformation in the axial direction, differential equation of bending of the strip beam as the initial one. The basic equation of deformation of rods with a curved axis acting in the plane of curvature was taken as a starting point of determining the segment deformation in the circumferential direction. It was found in the studies that the maximum deformation of the segment is 4.5 % of radial clearance at a feed pressure of 5 MPa and can affect the bearing characteristics. A substantially nonlinear character of deformations along the segment axis was revealed. It was found that the pressure of the working fluid significantly affects the segment thickness. With an increase in feeding pressure from 1 MPa to 10 MPa, the thickness of the steel segment increased more than 2 times and the thickness of the bronze segment increased more than 3 times. It was established that the pressure of the working fluid exceeding 10 MPa substantially affects the deformation of the spherical support and the bearing clearance. The study results will make it possible to determine more accurately the main characteristics of the segmental bearing and design it more efficiently.
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Renzulli, Matteo, Nicolò Brandi, Anna Pecorelli, Luigi Vincenzo Pastore, Alessandro Granito, Giuseppe Martinese, Francesco Tovoli, et al. "Segmental Distribution of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Livers." Diagnostics 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12040834.
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Background: To evaluate the segmental distribution of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) according to Couinaud’s anatomical division in cirrhotic patients. Methods: Between 2020 and 2021, a total of 322 HCC nodules were diagnosed in 217 cirrhotic patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the evaluation of suspicious nodules (>1 cm) detected during ultrasound surveillance. For each patient, the segmental position of the HCC nodule was recorded according to Couinaud’s description. The clinical data and nodule characteristics were collected. Results: A total of 234 (72.7%) HCC nodules were situated in the right lobe whereas 79 (24.5%) were detected in the left lobe (p < 0.0001) and only 9 nodules were in the caudate lobe (2.8%). HCC was most common in segment 8 (n = 88, 27.4%) and least common in segment 1 (n = 9, 2.8%). No significant differences were found in the frequencies of segmental or lobar involvement considering patient demographic and clinical characteristics, nodule dimension, or disease appearance. Conclusions: The intrahepatic distribution of HCC differs among Couinaud’s segments, with segment 8 being the most common location and segment 1 being the least common. The segmental distribution of tumour location was similar to the normal liver volume distribution, supporting a possible correlation between HCC location and the volume of hepatic segments and/or the volumetric distribution of the portal blood flow.
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Watkin, Hywel. "Segmental Dysfunction." Acupuncture in Medicine 17, no. 2 (December 1999): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/aim.17.2.118.
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Spinal segmental dysfunction, although used in clinical practice by medical acupuncturists, musculoskeletal physicians, physiotherapists and osteopaths, is not a concept which is familiar to the majority of medical practitioners. The concept implies that a problem in the function of a spinal segment may cause symptoms without necessarily being caused by physical pathology. Studies of the dysfunctional spinal segment have shown that physical stress, emotional stress and visceral disease all cause a reaction at the dysfunctional segment more easily than at normal segments. In the same way that individuals may have asymptomatic latent trigger points which may later become symptomatic, so individuals may have asymptomatic dysfunction which later becomes symptomatic under the influence of appropriate stimuli. There is some evidence that the clinical features of segmental dysfunction may be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. The detection of segmental dysfunction is a clinical skill worth developing and the properties of the dysfunctional segment are worthy of further research.
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Bruns, Bastian, Henrik Fasel, Marcus Grünewald, and Julia Riese. "Development of a Dynamic Modeling Approach to Simulate a Segmented Distillation Column for Flexible Operation." ChemEngineering 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering5040066.
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The need for flexible process equipment has increased over the past decade in the chemical industry. However, process equipment such as distillation columns have limitations that significantly restrict flexible operation. We investigate a segmented tray column designed to allow flexible operation. The design consists of radial trays connected at the downcomer of each tray. Each segment can be operated separately, but depending on the capacity of the feed stream, additional segments can be activated or deactivated. The connection between the trays aims to transfer liquid from one stationary segment to the adjacent inactive segment, thereby reducing the time required for the start-up process. In a case study on the separation of methanol and water, we perform dynamic simulations to assess the reduction in the start-up time of inactive segments. The results confirm the advantages over standard tray designs. The segmented distillation column is a step towards improving the flexibility of separation operations.
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Hnatkova, Eva, and Zdenek Dvorak. "Demoulding of Tires from Segmented Mould." Applied Mechanics and Materials 827 (February 2016): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.827.133.
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Segmented moulds are special tools intended for tires with a complex groove pattern and demoulding is the final stage in tire manufacturing process during which some damage on tire surface can occur. The aim of this work is to carry how the amount of segments will influence the stress generated during mould opening on the rubber surface, as well as investigation of opening force required for the segment radial moving based on segment angles. The obtained results showed that for proposed symmetrical design of tire and material properties, the generated stresses are negligible and all proposed solutions may be used. If we do not consider the economical part, the optimal segment angle is 23° and the number of segments is 11.
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Quan, Heng, and Zhen Ya Gu. "Study on the Influences of Domain Structure of Hydrophilic Polyurethane with Partially Crystalline on its Moisture Permeability." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.281.
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Multiphase, segmented polyurethanes with mixed soft segment phase were prepared from 4,4’- diphenylmethane diisocyanate (Pure MDI), polybutylene adipate (glycol) 2000 (PBA2000) and polyethylene glycol 1000 (PEG1000) with 1,4-butanediol (BDO) as the chain extender. Further more, the relationships between domain separation structure, crystallizability of soft segment and moisture permeability, hydrophilic property, phase inversion temperature (PIT) of the polyurethanes were investigated. The studies show that the chemical structure, concentration of hydrophilic soft monomers and the microphase separation degree of the mixed soft segments from hard segment domain have remarkable effects on the application properties of polyurethane.
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Grover, Rajiv, and V. Srinivasan. "An Approach for Tracking Within-Segment Shifts in Market Shares." Journal of Marketing Research 26, no. 2 (May 1989): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378902600209.
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Most approaches to examining the effects of marketing variables on market shares treat the market as a single aggregate. Examining the marketing effects at the segment level would be more useful managerially. Recently, Grover and Srinivasan proposed that a market segment be defined as a group of consumers homogeneous in terms of the probabilities of choosing the different brands in a product class. The market is thereby segmented into brand loyal segments and multiple switching segments. The authors extend this approach to allow the within-switching-segment market shares to vary across periods. The changes over time in within-segment market shares are related to marketing variables such as price and promotion through a logit model. Application of the model to data from a scanner panel shows that the proposed approach produces a modest improvement in predictive validity in comparison with the traditional approach of treating the market as a single aggregate.
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Hsiao, Chih-Kun, Yi-Jung Tsai, Cheng-Yo Yen, Yi-Chen Li, Hao-Yuan Hsiao, and Yuan-Kun Tu. "Biomechanical Effect of Hybrid Dynamic Stabilization Implant on the Segmental Motion and Intradiscal Pressure in Human Lumbar Spine." Bioengineering 10, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10010031.
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The hybrid dynamic stabilization system, Dynesys-Transition-Optima, represents a novel pedicle-based construct for the treatment of lumbar degenerative disease. The theoretical advantage of this system is to stabilize the treated segment and preserve the range of motion within the adjacent segment while potentially decreasing the risk of adjacent segment disease following lumbar arthrodesis. Satisfactory short-term outcomes were previously demonstrated in the Dynesys-Transition-Optima system. However, long-term follow-up reported accelerated degeneration of adjacent segments and segmental instability above the fusion level. This study investigated the biomechanical effects of the Dynesys-Transition-Optima system on segment motion and intradiscal pressure at adjacent and implanted levels. Segmental range of motion and intradiscal pressure were evaluated under the conditions of the intact spine, with a static fixator at L4–5, and implanted with DTO at L3–4 (Dynesys fixator) and L4–5 (static fixator) by applying the loading conditions of flexion/extension (±7.5 Nm) and lateral bending (±7.5 Nm), with/without a follower preload of 500 N. Our results showed that the hybrid Dynesys-Transition-Optima system can significantly reduce the ROM at the fusion level (L4–L5), whereas the range of motion at the adjacent level (L3–4) significantly increased. The increase in physiological loading could be an important factor in the increment of IDP at the intervertebral discs at the lumbar spine. The Dynesys-Transition-Optima system can preserve the mobility of the stabilized segments with a lesser range of motion on the transition segment; it may help to prevent the occurrence of adjacent segment degeneration. However, the current study cannot cover all the issues of adjacent segmental diseases. Future investigations of large-scale and long-term follow-ups are needed.
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Yamasaki, Hiroshi, Shinta Fujimoto, and Hayato Tanaka. "Three new meiobenthic species from a submarine cave in Japan: Echinoderes gama, E. kajiharai and E. uozumii (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 4 (June 2020): 537–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000429.
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AbstractThree new species of echinoderid kinorhynchs are described from Daidokutsu, a submarine cave in Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Echinoderes gama sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of middorsal acicular spines on segments 4–8; lateroventral acicular spines on segments 7–9; lateroventral tubes on segment 5; sublateral tubes on segment 8; laterodorsal tubes on segment 10; and type-2 gland cell outlets in subdorsal and lateroventral position on segment 2. Echinoderes kajiharai sp. nov. is defined by the presence of middorsal acicular spines on segments 4, 6, 8; lateral accessory acicular spines on segment 9; lateroventral acicular spines on segments 6–8; lateroventral tubes on segments 2 and 5; midlateral tubes on segment 10; and type-2 gland cell outlets in laterodorsal position on segments 2 and 5, and subdorsal position on segments 8 and 9. Echinoderes uozumii sp. nov. is characterized by the presence of middorsal acicular spines on segments 4 and 6; lateroventral acicular spines on segments 6–9; lateroventral tubes on segments 2 and 5; sublateral tubes on segment 8; laterodorsal tubes on segment 10; type-2 gland cell outlets in subdorsal and lateral accessory position on segment 2; and blunt, short pectinate fringe teeth of primary pectinate fringe on segment 1. In addition, the Echinoderes multiporus species group including E. kajiharai sp. nov., and the Echinoderes bispinosus species group including E. uozumii sp. nov. are established. Furthermore, the distribution of the two species groups and the origin of Echinoderes species in Daidokutsu are discussed.
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Ou, Yufu, Zengming Xiao, Jianxun Wei, Hua Jiang, and Zhuhai Li. "Upper and lower adjacent segment range of motion after fixation of different lumbar spine segments in the goat: an in vitro experiment." Journal of International Medical Research 49, no. 6 (June 2021): 030006052110202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03000605211020219.
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Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanical effects of fixation on range of motion (ROM) in the upper and lower adjacent segments of different lumbar spine segments in a goat spine model. Methods Fifteen goat spine specimens (vertebrae T12–S1) were randomly divided into three groups: A (single-segment fixation), B (double-segment fixation), and C (triple-segment fixation). Motion in different directions was tested using a spinal motion simulation test system with five external loading forces. Transverse, forward–backward, and vertical displacement of the upper and lower adjacent segments were measured. Results As the external load increased, the upper and lower adjacent segment ROM increased. A significantly greater ROM in group C compared with group A was found when the applied external force was greater than 75 N. The upper adjacent segment showed a significantly greater ROM than the lower adjacent segment ROM within each group. Conclusions Adjacent segment ROM increased with an increasing number of fixed lumbar segments. The upper adjacent segment ROM was greater than that of the lower adjacent segments. Adjacent segment stability after lumbar internal fixation worsened with an increasing number of fixed segments.
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Caspani, Sofia, Suellen Moraes, David Navas, Mariana P. Proenca, Ricardo Magalhães, Cláudia Nunes, João Pedro Araújo, and Célia T. Sousa. "The Magnetic Properties of Fe/Cu Multilayered Nanowires: The Role of the Number of Fe Layers and Their Thickness." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2021): 2729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102729.
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Multi-segmented bilayered Fe/Cu nanowires have been fabricated through the electrodeposition in porous anodic alumina membranes. We have assessed, with the support of micromagnetic simulations, the dependence of fabricated nanostructures’ magnetic properties either on the number of Fe/Cu bilayers or on the length of the magnetic layers, by fixing both the nonmagnetic segment length and the wire diameter. The magnetic reversal, in the segmented Fe nanowires (NWs) with a 300 nm length, occurs through the nucleation and propagation of a vortex domain wall (V-DW) from the extremities of each segment. By increasing the number of bilayers, the coercive field progressively increases due to the small magnetostatic coupling between Fe segments, but the coercivity found in an Fe continuous nanowire is not reached, since the interactions between layers is limited by the Cu separation. On the other hand, Fe segments 30 nm in length have exhibited a vortex configuration, with around 60% of the magnetization pointing parallel to the wires’ long axis, which is equivalent to an isolated Fe nanodisc. By increasing the Fe segment length, a magnetic reversal occurred through the nucleation and propagation of a V-DW from the extremities of each segment, similar to what happens in a long cylindrical Fe nanowire. The particular case of the Fe/Cu bilayered nanowires with Fe segments 20 nm in length revealed a magnetization oriented in opposite directions, forming a synthetic antiferromagnetic system with coercivity and remanence values close to zero.
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Gao, Qinshan, Edward W. A. Brydon, and Peter Palese. "A Seven-Segmented Influenza A Virus Expressing the Influenza C Virus Glycoprotein HEF." Journal of Virology 82, no. 13 (April 30, 2008): 6419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00514-08.
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ABSTRACT Influenza viruses are classified into three types: A, B, and C. The genomes of A- and B-type influenza viruses consist of eight RNA segments, whereas influenza C viruses only have seven RNAs. Both A and B influenza viruses contain two major surface glycoproteins: the hemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA). Influenza C viruses have only one major surface glycoprotein, HEF (hemagglutinin-esterase fusion). By using reverse genetics, we generated two seven-segmented chimeric influenza viruses. Each possesses six RNA segments from influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, and NS); the seventh RNA segment encodes either the influenza virus C/Johannesburg/1/66 HEF full-length protein or a chimeric protein HEF-Ecto, which consists of the HEF ectodomain and the HA transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions. To facilitate packaging of the heterologous segment, both the HEF and HEF-Ecto coding regions are flanked by HA packaging sequences. When introduced as an eighth segment with the NA packaging sequences, both viruses are able to stably express a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, indicating a potential use for these viruses as vaccine vectors to carry foreign antigens. Finally, we show that incorporation of a GFP RNA segment enhances the growth of seven-segmented viruses, indicating that efficient influenza A viral RNA packaging requires the presence of eight RNA segments. These results support a selective mechanism of viral RNA recruitment to the budding site.
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Gao, Qinshan, Man-Seong Park, and Peter Palese. "Expression of Transgenes from Newcastle Disease Virus with a Segmented Genome." Journal of Virology 82, no. 6 (January 16, 2008): 2692–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02341-07.
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ABSTRACT Paramyxoviruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family of the order Mononegavirales. They have a nonsegmented negative-stranded RNA genome and can cause a number of diseases in humans and animals. We generated a recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) possessing a two-segmented genome. Each genomic segment is flanked by authentic NDV 3′ and 5′ noncoding termini allowing for efficient replication and transcription. A reporter gene encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) was inserted into one segment, and a red fluorescent protein dsRed gene was inserted into the other segment in order to easily detect the replication and transcription of segments in infected cells. The rescued viruses grew well and were stable in embryonated chicken eggs over multiple passages. We were able to detect the expression of both reporter genes in the same cell infected with the virus possessing a segmented genome, and viral particles can contain either one or two types of RNA segments. We also rescued a two-segmented virus expressing GFP and the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus spike S protein, which is about 200 kDa. The chimeric virus extends the coding capacity of NDV by 30%, suggesting that the two-segmented NDV can be used for development of vaccines or gene therapy vectors carrying long and multiple transgenes.
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Naveira, Horacio, and Antonio Fontdevila. "THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DROSOPHILA BUZZATII. XII. THE GENETIC BASIS OF STERILITY IN HYBRIDS BETWEEN D. BUZZATII AND ITS SIBLING D. SERIDO FROM ARGENTINA." Genetics 114, no. 3 (November 1, 1986): 841–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/114.3.841.
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ABSTRACT The genetic basis of hybrid sterility has been investigated in backcross segmental hybrids between two sibling species, Drosophila buzzatii and D. serido. Asynapsis of homologous bands in hybrid polytene chromosomes has been used to identify the D. serido chromosome segments introgressed into the D. buzzatti genome. All the investigated chromosomes contain male sterility factors. For autosomes, sterility is produced when an introgressed D. serido chromosome segment, or combination of segments, reaches a minimum size. On the other hand, any introgressed X chromosome segment from D. serido, irrespective of its size, produces either male hybrid sterility or inviability.
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Maharani, Ida Ayu Catur, Widiastuti, and Ciptadi Trimarianto. "Kajian Rasio D/H pada Koridor Jalan Laksamana, Kelurahan Seminyak, Kabupaten Badung." RUANG-SPACE, Jurnal Lingkungan Binaan (Space : Journal of the Built Environment) 6, no. 2 (October 2, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jrs.2019.v06.i02.p05.
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Jalan Laksamana is one of three commercial corridors located in the allotment of trade and services in Seminyak Village. As a commercial corridor, one important consideration to be discussed here is the level of visitor comfort. One factor influencing this issue is a ratio of distance (D) over height (H) - (D/H). Calculation on this ratio is seen fundamental since it will determine the spatial impression one may get when standing in a certain position in this corridor. The study is conducted with a descriptive qualitative method and a deductive. It is carried out in three different segments of Jalan Laksamana, namely Segment 1, Segment 2, and Segment 3. This categorization is done based on level of crowd (visitors) who actively use the corridor at a certain timing of the day. The study results show that spatial impressions felt by the crowd when they are standing in these three segments are as follows. First, openness and spaciousness are felt when one stands in segment 1. The D/H ratio within this segment also enables one to observe details a building. Second, the spatial impression felt in segment 2 varies from one spot to another. This largely depends on the physical state of various buildings that one passes by. While in Segment 3, the spatial impression begins to disappear, and building details are invisible. Buildings are seen in relation to their surroundings and the presence of decorative plants has created artificial walls which indeed form a more comfortable space to the crowd.
Keywords: commercial corridor, Ratio (D/H), Proportion
Abstrak
Jalan Laksamana merupakan salah satu dari tiga koridor komersial yang berada pada Kawasan Peruntukan Perdagangan dan Jasa di Kelurahan Seminyak. Sebagai koridor komersial, hal yang perlu diperhatikan adalah tingkat kenyamanan pengunjung. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi tingkat kenyamanan pengunjung adalah rasio D/H. Perbandingan jarak antara bangunan (D) dengan ketinggian bangunan (H) menghasilkan nilai proporsi. Nilai setiap perbandingan akan menghasilkan kesan ruang yang berbeda-beda. Nilai rasio D/H merupakan salah satu fenomena keruangan yang menarik untuk diteliti berkenaan dengan pengaruhnya terhadap kesan ruang yang dihasilkan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif dan pendekatan deduktif untuk mengetahui kesan ruang yang ditimbulkan secara teori berdasarkan pembagian jarak antara bangunan dan ketinggian bangunan yang ada di Jalan Laksmana. Penelitian dilakukan pada tiga segmen yaitu Segmen 1, Segmen 2, dan Segmen 3 yang dipenggal berdasarkan tingkat keramaian pengunjung yang beraktifitas di sekitar jalan. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa pada Segmen 1 ruang berkesan terbuka dan luas namun pengamat masih bisa melihat detail bangunan. Pada Segmen 2 kesan ruang yang dihasilkan berbeda-beda bergantung pada bangunan yang dilewati sehingga kesan ruang pada Segmen 2 tidak dapat didefinisikan. Sedangkan pada Segmen 3 kesan ruang mulai hilang, detail bangunan tidak tampak, dan bangunan dilihat dalam hubungan dengan sekelilingnya. Keberadaan vegetasi di sekitar jalan dapat menciptakan dinding semu dan membentuk ruang yang lebih nyaman untuk pengunjung.
Kata kunci: koridor komersial, rasio (D/H), proporsi
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Ahmadi, Mohammad Hossein, Ali Mortazavi, Seyed Morteza Davarpanah, and Hamid Zarei. "A Numerical Investigation of Segmental Lining Joints Interactions in Tunnels-Qomrud Water Conveyance Tunnel." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 7 (July 30, 2016): 334–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000038.
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A comprehensive analysis of segmental lining joints can assist to guarantee a safe construction during tunnelling and serviceably stages. This paper has thoroughly investigated the interaction mechanism of precast concrete lining joints in tunnels. The Universal Distinct Element Code (UDEC), a two-dimensional numerical program based on the distinct element method (DEM) for discontinuum modelling, was implemented to simulated a typical segmental lining model consisting of six segment rings. In the analyses, the typical segmental lining design parameters of Qomrud water conveyance tunnel, aimed to transfer 100 million cu. m. water from the origins of Dez River to central Iranian desert, were employed to fulfil the purpose of the research. In the conducted analyses, the worst-case scenario of the loading faced during the boring of Qomrud tunnel was considered. This was highly associated with the existence of the crushed zone dipping at 75 degree at the location of the key segment. The worst scenario based on the condition that concerns the crushed zone intersect segmental lining at the location of key segment has been taken into consideration. In this study, the load acting on the joints of the segments includes the gravity load from the tunnel overburden and the crushed zone stratum force that intersects tunnel with 75 slopes at the location of the key segment, the gravity force of the segments and the earth pressure. The numerical investigation has been used for the different coefficients of stress concentration of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 and also different geological conditions of the saturated crushed zone under critical scenario.
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Marshall, A. T., P. Cooper, G. D. Rippon, and A. E. Patak. "ION AND FLUID SECRETION BY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE MALPIGHIAN TUBULES OF THE BLACK FIELD CRICKET TELEOGRYLLUS OCEANICUS." Journal of Experimental Biology 177, no. 1 (April 1, 1993): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.177.1.1.
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Cricket Malpighian tubules have two morphologically distinct segments, a thin distal segment, which occupies approximately 10 % of the total tubule length, and a main segment. The two segments differ in secretion rates and response to corpora cardiaca extract. The secreted fluids differ in osmotic concentration and elemental composition. The distal segment secretes fluid at a rate (per mm length) which is approximately twice that of the main segment under control conditions. After stimulation by corpora cardiaca extract (Cc) the rate from the main segment approximately doubles whilst the distal segment rate remains unchanged. Fluid from the main segment and the whole tubule is slightly hypo-osmotic to the medium (5–11 mosmol kg-1) under control conditions, whereas that from the distal segment is slightly hyperosmotic (12 mosmol kg-1). On stimulation with Cc, the whole tubule fluid becomes slightly hyperosmotic (12 mosmol kg-1), that from the main segment remains slightly hypo-osmotic (3 mosmol kg-1) but fluid from the distal segment becomes very hyperosmotic (55 mosmol kg-1). Differences between the tubule fluid and the medium osmolality are indicated in parentheses. Fluid from the main segment has high concentrations of K (166 mmol l-1), Cl (111 mmol l-1), Na (41 mmol l-1) and P (83 mmol l-1), whereas that from the distal segment has high concentrations of K (101 mmol l-1) and Cl (137 mmol l-1). On stimulation with Cc, the elemental concentrations in fluids from the main segments and whole tubules do not change significantly but the K and Cl concentrations in distal segment fluid increase (182 and 188 mmol l-1 respectively). The Mg present in whole tubule fluid is derived largely from the distal segment. The ionic composition accounts for the observed osmotic concentrations in fluid from whole tubules, main segments and stimulated distal segments, but not for the concentrations in fluid from unstimulated distal segments. The fluid from unstimulated distal segments contains an unidentified organic solute accounting for approximately 90 mosmol kg-1 of the osmotic concentration. The distal segment contributes 22 % and 11 % of the fluid volume, 26 % Cl, 14 % K and 12 % Cl, 11 % K in control and Cc-stimulated tubules respectively. Considerably higher values are observed in individual tubules. The distal segment makes a significant contribution to the total ion output of the tubule. The cyclic AMP content of tubule segments treated with corpora cardiaca extract was found to increase in both main and distal segments. When expressed in terms of protein content there was no difference between segments. However, in terms of total cell volume, the cells of the distal segment had a tenfold greater cyclic AMP content than those of the main segment. This is consistent with a 10- to 20-fold higher secretion rate of K by the distal segment. It is suggested that the distal segment, whilst having a higher length-specific fluid secretion rate than the main segment, is, nevertheless, concerned primarily with ion and solute secretion since it is unresponsive to diuretic hormone. The prime role of the main segment, which does respond to diuretic hormone, is fluid secretion. There appear to be major differences in hydraulic conductivity between the two segments.
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GREVE, CHRISTIAN, and SEBASTIAN PAULI. "RAMIFICATION POLYGONS, SPLITTING FIELDS, AND GALOIS GROUPS OF EISENSTEIN POLYNOMIALS." International Journal of Number Theory 08, no. 06 (August 3, 2012): 1401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042112500832.
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Let ϕ(x) be an Eisenstein polynomial of degree n over a local field and let α be a root of ϕ(x). The Newton polygon of ρ(x) = ϕ(αx+α)/αn is called the ramification polygon of ϕ(x). We attach an additional invariant, the segmental inertia degree, to each segment of the ramification polygon and use the slopes of the segments and their segmental inertia degrees to describe the splitting field of ϕ(x). Furthermore we present a method for determining the Galois group of ϕ(x) when the ramification polygon consists of one segment.
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Van Dyk, Anja, Elmarie Slabbert, and Aaron Tkaczynski. "Segmenting Tourists Based on Traditional Versus Social Media Usage and Destination Image Perception." Tourism Culture & Communication 20, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/194341420x15905692660247.
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Despite considerable insight into both traditional and social media, the research on these media types is largely mutually exclusive. Consequently, it is largely not known what media tourists use before forming an image of a destination for potential visitation. To provide insight into this phenomena, this study segmented 558 tourists to South Africa based on their media usage and destination image perception. The first segment, experienced South African tourists (39%), did not use media when forming an image of South Africa, but rather focused on their frequent past experience. This segment rated cognitive and behavioral image of South Africa the highest. The second segment, friends and family orientated tourists (21%), utilized personal sources in their destination image formation of South Africa. They also rated the country's image the lowest. The third segment, multiple media usage tourists (40%), employed both traditional and social media in forming their destination image of South Africa. These tourists also rated affective image of the country the highest. While destination marketing organizations (DMOs) need to continue to employ traditional and social media to cater for different consumer learning techniques and different consumer response stages of the largest segment (multiple media usage segments), three fifths of the sample are currently being neglected. Because past experience is incredibly relevant for segment validation and representing destination image of the two smaller segments, the DMO needs to identify through in-depth interviews what South Africa's destination image means to all three segments. This process allows comparisons between the segments to be made. It can identify how these tourists' perception of the country's image has changed with experience and if their perceived image accurately represents what is currently marketed by DMOs.
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GÓMEZ, SAMUEL, and FATEMEH NAZARI. "Proposal of Arktourella gen. nov., a new genus of the family Normanellidae Lang 1944 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the Province of Cortez." Zootaxa 5057, no. 1 (October 20, 2021): 29–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5057.1.2.
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A new genus, Arktourella gen. nov., is proposed to accommodate a new member of the harpacticoid family Normanellidae, A. margarethae gen. et sp. nov., from a polluted estuary in north-western Mexico. The new genus was attributed to the laophontoidean family Normanellidae on account of the lack of outer spinous processes on the second antennulary segment, one abexopodal seta on the antennary allobasis, four setae on the one-segmented antennary exopod, endopod of first swimming leg two-segmented with first segment elongated and with two distal elements on second segment, endopods of second to fourth legs two-segmented, distal setae on the male second endopodal segment of second and third legs reduced, and outer spine of the male second endopodal segment of third leg fused to segment. The new, so far monotypic genus, differs from the other normanellid genera in the presence of four elements on the third exopodal segment of the first leg, and two outer spines on the third exopodal segment of second to fourth legs. No synapomorphies were observed for Arktourella gen. nov. and Normanella, but they are unique within the Normanellidae in that the mandibular basis and endopod are not fused. Maximum parsimony analysis and Bayesian inference using 59 morphological characters to assess the relationships between the genera of the family Normanellidae confirmed the affinity of Arktourella gen. nov. and Normanella, and their sister group relationship with Sagamiella. Paranaiara and Pseudocletodes were shown consistently to be closely related and are the sister taxa of Normanella-Arktourella gen. nov.-Sagamiella. Arktourella gen. nov., Paranaiara and Pseudocletodes share the presence of a large spinulose spine on the fifth and sixth segments of the female antennule, but its significance is not clear. Additionally, we propose a key to the genera of the Normanellidae.
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Farrell, E. R., and H. Keshishian. "Laser ablation of persistent twist cells in Drosophila: muscle precursor fate is not segmentally restricted." Development 126, no. 2 (January 15, 1999): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.2.273.
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In Drosophila the precursors of the adult musculature arise during embryogenesis. These precursor cells have been termed Persistent Twist Cells (PTCs), as they continue to express the transcription factor Twist after that gene ceases expression elsewhere in the mesoderm. In the larval abdomen, the PTCs are associated with peripheral nerves in stereotypic ventral, dorsal, and lateral clusters, which give rise, respectively, to the ventral, dorsal, and lateral muscle fiber groups of the adult. We tested the developmental potential of the PTCs by using a microbeam laser to ablate specific clusters in larvae. We found that the ablation of a single segmental PTC cluster does not usually result in the deletion of the corresponding adult fibers of that segment. Instead, normal or near normal numbers of adult fibers can form after the ablation. Examination of pupae following ablation showed that migrating PTCs from adjacent segments are able to invade the affected segment, replenishing the ablated cells. However, the ablation of homologous PTCs in multiple segments does result in the deletion of the corresponding adult muscle fibers. These data indicate that the PTCs in an abdominal segment can contribute to the formation of muscle fibers in adjacent abdominal segments, and thus are not inherently restricted to the formation of muscle fibers within their segment of origin.
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Ucun, İ., K. Aslantas, İ. S. Büyüksagis, and S. Tasgetiren. "An investigation on the effect of diamond concentration and matrix material composition in the circular sawing process of granites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 225, no. 1 (June 11, 2010): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544062jmes2104.
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In the process of natural stone cutting, segmented circular diamond saw blades are widely used in the sawing process of granites. Generally, copper, cobalt, or a combination of these is used as the matrix material. The diamond particle used in segments is added to the matrix material in certain rates and sizes. In this article, the effect of tungsten, cobalt, copper, and tin elements, which are added to the matrix material, on the cutting performance was studied. In addition, in order to study the effect of diamond concentration, the segments with different diamond concentration were manufactured. Using these segments, cutting experiments for granite, which are known as natural hard stones, are conducted. In the cutting experiments, peripheral speed of the cutting disc, cutting speed, and depth cut were taken as constant. After the experiments, cutting forces, power consumption, and specific energy changes for each segment were determined. On the other hand, the status of damage and wear for the surfaces of each segment during the cutting process was evaluated in terms of segment performances. According to the results, an increase in diamond concentration results in a lower cutting force and power consumption and also causes a lower specific wear of the segment.
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Wiellette, E. L., and W. McGinnis. "Hox genes differentially regulate Serrate to generate segment-specific structures." Development 126, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 1985–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.9.1985.
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Diversification of Drosophila segmental morphologies requires the functions of Hox transcription factors. However, there is little information describing pathways through which Hox activities effect the discrete cellular changes that diversify segmental architecture. We have identified the Drosophila signaling protein Serrate as the product of a Hox downstream gene that acts in many segments as a component of such pathways. In the embryonic epidermis, Serrate is required for morphogenesis of normal abdominal denticle belts and maxillary mouth hooks, both Hox-dependent structures. The Hox genes Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A are required to activate an early stripe of Serrate transcription in abdominal segments. In the abdominal epidermis, Serrate promotes denticle diversity by precisely localizing a single cell stripe of rhomboid expression, which generates a source of EGF signal that is not produced in thoracic epidermis. In the head, Deformed is required to activate Serrate transcription in the maxillary segment, where Serrate is required for normal mouth hook morphogenesis. However, Serrate does not require rhomboid function in the maxillary segment, suggesting that the Hox-Serrate pathway to segment-specific morphogenesis can be linked to more than one downstream function.
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Künzell, Stefan, Dominicus Sießmeir, and Harald Ewolds. "Validation of the Continuous Tracking Paradigm for Studying Implicit Motor Learning." Experimental Psychology 63, no. 6 (November 2016): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000343.
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Abstract. A continuous pursuit-tracking task is the typical experimental paradigm to investigate implicit motor learning. Implicit motor learning is proven by a greater improvement in tracking of a repeated segment of a target path compared to random segments ( Pew, 1974 ). Recently, doubts about the validity of results obtained with this paradigm have been raised. Improved tracking of a repeated segment might simply be due to the characteristics of that particular segment. In response to these doubts, we seek to improve the continuous tracking task. Therefore, we computed a pool of 37 distinct target segments. Participants (N = 36) practiced the tracking task, each one with a unique repeated segment in the middle and varying outer segments, all taken from the pool of segments. After five practice blocks of 36 trials each, a test block was performed where the repeated middle segment was replaced with a random segment. The tracking performance on the repeated segment was better than on random segments. Furthermore, we assume that learning was implicit, because participants’ answers to a posttest interview showed they were largely unaware of a repeated segment within the curves.
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Eni Maryati, Wahyu. "Studi Penerapan Strategi Segmentasi Pasar, Target Pasar dan Penempatan Posisi Guna Peningkatan Jumlah Konsumen pada Hotel Kartika Wijaya Batu." Jurnal Teknik Industri 2, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol2.no2.167-178.
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Market segmentationh ave purpose to devide plural customersi nlo the same marketsegmentationF. rom this segment,m arket sharet hat will be served dependingt o the segmentt hat givemaximum profit for Kartika Wijaya Hotel Batu.The methodu sedi n this researchis usingc lustera nalysisw ith SPSSp rograma s a help.T hesecondm ethodt hat be usedi s caracteristiacn alysism ethodo f customeres achs egmenut singc rossT absanalysisa nd the third methodu singp references tructurea nalysism ethodo f segmenut sing Thurstone'scase analysis.In customers egmentatioann alysisu singc lastera nalysisc an got 5 segments4.. of 5 balancesegmentfso rmedc ustomer'sp rofile caracterislice very segmenbt asedo n demografvi ariatesb, ehaviors,and advantagesA. nd from customer'sp references truclure concludet hat the prize that have beend ecidedby companyim portanat spect/s a tributeso f customer.
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Bansal, Nitish, Gitesh Singh, Punit Tiwari, and Harmeet Kaur. "Double Trouble of “Double Segmental” Fractures – A Report of Two Cases." Journal of Orthopaedic Case Reports 12, no. 02 (2022): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.13107/jocr.2022.v12.i02.2652.
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Introduction:A “double segmental” fracture is an injury pattern that has three fracture sites and four fracture segments in a single bone. It is extremely rare, with only three “Double segmental femoral fracture” and only four “double segmental tibia fracture” cases reported in the literature. These fractures are associated with difficulty in deciding the implant for fixation, segment reduction, maintenance of reduction, maintaining blood supply of segment during fixation, and the high risk of post-operative complications. Case Report:We present two unique cases, one of “double segmental femur fracture” and the other of “double segmental tibia fracture,” fixed with intramedullary nailing. When Schanz screw or Steinman pins were used to reduce the intermediate fragments and hold them in place, they interfered with the reaming due to the protruding part in the narrow canal. This problem could be solved using weber clamps to hold reduction as they do not obscure the canal. All the fractures united uneventfully at 9 months follow-up. Conclusion: A “single intramedullary device” to fix “all the segments” can help provide stabilization without compromising soft-tissue attachments and viability of the intermediate fracture segments in “double segmental” fractures. Keywords: Double segmental fracture, intramedullary nailing, trifocal fracture, femur, tibia, fracture.
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Erbulut, D. U., I. Zafarparandeh, A. F. Ozer, and V. K. Goel. "Biomechanics of Posterior Dynamic Stabilization Systems." Advances in Orthopedics 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/451956.
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Spinal rigid instrumentations have been used to fuse and stabilize spinal segments as a surgical treatment for various spinal disorders to date. This technology provides immediate stability after surgery until the natural fusion mass develops. At present, rigid fixation is the current gold standard in surgical treatment of chronic back pain spinal disorders. However, such systems have several drawbacks such as higher mechanical stress on the adjacent segment, leading to long-term degenerative changes and hypermobility that often necessitate additional fusion surgery. Dynamic stabilization systems have been suggested to address adjacent segment degeneration, which is considered to be a fusion-associated phenomenon. Dynamic stabilization systems are designed to preserve segmental stability, to keep the treated segment mobile, and to reduce or eliminate degenerative effects on adjacent segments. This paper aimed to describe the biomechanical aspect of dynamic stabilization systems as an alternative treatment to fusion for certain patients.
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Iovine, M. Kathryn, and Stephen L. Johnson. "Genetic Analysis of Isometric Growth Control Mechanisms in the Zebrafish Caudal Fin." Genetics 155, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 1321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.3.1321.
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Abstract The body and fins of the zebrafish grow rapidly as juveniles and slower as they reach maturation. Throughout their lives, the fins grow isometrically with respect to the body. Growth of individual fin rays is achieved by the distal addition of bony segments. We have investigated the genetic control of mechanisms that initiate new segments or control size of newly initiated segments. We find that both segment initiation and segment length are regulated during fin growth in wild-type fish. We examined the growth properties of lof and sof fin length mutants for effects on the number and length of fin ray segments. Fins of lof mutants continue to grow rapidly even after wild-type fin growth slows, resulting in positive allometric growth and additional fin ray segments. We suggest that lof mutants bypass mechanisms that limit segment initiation. Isometric growth is retained in sof mutants, resulting in shorter fins one-half the length of wild-type fins. The primary defect in sof mutants is that fin ray segments are shorter than wild-type segments, although segment number is also diminished. Double mutants for sof;lof reveal that segment length and segment number are controlled in different pathways. Our findings suggest that the lof gene product regulates segment initiation and the sof gene product regulates segment length.
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Kokkalas, S. "SEGMENTATION AND INTERACTION OF NORMAL FAULTS IN CENTRAL GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11194.
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The aim of this study is to improve our understanding on the mechanical interaction and linkage process between normal fault segments. Faults grow by the process of radial propagation and the linkage of segments, as strain increases, evolving to large fault systems. For this purpose we conducted a combined field and photogeological study on two major segmented fault zones in Central Greece, the Atalanti and Arkitsa fault zones. This approach includes effects of fault size and spatial distribution, scaling laws and footwall-hanginwall topography. Throw distribution and the geometry of the segmented fault arrays were analyzed in order to investigate the complexity of fault zones, the fault linkage process and the geometric characteristics of the relay zones formed between individual segments. The correlation of fault throw with fault length (D-L) and the ratios of overlap-separation (OL-S), separation-fault segment length (S-L) and relay displacement vs. separation (Dr-S) were examined in order to give an insight for fault segment interaction and linkage .