Journal articles on the topic 'Seed Zn accumulation'
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1
RA, Sperotto, Ricachenevsky FK, V. de A Waldow, Müller ALH, Dressler VL, and Fett JP. "Rice grain Fe, Mn and Zn accumulation: How important are flag leaves and seed number? ." Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 6 (May 22, 2013): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/841/2012-pse.
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Flag leaves play an important role in synthesis and translocation of photoassimilates in the rice plant, affecting grain yield; similarly they were believed to be a major source of remobilized minerals for the seeds. At the same time, the seed’s sink strength plays an important role in dry matter accumulation. To investigate the relative contribution of rice flag leaves and seed sink strength to seed mineral accumulation, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of flag leaf or half-seed removal on seed Fe, Mn and Zn concentration and content. Flag leaf or 50% of the seeds were removed at anthesis. Seed Fe, Mn and Zn accumulation were not affected by flag leaf or second leaf removal. Plants with only half of the seeds showed higher Fe and Zn seed concentrations, but similar Mn concentrations. It is concluded that the flag leaf is not necessary for metal remobilization to the seeds and that seed sink strength and seed number have different roles in Fe/Zn and Mn seed concentrations.
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Sadeghzadeh, Behzad, Seyed Jamali, and Fatemeh Vafadar-Shamasbi. "Identification of MFLP fingerprint for higher seed zinc accumulation in barley DH population." Genetika 49, no. 3 (2017): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1703843s.
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Selection through molecular markers for seed Zn accumulation might be an efficient complementary breeding tool in barley breeding. To develop a specific molecular markers, 150 DH lines derived from a cross between Clipper (low-Zn-accumulator) and Sahara-3771 (high-Zn-accumulator) were screened under field and glasshouse conditions. Microsatellite-anchored fragment length polymorphism (MFLP) fingerprint generated by SSR-anchor primer MF128 in combination with AFLP primer MseI-AGA (5?-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAAGA-3?) was identified as a candidate marker for tagging seed Zn accumulation gene. The sequencing of the band showed a marker of 369 bp with the sequence of SSR anchor primer MF128 and MseI-AGA at the two ends as expected. The MFLP marker associated with higher seed Zn accumulation has potential to be converted to a simple, sequence-specific, PCR-based, low-cost marker amenable to large populations, making it potentially viable for marker-assisted selection in barley breeding. This marker might be useful in the improvement of barley productivity and nutritional quality in Zn-deficient environments.
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Nirschl, Matheus Gomes, Risely Ferraz De Almeida, Eduardo Zavaschi, Lílian Angélica Moreira, Godofredo César Vitti, and Rafael Otto. "Assessing the Effectiveness of Zn Acetate and Oxide as Alternatives for Corn and Soybean Seed Treatment in Sandy and Clay Soil." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 12 (November 15, 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p63.
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Zinc (Zn) is the micronutrient with the lowest availability in agricultural soils, and consequently 50 % of the world’s soils present Zn deficient. To test the viability of alternative Zn sources (Zn acetate and Zn oxide) to corn and soybean seed treatments, we ran an experiment using these two alternatives at contrasting application rates (0; 0.25; 0.50; 0.76 and 1.01 g kg-1) applied to soybean and corn seeds that were subsequently sowed in sandy and clay soils. We measured: Zn accumulation, dry matter and germination, and analyzed this data using uni (LSD-test) and multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis, PCA). Results of the PCA showed that the sandy soil yielded higher dry matter and Zn accumulation than the clay soil. The corn provided higher dry matter while the soybean showed enhanced Zn accumulation and germination. The LSD test showed that corn presented positive Zn accumulation in response to Zn rates in both sandy and clay soil. For soybeans, this effect was only observed in sandy soil, while the clay soil presented decreases in dry matter and germination due to Zn rates. Overall, our findings reveal that both Zn acetate and Zn oxide are viable alternatives for supplying Zn to corn seed treatment in sandy and clay soil, and to soybean seed treatment in sandy soil. We suggest that more research should be undertaken to understand the response of soybean seed treatments to Zn supply, especially in clay soil.
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Karmakar, Mrinmoy, Narayan Chandra Sarkar, and Yashbir Singh Shivay. "Agronomic Biofortification of Zinc in Lentil." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 095–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2150a.
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The field experiments were conducted to study effect of zinc (Zn) application on growth, yield, Zn uptake and Zn use indices of lentil (Lens culinaris or Lens esculanta) during rabi (October to March) seasons 2016 and 2017 in red and lateritic soil of West Bengal, India. There were two main plot treatments i.e., crop establishment methods (zero tillage and conventional tillage) and seven sub-plot treatments i.e. levels of Zn and methods of application (seed coating @ 0.6% ZnSO4.7H2O, 1.2% ZnSO4.7H2O and 1.8% ZnSO4.7H2O, two foliar sprays @ 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O, three foliar sprays @ 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O, seed coating @ 1.2% ZnSO4.7H2O+two foliar sprays @ 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O and control were laid out in split plot design replicated thrice. The crop establishment methods did not show any significant influence on growth, yield and nutrient uptake by lentil. However, among the levels of Zn and methods of application, seed coating @ 1.8% ZnSO4.7H2O produced significantly taller plants, more leaf area index, dry matter accumulation and yield. Regarding Zn concentration, combination of seed coating and foliar application @ 1.2% ZnSO4.7H2O+two foliar sprays @ 0.5% ZnSO4.7H2O resulted in significantly higher concentration than other treatments. Zn use efficiency was significantly higher (seed coating @ 1.2% ZnSO4.7H2O for agronomic efficiency and physiological efficiency, seed coating @ 0.6% ZnSO4.7H2O for partial factor productivity and seed coating @ 1.8% ZnSO4.7H2O for apparent Zn recovery) as compared to that of foliar application or combined application of seed coating and foliar spray.
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Sadeghzadeh, Behzad, Zed Rengel, Chengdao Li, and Hua’an Yang. "Molecular marker linked to a chromosome region regulating seed Zn accumulation in barley." Molecular Breeding 25, no. 1 (July 31, 2009): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11032-009-9317-4.
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Bellaloui, Nacer, Laila Khandaker, Masum Akond, Stella K. Kantartzi, Khalid Meksem, Alemu Mengistu, DA Lightfoot, and My Abdelmajid Kassem. "Identification of QTL Underlying Seed Micronutrients Accumulation in ‘MD 96-5722’ by ‘Spencer’ Recombinant Inbred Lines of Soybean." Atlas Journal of Plant Biology 1, no. 3 (June 11, 2017): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5147/ajpb.v1i3.112.
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Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seed nutrition levels is almost non-existent. The objective of this study was to identify QTLs associated with seed micronutrients (iron, Fe; zinc, Zn; bororn, B; manganese, Mn; and copper, Cu) accumulation (concentration) in a population of 92 F5:7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that derived from a cross between MD 96-5722 (MD) and ‘Spencer’. For this purpose, a genetic linkage map based on 5,376 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) markers was constructed using the Illumina Infinium SoySNP6K BeadChip array. The RILs were genotyped using 537 polymorphic, reliably segregating SNP markers. A total of 23 QTLs for micronutrients Fe, Zn, B, Mn, and Cu have been identified and mapped on eight linkage groups (LGs) of the soybean genome. Five QTLs were detected for Fe (qIRO001- qIRO005) on LGs N, A1, K, J, and G. Seven QTLs for Zn (qZIN001-qZIN007) on LGs D1a (Chr 1), N (Chr 3), F (Chr 5), B2 (Chr 14), J (Chr 16), A1 (Chr 5), and K (Chr 9). Two QTLs for B (qBOR001 and qBOR002) were detected on LGs N and A1. Four QTLs were detected for Mn (qMAN001-qMAN004) on LGs N, A1, K, and J, and five QTLs were detected for Cu (qCOP001- qCOP005) on LGs N, A1, K, J, and G). It was observed that the four QTLs for Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn on LGs N (Chr 3), LG A1 (Chr 5), and LG J (Chr 16) were clustered in a similar region of the linkage groups, suggesting possible shared physiological and genetic mechanisms. The QTLs detected in this study are novel and will contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of seed mineral nutrition. This research would allow breeders to efficiently select for higher seed nutritional qualities to meet the seed industry and human and livestock nutritional needs.
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Amooaghaie, Rayhaneh, Maryam Norouzi, and Mohammad Saeri. "Impact of zinc and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the physiological and biochemical processes in tomato and wheat." Botany 95, no. 5 (May 2017): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0194.
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In this study, the effects of various concentrations of zinc and zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZn, nZnO) were evaluated in tomato and wheat. Results showed that at lower concentrations, nZn and nZnO augmented seed germination and growth parameters, whereas with higher concentrations, the nanoparticles reduced these traits. Zn concentrations corresponding to Zn dissolved (3–23 mg Zn·L−1) from nanoparticles (NPs) did not significantly affect the germination indices in either species. Compared with the bulk counterparts of ZnO, NPs exerted more toxicity on seed germination, growth parameters, and chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, and also increased Zn bioaccumulation more. More often than not, nZnO provoked more adverse symptoms than nZn at equivalent concentrations. In both species, the Zn accumulation in roots and shoots followed the order: Zn2+ ions > nZn > nZnO > bulk ZnO > control. Exposure to 200 mg Zn·L−1 nZn and nZnO increased H2O2 accumulation and malondealdehyde (MDA) levels, which were more pronounced in tomato than wheat. The results suggested that the toxicity of NPs could be due to the particle itself, or from the Zn2+ ions dissolved from NPs. Moreover, nanotoxicity, like other stresses, caused oxidative stress in both plants, and the differences in proline accumulation and the antioxidant enzyme activities of leaves, especially APX activity, at least in part, explained the higher sensitivity of tomato to NPs than wheat.
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Huber, Steven C., Kunzhi Li, Randall Nelson, Alexander Ulanov, Catherine M. DeMuro, and Ivan Baxter. "Canopy position has a profound effect on soybean seed composition." PeerJ 4 (September 13, 2016): e2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2452.
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Although soybean seeds appear homogeneous, their composition (protein, oil and mineral concentrations) can vary significantly with the canopy position where they were produced. In studies with 10 cultivars grown over a 3-yr period, we found that seeds produced at the top of the canopy have higher concentrations of protein but less oil and lower concentrations of minerals such as Mg, Fe, and Cu compared to seeds produced at the bottom of the canopy. Among cultivars, mean protein concentration (average of different positions) correlated positively with mean concentrations of S, Zn and Fe, but not other minerals. Therefore, on a whole plant basis, the uptake and allocation of S, Zn and Fe to seeds correlated with the production and allocation of reduced N to seed protein; however, the reduced N and correlated minerals (S, Zn and Fe) showed different patterns of allocation among node positions. For example, while mean concentrations of protein and Fe correlated positively, the two parameters correlated negatively in terms of variation with canopy position. Altering the microenvironment within the soybean canopy by removing neighboring plants at flowering increased protein concentration in particular at lower node positions and thus altered the node-position gradient in protein (and oil) without altering the distribution of Mg, Fe and Cu, suggesting different underlying control mechanisms. Metabolomic analysis of developing seeds at different positions in the canopy suggests that availability of free asparagine may be a positive determinant of storage protein accumulation in seeds and may explain the increased protein accumulation in seeds produced at the top of the canopy. Our results establish node-position variation in seed constituents and provide a new experimental system to identify genes controlling key aspects of seed composition. In addition, our results provide an unexpected and simple approach to link agronomic practices to improve human nutrition and health in developing countries because food products produced from seeds at the bottom of the canopy contained higher Fe concentrations than products from the top of the canopy. Therefore, using seeds produced in the lower canopy for production of iron-rich soy foods for human consumption could be important when plants are the major source of protein and human diets can be chronically deficient in Fe and other minerals.
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Sadeghzadeh, Behzad, Zed Rengel, and Chengdao Li. "Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) of Seed Zn Accumulation in Barley Population Clipper X Sahara." Journal of Plant Nutrition 38, no. 11 (June 26, 2015): 1672–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2014.991036.
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Bashir, Safdar, Abdul Basit, Rana Nadeem Abbas, Shahbaz Naeem, Saqib Bashir, Niaz Ahmed, Muhammad Saeed Ahmed, et al. "Combined application of zinc-lysine chelate and zinc-solubilizing bacteria improves yield and grain biofortification of maize (Zea mays L.)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): e0254647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254647.
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Malnutrition a health disorders arising due to over or low use of minerals, vitamins and nutritional substances required for proper functioning of body tissues and organs. Zinc (Zn) is the most important mineral required for the normal metabolism of plants and humans. Zinc-deficiency is one of the major cause of malnutrition globally. Maize is highly susceptible to Zn-deficiency and inflicts Zn-deficiency to humans and other animals being nourished on it. This study evaluated the effect of zinc-lysine chelate alone (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%) as seed priming and in combination with Zn-solubilizing bacteria (PMEL-1, PMEL-48, PMEL-57and PMEL-71)) on grain biofortification of autumn maize. The Zn accumulation in different parts (roots, stem, leaves, grains and cob pith) was quantified. Results indicated that Zn contents were 18.5% higher in the seeds primed with 1.5% solution of Zn-lysine chelate and inoculation of ZSB strains compared to control treatments. Seed priming with 1.5% Zn-lysine chelate in combination with ZSB inoculation significantly improved cob diameter and cob length by 16.75% and 42% during 2016 and by 11.36% and 34.35% during 2017. The increase in 100 grains weight over control was 18.4% and 15.27% for 2016 and 2017, respectively. The Zn contents were increased by 15.3%, 15.6%, 49.1%, and 33.0% in grain, cob-pith, stemand roots, respectively compared from control. Thus, the combined application of 1.5% Zn-lysine chelates along with ZSB inoculation could be used for combating malnutrition.
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Hocking, PJ, and L. Mason. "Accumulation, distribution and redistribution of dry matter and mineral nutrients in fruits of canola (oilseed rape), and the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and windrowing." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 6 (1993): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9931377.
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Field studies were made at Ariah Park and Cowra to investigate the accumulation and distribution of dry matter and 12 mineral nutrients in fruits (pods) of canola (oilseed rape), and to assess the significance of redistribution of nutrients from the pod walls to the seeds. Flowers 4-6 from the base of the primary inflorescence were tagged at anthesis, and pods which developed from these were harvested at weekly intervals until maturity. Pods reached maturity 82 days after anthesis of the parent flowers. N fertilizer increased seed yields at both sites, but had negligible effects on the dry matter per pod, pod length, 1000 seed wt, seed number per pod, seed oil concentration, and concentrations of mineral nutrients in the pod walls and seeds. Similarly, there were no differences in these parameters due to locality, with the exceptions that seed oil per cent and concentrations of S and Mn in the pod walls and IVln in seeds were higher at Cowra than at Ariah Park. Pods had attained their maximum length and fresh and dry weights by the end of the first half of their development, but seeds had accumulated only 35% of their mature dry weight at this stage. Seeds gained dry matter after dehydration of the fruit began, but the pod walls did not. Seeds had 61% of the pod's dry matter, >70% of its P, N, Zn, Fe and Mg, 30-55% of its K, S, Mn, Cu and Ca, but <20% of its Na and C1. Dry matter was redistributed from the pod walls with 20% efficiency, and nutrients with from 17% (Cu) to 88% (P) efficiency; however, there was negligible redistribution of K, S, Ca, Na, C1, Fe and Mn from the pod walls. Redistributed dry matter and nutrients from the pod walls could have provided from 11% (dry matter) to 25% (N) of the amount in mature seeds. Concentrations of N, P, Mg, Mn, Zn and Cu in the pod walls declined as they developed, whereas those of Ca and Cl increased. Concentrations of nutrients in developing seeds remained fairly static. Windrowing plants when 40% of the seeds had changed to their mature colour did not affect seed oil per cent or concentrations of nutrients, but reduced seed size and seed yields by 10%. Data from the pod study also support the current recommendation to windrow when 40-60% of seeds reach their mature colour.
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Grant, C. A., W. T. Buckley, L. D. Bailey, and F. Selles. "Cadmium accumulation in crops." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-100.
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Cadmium is a heavy metal present in soils from natural and anthropogenic sources. Plant uptake of Cd at levels present in the soil solution is dependent on a system that is largely metabolically mediated and competitive with the uptake system for Zn and possibly other metals. Much of the Cd taken up by plants is retained in the root, but a portion is translocated to the aerial portions of the plant and into the seed. The amount of Cd accumulated and translocated in plants varies with species and with cultivars within species. Soil, environmental and management factors impact on the amount of Cd accumulated in plants. Potential methods of reducing the accumulation of Cd in crops include reduction of Cd input to the soil system, site selection, management practices which decrease the concentration of Cd in the soil solution and its uptake and translocation by plants, and development and production of plant cultivars with the genetic tendency for low Cd uptake. Key words: Cadmium, fertilizers, genetics, uptake, tillage, rotation
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Muhammad, Imran, Römheld Volker, and Neumann Günter. "Accumulation and distribution of Zn and Mn in soybean seeds after nutrient seed priming and its contribution to plant growth under Zn- and Mn-deficient conditions." Journal of Plant Nutrition 40, no. 5 (March 10, 2017): 695–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2016.1262400.
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Zeffa, Douglas Mariani, Alison Fernando Nogueira, Juliana Sawada Buratto, Raquel Barboza Reis de Oliveira, José dos Santos Neto, and Vânia Moda-Cirino. "Genetic Variability of Mineral Content in Different Grain Structures of Bean Cultivars from Mesoamerican and Andean Gene Pools." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 19, 2021): 1246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061246.
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Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are an important source of proteins, carbohydrates, and micronutrients in the diets of millions of people in Latin America and Africa. Studies related to genetic variability in the accumulation and distribution of nutrients are valuable for biofortification programs, as there is evidence that the seed coat and embryo differ in the bioavailability of essential nutrients. In this study, we sought to evaluate the genetic variability of total mineral content in the grain and its constituent parts (seed coat, cotyledon, and embryonic axis) of bean genotypes from Mesoamerican and Andean centers of origin. Grain samples of 10 bean cultivars were analyzed for the content of proteins and minerals (Mg, Ca, K, P, Mn, S, Cu, B, Fe, and Zn) in the whole grains and seed coat, cotyledons, and embryonic axis tissues. Genetic variability was observed among the cultivars for protein content and all evaluated minerals. Moreover, differential accumulation of minerals was observed in the seed coat, cotyledons, and embryonic axis. Except for Ca, which accumulated predominantly in the seed coat, higher percentages of minerals were detected in the cotyledons. Furthermore, 100-grain mass values showed negative correlations with the contents of Ca, Mg, P, Zn, Fe, and Mn in whole grains or in the different grain tissues. In general, the Mesoamerican cultivars showed a higher concentration of minerals in the grains, whereas Andean cultivars showed higher concentrations of protein.
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Umair Hassan, Muhammad, Muhammad Aamer, Muhammad Umer Chattha, Tang Haiying, Babar Shahzad, Lorenzo Barbanti, Muhammad Nawaz, et al. "The Critical Role of Zinc in Plants Facing the Drought Stress." Agriculture 10, no. 9 (September 7, 2020): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090396.
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Drought stress affects plant growth and development by altering physiological and biochemical processes resulting in reduced crop productivity. Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient that plays fundamental roles in crop resistance against the drought stress by regulating various physiological and molecular mechanisms. Under drought stress, Zn application improves seed germination, plant water relations, cell membrane stability, osmolyte accumulation, stomatal regulation, water use efficiency and photosynthesis, thus resulting in significantly better plant performance. Moreover, Zn interacts with plant hormones, increases the expression of stress proteins and stimulates the antioxidant enzymes for counteracting drought effects. To better appraise the potential benefits arising from optimum Zn nutrition, in the present review we discuss the role of Zn in plants under drought stress. Our aim is to provide a complete, updated picture in order to orientate future research directions on this topic.
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Kausar, Saima, Shahla Faizan, and Irfana Haneef. "Effect of Wastewater Irrigation on Heavy Metal Accumulation, Growth and Yield of Vegetables." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 3, no. 01 (January 31, 2017): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v3i.8448.
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Use of wastewater for irrigation is on the rise in India and other developing countries. Wastewater contains plant nutrients that favour crop growth but leave a burden of heavy metals which can enter the food chain and is a cause of great concern. This study was conducted to explore the possibility of using wastewater to grow four vegetables fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and carrot (Daucus carotaL.). Two aspects namely (1) effect on plant growth and yield (2) accumulation of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in leaves and roots of the plant have been presented in this paper. The physico-chemical analysis of the wastewater showed that it was rich in total suspended and dissolved solids with large amount of BOD and COD. The higher amount of Cl-, Ca++, Mg++ and K+ were also present in the effluent. The heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) content in wastewater is comparatively more than groundwater (GW). The values of these heavy metals were slightly higher in the soil irrigated with wastewater. The effluent severely affects crop plants and soil properties when used for irrigation. The growth characteristics (plant length, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf number and leaf area) as well as yield characteristics (seed number, 1000 seed weight and seed yield) of all the plants, irrigated with 100% wastewater, were more than that with groundwater. The pattern of increase for the plants was fenugreek greater than radish greater than spinach greater than carrot. Though the wastewater contains low levels of the heavy metals, the soil and plant samples show higher values due to accumulation, but their level was under permissible limits in plants. The trend of metal accumulation in wastewater-irrigated soil is in the order: Pb greater than Ni greater than Zn greater than Cu greater than Cr greater than Cd. Of the four plants that are grown, the order of total heavy metal accumulation in roots is Carrot greater than Radish, while in leaves the order is Spinach greater than Fenugreek. The enrichment factor (EF) of the heavy metals in contaminated soil is in the sequence of Ni (3.1) greater than Pb (2.6) greater than Cd (2.35) greater than Zn (2.18) greater than Cu (1.66) greater than Cr (1.05), while in plants EF varies depending upon the species and plant part. Radish and carrot show a high transfer factor (TF greater than 1) for Cd signifying a high mobility of Cd from soil to plant whereas the TF values for Pb are very low as it is not bioavailable. Thus, it may be concluded that wastewater may be used profitably for the cultivation of these vegetables and could effectively supplement not only the nutrient requirement of the crop but may also act as the source of water..
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Khan, Waliullah, Sidra Subhan, Dilawar Farhan Shams, Sahib Gul Afridi, Riaz Ullah, Abdelaaty A. Shahat, and Ali S. Alqahtani. "Antioxidant Potential, Phytochemicals Composition, and Metal Contents of Datura alba." BioMed Research International 2019 (June 17, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2403718.
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This study investigated the phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity in leaves, roots, stem, flower, and seed parts of Datura alba (D. alba). The study also assessed the heavy metal (Cr, Mn, Zn, and Cu) accumulation in each part of the plant. Among the phytochemicals, alkaloids were found only in leaves while tannins, flavonoids, and phenols were present in all parts of the plant. For antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging assay for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was performed using ascorbic acid as the standard. Higher activity was shown by stem extract in methanol and leaf extract in n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. Furthermore, all the target heavy metals were detected in all plant sections with the highest concentration of Zn in leaves and Cu in stem, root, flower, and seed. Due to stronger antioxidant potential and phytochemical composition, D. alba could prove as valuable prospect in pharmaceutical formulations by taking part in the antioxidant defense system against generation of free radicals.
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Bellaloui, Nacer, Rickie B. Turley, and Salliana R. Stetina. "Influence of Curly Leaf Trait on Cottonseed Micro-Nutrient Status in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Lines." Plants 10, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081701.
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Cottonseed is a source of nutrients, including protein, oil, and macro- and micro-nutrients. Micro-nutrients such as boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) are essential for plant and human health. Deficiencies of these micro-nutrients in soil lead to poor crop production and poor seed quality. Micro-nutrient deficiencies in the human diet lead to malnutrition and serious health issues. Therefore, identifying new cotton lines containing high nutritional qualities such as micro-nutrients, and understanding plant traits influencing micro-nutrients are essential. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of leaf shape (curly leaf: CRL) on cottonseed B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni (nickel), and Zn in two near-isogenic cotton lines differing in leaf shape (DP 5690 wild-type with normal leaves and DP 5690 CRL). We also used Uzbek CRL, the source of the curly leaf trait, for comparison. A field experiment was conducted in 2014 and 2015 in Stoneville, MS, USA. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results showed that, in 2014, both DP 5690 wild-type and Uzbek CRL had higher seed B, Cu, Fe, and Ni than in DP 5690 CRL. The accumulation of Mn and Zn in seeds of DP 5690 CRL was higher than in DP 5690 wild-type and Uzbek CRL. However, in 2015, the concentrations of B, Cu, Fe, and Ni, including Mn and Zn, were higher in both DP 5690 wild-type and Uzbek CRL than in DP 5690 CRL. Positive and negative correlations existed in 2014; however, only positive correlations existed between all nutrients in 2015. This research demonstrated that leaf shape can alter cottonseed micro-nutrients status. As Uzbek CRL behaved similar to wild-type, both leaf shape and other factors contributed to the alteration in seed micronutrients, affecting seed nutritional qualities. Therefore, leaf-shape partially contributed to the changes in micro-nutrients in cottonseed. The negative and positive correlations in 2014, and only positive correlations in 2015, were likely due to the heat difference between 2014 and 2015 as 2015 was warmer than 2014. Significant levels of seed micro-nutrients were shown between these lines, providing opportunities for breeders to select for high seed micro-nutrients in cotton. Additionally, the current research provides researchers with physiological information on the impact of leaf shape on seed nutritional quality. The leaf shape trait can also be used as a tool to study leaf development, physiological, biochemical, and morphological processes.
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Taliman, Nisar Ahmad, Qin Dong, Kohei Echigo, Victor Raboy, and Hirofumi Saneoka. "Effect of Phosphorus Fertilization on the Growth, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen Fixation, Mineral Accumulation, Seed Yield, and Seed Quality of a Soybean Low-Phytate Line." Plants 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2019): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8050119.
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Crop seed phosphorus (P) is primarily stored in the form of phytate, which is generally indigestible by monogastric animals. Low-phytate soybean lines have been developed to solve various problems related to seed phytate. There is little information available on the effects of P fertilization on productivity, physiological characteristics, and seed yield and quality in low-phytate soybeans. To address this knowledge gap, studies were conducted with a low-phytate line and two normal-phytate cultivars from western Japan when grown under high- and low-P fertilization. The whole plant dry weight, leaf photosynthesis, dinitrogen fixation, and nodule dry weight at the flowering stage were higher in the higher P application level, but were not different between the low-phytate line and normal-phytate cultivars. As expected, seed yield was higher in the higher level of P application for all lines. Notably, it was higher in the low-phytate line as compared with the normal-phytate cultivars at both levels of fertilizer P. The total P concentration in the seeds of the low-phytate line was the same as that of the normal-phytate cultivars, but the phytate P concentration in the low-phytate line was about 50% less than that of the normal-phytate cultivars. As a result the molar ratio of phytic acid to Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu in seed were also significantly lower in the low-phytate line. From these results, it can be concluded that growth after germination, leaf photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, yield and seed quality were not less in the low-phytate soybean line as compared with two unrelated normal-phytate cultivars currently grown in Japan, and that low-phytate soybeans may improve the bioavailability of microelements.
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Grzebisz, Witold, Witold Szczepaniak, and Stanisław Grześ. "Sources of Nutrients for High-Yielding Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) during Post-Flowering Growth." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050626.
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Nutrient management by winter oilseed rape (WOSR) during the seed filling period (SFP) is crucial for seed density (SD), which subsequently determines seed yield (Y). This hypothesis was evaluated based on data from field experiments (2008-2010), with six treatments with sequentially added nutrients (0, NP, NPK, NPKMgS1(1/3 total MgS rate—spring applied), NPKMgS2 (total MgS rate autumn applied); NPKMgS3 (2/3-autumn, 1/3-spring). Nutrients accumulated in seeds were revealed as the most reliable WOSR trait, determining SD and Y. Yield was defined by the amounts of K and Mg in seeds. The amount nutrient remobilized from vegetative WOSR tissues was sufficient to cover the crop requirements during SFP for N, P, and Zn, but not for Ca, K, Mn, and Cu. The post-flowering K uptake resulted in PD, and SD increase, which subsequently resulted in a concomitant net uptake of Ca and Mg. The excessive accumulation of Ca, as well as Cu, and Mn in seeds due to a shortage of Mg, subsequently resulted in both SD and Y depression. The efficient exploitation of WOSR yielding potential as defined by SD, is possible, provided during the SFP reveals a net K and Mg uptake.
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Goh, Tee Boon, M. R. Banerjee, Shihua Tu, and D. L. Burton. "Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae-mediated uptake and translocation of P and Zn by wheat in a calcareous soil." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 3 (July 1, 1997): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p95-079.
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Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) have been credited with improving the growth and mineral nutrition of many host plants but these effects are moderated by soil factors and nutrient balance. We investigated the combined effects of VAM, zinc and phosphorus application on the growth, uptake and translocation of nutrients in wheat using a calcareous soil marginal in P and Zn. Wheat was grown in a growth chamber under various combinations of VAM, P and Zn with measurements done at heading stage and maturity. Vegetative dry matter accumulation was increased by P additions and reduced by VAM infection. Both P addition and VAM infection increased grain yield. Zinc concentration and uptake were generally reduced by P additions and VAM infection. There was an absence of antagonistic effects of Zn additions on P concentration and uptake. In contrast, VAM infection had both positive and negative effects on P uptake depending on the growth stage and translocation of nutrients. We observed that in calcareous soils where the Zn and P fertilizer combinations were adequate for growth, the role of VAM in enhancing the translocation of Zn and P from root and straw to grain is beneficial towards seed set and yield. Key words: VA mycorrhizae, P and Zn fertilization, calcareous soil, wheat, yield, nutrient acquisition, translocation
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Ren, Yan Jun, and Jian Jun Ma. "The Ecological Effects of Humic Acid Fertilizer on the Spring Wheat under Cadmium Stress." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1204.
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Using spring wheat as tested materials, by pot experiments and three fertilization modes (seed soaking mode, irrigated fertilization mode and mixed using mode), the effects of sodium humate on the wheat seedlings growth and mineral elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) absorption were studied. The results indicated that, all three modes showed obviously resistance performance to Cd stress, promoted the wheat seedlings growth and the dry matter accumulation, and the third mode had the best effects. In the background soil, sodium humate treatments could obviously inhibit the Cd elements absorption; promote the mineral elements absorption and accumulation. Along with the Cd stress degree aggravateing, the inhibition effects reduced. At the same time, different fertilization modes had different effects on mineral elements absorption and accumulation. The research also puts forward that humic acid fertilizer is an ecological fertilizer and soil conditioner with alleviate heavy metals pollution and enhance plant stress resistance function.
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Kastori, Rudolf, Imre Kádár, Petar Sekulic, and Tijana Zeremski-Skoric. "Effects of Mo, Zn, Sr and Ba loads on these elements' uptake and oil content and fatty acid composition of rapeseed." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 105 (2003): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0305005k.
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Studied in the present paper were the long-term effects of the application of high Mo, Zn, Sr and Ba rates (0, 90, 270, and 810 kg ha-1 on rapeseed oil content and oil fatty acid composition. The trace elements were applied in the spring of 1991, while the rapeseed was sown on a calcareous ?hernozem soil in 2001. The trace elements differed significantly in their rates of accumulation in rapeseed plants. Relative to the control, the Mo content of the stem increased up to 1,000 times, that of the chaff over 100 times, and that of the seed around 60 times. The levels of the other trace elements increased considerably less relative to the control. The increases were typically twofold to threefold, depending on the plant part involved. The trace elements accumulated the most in the vegetative plant parts, except for Zn, a major quantity of which was found in the seed as well. The application of the high rates of Sr, Zn and, to an extent. Mo reduced the seed oil content of rapeseed. However, the differences were not statistically significant. The application of the trace elements had no significant effect on the fatty acid composition of the rapeseed oil, either. The increased levels of the trace elements found in the rapeseed plants indicate that 11 years after application significant amounts of the applied elements are still present in the soil in a form available to plants. However, the rates were not high enough to affect the synthesis of oil and its fatty acid composition.
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Kevresan, Zarko, and Novica Petrovic. "Effect of Cd on content and distribution of some macro- and micronutrients in pea plants differing in age." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 105 (2003): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0305015k.
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Contents and distribution of N, K, Mg, Cu, Mn and Zn in pea plants treated with Cd at different age was investigated. Plants were treated with 10-7 or 10-5 M Cd for 48h 25th or 63rd days after seed germination. Results showed that more Cd was accumulated in plants treated with Cd at latter stages of growth and development. Treatments with both concentration of Cd caused accumulation of Cd in roots. Contents and distribution of the investigated macro- and micronutrients depended on Cd concentration and plant age.
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Rahman, Md Arifur, Md Sohanur Rahman, K. M. Mohiuddin, Md Akhter Hossain Chowdhury, and Md Abul Khair Chowdhury. "Germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) as affected by varying concentrations of loom-dye effluent." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i2.41938.
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Indiscriminate discharge of industrial effluent has become a serious problem for the agro-ecological environment in most of the areas of Bangladesh. The effects of loom-dye effluents on seed germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.) were investigated by conducting an experiment in the laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Chemistry of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Three types of loom-dye effluents were applied in sterilized petridishes at different loading ratios. Seven treatments (i.e., T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 with 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% effluent, respectively) of each effluent were used following completely randomized design (CRD) and replicated three times. Subsequently, Pb, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cr accumulation were also investigated in the harvested rice seedlings. Rice seed showed a significant difference in germination percentage with varying levels of effluent application at different days after setting of germination. The decreased seed germination rate and seedling growth of rice were observed with increased concentration of loom-dye effluents. The highest germination speed (97.8%) was obtained from control whereas the lowest germination speeds were obtained from T5 of black, and T6 of both black and violet effluents. Phytotoxic effects of loom-dye effluents on germination and radical length were extreme at 100% effluent concentration having the order of black > violet > pink. The maximum radical length (6.4 cm) and plumule length (7.5 cm) were observed with T1 of pink dye effluent whereas the minimum length of radical and plumule were obtained from T6 treatment of the effluents. The highest fresh weight (39.8 mg petridish–1), dry weight (5.7 mg petridish–1) and seedling vigor index (746.7%) were also observed from T1 of pink dye effluent. The maximum uptake of Pb, Fe, Mn and Zn was 0.48, 3.81, 0.79 and 0.13 μg g−1, respectively. The uptake of Cr was below the detectable limit. Total heavy metal accumulation in rice was in the following order: Fe>Mn>Pb>Zn>Cr. Results showed that the higher concentration of loom-dye effluent showed the higher toxic effects on different parameters of germination and early seedling growth compared with the lower effluent concentrations.
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(2): 153–160, June 2019
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Nagy, Attila, Tamás Magyar, Csaba Juhász, and János Tamás. "Phytoremediation of acid mine drainage using by-product of lysine fermentation." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 7 (April 1, 2020): 1507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.240.
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Abstract The main point of this research is to assess the applicability of condensed molasses soluble (CMS), which is an organic by-product of lysine fermentation, as an environmentally friendly complexing agent in rhizofiltration of heavy metal contaminated acid mine drainage (AMD). First, the ecotoxicological properties (growth inhibition, seed germination) of CMS were examined with often applied indicator plant species such as duckweed (Lemna minor) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) so as to define the possible applicable CMS concentration. Then the heavy metal accumulation and translocation properties of root accumulator plant species, i.e. common reed (Phragmites australis) and sedge (Carex flacca), were studied to optimize CMS concentration for rhizofiltration. Due to the CMS application, significant increase in bioaccumulation was detected in the case of every examined heavy metal (As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) at the end of the experiment. Results also showed that CMS increased the heavy metal concentration in shoots, but did not affect the root accumulation characteristics of the plants. Furthermore, CMS treated plants accumulated heavy metals at higher rates in their roots compared to control. The results suggest that CMS is a viable additive and a complexing agent to aid rhizofiltration of heavy metal contaminated AMD.
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He, Jun Yu, Yan Fang Ren, Yin Fei Lv, and Hui Qing Chang. "Cadmium Impairs Early Seedling Growth, Mineral and Carbohydrate Mobilization during the Germination of Rice Seeds." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.243.
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Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant extremely toxic to plants and other living organisms including humans. To assess Cd phytotoxicity, the seedling growth, mineral (K, Fe, Zn) and carbohydrate contents and hydrolase activities in the endosperm and seedlings during rice seed germination subjected to Cd stress were investigated. The results showed that Cd caused a reduction in seedling growth and distribution of biomass, mineral contents, compared to the control. Cd accumulation in seedlings increased in the duration of treatment. Cd exposure caused a deleterious fall in mineral nutrient supply in seedlings. Moreover, Cd decreased the content of starch and sustained a higher level of soluble sugar in the endosperm of rice seeds. Activities of α-amylase and acid invertase were inhibited in Cd-treated seeds during the germination. The results suggest that Cd inhibits early seedling growth due to restriction of mineral and carbohydrate reserves mobilization.
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Sychta, Klaudia, Aneta Słomka, and Elżbieta Kuta. "Garden pansy (Viola × wittrockiana Gams.) – a good candidate for the revitalisation of polluted areas." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 6 (June 23, 2020): 272–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/50/2020-pse.
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In the current studies, heavy metal tolerance level, accumulation efficiency and sexual reproduction were determined in Viola × wittrockiana, a non-metallophytic ornamental cultivar in comparison to V. tricolor, a metallophyte, after zinc (Zn) or lead (Pb) treatment (0, 10, 100 and 1 000 ppm) in pot experiments. The seed germination frequency that was not reduced in comparison to the control, the effective Zn absorption from the soil and exclusion strategy for Pb, as well as the regular sexual reproduction of V. × wittrockiana treated with heavy metals all indicate the tolerance of this plant to heavy metals. The lack of a seed set under experimental conditions of V. × wittrockiana was due to the absence of pollinators, rather than the negative impact of heavy metals, as pollen viability and ovule development were normal under the treatments. The results indicate that V. × wittrockiana represents similar tolerance to Viola metallophytes and could be considered as a good material for the reclamation of polluted areas. The exceptional tolerance to heavy metals, the ability to initiate new generations in heavy-metal-burdened soil, which are additionally coupled with the unique beauty, make the garden pansy a good candidate to be potentially used in the future for phytoremediation purposes.
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Putnik-Delić, Marina, Ivana Maksimović, Tijana Zeremski, and Ana Marjanović-Jeromela. "Effects of Heavy Metals on Chemical Composition of Camelina sativa L." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 14, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1303377p.
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Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is studied mostly as oil plant that can replace oilseed rape in the extensive agriculture. It is a good source of oil (40% oil in seeds) similar to sunflower, soybeans, canola, castor been and other oil crops. Oil of camelina is rich in essential omega 3 fatty acids. In addition, seed protein content is relatively high. Camelina has modest requirements for agro-ecological conditions and it is highly resistant to pathogens. Those features make camelina suitable for human nutrition and animal feed. Its use is related to sustainable agriculture, bio-diesel industry, cold-pressed oils and the use of so-called marginal land. Examination of its ability to uptake and accumulate heavy metals (HM) is interesting from the standpoint of 1) food safety and 2) potential for phytoremediation. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HM on uptake and accumulation of some essential macro- and micronutrients and unwanted HM. Experiments were done with Camelina sativa L., cultivar Stepski 1. The seeds were exposed to 1 µM Cd or Cu and 10 µM Ni or Zn since the beginning of germination. Plants were grown in water cultures, in semi-controlled conditions of a greenhouse, on ½ strength Hoagland solution to which were added HM in the same concentrations as during germination. Concentrations and distribution of Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe and Mn in roots and shoots were altered in the presence of increased concentration of Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn.
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Fekete, István, Nándor Rakonczás, Dávid Andrási, Éva Bódi, Szilárd Szilágyi, and Béla Kovács. "The impact of various grape stock cultivars on the As, Cu, Co and Zn content of the grape berry (must, seed)." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 52 (March 20, 2013): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/52/2097.
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Scientific research from the last decades showed that the inappropriate industrial and agricultural production caused an abnormal increase of the potentially toxic elements in the soil. Unfortunately the acidification of the soil is an increasing problem in Hungary. According to Várallyay et al. (2008) 13% of the Hungarian soils are highly acid. Accumulation of toxic elements differs in the genetically diverse plant species. The root of the plant constitutes a filter so that the rootstock is also kind of a filter system, which may prevent that the scion part (such as berry) accumulate high levels of various potentially toxic elements from the soil. The aim of research was to determine how different grape rootstocks influence the As, Co, Cu and Zn content of the musts and seeds. Thus, specifying which of the grape rootstocks takes up the lowest level of these 4 elements (As, Co, Cu and Zn), and accumulates in berries, so could reduce the potentially toxic element load of the grape berries. The grape rootstock collection of the University of Debrecen was set up in 2003 in 3x1 m spacing on immune sandy soil. Grafting of ‘Cserszegi fűszeres’ was started in 2010. We could evaluate yields harvested from 12 rootstock varieties of the experiment in October 2011. We obtained valuable differences in the arsenic, copper, cobalt and zinc concentrations of musts and seeds of ‘Cserszegi fűszeres’ grafted into different rootstocks. The results obtained from the 2011 harvest support the statement that the choice of rootstock might be an important factor to increase food safety. The differences in concentration of the four elements observed in case of the rootstock may have been caused on one hand by the rootstock effect, and on the other hand, the vintage effect has a very significant impact on the vines element uptake. Several years of experimental results will be needed to answer these questions.
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Rizvi, Muhammad Afzal, Syed Abid Ali, Iqra Munir, Kousar Yasmeen, Rubina Abid, and Shakeel Ahmed. "Cultivation of New Emerging Agro-Nutritional Crop of Quinoa at Madinat al-Hikmah Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan." Open Plant Science Journal 10, no. 1 (July 31, 2017): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874294701710010070.
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Aim: Quinoa is a popular source of protein, minerals and alternative to traditional grains. The objective of this study is to introduce the Quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh province of Pakistan. Method: A variety of NARC-9 from the agricultural Punjab province was cultivated and subjected to analyze the growth, morphological characters of the varieties obtained, saponin, protein and the elemental composition viz. Cd, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Pb, and Zn. Result: The result demonstrated the optimum growth and no disease were found in the experimental area. At least three major varieties of quinoa were obtained. Seed morphological data of these three quinoa cultivars were collected. The average saponin levels were quite reasonable. Overall proteins band pattern revealed very high polymorphism in quinoa cultivars and the results were also in good agreement with earlier studies. Conclusion: All quinoa cultivars of Madinat al-Hikmah showed high concentrations of albumin than globulin concentrations (i.e. 48-52% and 24-27%, respectively) as compared to control seeds from market that had similar concentrations of the two fractions i.e. 35.58% and 37.68%, respectively. Likewise, low concentrations of prolamin 14-16% and glutelin 11-12% compared to control seeds 13% rank our crop much better quality than the imported one in the market. The trend of elemental accumulation was followed as K >Na >Fe >Zn >Cu >Pb >Cd, while for comparison it was Na >K >Zn >Fe >Cu >Pb >Cd >Pb for wheat grown under similar conditions. Traditional grains together make a major contribution to the total nutritional element intake of the average Pakistani citizen through diet, not only because of large amounts consumed, but also in part by suitable levels of their proteins and elemental up take for good health. Thus the successful cultivation of quinoa in the semi-arid zone of Sindh will certainly prove beneficial.
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Kornilkov, Sergei, Natalia Antoninova, and Artem Sobenin. "Assessment of the sorption potential of the plant l. Sativum l. in the process of formation of the biogeochemical barrier." E3S Web of Conferences 192 (2020): 04020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019204020.
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For many years of industrial development of the Ural region, the mining industry remains one of the main components of the economy, the development of which is accompanied by large-scale environmental pollution and the accumulation of a significant amount of man-made waste with a high potential for negative impact. The article presents the results of experimental studies on the accumulation of heavy metals by L. sativum L. plants, in order to develop the principles of the formation of artificial biogeochemical barriers. As part of the research on the territory of the enterprise leading the development of the copper pyrite deposit, samples of dump waters were taken, which, in turn, were subjected to chemical analysis and a test to assess their phytotoxic (in the absence of a substrate) potential for seed germination and root growth in a model of L. sativum L. The samples were diluted in distilled water to obtain 8 different concentrations (1:80, 1:60, 1:40, 1:20, 1:10, 1: 5, 1: 2, 1: 1), and the effect of waste water without dilution with water, and distilled water was used as a control. In addition, the total amount of metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co and Zn) was determined. The data obtained demonstrated the phytotoxicity of the dump waters, a decrease in root growth in solutions with concentrations of 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 5, 1:10 and 1:20 was noted, it was shown that these biological objects have accumulating properties with respect to a number of heavy metals.
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Cen, Huifang, Tingting Wang, Huayue Liu, Danyang Tian, and Yunwei Zhang. "Melatonin Application Improves Salt Tolerance of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) by Enhancing Antioxidant Capacity." Plants 9, no. 2 (February 8, 2020): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020220.
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Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is an important and widely cultivated forage grass. The productivity and forage quality of alfalfa are severely affected by salt stress. Melatonin is a bioactive molecule with versatile physiological functions and plays important roles in response to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Melatonin has been proven efficient in improving alfalfa drought and waterlogging tolerance in recent studies. In our reports, we applied melatonin exogenously to explore the effects of melatonin on alfalfa growth and salt resistance. The results demonstrated that melatonin application promoted alfalfa seed germination and seedling growth, and reduced oxidative damage under salt stress. Further application research found that melatonin alleviated salt injury in alfalfa plants under salt stress. The electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content and H2O2 content were significantly reduced, and the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) were increased with melatonin pretreatment compared to control plants under salt stress with the upregulation of genes related to melatonin and antioxidant enzymes biosynthesis. Melatonin was also involved in reducing Na+ accumulation in alfalfa plants. Our study indicates that melatonin plays a primary role as an antioxidant in scavenging H2O2 and enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes to improve the salt tolerance of alfalfa plants.
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Belimov, Andrey A., Alexander I. Shaposhnikov, Tatiana S. Azarova, Natalia M. Makarova, Vera I. Safronova, Vladimir A. Litvinskiy, Vladimir V. Nosikov, Aleksey A. Zavalin, and Igor A. Tikhonovich. "Microbial Consortium of PGPR, Rhizobia and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus Makes Pea Mutant SGECdt Comparable with Indian Mustard in Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation." Plants 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9080975.
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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most widespread and toxic soil pollutants that inhibits plant growth and microbial activity. Polluted soils can be remediated using plants that either accumulate metals (phytoextraction) or convert them to biologically inaccessible forms (phytostabilization). The phytoremediation potential of a symbiotic system comprising the Cd-tolerant pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutant SGECdt and selected Cd-tolerant microorganisms, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2, nodule bacterium Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae RCAM1066, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus sp. 1Fo, was evaluated in comparison with wild-type pea SGE and the Cd-accumulating plant Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern.) VIR263. Plants were grown in pots in sterilized uncontaminated or Cd-supplemented (15 mg Cd kg−1) soil and inoculated or not with the microbial consortium. Cadmium significantly inhibited growth of uninoculated and particularly inoculated SGE plants, but had no effect on SGECdt and decreased shoot biomass of B. juncea. Inoculation with the microbial consortium more than doubled pea biomass (both genotypes) irrespective of Cd contamination, but had little effect on B. juncea biomass. Cadmium decreased nodule number and acetylene reduction activity of SGE by 5.6 and 10.8 times, whereas this decrease in SGECdt was 2.1 and 2.8 times only, and the frequency of mycorrhizal structures decreased only in SGE roots. Inoculation decreased shoot Cd concentration and increased seed Cd concentration of both pea genotypes, but had little effect on Cd concentration of B. juncea. Inoculation also significantly increased concentration and/or accumulation of nutrients (Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, P, S, and Zn) by Cd-treated pea plants, particularly by the SGECdt mutant. Shoot Cd concentration of SGECdt was twice that of SGE, and the inoculated SGECdt had approximately similar Cd accumulation capacity as compared with B. juncea. Thus, plant–microbe systems based on Cd-tolerant micro-symbionts and plant genotypes offer considerable opportunities to increase plant HM tolerance and accumulation.
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Mera, Willian Yuki Watanabe de Lima, Ismael de Jesus Matos Viégas, Jessivaldo Rodrigues Galvão, Tiago Kesajiro Moraes Yakuwa, Alasse Oliveira da Silva, Dioclea Almeida Seabra Silva, Ricardo Shigueru Okumura, and Jorge Cardoso de Azevedo. "Effects of Liming on the Growth and Nutritional Status of Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst)." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.16176.
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Crambe cultivation has expanded in Brazil. The species is a promising alternative for biodiesel production since its seed contain great amounts of oil. Nevertheless, only few studies have focused on the growth and nutritional requirements of crambe cultivated in acidic soils. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of liming on the growth and nutrient accumulation of crambe cultivated in a Yellow Latosol of medium texture. The experiment was carried out using a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of different soil base saturation levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%) with five replications. Plant height, leaf length, leaf width and the number of seeds were evaluated 90 days after planting. The plant material was separated into leaves, stem, seeds and roots, which were oven dried at 70 ºC until constant weight. Analysis of variance was performed, followed by data regression when significant at 5% probability level by the F test. Crambe responded positively to liming in the soil under study at a base saturation of 56.95% as a function of the biometric variables. The increase in the base saturation of the soil to up to 60% promoted a drastic reduction in plant growth and, therefore, in the final grain yield. The decreasing order of the leaf nutritional content at 56.95% base saturation was: N>Ca>K>Mg>S>P>Fe>B>Mn>Zn> Cu.
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Khan, Nazish Huma, Mohammad Nafees, Tooba Saeed, Abdullah Khan, and Adila Bashir. "Accumulation and Translocation of Micro-Nutrients in Soil and Plants of Orchard and Non-Orchard Fields." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 63, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.63.3.2020.187.198.
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The present study was conducted in the Plum orchard zone of district Peshawar. The study was aimed to investigate the levels of different micronutrients in the orchard soil and crop in corresponding to non-orchards. For this purpose, samples of soil and seasonal crop (wheat crop) were collected from both orchard and non-orchard fields. The collected samples were analyzed for various metals such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that in orchard soils, mean concentrations of Mn (486.9 mg/Kg), Cu (81.66 mg/Kg), Cd (2.21 mg/Kg), Cr (54.2 mg/Kg) and Ni (27.9 mg/Kg) were observed above their allowable limits. Similarly, in orchard wheat crops, a higher accumulation of Fe (416.1 mg/Kg), Cu (18.6 mg/Kg), Cr (1.5 mg/Kg) and Cd (0.63 mg/Kg) was calculated in the wheat grain/seed part. In non-orchards, all metals were found at safe levels. Analysis of the irrigation water revealed higher limits of Mn (0.06 mg/L), Fe (1.94 mg/L), Cd (1.29 mg/L), Cr (3.14 mg/L) and Ni (1.23 mg/L). Geo-accumulation Index showed a moderate and heavy level of contamination in orchard soils (Igeo. <1, 2). Higher uptakes of Mn (0.81) and Cu (0.87) were calculated in wheat crops of orchards through Transfer Factor (TF). Based on the observations, it is concluded that metals enrichment in orchard fields can be attributed due to excessive applications of fungicide sprays, fertilizers and contaminated water sources that introduce trace-elements into the soil and are subsequently absorbed by plants. Therefore, it is considered important to take appropriate measures to monitor the soils, crops and water for different micronutrients.
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Seleiman, Mahmoud F., Majed A. Alotaibi, Bushra Ahmed Alhammad, Basmah M. Alharbi, Yahya Refay, and Shimaa A. Badawy. "Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles and Biochar of Rice Straw and Cow Manure on Characteristics of Contaminated Soil and Sunflower Productivity, Oil Quality, and Heavy Metals Uptake." Agronomy 10, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060790.
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Contaminated soils can cause a potential risk into the health of the environment and soil as well as the quality and productivity of plants. The objectives of our study were to investigate the integrative advantageous effects of foliar ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) (60 mg Zn NPs L−1), rice straw biochar (RSB; 8.0 t ha−1), cow-manure biochar (CMB, 8.0 t ha−1), and a combination thereof (50% of each) on sunflowers grown in agricultural land irrigated with polluted wastewater for the long term (≈50 years). The availability of heavy metals (HMs) in soil, HMs accumulation in whole biomass aboveground, growth, productivity, and quality characteristics of the sunflower were investigated. The combination treatment significantly minimized the availability of HMs in soil, and, consequently, substantially lessened the uptake of HMs by the sunflower, compared to treatments of ZnO NPs and control (i.e., untreated soil). The application of the combination treatment reduced the availability of Pb, Cr, Cu, and Cd in the soil by 78.6%, 115.3%, 153.3%, and 178.5% in comparison to untreated plots post-harvest, respectively. Compared to untreated plots, it also reduced the Pb, Cr, Cu, and Cd in plant biomass by 1.13, 5.19, 3.88, and 0.26 mg kg−1 DM, respectively. Furthermore, combination treatment followed by biochar as an individual application caused a significant improvement in sunflower productivity and quality in comparison to untreated soil. For instance, seed yield ha−1, 100-seed weight, and number of seeds per head obtained from the combination treatment was greater than the results obtained from the untreated plots by 42.6%, 47.0%, and 50.4%, respectively. In summary, the combined treatment of NPs and both RSB and CMB is recommended as a result of their positive influence on sunflower oil quality and yield as well as on minimizing the negative influences of HMs.
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Nascimento, Martha Santana do, Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol, Adalton Mazetti Fernandes, and Maurício Dutra Zanotto. "Nutrient extraction and exportation by castor bean hybrid lyra." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 1 (February 2012): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000100013.
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Information about nutrient extraction and exportation by crops, as well as the periods of highest nutrient demand is important for an adequate fertilization management. However, there are no studies on the nutrient uptake of short-stature hybrid castor bean. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrient extraction and exportation by short-stature castor bean hybrid Lyra, in the spring-summer and fall-winter growing seasons. The experiments were conducted in the 2005/2006 spring-summer and 2006 fall-winter growing seasons on an Oxisol, in Botucatu, SP, in a randomized block design, with four replications. The plots consisted of plant samplings, which occurred 17, 31, 45, 59, 73, 97 and 120 days after emergence (DAE) in the spring-summer and 17, 31, 45, 59, 80, 100 and 120 DAE in fall-winter growing season. The growth of hybrid Lyra was slow and nutrient uptake lowest between emergence and the beginning of flowering. The period of highest dry matter (DM) accumulation rates and highest nutrient demand were observed 40 to 80 DAE, in both growing seasons. The order of nutrient extraction by the plants in the spring-summer growing season was: N>K>Ca>Mg>S>P>Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu>Mo. In fall-winter, S was more absorbed than Mg. Seed yield was higher in the spring-summer (2.995 kg ha-1), but nutrient extraction and exportation per ton of seed were similar in both growing seasons. Around 58 % of N and 84 % of P, and approximately half of the S and B absorbed throughout the cycle were exported with the seeds. However, most of the other nutrients accumulated in the plants returned to the soil in plant residues.
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Wang, Peng. "The Stay-green Mutation Contributes to Enhanced Antioxidative Competence and Delays Leaf Senescence in Soybean Hybrid Z1." International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 25, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17957/ijab/15.1676.
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The new soybean stay-green variety Jinda Zhilv No. 1 (Z1) was obtained through crossing a stay-green mutant with the super-high yielding soybean cultivar Jinda No. 74 (JD74). Here, we compared the antioxidant enzyme activities and reactive oxygen species content of the Z1 and JD74 varieties under natural and dark-induced senescence. Dark treatment was imposed at the seedling stage for 13 days. Fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to investigate the expression of isozyme genes related to superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate–glutathione cycle. The results indicated that compared with JD74, Z1 exhibited enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, with rates of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion accumulation being lower in Z1 after flowering. The expression levels of antioxidant enzyme isogenes, including Mn-SOD, Chl Cu/Zn-SOD, peroxisome Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT5, MDHAR1, and DHAR3, were higher in Z1 than in JD74 during the seed-filling stage. After 6 days of dark treatment, the membrane system of JD74 leaves showed severe oxidative damage and the leaves had turned completely yellow. These changes were accompanied by reduced contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein after 13 days of dark treatment. In contrast, Z1 was observed to be more tolerant to dark stress. Its internal reactive oxygen metabolism balance remained unimpaired, and the leaves showed no obvious senescence traits. In conclusion, the higher antioxidant capacity in Z1 contributes to delayed leaf senescence, which is a significant finding with respect to the application of stay-green mutants in soybean breeding and germplasm innovation. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers
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Yaqoob, Sonila, Faizan Ullah, Sultan Mehmood, Tariq Mahmood, Mohib Ullah, Adnan Khattak, and Muhammad Alam Zeb. "Effect of waste water treated with TiO2 nanoparticles on early seedling growth of Zea mays L." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 3 (February 21, 2017): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.163.
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Abstract The present investigation was to determine the effect of nano-TiO2 (2 to 6 nm) and waste water on early seedling growth of maize. The suspensions of nano-TiO2 either in deionized water or autoclaved waste water were applied at 100 mg/L, 50 mg/L and 25 mg/L under in vitro conditions. Analyses of waste water showed that it was not suitable for irrigation purposes as it had a higher content of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cr and Cu) which were above permissible levels for irrigation. The higher concentration of nano-TiO2 (100 mg/L) and waste water significantly inhibited seed germination, seedling growth and caused accumulation of phenolics in maize plants (p < 0.05). The application of nano-TiO2 at 25 mg/L significantly increased shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, root area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids content (p < 0.05). The adverse effects of waste water on growth attributes of maize were significantly ameliorated by nano-TiO2 at 25 mg/L (p < 0.05). The treatment of waste water with nano-TiO2 (25 mg/L) is recommended before its utilization for agriculture purposes.
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Dai, Liang, Biao Lin Peng, Bi Gui Wei, and Gui Ma. "Effects of Land Application of Municipal Sewage Sludge on Growth, Physiology and Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Advanced Materials Research 878 (January 2014): 647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.878.647.
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The application of sewage sludge on agricultural soils is a promising technical solution. Pot experiments were performed to study the effect of sewage sludge application on growth, physiology and accumulation of heavy metals in three kinds of wheat. The experimental results showed soil pH decreased significantly with the increase of the application of sewage sludge. The contents of Cu, Zn and Pb in the mixed soil did not exceed the Environmental quality standards for soils in China for Grade II (GB-1518-1995).Wheat obtained good growth activities after the application of sewage sludge, however, high land application of sewage sludge (the ratio of sludge in the mixed soil of dry weight was 20% and 25%) inhibited seed emergence and root length. The content of total chlorophyll in wheat increased with the increase of sewage sludge application first and reached a maximum, and then decreased with a further increase of sewage sludge. Compared with the control, the a/b value in chlorophyll showed trace change. The content of proline in wheat increased with the increase of sewage sludge in low doses of sewage sludge (5%, 10% and 15%), while there was no significant increase in the content in high land application of sewage sludge. The physiological metabolism of wheat will exhibit abnormality as the stress of pollutants from sludge exceeded the tolerance of wheat. The content of three kinds of heavy metals in wheat grain increased obviously with sludge application increasing, indicating an increasing trend, and had the phenomenon of exceeded the safety qualification of non-environmental pollution food in china at high doses of sewage sludge. Taking account of the effects of sewage sludge application on growth,physiology and accumulation of heavy metals in wheat, the doses of sludge in the mixed soil of dry weight should be lower than 15%.
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Santos, Alina E., Rocio Cruz-Ortega, Diana Meza-Figueroa, Francisco M. Romero, Jose Jesus Sanchez-Escalante, Raina M. Maier, Julia W. Neilson, Luis David Alcaraz, and Francisco E. Molina Freaner. "Plants from the abandoned Nacozari mine tailings: evaluation of their phytostabilization potential." PeerJ 5 (May 4, 2017): e3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3280.
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Phytostabilization is a remediation technology that uses plants for in-situ stabilization of contamination in soils and mine tailings. The objective of this study was to identify native plant species with potential for phytostabilization of the abandoned mine tailings in Nacozari, Sonora in northern Mexico. A flora of 42 species in 16 families of angiosperms was recorded on the tailings site and the abundance of the most common perennial species was estimated. Four of the five abundant perennial species showed evidence of regeneration: the ability to reproduce and establish new seedlings. A comparison of selected physicochemical properties of the tailings in vegetated patches with adjacent barren areas suggests that pH, electrical conductivity, texture, and concentration of potentially toxic elements do not limit plant distribution. For the most abundant species, the accumulation factor for most metals was <1, with the exception of Zn in two species. A short-term experiment on adaptation revealed limited evidence for the formation of local ecotypes inProsopis velutinaandAmaranthus watsonii. Overall, the results of this study indicate that five native plant species might have potential for phytostabilization of the Nacozari tailings and that seed could be collected locally to revegetate the site. More broadly, this study provides a methodology that can be used to identify native plants and evaluate their phytostabilization potential for similar mine tailings.
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Singh, Udai B., Deepti Malviya, Shailendra Singh, Prakash Singh, Abhijeet Ghatak, Muhammad Imran, Jai P. Rai, et al. "Salt-Tolerant Compatible Microbial Inoculants Modulate Physio-Biochemical Responses Enhance Plant Growth, Zn Biofortification and Yield of Wheat Grown in Saline-Sodic Soil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 9936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189936.
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A wide range of root-associated mutualistic microorganisms have been successfully applied and documented in the past for growth promotion, biofertilization, biofortification and biotic and abiotic stress amelioration in major crops. These microorganisms include nitrogen fixers, nutrient mobilizers, bio-remediators and bio-control agents. The present study aimed to demonstrate the impact of salt-tolerant compatible microbial inoculants on plant growth; Zn biofortification and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in saline-sodic soil and insight of the mechanisms involved therein are being shared through this paper. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of Trichoderma harzianum UBSTH-501 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-16 on wheat grown in saline-sodic soil at Research Farm, ICAR-Indian Institute of Seed Sciences, Kushmaur, India. The population of rhizosphere-associated microorganisms changed dramatically upon inoculation of the test microbes in the wheat rhizosphere. The co-inoculation induced a significant accumulation of proline and total soluble sugar in wheat at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days after sowing as compared to the uninoculated control. Upon quantitative estimation of organic solutes and antioxidant enzymes, these were found to have increased significantly in co-inoculated plants under salt-stressed conditions. The application of microbial inoculants enhanced the salt tolerance level significantly in wheat plants grown in saline-sodic soil. A significant increase in the uptake and translocation of potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+) was observed in wheat co-inoculated with the microbial inoculants, while a significant reduction in sodium (Na+) content was recorded in plants treated with both the bio-agents when compared with the respective uninoculated control plants. Results clearly indicated that significantly higher expression of TaHKT-1 and TaNHX1 in the roots enhances salt tolerance effectively by maintaining the Na+/K+ balance in the plant tissue. It was also observed that co-inoculation of the test inoculants increased the expression of ZIP transporters (2–3.5-folds) which ultimately led to increased biofortification of Zn in wheat grown in saline-sodic soil. Results suggested that co-inoculation of T. harzianum UBSTH-501 and B. amyloliquefaciens B-16 not only increased plant growth but also improved total grain yield along with a reduction in seedling mortality in the early stages of crop growth. In general, the present investigation demonstrated the feasibility of using salt-tolerant rhizosphere microbes for plant growth promotion and provides insights into plant-microbe interactions to ameliorate salt stress and increase Zn bio-fortification in wheat.
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Fang, Zhigang, Laiqing Lou, Zhenglan Tai, Yufeng Wang, Lei Yang, Zhubing Hu, and Qingsheng Cai. "Comparative study of Cd uptake and tolerance of two Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) cultivars." PeerJ 5 (October 2, 2017): e3621. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3621.
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Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic heavy metals and is difficult to be removed from contaminated soil and water. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), as an energy crop, exhibits a valuable potential to develop Cd polluted sites due to its use as a biofuel rather than as food and forage. Previously, via a screening for Cd-tolerant ryegrass, the two most extreme cultivars (IdyII and Harukaze) with high and low Cd tolerance during seed germination, respectively, were selected. However, the underlying mechanism for Cd tolerance was not well investigated. In this study, we comparatively investigated the growth, physiological responses, and Cd uptake and translocation of IdyII and Harukaze when the seedlings were exposed to a Cd (0–100 μM) solution for 12 days. As expected, excess Cd inhibited seedling growth and was accompanied by an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced photosynthetic pigments in both cultivars. The effects of Cd on the uptake and translocation of other nutrient elements (Zn, Fe, Mn and Mg) were dependent on Cd concentrations, cultivars, plant tissues and elements. Compared with Harukaze, IdyII exhibited better performance with less MDA and higher pigment content. Furthermore, IdyII was less efficient in Cd uptake and translocation compared to Harukaze, which might be explained by the higher non-protein thiols content in its roots. Taken together, our data indicate that IdyII is more tolerant than Harukaze, which partially resulted from the differences in Cd uptake and translocation.
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Khan, Naeem, Asghari Bano, and José Alfredo Curá. "Role of Beneficial Microorganisms and Salicylic Acid in Improving Rainfed Agriculture and Future Food Safety." Microorganisms 8, no. 7 (July 9, 2020): 1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071018.
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Moisture stress in rainfed areas has significant adverse impacts on plant growth and yield. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) plays an important role in the revegetation and rehabilitation of rainfed areas by modulating plant growth and metabolism and improving the fertility status of the rhizosphere soils. The current study explored the positive role of PGPR and salicylic acid (SA) on the health of the rhizosphere soil and plants grown under rainfed conditions. Maize seeds of two different varieties, i.e., SWL-2002 (drought tolerant) and CZP-2001 (drought sensitive), were soaked for 4 h prior to sowing in 24-h old culture of Planomicrobium chinense strain P1 (accession no. MF616408) and Bacillus cereus strain P2 (accession no. MF616406). The foliar spray of SA (150 mg/L) was applied on 28-days old seedlings. The combined treatment of the consortium of PGPR and SA not only alleviated the adverse effects of low moisture stress of soil in rainfed area but also resulted in significant accumulation of leaf chlorophyll content (40% and 24%), chlorophyll fluorescence (52% and 34%) and carotenoids (57% and 36%) in the shoot of both the varieties. The PGPR inoculation significantly reduced lipid peroxidation (33% and 23%) and decreased the proline content and antioxidant enzymes activities (32% and 38%) as compared to plants grown in rainfed soil. Significant increases (>52%) were noted in the contents of Ca, Mg, K Cu, Co, Fe and Zn in the shoots of plants and rhizosphere of maize inoculated with the PGPR consortium. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and C/N ratio were increased (42%), concomitant with the decrease in the bulk density of the rhizosphere. The PGPR consortium, SA and their combined treatment significantly enhanced the IAA (73%) and GA (70%) contents but decreased (55%) the ABA content of shoot. The rhizosphere of plants treated with PGPR, SA and consortium showed a maximum accumulation (>50%) of IAA, GA and ABA contents, the sensitive variety had much higher ABA content than the tolerant variety. It is inferred from the results that rhizosphere soil of treated plants enriched with nutrients content, organic matter and greater concentration of growth promoting phytohormones, as well as stress hormone ABA, which has better potential for seed germination and establishment of seedlings for succeeding crops.
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Li, Suzhen, Xiaoqing Liu, Xiaojin Zhou, Ye Li, Wenzhu Yang, and Rumei Chen. "Improving Zinc and Iron Accumulation in Maize Grains Using the Zinc and Iron Transporter ZmZIP5." Plant and Cell Physiology 60, no. 9 (June 4, 2019): 2077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz104.
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Abstract Zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential micronutrients for plant growth. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms of uptake, transport and accumulation of these micronutrients in maize to improve crop nutritional quality. Members of the zinc-regulated transporters, iron-regulated transporter-like protein (ZIP) family are responsible for the uptake and transport of divalent metal ions in plant. Previously, we showed that ZmZIP5 functionally complemented the Zn uptake double mutant zrt1zrt2, Fe-uptake double mutant fet3fet4 in yeast. In our β-glucuronidase (GUS) assay, the germinated seeds, young sheaths, and stems of ZmZIP5-promoter-GUS transgenic plants were stained. We generated and compared two maize lines for this study: Ubi-ZmZIP5, in which ZmZIP5 was constitutively overexpressed, and ZmZIP5i, a RNAi line. At the seedling stage, high levels of Zn and Fe were found in the roots and shoots of Ubi-ZmZIP5 plants, whereas low levels were found in the ZmZIP5i plants. Zn and Fe contents decreased in the seeds of Ubi-ZmZIP5 plants and remained unchanged in the seeds of ZmZIP5i plants. The seeds of Leg-ZmZIP5 plants, in which ZmZIP5 overexpression is specific to the endosperm, had higher levels of Zn and Fe. Our results imply that ZmZIP5 may play a role in Zn and Fe uptake and root-to-shoot translocation. Endosperm-specific ZmZIP5 overexpression could be useful for Zn and Fe biofortification of cereal grains.
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Lidon, Fernando C., Ana S. Almeida, Ana R. Costa, Ana S. Bagulho, Paula Scotti-Campos, José N. Semedo, Benvindo Maçãs, et al. "Sequential zinc and iron biofortification of bread-wheat grains: from controlled to uncontrolled environments." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 11 (2015): 1097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14270.
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The development of knowledge on bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) biofortification in zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), related to its potential agronomical use and the nutritional and technological implications, is becoming important to strategies for improving human nutrition. In this context, we studied the accumulation of Zn and Fe in grains, considering potential uptake and translocation kinetics, photoassimilate production and deposition, and related yields, in grains of cv. Roxo produced under controlled-environment conditions and used thereafter in field trials. The metabolic plasticity of this wheat genotype grown under controlled-environment conditions allowed a 10- and 4-fold enhancement in accumulation of Zn and Fe in the grains after nutrient supplementation with a 5-fold concentrated Hoagland solution (5S), after two generations. Moreover, when these seeds were sown under field conditions and the resulting plants supplemented with or without Zn and Fe, the accumulation of these nutrients decreased within the next two generations. Such field seeds obtained without further Zn and Fe supplementation (with nitrogen only; F3(S) and F4(S)) maintained enhanced levels of Zn (~400%) and Fe (40–50%) compared with the initial seeds. If Zn and Fe supplement was given to the plants germinated from F2(5S), the subsequent F3(5S) and F4(5S) seeds maintained the Zn increase (~400%), whereas a further enhancement was observed for Fe, to 75% and 89%, respectively. Toxic limits were not reached for photosynthetic functioning. Even under the highest Zn and Fe supplement dose given to the F3(5S) plants, there was only a slight effect on photosystem II photochemical performance; in fact, enhanced net photosynthesis values were observed. In conclusion, within this experimental design, Zn and Fe biofortification can be obtained without toxicity effects on photosynthetic performance and with negligible modifications to grain texture and nutritional value (protein quality and contents as well as fatty acids).
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Morina, Filis, L. Jovanovic, Biljana Kukavica, and Sonja Veljovic-Jovanovic. "Peroxidase, phenolics, and antioxidative capacity of common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) grown in a zinc excess." Archives of Biological Sciences 60, no. 4 (2008): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs0804687m.
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Common mullein (Verbascum thapsus L.) is the dominant plant species at a disposal site polluted with metal from the hydrometallurgical jarosite zinc production process. Seeds collected at the site were germinated and plants were grown hydroponically under controlled conditions in a excess of Zn. Induction of total soluble POD activity in the root occurred at 1, 5, and 10 mM Zn, indicating Zn accumulation within the root. Accumulation of Zn in leaves was not accompanied by changes in POD activity, but resulted in gradual increase of total antioxidative capacity, which could be partly attributed to accumulation of soluble phenolics. The role of the phenolics/POD system in defense of V. thapsus against zinc is discussed.
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Panda, Sanjib Kumar, and Shuvasish Choudhury. "Changes in nitrate reductase activity and oxidative stress response in the moss Polytrichum commune subjected to chromium, copper and zinc phytotoxicity." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, no. 2 (June 2005): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202005000200001.
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The main aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) on nitrate reductase (NR) activity and oxidative stress responses in the moss Polytrichum commune. Cr, Cu and Zn resulted in the inhibition of NR activity. A decline in total chlorophyll content was observed after 24 and 48 h of metal treatment. Accumulation of the metals showed a dose and time dependent increase. High accumulation of Cu, Cr and Zn were seen in moss shoots after 24 and 48 h of treatment. Treatment of Cr, Cu and Zn for 24 or 48 h resulted in the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in moss shoots. The highest increase was observed in shoots under Cu treatment followed by Cr and Zn. The MDA content was significantly higher after 48h. Antioxidant enzymes viz., catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were affected by elevated concentrations of the three metals. Increase in the activity of CAT, GR and SOD was seen after 24 and 48 h of treatment. GPx activity declined under Cr treatment. However, under Cu and Zn, an increase in GPx was seen after 24 h and 48 h of treatment. For Zn, the antioxidant efficiency was less affected as compared to Cr and Cu. The response of Polytrichum commune to toxic concentrations of Cr, Cu and Zn appears to induce oxidative damage as observed by the increase in MDA content and antioxidant metabolism.
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Philcox, J. C., P. Coyle, A. Michalska, K. H. A. Choo, and A. M. Rofe. "Endotoxin-induced inflammation does not cause hepatic zinc accumulation in mice lacking metallothionein gene expression." Biochemical Journal 308, no. 2 (June 1, 1995): 543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3080543.
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The action of endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on hepatic Zn uptake was examined in mice lacking expression of metallothionein (MT)-1 and MT-II genes. Hepatic Zn concentrations, which in normal control mice increased by a mean 29% (MT elevated 20-fold) 16 h post-LPS exposure, did not increase in MT-null mice. Plasma Zn fell by 68% in controls and 32% in MT-null mice. The time course of LPS action in normal mice was characterized by a rapid reduction (-74% at 4 h, -81% at 8 h) and partial recovery (-39% at 24 h) in plasma Zn, with a progressive increase over 24 h in hepatic concentrations of MT (by 36-fold) and Zn (by 40%). In contrast, the MT-null mice had a linear decrease in plasma Zn (-15% at 8 h, -41% at 24 h) and early loss of Zn from the liver. The Zn changes seen in MT-null mice were largely attributable to LPS-associated anorexia. Food deprivation (20 h) alone caused respective 14% and 30% decreases in hepatic and plasma Zn concentrations and a 27% reduction in total liver Zn reserves, whereas fasted normal mice conserved Zn with a 4-fold increase in hepatic MT. This study confirms that MT synthesis is essential for endotoxin-induced liver Zn accumulation.