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1
Sroka, Kazimierz. "Znak językowy i dychotomia significans : significatum a morfosemantem i funkcja morfosemantyczna." Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego LXXVI, no. 76 (December 31, 2020): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6671.
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Artykuł dotyczy teorii znaku językowego, w tym rozróżnienia elementów: znaczący (significans) i znaczony (significatum). Rozważania skupione są na dwóch przeciwstawnych teoriach: jednej ‒ bilateralnej i psychologistycznej (mentalistycznej), pochodzącej od Ferdinanda de Saussure’a (CLG) i drugiej ‒ unilateralnej i obiektywistycznej autorstwa Leona Zawadowskiego (LTJ). Autor artykułu teorie te porównuje i ocenia, zestawiając je z przedstawianą już w swoich wcześniejszych pracach (m.in. Sroka 2016a i 2016b) własną koncepcją morfosemantemu i funkcji morfosemantycznej. Znak (fr. signe) w ujęciu de Saussure’a składa się z wyobrażenia akustycznego (fr. image acoustique) jako elementu znaczącego (fr. signifiant) i pojęcia (fr. concept) jako elementu znaczonego (fr. signifié), podczas gdy w ujęciu Zawadowskiego obejmuje on tylko będący na płaszczyźnie elementu znaczącego element tekstu (jako zjawisko fizyczne) w jego cechach inherentnych, a poza znakiem pozostaje element rzeczywistości pozatekstowej jako element znaczony. Pojęcie morfosemantemu jest uogólnieniem, modyfikacją i rozwinięciem pojęć znaku językowego wypracowanych przez de Saussure’a i Zawadowskiego. Morfosemantem jest elementem tekstu, definiowanym według trzech kategorii, do których należą: forma (F) (segment tekstu w jego cechach inherentnych), sygnifikacja czynna (S) (fakt, że segment tekstu reprezentuje wybrany element rzeczywistości pozasegmentalnej) i lokacja (L) (występowanie segmentu tekstu w danym otoczeniu). Funkcja morfosemantyczna (o kierunkach: sygnifikacja/lokacja => forma; forma/lokacja => sygnifikacja; forma/sygnifikacja => lokacja) jest rozpięta nad strukturalnie homogenicznym zbiorem morfosemantemów. Zaproponowane pojęcie morfosemantemu jako odpowiednika znaku językowego nie jest ani w pełni bilateralne, gdyż element znaczony (reprezentowany element rzeczywistości pozasegmentalnej (RR)) nie jest częścią morfosemantemu, ani też w pełni unilateralne, ponieważ obok formy (F), tj. kategorii, której wartościami są zespoły cech inherentnych segmentu tekstu, do istoty morfosemantemu należą również kategorie relacyjne: sygnifikacja czynna (S) oraz lokacja (L). Przedstawiona koncepcja morfosemantemu i funkcji morfosemantycznej jest obiektywistyczna, lecz obok niej można też stworzyć interpretację psychologistyczną (mentalistyczną), zakładając, że przedmiot poznania ma swoje odbicie (reprezentację) w umyśle poznającego podmiotu. Language sign and the dichotomy significans : significatum in relation to morphosemanteme and the morphosemantic function. Summary: The paper deals with the theory of language sign and with the distinction between the elements: signifying/signifier (significans) and signified (significatum). The discussion focuses on two opposite theories: one – bilateral and psychologistic (mentalistic) ‒ coming from Ferdinand de Saussure (CLG) and the other ‒ unilateral and objectivistic ‒ authored by Leon Zawadowski (LTJ). The present author compares and evaluates these theories, juxtaposing them with his own conception of morphosemanteme and the morphosemantic function, proposed in his earlier studies (e.g. Sroka 2016a and 2016b). According to de Saussure, a linguistic sign (Fr. signe) consists of the acoustic image (Fr. image acoustique) as the signifying element (Fr. signifiant) and of the concept (Fr. concept) as the signified element (Fr. signifié). According to Zawadowski, the sign includes only the textual element (as a physical phenomenon) in its inherent features, which belongs to the plane of the signifying element, and outside of the sign there is the element of the extratextual reality as the signified element. The concept of the morphosemanteme is a generalization, modification and development of de Saussure’s and Zawadowski’s concepts of the language sign. The morphosemanteme is an element of text defined according to three categories, namely: form (F) (textual segment in its inherent features), active signification (S) (the fact that a textual segment represents a given element of the extrasegmental reality), and location (L) (occurrence of a textual segment in a given environment). The morphosemantic function (of the directions: signification/location => form; form/location => signification; and form/signification => location) expands over a structurally homogeneous set of morphosemantemes. The proposed concept of the morphosemanteme as a counterpart of the language sign is neither fully bilateral, since the signified element (represented element of the extrasegmental reality (RR)) is not part of the morphosemanteme, nor fully unilateral, since in its essence the morphosemanteme includes not only form (F), i.e. the category whose values are sets of the inherent features of the textual segment, but also relational categories: active signification (S) and location (L). The conception of the morphosemanteme and morphosemantic function described here is objectivistic but it is also possible to create its psychologistic (mentalistic) interpretation, assuming that the object of cognition has its reflection (representation) in the mind of the conceiving subject. Keywords: F. de Saussure, Leon Zawadowski, element of text, language sign, signifying element (significans), signified element (significatum), morphosemanteme, form, signification, location, morphosemantic function
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Borzyszkowski, Jacek, and Waldemar Józef Michalczak. "Polityka turystyczna na rzecz seniorów. Przegląd wybranych praktyk." Studia Periegetica 34, no. 2 (July 25, 2021): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0636.
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Starzenie się społeczeństw wpływa na rynek usług wolnoczasowych, a zwłaszcza w istotny sposób determinuje rozwój turystyki. Jak każda dziedzina życia społecznego, także obraz współczesnej turystyki kształtowany jest poprzez narzędzia, jakimi dysponuje polityka i inne formy zarządzania społecznego. Autorzy artykułu analizują modele oddziaływania na segment rynku turystycznego seniorów. Przegląd literatury naukowej i innych źródeł dowodzi, że segment turystyki senioralnej staje się istotnym elementem we współczesnym rynku turystycznym, i co więcej – jego rola będzie sukcesywnie wzrastała. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie wybranych działań realizowanych na różnych szczeblach i przez różne podmioty na rzecz zwiększania aktywności turystycznej seniorów w Europie, wskazanie możliwości wykorzystania tych doświadczeń i uzasadnienie podejmowania tego typu inicjatyw w Polsce. W artykule posłużono się metodą badań określaną jako desk research. Przeprowadzono w tym zakresie analizę przekrojową dostępnych treści. Wykorzystano dane zastane. Na podstawie zaprezentowanego materiału sformułowano zalecenia dla polskiej polityki turystycznej. Wykazano, że przedsięwzięcia na rzecz zwiększania aktywności turystycznej seniorów są dość popularne i jednocześnie zróżnicowane. Mają one charakter zarówno międzynarodowy, jak i krajowy, podejmowane są również przez pojedyncze podmioty branży turystycznej. Z uwagi na postępujące zmiany, głównie demograficzne, ale wynikające także ze skutków pandemii COVID-19, rysuje się potrzeba implementacji podobnych rozwiązań w Polsce. Należy założyć, że tego typu przedsięwzięcia mogą zdywersyfikować polską politykę turystyczną i poszerzyć ją o stosunkowo nowe, dotychczas niepodejmowane inicjatywy. Dodatkowo należy mieć na uwadze inne wymierne korzyści: pobudzenie aktywności turystycznej seniorów oraz aspekty ważne dla poszczególnych destynacji, zwiększenie ruchu turystycznego i wpływów z turystyki.
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Ranjan, Pinku, and Ravi Kumar Gangwar. "Segmented quarter cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna: simulation and experimental investigation in composite form for wideband applications." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 9, no. 4 (June 6, 2016): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078716000714.
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A probe feed wideband multi-element dual segments quarter cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (q-CDRA) in composite forms have been proposed. The q-CDRA has been introduced by splitting CDRA into four uniform quarters and multi-segmentation approach has been castoff for further improvement in bandwidth of q-CDRA. The dual segments q-CDRA has been designed and analyzed using theoretical analysis and Ansoft HFSS simulation software. Further the dual segment multi-element q-CDRAs in composite form have been designed. A coaxial probe has been placed at the center of the ground plane for the excitation of proposed multi-element and multi-segmented composite form of q-CDRA, which excite TM01δ mode in the proposed antenna. The input characteristics and radiation patterns of the proposed composite antennas have been studied and their results are compared with corresponding experimental results. Prototype of single, two, and four elements dual-segment composite q-CDRAs have been fabricated and input characteristics of the proposed composite antennas have been compared with each other. Four elements dual-segment composite q-CDRA has shown wide impedance bandwidth (|S11| ≤ −10 dB) of 85.13% with monopole-like radiation pattern. The peak gain of 4.85 dBi with 98.5% radiation efficiency has been achieved for dual-segment four elements composite q-CDRA. The proposed multi-element dual-segment composite q-CDRAs may find suitable applications in C and X-band with complete covering of the 5.0 GHZ wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) band.
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PARADIS, CAROLE, and DARLENE LACHARITÉ. "Preservation and minimality in loanword adaptation." Journal of Linguistics 33, no. 2 (September 1997): 379–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226797006786.
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Attractive as might seem the challenge to build a process or performance model that can account for every behavioural decision, there are a number of sound reasons to tackle first the still difficult (but hopefully manageable) task of developing a competence model; of trying to find the underlying system that informs and constrains (if it doesn't always actually govern) choice. (Spolsky 1988: 105)This article aims at showing the predictability of phonological adaptation, segment preservation and deletion in borrowings. It is shown that ill-formed segments are preserved and adapted in the vast majority of cases; segment deletion occurs only when an ill-formed segment is embedded within a higher level ill-formed structure, such as the syllable. This conclusion is based on the study of 15,686 segmental and syllabic malformations found in 11,348 loanword forms from five different corpora of loanwords. The analysis, which is set within the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies, is illustrated with the data from a corpus of 545 French loanwords in Fula.
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Ma, Yao, and Jiahua Xu. "Segmentally aware: know when to merge and when to purge." Journal of Organizational Change Management 33, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 196–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jocm-06-2019-0201.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to hone in on the degree of segment-level integration relative to corporate post-merger performance. Design/methodology/approach The sample consists of 89 segments in 29 combined companies resulting from large mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions between 2001 and 2014 in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries worldwide. The authors track the change through M&A in performance of segments with different integration forms as well as performance of entire companies with different integration levels. Findings The authors find that integrating the segments from the target significantly improves the acquirer’s overall performance, as well as the concerned segments’ performance, following an M&A transaction. Whereas the segments from the target company, when left unintegrated, not only exhibit subpar performance among all the segments, but also appear responsible for the worsening corporate performance. Various possible reasons for this contrast are discussed. Originality/value This paper raises awareness of the significance of segment-level analyses, and contributes to the post-merger integration (PMI) research by examining the influence of structural integration on operating segments. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to investigate integration forms and the post-merger financial performance of various segments within companies.
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Miloradovic, Vladimir, and Milena Grubisa. "Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2016-0004.
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Abstract A clear distinction between two of the most common forms of dilated cardiomyopathy is very important due to their different prediction and therapeutic approaches. Dobutamine stress echocardiography appears to be a noninvasive selection method due to its clear differentiation potential. Major factors influence test interpretation, resulting in a wide interval of diagnostic accuracy for this test. Fraction flow reserve (FFR) is a novel invasive method for estimating coronary artery stenosis responsible for myocardium ischaemia. Decisions about lesion significance in coronary blood vessels have thus far been based on angiographic estimations, but this approach is being replaced by FFR measurements, which serve as a new gold standard and involve a noninvasive test. The goal of this study was to clearly differentiate two forms of dilated cardiomyopathies through analysis of the segmented mobility of the left ventricular wall. Fifty patients were analysed: 20 with ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy, which was confirmed not only through coronary angiography but also functionally through FFR measurement, and 30 patients with nonischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy, which was confirmed by coronary angiography. A standard dobutamine stress echocardiography protocol was implemented. A positive dobutamine stress echocardiography test was defined as the presence of emerging incidents in segment contractility or worsening of existing incidents in at least one segment. Statistically relevant diff erences in the movement dynamics of a number of differently characterised segments during the observed time intervals (ANOVA p=0.000) was noted in both groups of patients, as was variation in the index value of the summarized mobility of the left chamber wall. In patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathies, regional contractility worsened at the maximum dose of dobutamine; in contrast, this feature slightly improved in nonischaemic cardiomyopathy patients. The results indicate that by analysing segmental motion, these two forms of dilated cardiomyopathies can be differentiated with high sensitivity (Sn=90%) and specificity (Sp=98%), which can be interpreted as concrete evidence of truly ischaemic lesions in coronary blood vessels.
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Guan, J. L., J. E. Trevithick, and R. O. Hynes. "Retroviral expression of alternatively spliced forms of rat fibronectin." Journal of Cell Biology 110, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 833–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.110.3.833.
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We describe the construction in retroviral vectors and the expression of recombinant rat fibronectin (FN) cDNAs corresponding with the various alternatively spliced forms of FN. In NIH 3T3 cells, the exogenous rat FN subunits are efficiently secreted as heterodimers with endogenous mouse subunits. In contrast, in lymphoid WEHI231 cells, there is no endogenous FN synthesis and the recombinant FNs are secreted and can be purified as homogeneous proteins. We show that the purified recombinant FNs are biochemically and biologically functional. In basic assays for adhesion, spreading, cytoskeletal organization, and migration using various established adherent cell lines, different forms of FNs containing the different alternatively spliced segments show no marked differences in activity. We have used these recombinant FNs to investigate three systems in which earlier results had suggested potential differences between different forms of FN. First, all forms tested appear equally active in restoring normal morphology to a transformed cell line. Second, we detect minor differences in their ability to assemble into preexisting extracellular matrices. Finally, we report that only those forms of FN that contain the V segment will promote the spreading of a lymphoid cell line indicating that this segment confers additional biological functions for some cell types, a result that confirms and extends earlier data. These homogeneous, biologically active recombinant FNs will allow further studies of the role of the alternatively spliced segments of FN.
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Udayana, I. Nyoman. "NASALIZATION IN BALINESE VERBS/PENASALAN VERBA BAHASA BALI." Aksara 32, no. 2 (January 3, 2021): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.29255/aksara.v32i2.643.339-348.
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Abstract Balinese has two forms in relation to nasal pre xes. First, the initial segment of the verb root can be assimilated with the homorganic nasal and both coalesce. Second, the nasal pre x still assimilates with the rst segment of the verb root but forms a CC cluster. The data source of this study is Balinese dictionaries and analyzed by Optimality Theoretic (OT) so it was found that the af x nasal did not form a cluster with the rst segment of the verb root uniformly occurred in verbs where the rst segment is obstruent both voiced and voiceless while the one forming the cluster is the rst segment of a verb root which is realized by a sonorant. The rst phenomenon can be handled by the constraint * NC (obs) while the second one by violates linearity constraint, namely, Align-L (root) constraint. OT analysis also predicts that the ungrammaticality of an output verb structure ngmaang ‘to give’ due to fact that the correct underlying form baang is confused with its corresponding surface form. Keywords: nasalization, obstruent, sonorant, OT analysis Abstrak Bahasa Bali mempunyai dua bentuk dalam kaitannya dengan pre x nasal. Pertama, segmen awal dari akar verba bisa berasimilasi dengan nasal yang homorganik dan keduanya berkoalisi. Kedua, nasal pre ks masih berasimilasi dengan segmen pertama akar verba, tetapi membentuk klaster CC. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah Kamus Bahasa Bali dan dianalisis dengan Optimality Theoretic (OT) sehingga didapatkan bahwa nasal a ks yang tidak membentuk klaster dengan segmen pertama akar verba secara seragam hanya terjadi pada verba yang mana segmen pertamanya adalah obstruent, baik bersuara maupun tak bersuara sedangkan yang membentuk klaster adalah segmen pertama verba yang direalisasikan oleh segmen bertipe sonorant. Yang pertama bisa ditangani oleh konstrein *NC (obs), sedangkan yang kedua adalah secara jelas melangggar konstrein linieritas, yaitu Align-L (root). Analisis OT juga memprediksi ketidakgramatikalan bentuk-output verba ngmaang ‘memberi’ yang bentuk dasarnya yang benar adalah baang dikacaukan dengan bentuk output-nya. Kata kunci: penasalan, hambatan, sonoran, Analisis OT
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Mishima, Katsuaki, Toshio Sugahara, Yoshihide Mori, and Masayoshi Sakuda. "Three-Dimensional Comparison between the Palatal Forms in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate with and without Hotz Plate from Cheiloplasty to Palatoplasty." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 33, no. 4 (July 1996): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1996_033_0312_tdcbtp_2.3.co_2.
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The palatal forms in 20 infants with a complete unilateral cleft lip, and palate (12 with a Hotz plate and 8 without, selected at random) were studied from birth until 18 months of age. Using techniques developed previously, the degree of curvature In the palate and the magnitude of migration of the maxillary segments were measured three-dimensionally. Furthermore, using a newly developed method to approximate a set of the points on the alveolar ridge to a circle in a plane, the form of the alveolar arch was evaluated. Results from the group with a Hotz plate revealed that the plate possesses four effects not seen in the group without a Hotz plate. The size of the palate was larger, and the sagittal gap between the two segments of the maxilla was smaller. These results suggest that the appliance could stimulate the growth of the segments and could prevent collapse of the maxillary arch from the force of lip closure. Third, the steepness of the segments toward the nasal cavity was smaller, possibly occurring because the appliance prevents tongue intrusion into the cleft. Fourth, the magnitude of migration of the lesser segment toward the cleft edge of the major segment was larger. This result suggests that the appliance could guide the growth of the maxillary segments to narrow the cleft width until 18 months of age.
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Brożek, Jolanta. "Deliberations on the External Morphology and Modification of the Labial Segments in the Nepomorpha (Heteroptera: Insecta) with Notes on the Phylogenetic Characteristics." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/790343.
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The present study provides new data concerning the external morphology of the labial segments of 46 species from nine Nepomorpha families using the scanning electron microscope. The labial segments are described in detail and images of their structures are presented for the systematic groups. Subsequent segments of the labium (I, II, III, and IV) are shaped similarly in all investigated taxa but carry individual characters in some (sub-)families. Five morphologically distinct forms of the apical plate and five intercalary sclerites have been identified. Additionally, three types of the articulation on the dorsal side between the third and second segments are interpreted as the new characters. The presence of the midventral condyle on the distal edge of the first segment and the third segment has been reanalyzed. New position of the midventral condyle on the proximal edge of the fourth labial segment has been distinguished in several groups. The new set of characters has been estimated from the plesiomorphic taxa of the Nepoidea (Nepidae and Belostomatidae) and subsequently through the more advanced taxa in the relation to the outgroup (Gerromorpha). The evaluation of these characters has revealed twenty-seven new apomorphies for the labium in the Nepomorpha.
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Lee, Donghoon, Won Kee Hong, Jeong Tai Kim, and Sunkuk Kim. "Conceptual Study of Production Technology of Free-Form Concrete Segments." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 2015): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2015.v7.812.
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Banitt, M. R., A. Romano, S. Iragavarapu, D. L. Budenz, and R. K. Lee. "Forme fruste anterior segment dysgenesis." British Journal of Ophthalmology 95, no. 12 (August 30, 2010): 1756–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.177535.
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ÇİFTÇİ, N. BOZKURT, and ERDİN BOZKURT. "Anomalous stress field and active breaching at relay ramps: a field example from Gediz Graben, SW Turkey." Geological Magazine 144, no. 4 (May 14, 2007): 687–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003500.
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Relay ramps form at different scales in extensional terrains to accommodate the differential stretching among the overlapping bounding-normal fault segments. The major boundary structure of the Gediz Graben (SW Turkey) is segmented, with formation, evolution and active breaching of relay ramps. The Akçapınar relay ramp is an example of these processes that forms within a 2 km wide overlap zone between ∼ E–W-trending segments on the southern margin of the Gediz Graben. Change of structural style at the ramp area is clearly evident from variations in the orientation of fractures and faults of the relay ramp. As a site of local stress field anomaly, ∼ N–S-trending structures in the Akçapınar relay ramp are conformable with the extension that is parallel to the bounding faults of the relay ramp. These structures are also superimposed onto the ∼ E–W-trending regional structural style by an obvious cross-cutting relationship, suggesting both spatial and temporal variation of the state of stress at the ramp area during the relay ramp formation. The regional stress field and the resulting regional structural style characterize the earlier stages of ramp evolution, during which segment interaction is limited. As segment interaction and relay ramp formation advances towards the breaching phase, an anomalous local stress field arises and the relay ramp area experiences extension parallel to the bounding normal faults, that is, transverse to the regional direction of extension. This creates a new structural style at the ramp area.
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Marques, Taísa Mendes, and Walter A. Boeger. "Proposal of Tiddergasilus gen. nov. (Ergasilidae: Cyclopoida) for T. iheringi comb. nov. from the gills of Hoplias malabaricus (Erythrinidae: Characiformes) from Brazil." Zoologia 35 (March 14, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e21577.
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Ergasilus von Nordmann, 1832 is the type and the most speciose genus of Ergasilidae, with more than 150 valid species. The first species of this genus, Ergasilusiheringi Tidd, 1942, was described from the Neotropical Region, from the gills of Hopliasmalabaricus (Bloch, 1794). Since then, 35 new species of Ergasilidae have been described from the Neotropics. However, a reanalysis of the available type specimens of E.iheringi revealed features that suggest that it represents a lineage independent from Ergasilus. Consequently, we propose Tiddergasilus gen. nov. (Ergasilidae: Cyclopoida) to accommodate T.iheringi (Tidd, 1942) comb. nov. The species was re-examined and redescribed based on available type specimens. Tiddergasilus gen. nov. is characterized by species with exopod of leg 4 2-segmented; antenna small and robust, with a short second segment (approximately three times shorter than the first segment), and claw with a unique morphology (short, recurved with a sub-proximal indentation in the inner margin). A phylogenetic analysis, based on a matrix of 15 taxa and 16 morphological characters in PAUP* software 4.0a152, resulted in 15 equally parsimonious trees. Based on this analysis, Tiddergasilus is closely related to a group composed of Neotropical species of Ergasilus – sharing with them antennule with 6-segments. When the highly homoplastic character “number of segments in the antennule” is removed from the analysis, Tiddergasilus forms a polytomy with the clade of genera of the former Vaigamidae, Ergasilus, and the clade Rhinergasilus+Brasergasilus+Pindapixara.
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Hindman, Bradley J., Ricardo B. Fontes, Robert P. From, Vincent C. Traynelis, Michael M. Todd, Christian M. Puttlitz, and Brandon G. Santoni. "Intubation biomechanics: laryngoscope force and cervical spine motion during intubation in cadavers—effect of severe distractive-flexion injury on C3–4 motion." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 25, no. 5 (November 2016): 545–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.3.spine1640.
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OBJECTIVE With application of the forces of intubation, injured (unstable) cervical segments may move more than they normally do, which can result in spinal cord injury. The authors tested whether, during endotracheal intubation, intervertebral motion of an injured C3–4 cervical segment 1) is greater than that in the intact (stable) state and 2) differs when a high- or low-force laryngoscope is used. METHODS Fourteen cadavers underwent 3 intubations using force-sensing laryngoscopes while simultaneous cervical spine motion was recorded with lateral fluoroscopy. The first intubation was performed with an intact cervical spine and a conventional high-force line-of-sight Macintosh laryngoscope. After creation of a severe C3–4 distractive-flexion injury, 2 additional intubations were performed, one with the Macintosh laryngoscope and the other with a low-force indirect video laryngoscope (Airtraq), used in random order. RESULTS During Macintosh intubations, between the intact and the injured conditions, C3–4 extension (0.3° ± 3.0° vs 0.4° ± 2.7°, respectively; p = 0.9515) and anterior-posterior subluxation (−0.1 ± 0.4 mm vs −0.3 ± 0.6 mm, respectively; p = 0.2754) did not differ. During Macintosh and Airtraq intubations with an injured C3–4 segment, despite a large difference in applied force between the 2 laryngoscopes, segmental extension (0.4° ± 2.7° vs 0.3° ± 3.3°, respectively; p = 0.8077) and anterior-posterior subluxation (0.3 ± 0.6 mm vs 0.0 ± 0.7 mm, respectively; p = 0.3203) did not differ. CONCLUSIONS The authors' hypotheses regarding the relationship between laryngoscope force and the motion of an injured cervical segment were not confirmed. Motion-force relationships (biomechanics) of injured cervical intervertebral segments during endotracheal intubation in cadavers are not predicted by the in vitro biomechanical behavior of isolated cervical segments. With the limitations inherent to cadaveric studies, the results of this study suggest that not all forms of cervical spine injury are at risk for pathological motion and cervical cord injury during conventional high-force line-of-sight intubation.
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Doucet, Daniel, Anic Levasseur, Catherine Béliveau, Renée Lapointe, Don Stoltz, and Michel Cusson. "In vitro integration of an ichnovirus genome segment into the genomic DNA of lepidopteran cells." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82314-0.
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Polydnaviruses (PDVs) are dsDNA viruses transmitted by ichneumonid and braconid endoparasitoids to their lepidopteran hosts during oviposition. Wasp carriers are asymptomatic and transmit the virus to their progeny through the germ line; replication is confined to the calyx region of the wasp ovary, where the virus accumulates in the fluid bathing the eggs. In the lepidopteran host, however, no virus replication takes place, but PDV gene expression is essential for successful parasitism. Sustained gene expression in the absence of virus replication thus requires that the circular PDV genome segments persist for days within host cells. Available evidence suggests that most genome segments persist as episomes, but recent studies have indicated that some genome segments may undergo integration within lepidopteran genomic DNA, at least in vitro. In the present study, an integrated form of a Tranosema rostrale ichnovirus (TrIV) genome segment was cloned from genomic DNA extracted from infected Choristoneura fumiferana CF-124T cells and junction regions on either side of the viral DNA sequence were sequenced. This is the first proven example of integration of an ichnovirus genome segment in infected lepidopteran cells. Interestingly, circular forms of this genome segment do not appear to persist in these cells; none the less, a gene (TrFrep1) carried by this genome segment displays long-term transcription in infected cultured cells.
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LEKKAS, E. L. "The 1999 eartquake activity in Izmit, NW Turkey. An opportunity for the study of actualistic strike-slip related tectonic forms." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 1523. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17258.
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The 1999 earthquake activity in the area of Izmit - Bolu, Turkey, which included two major shocks, on the 17th Aug. and 12th Nov. 1999, was caused by the reactivation of fault segments that belong to NAFZ. Field research was focused on fault geometry and slip characteristics, and allowed us to distinguish seven successive right-stepping reactivated segments and the related oversteps. Investigations showed that there is good match between the observed structures and those produced by experimental modelling. Finally, an estimation is made as to the percentage of seismic and aseismic slip on the reactivated segment of the fault zone
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Yi, Sunghwan, Vinay Kanetkar, and Paula Brauer. "Assessment of heterogeneity in types of vegetables served by main household food preparers and food decision influencers." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 15 (April 8, 2015): 2750–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980015001019.
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AbstractObjectiveWhile vegetables are often studied as one food group, global measures may mask variation in the types and forms of vegetables preferred by different individuals. To explore preferences for and perceptions of vegetables, we assessed main food preparers based on their preparation of eight specific vegetables and mushrooms.DesignAn online self-report survey.SettingOntario, Canada. Measures included perceived benefits and obstacles of vegetables, convenience orientation and variety seeking in meal preparation.SubjectsOf the 4517 randomly selected consumers who received the invitation, 1013 responded to the survey (22·4 % response). Data from the main food preparers were analysed (n 756).ResultsLatent profile analysis indicated three segments of food preparers. More open to new recipes, the ‘crucifer lover’ segment (13 %) prepared and consumed substantially more Brussels sprouts, broccoli and asparagus than the other segments. Although similar to the ‘average consumer’ segment (54 %) in many ways, the ‘frozen vegetable user’ segment (33 %) used significantly more frozen vegetables than the other segments due to higher prioritization of time and convenience in meal preparation and stronger ‘healthy=not tasty’ perception. Perception of specific vegetables on taste, healthiness, ease of preparation and cost varied significantly across the three consumer segments. Crucifer lovers also differed with respect to shopping and cooking habits compared with the frozen vegetable users.ConclusionsThe substantial heterogeneity in the types of vegetables consumed and perceptions across the three consumer segments has implications for the development of new approaches to promoting these foods.
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Troupin, Cécile, Axelle Dehée, Aurélie Schnuriger, Patrice Vende, Didier Poncet, and Antoine Garbarg-Chenon. "Rearranged Genomic RNA Segments Offer a New Approach to the Reverse Genetics of Rotaviruses." Journal of Virology 84, no. 13 (April 28, 2010): 6711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00547-10.
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ABSTRACT Group A rotaviruses (RV), members of the Reoviridae family, are a major cause of infantile acute gastroenteritis. The RV genome consists of 11 double-stranded RNA segments. In some cases, an RNA segment is replaced by a rearranged RNA segment, which is derived from its standard counterpart by partial sequence duplication. We report here a reverse genetics system for RV based on the preferential packaging of rearranged RNA segments. Using this system, wild-type or in vitro-engineered forms of rearranged segment 7 from a human rotavirus (encoding the NSP3 protein), derived from cloned cDNAs and transcribed in the cytoplasm of COS-7 cells with the help of T7 RNA polymerase, replaced the wild-type segment 7 of a bovine helper virus (strain RF). Recombinant RF viruses (i.e., engineered monoreassortant RF viruses) containing an exogenous rearranged RNA were recovered by propagating the viral progeny in MA-104 cells, with no need for additional selective pressure. Our findings offer the possibility to extend RV reverse genetics to segments encoding nonstructural or structural proteins for which no potent selective tools, such as neutralizing antibodies, are available. In addition, the system described here is the first to enable the introduction of a mutated gene expressing a modified nonstructural protein into an infectious RV. This reverse genetics system offers new perspectives for investigating RV protein functions and developing recombinant live RV vaccines containing specific changes targeted for attenuation.
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Abdulhameed, Ali A., and AbdulMuttalib I. Said. "CFRP Laminates Reinforcing Performance of Short-Span Wedge-Blocks Segmental Beams." Fibers 8, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib8010006.
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Two of the main advantages of segmental construction are economics, as well as the rapid construction technique. One of the forms of segmental construction, for structural elements, is the segmental beams that built-in short sections, which referred to segments. This research aims to exhibit a new technique for the fabrication of short-span segmental beams from wedge-shaped concrete segments and carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) in laminate form. The experimental campaign included eight short-span segmental beams. In this study, two selected parameters were considered. These parameters are; the number of layers of CFRP laminates and the adhesive material that used to bond segments to each other, forming short-span segmental beams. The test results showed that for segmental beams reinforced by 2-layer of CFRP laminates, undergoes less deflection and sustained considerable ultimate loading value of 38.4%–104% than beams reinforced by 1-layer. Moreover, the test of segmental beams fabricated by adhering to the concrete segments with epoxy resin exhibited an increase in ultimate loading by 16%–65% than beams constructed using cementitious adhesive for bonding the wedge-shaped segments. Theoretically, segmental beams were analyzed by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) 440.2R-17 procedure with slight modifications. The analysis gave an overestimation of flexural strength for segmental beams when compared with experimental outcomes.
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Hang’ombe, Khama, Minyono Mwembe, and Charton Siantumbu. "Aspects of the Causative Morpheme -i- in Tonga (M64)." Randwick International of Education and Linguistics Science Journal 1, no. 1 (June 23, 2020): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rielsj.v1i1.25.
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This paper examines the phonological behaviour of the causative morpheme –i- in Tonga, using the Plateau and Valley Tonga varieties. It identifies the various segments in radical final positions of different verbal forms and seeks to establish how the introduction of the causative morpheme in their environment affects the segments. The paper finds that in some cases the morpheme induces phonological change to the segments preceding the morpheme, with more phonological ‘activity’ noted in Plateau Tonga. The influence of the morpheme identified in the study is that it induces fricativisation, palatalisation, or glottalisation to radical final segments of the verbs where it is introduced, depending on the nature the concerned segment. The conclusion drawn in the paper is that the influence of the morpheme is more pronounced in Plateau Tonga than in Valley Tonga.
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Coghetto, Roland. "Circumcenter, Circumcircle and Centroid of a Triangle." Formalized Mathematics 24, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forma-2016-0002.
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Summary We introduce, using the Mizar system [1], some basic concepts of Euclidean geometry: the half length and the midpoint of a segment, the perpendicular bisector of a segment, the medians (the cevians that join the vertices of a triangle to the midpoints of the opposite sides) of a triangle. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the circumcenter of a triangle (the intersection of the three perpendicular bisectors of the sides of the triangle). The extended law of sines and the formula of the radius of the Morley’s trisector triangle are formalized [3]. Using the generalized Ceva’s Theorem, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the centroid (the common point of the medians [4]) of a triangle.
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Coghetto, Roland, and Adam Grabowski. "Tarski Geometry Axioms – Part II." Formalized Mathematics 24, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/forma-2016-0012.
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Summary In our earlier article [12], the first part of axioms of geometry proposed by Alfred Tarski [14] was formally introduced by means of Mizar proof assistant [9]. We defined a structure TarskiPlane with the following predicates: of betweenness between (a ternary relation), of congruence of segments equiv (quarternary relation), which satisfy the following properties: congruence symmetry (A1), congruence equivalence relation (A2), congruence identity (A3), segment construction (A4), SAS (A5), betweenness identity (A6), Pasch (A7). Also a simple model, which satisfies these axioms, was previously constructed, and described in [6]. In this paper, we deal with four remaining axioms, namely: the lower dimension axiom (A8), the upper dimension axiom (A9), the Euclid axiom (A10), the continuity axiom (A11). They were introduced in the form of Mizar attributes. Additionally, the relation of congruence of triangles cong is introduced via congruence of sides (SSS). In order to show that the structure which satisfies all eleven Tarski’s axioms really exists, we provided a proof of the registration of a cluster that the Euclidean plane, or rather a natural [5] extension of ordinary metric structure Euclid 2 satisfies all these attributes. Although the tradition of the mechanization of Tarski’s geometry in Mizar is not as long as in Coq [11], first approaches to this topic were done in Mizar in 1990 [16] (even if this article started formal Hilbert axiomatization of geometry, and parallel development was rather unlikely at that time [8]). Connection with another proof assistant should be mentioned – we had some doubts about the proof of the Euclid’s axiom and inspection of the proof taken from Archive of Formal Proofs of Isabelle [10] clarified things a bit. Our development allows for the future faithful mechanization of [13] and opens the possibility of automatically generated Prover9 proofs which was useful in the case of lattice theory [7].
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CURTIN, SUZANNE. "Do newly formed word representations encode non-criterial information?" Journal of Child Language 38, no. 4 (July 8, 2010): 904–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000910000097.
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ABSTRACTLexical stress is useful for a number of language learning tasks. In particular, it helps infants segment the speech stream and identify phonetic contrasts. Recent work has demonstrated that infants aged 1 ; 0 can learn two novel words differing only in their stress pattern. In the current study, we ask whether infants aged 1 ; 0 store stress information in their representations of words even when it not required for the task. To this end, we taught infants novel, three-syllable word–object pairings. At test, we manipulated the word by presenting infants with forms that shared the stress pattern of the familiar words but differed in the segments, and forms that shared the segments of the familiar word but differed in the stress pattern. Our findings reveal that infants' representations of new words include word-level stress information and do not simply contain the information critical for distinguishing between different forms.
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Kolbasova, Glafira D., and Alexander B. Tzetlin. "Developmental studies of the enigmatic wormCaobangia billetiGiard, 1893 (Annelida; Sabellidae), a symbiont of freshwater snails." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 97, no. 5 (August 2017): 1143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417000777.
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Caobangiids are an aberrant group of annelids with an unusual phoronid-like body plan. The most perceptible anatomical characteristic of caobangiids is the anal trunk, which is recurved outside the body and ends with an anal opening located near the head. So far neither the larval development nor the metamorphosis of these worms have been investigated thoroughly. This study describes the larval development and metamorphosis ofCaobangia billeti, and focuses mainly on the formation of the alimentary tract. The trochophore has eight chaetigers. Embryogenesis includes the development of segmentally arranged bands of cilia and ventral ciliary fields, the development of chaetae and the early formation of anterior radioles. Upon exiting the larval duct, larvae have eyes with lenses, two pairs of rudimentary radioles on the prostomium, a pair of nephridia on the peristomium, and two capillary chaetae in each parapodium of segments 3–9; parapodia of the 10th segment also bear a row of palmate hooks. Metamorphosis takes about 20 h and involves dorso-ventral folding of the body and enlargement of the pygidium along the dorsal side of segments 5–8. Thus, the anus develops on the dorsal side of the 5th segment, the anal trunk forms from the projection of pygidium whereas the prepygidial growth zone appears posterior to the 8th body segment. After the completion of metamorphosis, the prostomial and peristomial segments are fused and reduced, eight full thoracic chaetigers derive from the larva's body. Abdominal chaetigers grow posteriorly from the prepygidial growth zone.
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Zamoto-Niikura, Aya, Kaori Terasaki, Tetsuro Ikegami, C. J. Peters, and Shinji Makino. "Rift Valley Fever Virus L Protein Forms a Biologically Active Oligomer." Journal of Virology 83, no. 24 (October 7, 2009): 12779–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01310-09.
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ABSTRACT Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) (genus Phlebovirus, family Bunyaviridae) causes mosquito-borne epidemic diseases in humans and livestock. The virus carries three RNA segments, L, M, and S, of negative or ambisense polarity. L protein, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, encoded in the L segment, and N protein, encoded in the S segment, exert viral RNA replication and transcription. Coexpression of N, hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged L, and viral minigenome resulted in minigenome replication and transcription, a finding that demonstrated HA-tagged L was biologically active. Likewise L tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) was biologically competent. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis using extracts from cells coexpressing HA-tagged L and GFP-tagged L showed the formation of an L oligomer. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis and coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated the formation of an intermolecular L-L interaction through its N-terminal and C-terminal regions and also suggested an intramolecular association between the N-terminal and C-terminal regions of L protein. A biologically inactive L mutant, in which the conserved signature SDD motif was replaced by the amino acid residues GNN, exhibited a dominant negative phenotype when coexpressed with wild-type L in the minigenome assay system. Expression of this mutant L also inhibited viral gene expression in virus-infected cells. These data provided compelling evidence for the importance of oligomerization of RVFV L protein for its polymerase activity.
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Verley, Elise, and Sandra Zilloniz. "L'enseignement supérieur en France : un espace segmenté qui limite l'égalisation des chances." Formation emploi 110, no. 2 (2010): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/form.110.0005.
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Tian, Jun Ying, Jian Hai Han, and Hong Lin Chen. "The Research on Pan-Genes of an Object Boundary." Applied Mechanics and Materials 65 (June 2011): 530–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.65.530.
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The aim of this paper is to give some researches and instructions of relations between the special shapes of an object boundary and their 8-adjacency chain code strings, characteristics of these chain code strings, internal relations among these chain code strings. These characteristics can be used to identify the region of an object boundary, when necessary, to generate this regional boundary. But this is irrelevant to various operations on image. This function of a chain code string is similar to the roles of genes in biology, is called pan-genes. An object boundary on binary image is considered by many tiny line segments connected with each other. The research on characteristics of chain code strings of line segments is an important segment of recognition and generation of an object boundary. This paper gives characteristics of chain code strings of pan-genes corresponding line segments, relations among these chain code strings, chain code string organization forms of chain code string units of line segments (these units are abbreviated with UL), the effective ways and methods on recognition and generation of line segments. Thus, this paper studies the chain code features of corners and circles. This paper gives a variety forms and features of ULs, shows the effects and methods on recognition and generation of an object boundary, gets basic properties of chain code strings about corners and circles.
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Haug, Carolin, and Joachim T. Haug. "A new fossil mantis shrimp and the convergent evolution of a lobster-like morphotype." PeerJ 9 (April 16, 2021): e11124. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11124.
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Eumalacostracan crustaceans all have a more or less stereotypic body organisation in the sense of tagmosis. Originally, this included a head with six segments (ocular segment plus five appendage-bearing segments), a thorax region with eight segments, and a pleon with six segments. Interestingly, despite these restrictions in variability in terms of tagmosis, the morphological diversity within Eumalacostraca is rather high. A group providing representative examples that are commonly known is Decapoda. Decapodan crustaceans include shrimp-like forms, lobster-like forms and crab-like forms. The stem species of Eucarida, the group including Decapoda and Euphausiacea, presumably possessed a rather shrimp-like morphology, quite similar to the stem species of Eumalacostraca. Also two other lineages within Eumalacostraca, namely Hoplocarida (with the mantis shrimps as modern representatives) and Neocarida (with the sister groups Thermosbaenacea and Peracarida) evolved from the shrimp-like body organisation to include a lobster-like one. In this study, we demonstrate that the stepwise evolution towards a lobster morphotype occurred to a certain extent in similar order in these three lineages, Hoplocarida, Eucarida and Peracarida, leading to similar types of derived body organisation. This evolutionary reconstruction is based not only on observations of modern fauna, but especially on exceptionally preserved Mesozoic fossils, including the description of a new species of mantis shrimps bridging the morphological gap between the more ancestral-appearing Carboniferous forms and the more modern-appearing Jurassic forms. With this, Mesozoic eumalacostracans represent an important (if not unique) ‘experimental set-up’ for research on factors leading to convergent evolution, the understanding of which is still one of the puzzling challenges of modern evolutionary theory.
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Vasilyeva, T. A., A. A. Voskresenskaya, O. V. Khlebnikova, N. A. Pozdeyeva, A. V. Marakhonov, and R. A. Zinchenko. "GENETIC APPROACHES TO DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEREDITARY FORMS OF CONGENITAL ANIRIDIA." Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences 72, no. 4 (July 25, 2017): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15690/vramn834.
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Congenital aniridia (AN) is a hereditary autosomal dominant developmental disorder of the eye. Heterozygous mutations in the PAX6 gene and chromosomal rearrangements involving the 11p13 locus lie behind the pathogenesis of the AN. The key role of the PAX6 gene in the regulation of embryogenesis and the pleiotropic effect of this transcription factor explain the damage of several tissues of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, brain structures, and the disturbance of morphogenesis and endocrine function of the pancreas observed in AN. Recently AN has been considered a syndromic pathology by several researchers. The review suggests classification and summarizes information on the clinical characteristics and genetic basis of various forms of AN. The problem of discrimination of clinical-genetic variants of the dysgenesis of the anterior segment of the eye and the differential diagnosis of PAX6-associated AN with WAGR syndrome, anterior dysgenesis, other rare monogenic and chromosomal syndromes is discussed, and the role of molecular diagnostics is emphasized.
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Ulfsbjorninn, Shanti. "Segment–zero alternations in Galician definite article allomorphy." Acta Linguistica Academica 67, no. 1 (March 2020): 155–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2062.2020.00011.
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AbstractGalician presents an intriguing case of opaque phonologically-conditioned definite article allomorphy (PCA). Though Galician features in the general literature on PCA (Nevins 2011), there is a surprising lack of synchronic theoretical discussion of this specific pattern. The data appears to require allomorph selection arranged in a system of Priority (Mascaró 2005; Bonet et al. 2003; 2007). The pattern involves opaque segment ‘deletion’ and resyllabification, where segment deletion counterbleeds allomorph insertion along with morphologically-specific segmental changes. A Strict CV representational reanalysis is proposed in which there is no true allomorphy (no selection between competing underlying morphemes). All the forms are generated from a single underlying form, thereby undercutting PRIORITY.
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Rao, Xiaozhen, and Gang Lin. "Scanning electron microscopy of the cypris larvae ofCapitulum mitella(Cirripedia: Thoracica: Scalpellomorpha)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, no. 2 (September 19, 2013): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413001173.
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Adult specimens ofCapitulum mitellawere collected in August 2011 in the intertidal zone of Dinghai, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (26°16′N 119°48′E). The morphology of the cypris larva reared under our conditions was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Special emphasis was given to the carapace, lattice organs, antennules, thoracopods and furcal rami. The whole carapace surface is sculptured by slender ridges demarcating rectangular or irregular polygonal areas with very fine pores. The cyprid possesses five pairs of lattice organs, arranged as two anterior and three posterior pairs. The second segment carries a preaxial seta 2 and a postaxial seta 2. The third segment carries a postaxial seta 3 outside the attachment disc, whereas a postaxial disc seta, an axial disc seta and two radial disc setae are located inside the attachment disc. The attachment disc is somewhat bell shaped. A series of slender cuticular flaps forms a distinct ‘velum’ around the base of the disc. The fourth segment carries four subterminal setae and five terminal setae. The cyprid bears six pairs of biramous natatory thoracopods consisting of a protopod (coxa + basis), a two-segmented exopod and a two-segmented endopod. The cyprid possesses a rudimentary abdomen and an almost completely cleaved telson with a pair of one-segmented furcal rami. The morphology and setation of the antennules ofC. mitellaresemble those ofBalanus amphitrite(=Amphibalanus amphitrite) andMegabalanus rosa, but differ in some morphological details.
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Freeman, Hugh J. "Relevance of Segmental Colitis with Diverticulosis (SCAD) to Other Forms of Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 23, no. 6 (2009): 439–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/540420.
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A well localized inflammatory process involving only the sigmoid colonic segment associated with diverticulosis (SCAD), has become increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical and pathological disorder, usually described in older adults, often with rectal bleeding. Although some resolve spontaneously, most patients appear to respond to treatment only with 5-aminosalicylate. Endoscopic evaluation reveals a nonspecific inflammatory process localized in the sigmoid colon that usually completely resolves with histologically normal colonic mucosa. Recurrent symptoms with evidence of recurrent segmental colitis may occur, but most have an entirely benign clinical course. Further definition of the underlying molecular signalling that occurs in this apparently distinctive disorder may be critically important to understand the elements of a colonic inflammatory process that can completely and spontaneously resolve.
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Vijaykumar, V., Lidhiya Alexander, and Pazhaniswamy Manivannan. "A Review on Nasoalveolar Molding." Journal of Scientific Dentistry 10, no. 2 (2020): 49–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10083-0922.
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ABSTRACT A common hereditary defect of the oral cavity with grave socioeconomic problem is cleft lip and palate. Although the defect varies in forms and severity, the individuals presented with glitches regarding functions and esthetics. Authors claim that nasoalveolar molding improves facial esthetics and function and has gained more attention. The objective of presurgical nasoalveolar molding comprises improving lip segment, inferior lateral alar cartilages, and alveolar cleft segments. Outcomes of presurgical nasoalveolar molding are promising and hence are encouraged immediately after birth and continued until further corrective surgery is planned. The rationale of presurgical nasoalveolar molding is approximation of the alveolar segments, wherein the surgeon has to perform gingivoperiosteoplasty followed by corrective lip surgery. How to cite this article: Manivannan P, Alexander L, Vijaykumar V. A Review on Nasoalveolar Molding. J Sci Dent 2020;10(2):49–50.
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Howell, E. C., S. J. Armstrong, G. C. Barker, G. H. Jones, G. J. King, C. D. Ryder, and M. J. Kearsey. "Physical organization of the major duplication on Brassica oleracea chromosome O6 revealed through fluorescence in situ hybridization with Arabidopsis and Brassica BAC probes." Genome 48, no. 6 (December 1, 2005): 1093–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-069.
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The close relationship between Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana has been used to explore the genetic and physical collinearity of the two species, focusing on an inverted segmental chromosome duplication within linkage group O6 of B. oleracea. Genetic evidence suggests that these segments share a common origin with a region of Arabidopsis chromosome 1. Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis bacterial artificial chromosome probes have been used for fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of B. oleracea pachytene chromosomes to further characterize the inverted duplication. This has been highly effective in increasing the local resolution of the cytogenetic map. We have shown that the physical order of corresponding genetic markers is highly conserved between the duplicated regions in B. oleracea and the physical lengths of the regions at pachytene are similar, while the genetic distances are considerably different. The physical marker order is also well conserved between Arabidopsis and B. oleracea, with only one short inversion identified. Furthermore, the relative physical distances between the markers in one segment of B. oleracea and Arabidopsis have stayed approximately the same. The efficacy of using fluorescence in situ hybridization, together with other forms of physical and genetic mapping, for elucidating such issues relating to synteny is discussed.Key words: collinearity, cytogenetic map, pachytene chromosomes, Brassica, Arabidopsis.
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Drira, Marwa, Moez Hanin, Khaled Masmoudi, and Faiçal Brini. "Comparison of full-length and conserved segments of wheat dehydrin DHN-5 overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana showed different responses to abiotic and biotic stress." Functional Plant Biology 43, no. 11 (2016): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16134.
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Dehydrins (DHNs) are among the most common proteins accumulated in plants under water-related stress. They typically contain at least three conserved sequences designated as the Y-, S- and K-segments. The present work aims to highlight the role of the K-segments in plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. For this purpose, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn. lines expressing distinct wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) DHN-5 truncated constructs with or without the K-segments were generated. Our results showed that unlike the derivative lacking a K-segment, constructs containing only one or two K-segments enhanced the tolerance of A. thaliana to diverse stresses and were similar to the full-length wheat DHN-5. Moreover, compared with the wild-type and the YS form, the transgenic plants overexpressing wheat DHN-5 with K-segments maintained higher superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxide dismutase enzymatic activity, and accumulated lower levels of H2O2 and malondialdehyde. In addition, we demonstrated that lines like A. thaliana overexpressing wheat DHN-5 showed increased resistance to fungal infections caused by Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria solani. Finally, the overexpression of the different forms of wheat DHN-5 led to the regulation of the expression of several genes involved in the jasmonic acid signalling pathway.
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Shivanna, Mahesh, Manisha Anand, Subhabrata Chakrabarti, and Hemant Khanna. "Ocular Ciliopathies: Genetic and Mechanistic Insights into Developing Therapies." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 17 (August 27, 2019): 3120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180917102557.
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Developing suitable medicines for genetic diseases requires a detailed understanding of not only the pathways that cause the disease, but also the identification of the genetic components involved in disease manifestation. This article focuses on the complexities associated with ocular ciliopathies – a class of debilitating disorders of the eye caused by ciliary dysfunction. Ciliated cell types have been identified in both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Photoreceptors (rods and cones) are the most studied ciliated neurons in the retina, which is located in the posterior eye. The photoreceptors contain a specialized lightsensing outer segment, or cilium. Any defects in the development or maintenance of the outer segment can result in severe retinal ciliopathies, such as retinitis pigmentosa and Leber congenital amaurosis. A role of cilia in the cell types involved in regulating aqueous fluid outflow in the anterior segment of the eye has also been recognized. Defects in these cell types are frequently associated with some forms of glaucoma. Here, we will discuss the significance of understanding the genetic heterogeneity and the pathogenesis of ocular ciliopathies to develop suitable treatment strategies for these blinding disorders.
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Fusco, Giuseppe, Paul S. Hong, and Nigel C. Hughes. "Positional specification in the segmental growth pattern of an early arthropod." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1781 (April 22, 2014): 20133037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.3037.
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In many arthropods, there is a change in relative segment size during post-embryonic development, but how segment differential growth is produced is little known. A new dataset of the highest quality specimens of the 429 Myr old trilobite Aulacopleura koninckii provides an unparalleled opportunity to investigate segment growth dynamics and its control in an early arthropod. Morphometric analysis across nine post-embryonic stages revealed a growth gradient in the trunk of A. koninckii . We contrastively tested different growth models referable to two distinct hypotheses of growth control for the developing trunk: (i) a segment-specific control, with individual segments having differential autonomous growth progression, and (ii) a regional control, with segment growth depending on their relative position along the main axis. We show that the trunk growth pattern of A. koninckii was consistent with a regional growth control producing a continuous growth gradient that was stable across all developmental stages investigated. The specific posterior-to-anterior decaying shape of the growth gradient suggests it deriving from the linear transduction of a graded signal, similar to those commonly provided by morphogens. A growth control depending on a form of positional specification, possibly realized through the linear interpretation of a graded signal, may represent the primitive condition for arthropod differential growth along the main body axis, from which the diverse and generally more complex forms of growth control in subsequent arthropods have evolved.
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Calvin, J. E. "Pressure segment length analysis of right ventricular function: influence of loading conditions." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 260, no. 4 (April 1, 1991): H1087—H1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1991.260.4.h1087.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether segment lengths measured from the right ventricular inflow and outflow tract regions of the right ventricle would accurately reflect true volume changes of the right ventricle and to determine the response of the right ventricle to afterload increases induced by both constricting the pulmonary artery (PAC) and embolizing the pulmonary circulation with glass beads (GBE). Three excised hearts were instrumented with segment-length crystals attached to the inflow and outflow tract regions, and saline was instilled into a balloon implanted inside the right ventricular cavity. The experiments showed a high correlation (r greater than or equal to 0.90 in all cases) between static segment lengths and volume instilled. In open chest, open pericardial canine experiments, vena caval occlusion reduced end-diastolic segments lengths and right ventricular systolic pressure consistent with a reduction in right ventricular end-diastolic volume. In a separate group of animals, volume loading with dextran increased inflow and outflow end-diastolic segment lengths and increased cardiac output. In two further groups of animals, one of which was pretreated intravenously with propranolol (Inderal), both forms of pressure overload increased end-diastolic lengths in both regions. However, GBE increased right ventricular stroke work compared with PAC. We conclude that end-diastolic segment lengths reflect true volume changes of the right ventricle. Furthermore, during acute pressure overload, the right ventricle dilates to compensate for the afterload change. However, ventricular function is better maintained after GBE.
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Hartung, John S., Cristina Paul, Diann Achor, and R. H. Brlansky. "Colonization of Dodder, Cuscuta indecora, by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’." Phytopathology® 100, no. 8 (August 2010): 756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-100-8-0756.
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Huanglongbing, or citrus greening, threatens the global citrus industry. The presumptive pathogens, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and ‘Ca. L. americanus’ can be transferred from citrus to more easily studied experimental hosts by using holoparasitic dodder plants. However, the interaction between ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp. and the dodder has not been studied. We combined quantitative polymerase chain reaction with electron microscopy to show that only 65% of tendrils of Cuscuta indecora grown on ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp.-infected host plants had detectable levels of the pathogen. Among tendrils that were colonized by Liberibacter in at least one 2 cm segment, most were not colonized in all segments. Furthermore, the estimated population levels of the pathogen present in serial 2 cm segments of dodder tendrils varied widely and without any consistent pattern. Thus, there was generally not a concentration gradient of the pathogen from the source plant towards the recipient and populations of the pathogen were sometimes found in the distal segments of the dodder plant but not in the proximal or middle segments. Populations of the pathogens ranged from 2 × 102 to 3.0 × 108 cells per 2 cm segment. On a fresh weight basis, populations as high as 1.4 × 1010 cells per g of tissue were observed demonstrating that ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ spp. multiplies well in Cuscuta indecora. However, 55% of individual stem segments did not contain detectable levels of the pathogen, consistent with a pattern of nonuniform colonization similar to that observed in the much more anatomically complex citrus tree. Colonization of dodder by the pathogen is also nonuniform at the ultrastructural level, with adjacent phloem vessel elements being completely full of the pathogen or free of the pathogen. We also observed bacteria in the phloem vessels that belonged to two distinct size classes based on the diameters of cross sections of cells. In other sections from the same tendrils we observed single bacterial cells that were apparently in the process of differentiating between the large and round forms to the long and thin forms (or vice versa). The process controlling this morphological differentiation of the pathogen is not known. The highly reduced and simplified anatomy of the dodder plant as well as its rapid growth rate compared with citrus, and the ability of the plant to support multiplication of the pathogen to high levels, makes it an interesting host plant for further studies of host–pathogen interactions.
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Coghetto, Roland. "Klein-Beltrami model. Part IV." Formalized Mathematics 28, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forma-2020-0002.
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SummaryTimothy Makarios (with Isabelle/HOL1) and John Harrison (with HOL-Light2) shown that “the Klein-Beltrami model of the hyperbolic plane satisfy all of Tarski’s axioms except his Euclidean axiom” [2],[3],[4, 5].With the Mizar system [1] we use some ideas taken from Tim Makarios’s MSc thesis [10] to formalize some definitions and lemmas necessary for the verification of the independence of the parallel postulate. In this article, which is the continuation of [8], we prove that our constructed model satisfies the axioms of segment construction, the axiom of betweenness identity, and the axiom of Pasch due to Tarski, as formalized in [11] and related Mizar articles.
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Bassier, Maarten, and Maarten Vergauwen. "Clustering of Wall Geometry from Unstructured Point Clouds Using Conditional Random Fields." Remote Sensing 11, no. 13 (July 4, 2019): 1586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11131586.
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The automated reconstruction of Building Information Modeling (BIM) objects from point cloud data is still subject of ongoing research. A vital step in the process is identifying the observations for each wall object. Given a set of segmented and classified point clouds, the labeled segments should be clustered according to their respective objects. The current processes to perform this task are sensitive to noise, occlusions, and the associativity between faces of neighboring objects. The proper retrieval of the observed geometry is especially important for wall geometry as it forms the basis for further BIM reconstruction. In this work, a method is presented to automatically group wall segments derived from point clouds according to the proper walls of a building. More specifically, a Conditional Random Field is employed that evaluates the context of each wall segment in order to determine which wall it belongs to. First, a set of classified planar primitives is obtained through algorithms developed in prior work. Next, both local and contextual features are extracted based on the nearest neighbors and a number of seeds that are heuristically determined. The final wall clusters are then computed by decoding the graph. The method is tested on our own data as well as the 2D-3D-Semantics (2D-3D-S) benchmark data of Stanford. Compared to a conventional region growing method, the proposed method reduces the rate of false positives, resulting in better wall clusters. Overall, the method computes a more balanced clustering of the observations. A key advantage of the proposed method is its capability to deal with wall geometry in complex configurations in multi-storey buildings opposed to the presented methods in current literature.
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Wu, Shi Hao, Ye Gao Qu, and Hong Xing Hua. "A Domain Decomposition Method for Forced Vibration Analysis of Joined Conical-Cylindrical-Spherical Shell." Applied Mechanics and Materials 184-185 (June 2012): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.184-185.3.
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Based upon the Reissner-Naghdi-Berry shell theory, a semi-analytical domain decomposition method is presented to analyze the forced vibration of a joined conical-cylindrical-spherical shell with general boundary conditions. The joined shell was divided into some conical, cylindrical and spherical shell segments along the axis of revolution. The constraint equations derived from interface continuity conditions between two adjacent shell segments were introduced into the energy functional of the joined shell. Displacement variables of each shell segment are expressed as a mixed double series in the forms of Fourier series in the circumferential direction and Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial in the longitudinal direction. The forced vibration response of the joined shells subjected to various harmonic excitations and boundary conditions was calculated and compared with those FEM results obtained by finite element software ANSYS to confirm the reliability and accuracy of this analytical solution.
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Al-Gunaid, Talat, Toshikazu Asahito, Masaki Yamaki, Kooji Hanada, Ritsuo Takagi, Kazuhiro Ono, and Isao Saito. "Relapse Tendency in Maxillary Arch Width in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate Patients with Different Maxillary Arch Forms." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 45, no. 3 (May 2008): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/07-053.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relapse tendency in the maxillary dental arch widths in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients with different types of maxillary arch form. Subjects: Thirty-two unilateral cleft lip and palate patients treated by one-stage surgical palatal closure were included. The subjects were divided into three groups according to the types of the maxillary arch forms: group A, symmetrical arch form; group B, collapse of minor segment; group C, collapse of both segments. Methods: Using dental casts obtained at three different times, relapse in the intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths in each group was assessed and differences between groups were investigated. Results: Patients in group A showed stable results in all measurements. Patients in group B showed posttreatment relapse in the intercanine width only, whereas patients in group C demonstrated significant posttreatment relapses in the interpremolar and intermolar widths. Comparison between groups showed more significant relapse in the interpremolar and intermolar widths of group C than in those of group B. Conclusion: The types of the maxillary arch forms in unilateral cleft lip and palate patients might play a stronger role in the stability of the maxillary dental arch widths after orthodontic treatment in patients with collapse of both segments and a severe degree of maxillary narrowness.
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Ichitani, Katsuyuki, Yuma Takemoto, Kotaro Iiyama, Satoru Taura, and Muneharu Sato. "Chromosomal Location of HCA1 and HCA2, Hybrid Chlorosis Genes in Rice." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2012 (February 12, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/649081.
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Many postzygotic reproductive barrier forms have been reported in plants: hybrid weakness, hybrid necrosis, and hybrid chlorosis. In this study, linkage analysis of the genes causing hybrid chlorosis in F2 generation in rice, HCA1 and HCA2, was performed. HCA1 and HCA2 are located respectively on the distal regions of the short arms of chromosomes 12 and 11. These regions are known to be highly conserved as a duplicated chromosomal segment. The molecular mechanism causing F2 chlorosis deduced from the location of the two genes was discussed. The possibility of the introgression of the chromosomal segments encompassing HCA1 and/or HCA2 was also discussed from the viewpoint of Indica-Japonica differentiation.
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O'Hara, Charlie. "How abstract is more abstract? Learning abstract underlying representations." Phonology 34, no. 2 (August 2017): 325–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675717000161.
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This paper presents a Maximum Entropy learner of grammars and lexicons (MaxLex), and demonstrates that MaxLex has an emergent preference for minimally abstract underlying representations. In order to keep the weight of faithfulness constraints low, the learner attempts to fill gaps in the lexical distribution of segments, making the underlying segment inventory more feature-economic. Even when the learner only has access to individual forms, properties of the entire system are implicitly available through the relative weighting of constraints. These properties lead to a preference for some abstract underlying representations over others, mitigating the computational difficulty of searching a large set of abstract forms. MaxLex is shown to be successful in learning certain abstract underlying forms through simulations based on the [i]~[Ø] alternation in Klamath verbs. The Klamath pattern cannot be represented or learned using concrete underlying representations, but MaxLex successfully learns both the phonotactic patterns and minimally abstract underlying representations.
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Jaxybulatov, K., I. Koulakov, and N. L. Dobretsov. "Segmentation of the Izu-Bonin and Mariana slabs based on the analysis of the Benioff seismicity distribution and regional tomography results." Solid Earth 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-4-59-2013.
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Abstract. We present a new model of P and S velocity anomalies in the mantle down to a depth of 1300 km beneath the Izu-Bonin and Mariana (IBM) arcs. This model is derived based on tomographic inversion of global travel time data from the revised ISC catalogue. The results of inversion are thoroughly verified using a series of different tests. The obtained model is generally consistent with previous studies by different authors. We also present the distribution of relocated deep events projected to the vertical surface along the IBM arc system. Unexpectedly, the seismicity forms elongated vertical clusters instead of horizontal zones indicating phase transitions in the slab. We propose that these vertical seismicity zones mark zones of intense deformation and boundaries between semi-autonomous segments of the subducting plate. The P and S seismic tomography models consistently display the slab as prominent high-velocity anomalies coinciding with the distribution of deep seismicity. We can distinguish at least four segments which subduct differently. The northernmost segment of the Izu-Bonin arc has the gentlest angle of dipping which is explained by backward displacement of the trench. In the second segment, the trench stayed at the same location, and we observe the accumulation of the slab material in the transition zone and its further descending to the lower mantle. In the third segment, the trench is moving forward causing the steepening of the slab. Finally, for the Mariana segment, despite the backward displacement of the arc, the subducting slab is nearly vertical. Between the Izu-Bonin and Mariana arcs we clearly observe a gap which can be traced down to about 400 km in depth. Based on joint consideration of the tomography results and the seismicity distribution, we propose two different scenarios of the subduction evolution in the IBM zone during the recent time, depending on the reference frame of plate displacements. In the first case, we consider the movements in respect to the Philippine Plate, and explain the different styles of the subduction by the relative backward and forward migrations of the trench. In the second case, all the elements of the subduction system move westward in respect to the stable Asia. Different subduction styles are explained by the "anchoring" of selected segments of the slab, different physical properties of the subducting plate and the existence of buoyant rigid blocks related to sea mount and igneous provinces.
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Schulz, Michael J., James F. Cahill,, and Randolph S. Currah. "In vitro measurements of the competitive interactions between two saprobic basidiomycetes on Typha latifolia." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 11 (November 2005): 1523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-155.
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Psathyrella typhae (Kalchbr.) Pearson & Dennis forms small basidiomata (mushrooms) and Sclerotium hydrophilum Saccardo in Rothert numerous minute sclerotia at the base of senescent shoots of Typha latifolia L. To assess how the two might compete in nature, isolates of these fungi were paired on autoclaved leaf segments of T. latifolia and incubated at 15 and 25 °C. The relative abundance of each species in the segments was determined by macerating the leaf tissues and then transferring fragments of macerate to microplates containing two types of media: one conclusively demonstrated the presence of P. typhae while the other demonstrated the presence of S. hydrophilum. Relative numbers of microplate wells showing positive reactions for each species on each medium indicated the proportion of the segment occupied following single and paired inoculations. These data demonstrated that competition was asymmetric, with P. typhae the stronger competitor at both temperatures, and uninhibited by the presence of S. hydrophilum. In contrast, S. hydrophilum was competitively excluded by P. typhae.
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Ellison, David H., Yujiro Maeoka, and James A. McCormick. "Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Magnesium Reabsorption." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 9 (May 27, 2021): 2125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.2021010042.
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Magnesium is an essential cofactor in many cellular processes, and aberrations in magnesium homeostasis can have life-threatening consequences. The kidney plays a central role in maintaining serum magnesium within a narrow range (0.70–1.10 mmol/L). Along the proximal tubule and thick ascending limb, magnesium reabsorption occurs via paracellular pathways. Members of the claudin family form the magnesium pores in these segments, and also regulate magnesium reabsorption by adjusting the transepithelial voltage that drives it. Along the distal convoluted tubule transcellular reabsorption via heteromeric TRPM6/7 channels predominates, although paracellular reabsorption may also occur. In this segment, the NaCl cotransporter plays a critical role in determining transcellular magnesium reabsorption. Although the general machinery involved in renal magnesium reabsorption has been identified by studying genetic forms of magnesium imbalance, the mechanisms regulating it are poorly understood. This review discusses pathways of renal magnesium reabsorption by different segments of the nephron, emphasizing newer findings that provide insight into regulatory process, and outlining critical unanswered questions.
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Leão, Marisol G. A. de, José Marques Júnior, Zigomar M. de Souza, Diego S. Siqueira, and Gener T. Pereira. "Terrain forms and spatial variability of soil properties in an area cultivatedwith citrus." Engenharia Agrícola 31, no. 4 (2011): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69162011000400003.
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The technique of precision agriculture and soil-landscape allows delimiting areas for localized management, allowing a localized application of agricultural inputs and thereby may contribute to preservation of natural resources. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the spatial variability of chemical properties and clay content in the context of soil-landscape relationship in a Latosol (Oxisol) under cultivation of citrus. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m in an area of 83.5 ha planted with citrus, as a 50-m intervals grid, with 129 points in concave terrain and 206 points in flat terrain, totaling 335 points. Values for the variables that express the chemical characteristics and clay content of soil properties were analyzed with descriptive statistics and geostatistical modeling of semivariograms for making maps of kriging. The values of range and kriging maps indicated higher variability in the shape of concave topography (top segment) compared with the shape of flat topography (slope and hillside segments below). The identification of different forms of terrain proved to be efficient in understanding the spatial variability of chemical properties and clay content of soil under cultivation of citrus.