Journal articles: 'Seed size and number'

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Aniszewski, T. "Seed Number, Seed Size and Seed Diversity in Washington Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.)." Annals of Botany 87, no. 1 (January 2001): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1300.

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Jakobsson, Anna, and Ove Eriksson. "A comparative study of seed number, seed size, seedling size and recruitment in grassland plants." Oikos 88, no. 3 (March 2000): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880304.x.

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Philbrick, C. Thomas, and R. Alejandro Novelo. "Ovule number, seed number and seed size in Mexican and North American species of Podostemaceae." Aquatic Botany 57, no. 1-4 (June 1997): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(96)01121-7.

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SRIPHADET, S., P. KASEMSAP, and P. SRINIVES. "Effect of leaflet size and number on agronomic and physiological traits of mungbean." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 3 (March 5, 2010): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000122.

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SUMMARYThe current work was designed to compare 13 agronomic and four physiological traits in mungbean isogenic lines (ILs) with different leaflet sizes and numbers. The IL population was developed from a cross made in 2006 at Kasetsart University, Thailand, between two pure lines (one with five small and the other with seven large leaflets), followed by continuous selfing of the progenies until F6. The resulting four IL families each exhibited seven leaflet types, viz. three normal-sized leaflets per leaf, seven large leaflets, nine large, five small, seven small, nine small or 11 small. A trial was conducted in 2008 to compare the 28 ILs using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The large multiple-leaflet lines gave higher values for seeds/pod, pod size, seed weight, seed yield, leaf area, leaf area index and proportion of light interception, but fewer clusters of pods, branches and pods per plant than the small multiple-leaflet ILs. Seed yield/plant was positively correlated with pods/plant, seeds/pod, mean seed weight, light interception, leaf area and plant height at maturity. Leaflet size showed association with more traits than did leaflet number.

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Stöcklin, Jürg. "Differences in life history traits of relatedEpilobium species: Clonality, seed size and seed number." Folia Geobotanica 34, no. 1 (March 1999): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02803073.

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Briggs, Keith G. "Spatial variation in seed size and seed set on spikes of some Canadian spring wheat cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-011.

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The seed size (mass) distribution of grain on individual spikes of four Canadian wheat cultivars (Glenlea, HY320, Pitic 62 and Neepawa, Triticum aestivum L.) was determined on plant samples from two replicates of the 1984 High Yielding Wheat Cooperative trial grown at Ellerslie, Alberta. Specific grain mass was determined for individual floret locations on all spikes of each plant, and sterile floret locations were also determined. For all four cultivars the maximum amount of seed size variation from the samples was attributable to variation at the floret level, accounting for 92% of the seed size variance of Pitic 62, down to 74% for Neepawa. Neepawa differed from the other three cultivars in demonstrating a high (20%) and significant variance in seed size attributable to spikelet position. Pitic 62 was the only cultivar of the four that demonstrated significant variance (12%) due to plant differences within replicates. Consistent with previous literature, approximately 50% of total plant yield was accounted for by the mainstem spike, decreasing to 8 to 15% on the third spike. The mean number of seeds spike−1 on the mainstem was 26.8 (Neepawa), 35.9 (Glenlea), 46.8 (HY320) and 48.6 (Pitic 62), but this number decreased in response to tiller order, as did seed mass and floret fertility. Quadratic functions were calculated fitting seed mass to floret position (1 proximal to 4 distal), and were significant in all cases, with R2 values of 63% for Neepawa, 56% for Glenlea, 82% for Pitic 62 and 89% for HY320. The fitted quadratics suggest an optimization of seed size at floret site 2 for some cultivars, with a rapid decrease in seed size at floret sites 3 and 4, especially for the high-yielding cultivars Glenlea and Pitic 62. Fourth florets of the latter cultivars were shown in frequency distributions to produce seeds smaller than the mean seed size of the Neepawa seed size expected at Florets 1, 2 and 3. Large negative skewnesses for seed size for Glenlea, HY320 and Pitic 62 also underscored the tendency for the high-yielding cultivars to produce relatively large numbers of small seeds. Although determined in only one site-year, these differences in seed size distribution pattern amongst cultivars are of major significance to visual identification systems. Large-seeded, high-yielding wheats in pure stand can be expected to produce a significant number of small-seeded kernels that might be confused by visual inspection with CWRS seed type. Key words: Grain, grading, cultivar registration, seed identification, high-yielding wheats

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Petit, Sophie, Manfred Jusaitis, and Doug Bickerton. "Effect of pollen load, self-pollination and plant size on seeds and germination in the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid, Caladenia behrii." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08117.

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Caladenia behrii Schltdl. (Orchidaceae) (syn. Arachnorchis behrii) is a sexually deceptive, endangered orchid that produces aggregated pollen as pollinia. It is pollinated by a thynnine wasp, and may also be pollinated incidentally by other insects. Pollinator effectiveness may depend on the number of pollinia that pollinators carry and deposit, and on whether they mediate cross-pollination or self-pollination. To understand the role of pollinators and guide conservation programs, we determined the effect of pollen load (one pollinium v. two pollinia) and self-pollination on seed number, seed (embryo) size and germination at 35 days. We also examined the effect of plant size on seed size and seed number. By using partial correlations with leaf width, seed size, seed number, capsule volume and stem length, we found that leaf width was a good predictor for seed number, and that seed size was not correlated with any of the variables examined. Flowers pollinated with one pollinium and two pollinia did not produce seeds that differed in size or number. Cross-pollinated flowers produced fewer but larger seeds, which germinated faster than did seeds from self-pollinated flowers. We conclude that seed production in the field may be estimated from leaf size, that pollinators carrying one pollinium are as effective as those carrying two pollinia and that selfing affects germination negatively, partly because of the smaller size of selfed seeds. Conservation programs aiming to perform hand-pollination of this species should use crossing with a single pollinium.

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P., Navitha, Sujatha K., and Beaulah A. "Effect Effect of fruit size on physiological seed quality parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2046.

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An experiment was carried out at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2018 to find out the effect of fruit size on physiological seed quality of cucumber. Variation in fruit size of cucumber results in poor quality seeds. In order to overcome this obstacle fruit grading was done based on weight of fruit to obtain good quality seeds. Harvested fruits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were categorized based on the weight into three different groups viz., Big (2.41kg), medium (1.66kg) and small (1.28kg). Observations on fruit and seed quality parameters were recorded. The results revealed that medium sized fruits recorded higher values compared to big and small sized fruits. The number of seeds/fruit recorded higher in medium sized fruit (935 numbers) followed by small (896 numbers) and big (876 numbers) sized fruits. The big, medium and small fruits were recovered to 1.52 %, 1.06% and 0.58% seeds respectively. The physiological quality characters measured in terms of seed germination revealed that seeds of medium sized fruits were recorded higher (80%) followed by seeds of big (82%) and small (65%). The seedling vigour measured through root (17.08cm) and shoot length (14.45cm), dry matter production (0.85g 10 seedlings-1) and vigour index (2522) also proved the superiority in medium sized fruits.

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Gaol, Mangadas Lumban, and J. E. D. Fox. "Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Biji Terhadap Perkecambahan Acacia Fauntleroyi (Maiden) Maiden and Blakely." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.14.2.20096.

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The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent are germination of A. fauntleroyi affected by seed size. Does pre-treatment improve germination? Under what temperature regime does most seed germinate? Three seed size classes (small, medium and large) were chosen. Seeds were pre-treatments either at ambient, 50°C, 75°C or 100°C and incubated at 15°C or 30°C. Then, number of seed that germinate and speed of germination were measure. Five seeds representing each of small, medium and large seed sizes were also selected and the seed coat thickness measured. Seed size, pre-treatment temperature and incubation temperature all affected the number of seed that germinated. Pre-treatment temperature affected germination more than incubation temperature. Incubation temperature affected germination more than seed size. The interaction of seed size and pre-treatment temperature was stronger than that between seed size and incubation temperature. Small seeds produce less germination than medium or large seeds, however small seed germinated sooner. Seed coat thickness varied among seed sizes. Thinner seed coats occur in smaller than larger seeds.

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Morozowska, Maria, and Roman Hołubowicz. "Effect of bulb size on selected morphological characteristics of seed stalks, seed yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds." Folia Horticulturae 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0123.

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Abstract In the years 2002 − 2004 research was carried out on the effect of onion (Allium cepa L.) ‘Wolska’ bulb size on selected morphological characteristics of seed stalks, seed yield and quality. Commercial bulbs (vernalised, one-year-old mother bulbs) were divided into three groups: small, medium and large, with diameters of 4.2-5.3 cm, 5.4-6.3 cm and 6.4-8.5 cm, respectively. Then, the bulbs of each group were planted in the field and grown routinely with the purpose of producing seeds. The following characters were measured on the seed stalks: number and height of seed stalks grown out from one bulb, the seed stalks’ diameter at the height of 10 cm above the ground, the diameter of the inflorescence, seed yield from a single stalk and from the entire plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, number of seeds in 1 g, length and width of the seeds, length and width of the embryos, and germination energy and capacity. Our experiments showed a significant influence of bulb size on the number of seed stalks and the inflorescence diameter. It was discovered that the big bulbs gave larger numbers of seed stalks than the seed stalks grown from the medium and small ones. Small bulbs gave seed stalks with smaller inflorescences than the medium and large ones. The bulb size had no effect on the seed stalk height or their diameter when measured at the level of 10 cm above the ground. The bulb size also did not affect seed yield per one seed stalk, but it did affect the seed yield obtained from the entire plant, which was bigger for plants grown from large bulbs in comparison with the small ones. The size of the bulbs had no effect on either the weight of 1000 seeds or the number of seeds in 1 g. It did not affect either the seed and embryo length and width or the seed germination energy and capacity.

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Hodgson, John G., Gabriel Montserrat Marti, Bozena Šerá, Glynis Jones, Amy Bogaard, Mike Charles, Xavier Font, et al. "Seed size, number and strategies in annual plants: a comparative functional analysis and synthesis." Annals of Botany 126, no. 7 (August 19, 2020): 1109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa151.

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Abstract Background and Aims Plants depend fundamentally on establishment from seed. However, protocols in trait-based ecology currently estimate seed size but not seed number. This can be rectified. For annuals, seed number should simply be a positive function of vegetative biomass and a negative function of seed size. Methods Using published values of comparative seed number as the ‘gold standard’ and a large functional database, comparative seed yield and number per plant and per m2 were predicted by multiple regression. Subsequently, ecological variation in each was explored for English and Spanish habitats, newly calculated C-S-R strategies and changed abundance in the British flora. Key Results As predicted, comparative seed mass yield per plant was consistently a positive function of plant size and competitive ability, and largely independent of seed size. Regressions estimating comparative seed number included, additionally, seed size as a negative function. Relationships differed numerically between regions, habitats and C-S-R strategies. Moreover, some species differed in life history over their geographical range. Comparative seed yield per m2 was positively correlated with FAO crop yield, and increasing British annuals produced numerous seeds. Nevertheless, predicted values must be viewed as comparative rather than absolute: they varied according to the ‘gold standard’ predictor used. Moreover, regressions estimating comparative seed yield per m2 achieved low precision. Conclusions For the first time, estimates of comparative seed yield and number for >800 annuals and their predictor equations have been produced and the ecological importance of these regenerative traits has been illustrated. ‘Regenerative trait-based ecology’ remains in its infancy, with work needed on determinate vs. indeterminate flowering (‘bet-hedging’), C-S-R methodologies, phylogeny, comparative seed yield per m2 and changing life history. Nevertheless, this has been a positive start and readers are invited to use estimates for >800 annuals, in the Supplementary data, to help advance ‘regenerative trait-based ecology’ to the next level.

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Greenway, C. A., and L. D. Harder. "Variation in ovule and seed size and associated size-number trade-offs in angiosperms." American Journal of Botany 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.5.11.

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Greenway, C. A., and L. D. Harder. "Variation in ovule and seed size and associated size-number trade-offs in angiosperms." American Journal of Botany 94, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 840–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.94.5.840.

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Venable, D. Lawrence. "Size-Number Trade-Offs and the Variation of Seed Size with Plant Resource Status." American Naturalist 140, no. 2 (August 1992): 287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285413.

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Lima, Elvis Rodrigues, Aline Silva Santiago, Adelson Paulo Araújo, and Marcelo Grandi Teixeira. "Effects of the size of sown seed on growth and yield of common bean cultivars of different seed sizes." Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology 17, no. 3 (September 2005): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1677-04202005000300001.

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A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting different sizes of seed of the same cultivar on biomass accumulation and grain yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars of different seed sizes. A 6 X 2 split-plot factorial design with four replicates was employed, with six bean cultivars as main plots and two seed sizes (small and large, the latter twice as heavy as the former) of the same cultivar as subplots. Eight weekly samplings of biomass were performed, and yield components were measured at maturity. Large seeds increased the leaf area index and the shoot and root biomass of bean cultivars, particularly at the beginning of the growth cycle, but they did not affect the pod biomass. Improved growth associated with the large seed was more intense for erect than for prostrate cultivars. Plants originating from small seed presented a higher relative growth rate and net assimilation rate than plants from large seed. Large seed did not affect grain yield, but reduced the number of seeds per pod, increased the 100-seed mass, and reduced the harvest index. The results indicate that sowing larger seeds of a bean cultivar can improve early-season plant growth, which might be advantageous for crop establishment in stress environments. However, some compensatory effect, associated with delayed leaf senescence, higher net assimilation rate, or greater number of seeds per pod, allows plants originating from small seed to achieve similar grain yield. Lack of consistent effects of the seed size on grain yield indicate that the extra costs of sowing only the largest seed would not be profitable, but large seed resulted in larger grains at harvest which usually attain better market price.

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Prataviera, Juliana Sakagawa, Edmir Vicente Lamarca, Carmen Cinira Teixeira, and Claudio José Barbedo. "The germination success of the cut seeds of Eugenia pyriformis depends on their size and origin." Journal of Seed Science 37, no. 1 (April 2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v37n1141425.

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Seeds of Eugenia pyriformis may produce several seedlings after cutting. Both the type of cutting and the size of the seed can determine the success in obtaining new seedlings. The size of the seeds is dependent on both the number of seeds per fruit and the conditions in which seeds develop, as well as the biometric characteristics of these seeds obtained from different regions and seasons. The seeds from each origin were evaluated in length, width, thickness, water content and dry mass, as well as the average number of seeds per fruit. From one of the regions, seeds were grouped according to the number of seeds per fruit and also according to their size, and then cut into two and four parts, and then analyzed for the fragments germination. The results demonstrated the high capacity of these seed fragments to produce new seedlings, but the capability reduces with the reduction in seed size. This size depends not only on the number of seeds per fruit, but also on the region and the period of the seed production.

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Shrestha, R., N. C. Turner, K. H. M. Siddique, D. W. Turner, and J. Speijers. "A water deficit during pod development in lentils reduces flower and pod numbers but not seed size." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 4 (2006): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05225.

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An experiment was conducted under controlled conditions in a glasshouse to determine the sensitivity of reproductive development of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) genotypes of different origins to water deficit. The 3 genotypes were Cassab (West Asia), Simal (South Asia), and ILL 7979 a crossbred between a West Asian genotype and a South Asian genotype. Two watering treatments, a well-watered control and a water-deficit treatment, were imposed from the beginning of podding. Leaf water relations, total dry matter production, leaf area, and number of flowers, pods, and seeds were measured from podding to maturity. In the well-watered plants the leaf water potential (ψleaf) before sunrise ranged from −0.6 to −0.8 MPa. When subjected to water deficit, ψleaf fell to about −3.0 MPa. Genotypes did not show variation in vegetative growth or seed yield under either well-watered or water-deficit conditions, but they differed significantly in the number of flowers, fruiting nodes, pods, and seeds, and harvest index (HI). Seed size in Cassab was 61% larger than ILL 7979 and 105% larger than Simal. The small-seeded genotypes produced the highest number of fruiting nodes and hence a greater number of flowers, pods, and seeds. Seed size was positively correlated with seed growth rate (r = 0.77**) and seed fill duration (r = 0.45*). The water deficit reduced plant height by about 20%, leaf area by 48–81%, and total dry matter by about 60% compared with well-watered plants. The water deficit reduced flower number by 35–46% and increased seed abortion (empty pods) by 17–46%. The water deficit had no effect on the maximum seed growth rate, seed fill duration, or final seed size in any of the 3 genotypes. Therefore, the 70% reduction in seed yield induced by the water deficit was primarily due to a reduction in pod and seed numbers (by 59–70%) rather than individual seed growth rate and seed size.

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HIDE, G. A., S. J. WELHAM, P. J. READ, and A. E. AINSLEY. "Effects of planting mixtures of different sizes of potato seed tubers on the yield and size of tubers." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 2 (March 1997): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859696004017.

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In 1989 and 1990, small, medium and large seed tubers, cv. Désirée, were planted 38 cm apart in experiments designed to measure the effects of different combinations of neighbouring plants on the yield and size of tubers from individual plants. Total yield, ware yield (> 150 g), numbers of tubers and numbers of stems increased as seed tuber size increased. Also, decreasing the size of seed tubers decreased the numbers of tubers in all sizes except those > 200 g. Competition from the two neighbouring plants on either side in the same row (first neighbours) increased as the size of seed tubers increased and with all seed sizes yields decreased. For example, plants from large seed benefited from small seed planted as neighbours whereas, with plants from small seed, yield was decreased with neighbouring plants from large seed. Numbers of stems and tubers were not affected by neighbouring plants. Also yields were not affected by the two plants adjacent to the first neighbours (second neighbours) or by the size of seed tubers planted in adjacent rows. Competition from first neighbours also affected tuber size distributions and, with small seed, increasing the competition decreased the number of tubers > 150 g and increased numbers < 50 g. Medium and small seed planted as neighbours of large seed increased numbers of tubers > 150 g. When yields from plants produced by seed of each size with similarly sized seed planted as first neighbours (uniform populations) were compared with mixed populations, yields were always greater from the mixed populations of different seed sizes planted alternately than from the means of uniform populations. Therefore in the mixed populations, there were larger gains from the larger seed than losses from the smaller seed.

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Gao, Zerui, Changqin Zhang, and Richard I. Milne. "Size-class structure and variation in seed and seedling traits in relation to population size of an endangered species Craigia yunnanensis (Tiliaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 58, no. 3 (2010): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt09190.

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Craigia yunnanensis W. W. Sm. & W. E. Evans is an endangered canopy tree species distributed in southern China and northern Vietnam. We located and surveyed six remnant populations, all from subtropical areas of Yunnan, China. These six populations contained between 6 and 167 adult trees in 2007, plus larger numbers of seedlings and resprouts from cut trunks. Bulk seed samples were collected from these populations and examined for 10 fitness traits (e.g. seed number, seed length, width and 1000-seed weight, germination in the controlled light and darkness conditions and nursery, seedling height, root collar diameter and dry weight). All traits differed significantly among populations, but only number of seeds per capsule was significantly correlated with population size. For some populations, germination capacity in light was significantly higher than that in darkness, indicating that canopy removal might promote regeneration from seed. Examination of population size-class structures in four C. yunnanesis populations determined that small seedlings and resprouts are abundant, although very few of these reach even the sapling stage. Hence, the remaining populations could be expanded and conserved by allowing a proportion of seedlings and resprouts to reach maturity. However, ex situ conservation, informed by data from the present study, is also advisable in case the remaining wild populations are lost.

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Chen, Hong, Karl J. Niklas, Dongmei Yang, and Shucun Sun. "The effect of twig architecture and seed number on seed size variation in subtropical woody species." New Phytologist 183, no. 4 (September 2009): 1212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02878.x.

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McGinley, Mark A. "Within and among plant variation in seed mass and pappus size in Tragopogon dubious." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-172.

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Individual seed mass of two seed morphs of Tragopogon dubious (L.) varied among plants and within and among flowering heads within individual plants growing near Salt Lake City, UT. Seeds of the light morph from the center of a receptacle were smaller than outer seeds, suggesting that variation in seed mass within heads was due to position effects. The total seed mass per head, seed number per head, and mean seed mass per head of both morphs declined in most plants over the season. Heads with larger total seed mass contained larger seeds both within and between plants so seasonal patterns in seed mass may be influenced by seasonal variation in the amount of resources available for investment in seeds. Seeds of the light colored morph had a greater dispersal potential than seeds from the dark colored morph because their disk loading was lower. Pappus size (both pappus radius and stalk length) increased with the number of seeds per head which may increase the efficiency of packaging fruits on the receptacle. Heads with a larger total seed mass allocated a smaller proportion of their resources to the dark seed morph which may serve to decrease the level of sibling competition experienced by the less dispersing seed morph. Thus, variation in investment in offspring may arise as a combination of developmental constraints and selection for variable investment.

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Sakai, Satoki, Akiko Sakai, and Kohta Fujioka. "Seed production in Cardiocrium cordatum: effects of nitrogen and dry mass availability of a plant." Canadian Journal of Botany 84, no. 5 (May 2006): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b06-033.

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To clarify how seed production depends on the relative N and dry mass availability, we examined the number and size of seeds, and the loss of dry mass in Cardiocrium cordatum (Thunb.) Makaino plants that differed naturally in overall size and stem N content. After adjusting for plant size (basal stem diameter was used as a criterion of plant size), the amount of dry mass lost because of respiration in a plant decreased with an increase in the stem N content of the plant, whereas the total dry mass of seeds of a plant increased with an increase in the stem N content. Plants with a high stem N content relative to dry mass status used dry mass resources more efficiently in seed production by reducing the loss of dry mass. Plants with a higher stem N content produced a greater number of seeds, and the amount of dry mass lost decreased with an increase in the number of seeds of the plant, possibly because the resources allocated to seed production are consumed rapidly, if numerous seeds simultaneously absorb those resources. However, the stem N content of a plant had no influence on the mean seed dry mass, seed N content, and the seed N concentration, and the latter three parameters did not affect respiration loss of dry mass. We concluded that plants undergoing seed production reduce dry mass loss if their relative N to dry mass availability is high, through an increase in the numbers of seeds they produce.

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Cucinotta, Mara, Maurizio Di Marzo, Andrea Guazzotti, Stefan de Folter, Martin M. Kater, and Lucia Colombo. "Gynoecium size and ovule number are interconnected traits that impact seed yield." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 9 (February 18, 2020): 2479–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa050.

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Abstract Angiosperms form the largest group of land plants and display an astonishing diversity of floral structures. The development of flowers greatly contributed to the evolutionary success of the angiosperms as they guarantee efficient reproduction with the help of either biotic or abiotic vectors. The female reproductive part of the flower is the gynoecium (also called pistil). Ovules arise from meristematic tissue within the gynoecium. Upon fertilization, these ovules develop into seeds while the gynoecium turns into a fruit. Gene regulatory networks involving transcription factors and hormonal communication regulate ovule primordium initiation, spacing on the placenta, and development. Ovule number and gynoecium size are usually correlated and several genetic factors that impact these traits have been identified. Understanding and fine-tuning the gene regulatory networks influencing ovule number and pistil length open up strategies for crop yield improvement, which is pivotal in light of a rapidly growing world population. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the genes and hormones involved in determining ovule number and gynoecium size. We propose a model for the gene regulatory network that guides the developmental processes that determine seed yield.

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Paul-Victor, Cloé, and Lindsay A. Turnbull. "The Effect of Growth Conditions on the Seed Size/Number Trade-Off." PLoS ONE 4, no. 9 (September 10, 2009): e6917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006917.

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Bawa, Kamaljit S., Tenzing Ingty, Liam J. Revell, and K. N. Shivaprakash. "Correlated evolution of flower size and seed number in flowering plants (monocotyledons)." Annals of Botany 123, no. 1 (August 28, 2018): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcy154.

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Zhang, Bin, Ke-chao Zhou, and Qi-yuan Chen. "Influences of seed size and number on agglomeration in synthetic bayer liquors." Journal of Central South University of Technology 13, no. 5 (October 2006): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-006-0078-5.

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Deleuran, Lise C., Merete H. Olesen, and Birte Boelt. "Spinach seed quality: potential for combining seed size grading and chlorophyll fluorescence sorting." Seed Science Research 23, no. 4 (June 7, 2013): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258513000202.

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AbstractSpinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seed quality is important for subsequent establishment of baby leaf and other spinach products. The indeterminate flowering pattern in spinach produces seeds of different sizes, and consequently a non-uniform seed lot. Sorting seeds based on novel sorting methods might therefore improve the establishment of spinach for producers. Spinach seeds were harvested at five different times (H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5) starting 3 weeks before estimated optimum harvest time. The harvested seeds were sorted according to chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) and seed size. Two harvest times 6 d apart were selected for further studies of seed development and germination counts. Analysis of mean germination time (MGT) of four germination counts (3, 7, 14 and 21 d) showed that smaller seed sizes ( < 3.25 mm) have lower MGT than seeds of larger sizes (>3.25 mm). A larger proportion of 2.5–3.25 mm size seeds had germinated on day 3 than both their larger and smaller counterparts at the later time of harvest (H4). Seeds with a diameter below 2.5 mm displayed the lowest MGT. Commercially, the use of chlorophyll fluorescence (CF)-sorted seeds, in combination with seed size sorting, may provide a useful tool for enhancing seed quality. Here our results demonstrate that a greater number of seeds with a low CF level had germinated on day 3 compared to the seeds with high CF levels. It is of relevance to develop a technology that could identify seeds that are sufficiently developed to germinate and successfully establish in the field regardless of seed size.

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Sexton, P. J., K. J. Boote, J. W. White, and C. M. Peterson. "Seed size and seed growth rate in relation to cotyledon cell volume and number in common bean." Field Crops Research 54, no. 2-3 (September 1997): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(97)00046-4.

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Sõber, Virve, and Satu Ramula. "Seed number and environmental conditions do not explain seed size variability for the invasive herb Lupinus polyphyllus." Plant Ecology 214, no. 6 (May 25, 2013): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-013-0216-8.

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BAKER, KATHLEEN, A. J. RICHARDS, and MICHELLE TREMAYNE. "Fitness constraints on flower number, seed number and seed size in the dimorphic species Primula farinosa L. and Armeria maritima (Miller) Willd." New Phytologist 128, no. 3 (November 1994): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03002.x.

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Lindgren, D., and T. J. Mullin. "Relatedness and status number in seed orchard crops." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x97-217.

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Status number is a measure of effective population size that is based on current relatedness only. Formulae are developed for group coancestry (=average coancestry) and status number for seed orchard crops. The formulae consider (1) differences in reproductive success among orchard genotypes, (2) relatedness between pairs of orchard genotypes, (3) inbreeding of orchard genotypes, (4) influence of pollen contamination (considering its relatedness both to itself and to the genotypes in the orchard), and (5) gender differences and sexual asymmetries of orchard genotypes. Properties of status number and other measures of effective number are discussed. They may refer to rate or state, to the reference population or the development of an idealized population, and to different moments in the sexual cycle.

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Papú, Sofía, Susana Lagos Silnik, and Claudia M. Campos. "Pre- dispersal seed loss of Ramorinoa girolae (Fabaceae) in Ischigualasto Provincial Park (San Juan, Argentina." Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 50, no. 4 (December 14, 2015): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31055/1851.2372.v50.n4.12917.

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Ramorinoa girolae Speg. is a “vulnerable” tree endemic to Argentina. During the pre-dispersal stage, the seeds are predated by Anypsipyla univitella. The objectives of this study were to describe some reproductive parameters (size and number of fruits and seeds) of R. girolae, to quantify pre-dispersal seed loss by abortion and predation, and to test the effect on pre-dispersal seed predation of fruit production (per tree, of co-specific neighbors, and the sum of both), size of fruits, number of seeds per fruit, and number of predators per fruit. As seeds can be partially consumed by the predator, the viability of partially damaged seeds was assessed as well. At Ischigualasto Park, we sampled 17 adult trees from 3 stands spaced 4 km apart. For each focal tree, we quantified the number of co-specific neighbors and their fruits. We collected ten fruits from canopies and recorded their length and the number and states of seeds (intact, predated, and aborted). Generalized Linear Mixed Models were fitted to evaluate explanatory variables affecting the proportion of pre-dispersal predated seeds. R. girolae suffers great loss of seeds during the pre-dispersal stage, mainly by seed predation (58% of seeds). The proportion of predated seeds was most important relative to the number of predators, the number of seeds per fruit, and the size of fruits. Fruits containing more predators, more seeds, and smaller fruits had higher proportions of predated seeds. Seed abortion would not represent an important factor of seed loss (6% of seeds

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Tidemann, Breanne D., Linda M. Hall, K. Neil Harker, and Hugh J. Beckie. "Factors Affecting Weed Seed Devitalization with the Harrington Seed Destructor." Weed Science 65, no. 5 (July 24, 2017): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.23.

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The Harrington Seed Destructor (HSD), a novel weed control technology, has been highly effective in Australian cropping systems. To investigate its applicability to conditions in western Canada, stationary threshing was conducted to determine the impact of weed species, seed size, seed number, chaff load, and chaff type on efficacy of seed destruction. Control varied depending on species, with a range of 97.7% to 99.8%. Sieve-sized volunteer canola seed had a linear relationship of increasing control with increasing 1,000-seed weight. However, with greater than 98% control across all tested seed weights, it is unlikely that seed size alone will significantly influence control. Consistently high levels of control were observed at all tested seed densities (10 seeds to 1 million seeds). The response of weed seed control to chaff load was quadratic, but a narrow range of consistently high control (>97%) was again observed. Chaff type had a significant effect on weed seed control (98% to 98.6%); however, seed control values in canola chaff were likely confounded by a background presence of volunteer canola. Overall, the five parameters studied statistically influence control of weed seeds with the HSD. However, small differences between treatments are unlikely to affect the biological impact of the machine, which provides high levels of control for those weed seeds that can be introduced into the harvester.

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Togashi, Katsumi, and Shigeru Hoshino. "Distribution pattern and mortality of the white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), among rice seeds." Nematology 3, no. 1 (2001): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101300106847.

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AbstractAphelenchoides besseyi is a seed-borne nematode and the causal agent of rice white tip disease. To determine the relationships between nematode numbers per seed, size of seed harbouring nematodes, and nematode mortality, 18 panicles were collected from 12 paddy fields showing three different levels of white tip disease. The panicles were investigated after storage for 30-82 days at 4°C. There was no nematode mortality within seeds during storage. Mean nematode number per seed increased and mean degree of seed swelling decreased as the paddy field infestation of white tip disease increased. For paddy field means, there was a significant, negative correlation between the mean nematode number per seed and the mean degree of rice seed swelling. Intriguingly, for individual seeds, the mean degree of swelling increased up to that typical of well-developed seeds with increasing nematode number per seed. Nematode mortality occurred in an inversely density-dependent fashion within individual seeds. The nematode exhibited a clumped distribution among seeds in each paddy field. Such ecological features of the nematode might contribute to its persistence in rice plant population.

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Asaduzzaman, Md, Md Mainul Hasan, Md Mahmudul Hasan, Md Moniruzzaman, and Mohammad Humayun Kabir Howlander. "Effect of bulb size and plant spacing on seed production of onion (Allium cepa L.)." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 3 (October 7, 2012): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i3.12084.

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A field experiment was conducted at the `Research Farm` of Regional Seed Production Office of Lal Teer Seed Limited, Dinajpur, Bangladesh during November 2008 to April 2009. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of bulb size and planting spacing on seed production of cultivar Taherpuri onion. Three bulb sizes [small (5±2g), medium (10±2g), and large (15±2g)] and four planting spacing [closest 25×15, closer 25×20, wider 30×15, and widest 30×20cm] was considered in this experiment. Number of flowering stalks, length of flowering stalks, number of umbels per plant, number seeded fruits, seed weight per umbel, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per hectare were measured to assess the onion seeds. The results revealed that the highest seed yield (776.67 kg) per hectare was obtained from the large bulb (15±2g) with the closest spacing of 25×15cm followed by small bulb size of same spacing. The maximum number of flowers per umbel (371.39), seed weight per umbel (0.80g) and 1000-seed weight (3.92g) were obtained from the largest bulb size (15±2g) with widest (30×20cm) planting spacing. Hence, large bulb size with closest plant spacing is suggested for onion seed production in northern part of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 37(3): 405-414, September 2012 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v37i3.12084

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Turgeon, Jean J., Chuck Jones, and M. Isabel Bellocq. "Seed cone traits and insect damage in Tsuga canadensis (Pinaceae)." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x03-190.

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We measured seed cones of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, assessed seed potential (number of fertile scales × 2) and seed efficiency (number of filled seeds/seed potential), and estimated the impact of Eupithecia mutata Pearsall (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) and Megastigmus hoffmeyeri Walley (Hymenoptera: Torymidae) on seed production. Mean length, width, and volume of healthy cones varied little among sites from Ontario. Cones had about 28 scales; 13 were sterile. Seed potential and seed efficiency differed among sites, ranging from 25 to 31 ovules and 24% to 72%, respectively. The number of scales (both sterile and fertile) increased with cone volume, but the proportion of fertile scales was independent of cone size. The maximum proportion of cones infested by E. mutata was 21%. On average, each larva destroyed >90% of the filled seeds from each cone, thus from a practical perspective, the proportion of T. canadensis seeds destroyed per site was equivalent to the proportion of seed cones infested. The proportion of cones infested by M. hoffmeyeri ranged from 9% to 40%, but the proportion of seeds destroyed per site (range: 1.1%6.1%) was much lower than that of E. mutata. The maximum number of M. hoffmeyeri-infested seeds per cone was seven. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting cone traits of T. canadensis and the impact of E. mutata and M. hoffmeyeri.

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Sekhon, H. S., and M. Singh. "Optimizing seed rate and stem density for seed potato production." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 1 (August 1985): 189–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600055866.

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Previous investigations (e.g. Bates, 1935; Singh, 1952; Bremner & Taha, 1966; Sharpe & Dent, 1968) established that increase in the size of potato seed planted and decrease in inter-sett spaoing increased the number of stems and of tubers, resulting in yield advantage generally, but reduced tuber size in the produce. The use of large seed and of close spacing are, therefore, generally preferred for growing a seed crop. However, their use involves higher seed rates, especially when the two are combined. At high seed rates the improvement in yield with increased seed rate may not be commensurate with the extra investment in seed, beoause of the associated increase in inter-sprout and inter-tuber competition. The severity of the competition may be intensified when some factor, for example water, limits tuber growth (Singh, 1952). As the number of stems is not a simple multiple of seed weight, because of the phenomenon of ‘apical dominance’ in potato tubers, it may be desirable to plant small seed or ‘chats’ closely, without increasing seed rate unduly, to optimize stem density without sacrificing net yield (total yield –seed planted). To investigate this, a seed size and spacing experiment was conducted under irrigated conditions in the autumn crop season.

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Struve, D. K., J. B. Jett, S. E. McKeand, and G. P. Cannon. "Subsoiling in a loblolly pine seed orchard: effects on seed quality." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x89-077.

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An 8-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seed orchard was subsoiled by making one (single-rip treatment) or three (multiple-rip treatment) parallel rips on opposite sides of the trees. A nonsubsoil (control) treatment was also included. Seeds were extracted and sized into small, medium, and large. Subsoiling treatments had no effect on number or percentage of small, medium, and large seeds. The multiple-rip treatment produced significantly more seeds per cone than the control treatment, but no more than the single-rip treatment. Seed size did not affect seed germination, but strong clonal effects in seed quality and vigor occurred. There was no effect of any of the subsoiling treatments on seed germination. Any subsoiling treatments used to enhance tree vigor or to alleviate soil compaction in a seed orchard should have minimal influence on seed quality.

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Agustin, Jorge Andres, Matha Soto, Franco Famiani, and Juan Guillermo Cruz-Castillo. "In Situ Characterization of Fruits and Seeds of a Number of White Sapote (Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex.) Accessions in Mexico." HortScience 52, no. 12 (December 2017): 1849–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12432-17.

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Fifty-six accessions of white sapote (Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex.) grown in situ in 11 municipalities in the state of Michoacán, Mexico, were characterized using 14 morphometric variables (six of fruit and eight of seed). There was a high cv for fruit weight (0.50), the number of developed seeds (NDS) (0.48), and total seed weight (0.45). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the main differences among the C. edulis accessions were fruit weight, seed projected area, Feret diameter (FD), the length of polar and equatorial axes of the fruit, the number of undeveloped seeds (NUS), the NDS, hardness of the skin (HS), and total soluble solids content of the fruits. Three groups of accessions were determined by cluster analysis (CA). The first group was made up of 53 accessions with intermediate values of fruit size and seed size. The second group, comprising two accessions, had the lowest values of fruit size. The third group showed an outstanding individual with the highest values for fruit size/weight, seed weight, and total soluble solids. Through an in-depth examination of the genotypes of the first group, four genotypes were identified for their positive characteristics. The results indicate an extremely high variability in the fruit and seed characteristics produced by different trees/genotypes of white sapote in Mexico. Hence, an initial, preliminary individuation/selection of five genotypes could be considered for the development of new cultivars for establishing white sapote orchards in Mexico.

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Xiao, Wenjun, Shuai Hu, Xiaoxiao Zou, Ruqiong Cai, Rui Liao, Xiaoxia Lin, Ruifeng Yao, and Xinhong Guo. "Lectin receptor-like kinase LecRK-VIII.2 is a missing link in MAPK signaling-mediated yield control." Plant Physiology 187, no. 1 (May 22, 2021): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiab241.

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Abstract The energy allocation for vegetative and reproductive growth is regulated by developmental signals and environmental cues, which subsequently affects seed output. However, the molecular mechanism underlying how plants coordinate yield-related traits to control yield in changing source–sink relationships remains largely unknown. Here, we discovered the lectin receptor-like kinase LecRK-VIII.2 as a specific receptor-like kinase that coordinates silique number, seed size, and seed number to determine seed yield in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The lecrk-VIII.2 mutants develop smaller seeds, but more siliques and seeds, leading to increased yield. In contrast, the plants overexpressing LecRK-VIII.2 form bigger seeds, but less siliques and seeds, which results in similar yield to that of wild-type plants. Interestingly, LecRK-VIII.2 promotes the growth of the rosette, root, and stem by coordinating the source–sink relationship. Additionally, LecRK-VIII.2 positively regulates cell expansion and proliferation in the seed coat, and maternally controls seed size. The genetic and biochemical analyses demonstrated that LecRK-VIII.2 acts upstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) gene MPK6 to regulate silique number, seed size, and seed number. Collectively, these findings uncover LecRK-VIII.2 as an upstream component of the MAPK signaling pathway to control yield-related traits and suggest its potential for crop improvement aimed at developing plants with stable yield, a robust root system, and improved lodging resistance.

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Ahmed, S., MA Rahim, M. Moniruzzaman, MA Khatun, FN Jahan, and R. Akter. "Effect of Bulb Sizes on the Seed Yield of Two Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Varieties." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 18, no. 2 (January 4, 2021): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v18i2.51108.

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An experiment was carried out at Horticulture Farm of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period from October 2018 to March 2019 to examine the effects of different bulb size viz., large size bulb (15±1 g), medium size bulb (10±1 g), small size bulb (7±1 g) on seed production of two onion varieties (Taherpuri and Kalash Nagari). Significant variation observed in both varieties for most of the parameters based on onion bulb size. The variety Kalash Nagari showed better performances compared to variety Taherpuri. After 60 days of planting, Kalash Nagari variety gave the highest plant height (55.07 cm), number of leaves (20.62), stalk length (100.78 cm), and total seed yield (630 kg ha-1), while in Taherpuri plant height, leaf number, stalk length and total seed weight were 32.21 cm, 6.93, 61.47 cm and 270 kg ha-1, respectively. Large sized bulb gave better performance compared to small sized bulb. The large sized bulb gave highest plant height (49.83 cm) and highest total seed yield (490 kg ha-1). Medium size bulb gave the seed yield (460 kg ha-1) and lowest in small size bulb (390 kg ha-1). Seed yield was significantly affected by the combined effects of variety and bulb size. Kalash Nagari onion with large sized bulb gave the highest seed yield (660 kg ha-1) and Taherpuri variety with small sized bulb gave the lowest seed yield (180 kg ha-1). SAARC J. Agri., 18(2): 51-65 (2020)

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Yu, Anmin, Zaiqing Wang, Yang Zhang, Fei Li, and Aizhong Liu. "Global Gene Expression of Seed Coat Tissues Reveals a Potential Mechanism of Regulating Seed Size Formation in Castor Bean." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 6 (March 14, 2019): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20061282.

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The physiological and molecular basis of seed size formation is complex, and the development of seed coat (derived from integument cells) might be a critical factor that determines seed size formation for many endospermic seeds. Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), a model system of studying seed biology, has large and persistent endosperm with a hard seed coat at maturity. Here, we investigated the potential molecular mechanisms underlying seed size formation in castor bean by comparing the difference between global gene expression within developing seed coat tissues between the large-seed ZB107 and small-seed ZB306. First, we observed the cell size of seed coat and concluded that the large seed coat area of ZB107 resulted from more cell numbers (rather than cell size). Furthermore, we found that the lignin proportion of seed coat was higher in ZB306. An investigation into global gene expression of developing seed coat tissues revealed that 815 genes were up-regulated and 813 were down-regulated in ZB306 relative to ZB107. Interestingly, we found that many genes involved in regulating cell division were up-regulated in ZB107, whereas many genes involved in regulating lignin biosynthesis (including several NAC members, as well as MYB46/83 and MYB58/63) and in mediating programmed cell death (such as CysEP1 and βVPE) were up-regulated in ZB306. Furthermore, the expression patterns of the genes mentioned above indicated that the lignification of seed coat tissues was enhanced and occurred earlier in the developing seeds of ZB306. Taken together, we tentatively proposed a potential scenario for explaining the molecular mechanisms of seed coat governing seed size formation in castor bean by increasing the cell number and delaying the onset of lignification in seed coat tissues in large-seed ZB107. This study not only presents new information for possible modulation of seed coat related genes to improve castor seed yield, but also provides new insights into understanding the molecular basis of seed size formation in endospermic seeds with hard seed coat.

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Morley, Thomas. "A New Species of Votomita (Melastomataceae) from Venezuela, with Thoughts on Ovule and Seed Number and Seed Size." Novon 9, no. 2 (1999): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3391807.

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MÄKELÄ, P., and M. KOUSA. "Seed production of two meadow fescue cultivars differing in growth habit." Agricultural and Food Science 18, no. 1 (December 4, 2008): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960609788066834.

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Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) is grown widely in the Nordic countries in forage grass mixtures. Locally adapted cultivars are preferred for establishment of mixed swards. Meadow fescue seed yield is determined by seed weight, the number of panicle bearing tillers, size of panicles and the number of fertile florets. We aimed to determine the differences in components of seed yield in two different meadow fescue cultivars differing in forage quality; Kalevi, released in 1979, and Fure, released in 1999. Biomass accumulation was monitored, numbers of fertile and sterile florets, and seeds were counted, and the forage quality was analysed. Seed quality was also analysed. Fure was leafier and accumulated more vegetative biomass than Kalevi. Kalevi had significantly more panicles than Fure, although Fure compensated for the lower number of panicles with increased panicle size. There were no differences in number of sterile and aborted florets between cultivars. Based on the results it seems that these two meadow fescue cultivars have a completely different strategy in seed production even though the final seed yield was not markedly different. It is apparent that meadow fescues have good ability to compensate among the components of seed yield. Long-term field experiments should be conducted to investigate the interactions between plant stand ecology, seed production and cultivation technology.;

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Wulandari, Arum Sekar, and Ferawati Oktia Nurhayani. "Morfologi Dan Mutu Fisik Benih Kenanga (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson forma genuina)." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 10, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.10.2.95-99.

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Cananga is one of the forestry plant that has high economic value and benefits. The provision of high-quality seed is necessary for establishy cananga plantation. The aim of this study was to observe the fruit morphology and analyze the physical quality of cananga seeds. This research method consisted of (1) morphological observation of seed (fruit size, number of seeds per fruit, and their correlation); (2) physical quality testing of seed (the weight of 1 000 seeds and seed moisture content). The observations showed that the fruit length were 7.40-27.5 mm, width 0.43-16.63 mm and weight 0.36-2.88 grams. The size of fruit have significant effect on the number of seeds in the fruit, there are 1-12 seeds in one cananga fruit. There are approximately 16 000 seeds in 1 kg of cananga seed. Seed moisture content of fruit that taken from tree (51.20-59.20%) is higher than seed water content of fruits that fall due to ripe physiologically (34.57-37.82%). Key words: cananga, morphological, physical quality, seed

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CHAROENSUK, Anun, Mullica JAROENSUTASINEE, and Krisanadej JAROENSUTASINEE. "Seed Production and Seedling Establishment of Parah Trees in Khao Nan National Park, Thailand." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 15, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2018.3928.

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Parah (Elateriospermum tapos Blume) is a native species of southern Thailand, and is a dominant tree in Khao Nan National Park. There have been few studies of Parah seeds or of seedling establishment. Biotic and abiotic environmental factors interact with seeds and may affect the future of tree populations. This is the first study to determine the factors affecting seeds and seedlings of Parah trees in Khao Nan National Park, Thailand, during 2014 - 2016. We tested 3 factors: (1) parental tree diameter at breast height (DBH), (2) altitude, and (3) distance from the main road. We studied seeds collected from trees, seeds harvested by humans, seed predation, seeds left on the forest floor, and rotten seeds. We measured seed weight, seed size, seedling height, and seedling root collar diameter (RCD). Our results showed that the number of seeds and seedlings per tree, seed weight, seed size, seed harvesting, seed predation, seeds left on the forest floor, rotten seeds, and seedling height varied between the years of study. There was no difference in seeds harvested by humans from 2014 - 2016. The number of seeds per tree and seeds harvested by humans were positively associated with parental tree DBH in 2015 and 2016. The number of seeds left on the forest floor was positively associated with parental tree DBH, and distance from the main road, but was negatively associated with altitude, in 2015, and there was no association in 2016. The number of seeds predated by frugivores was positively associated with altitude in 2016. The number of seedlings per tree was positively associated with distance from the main road. Seedling height was positively associated with distance from the main road, and negatively associated with tree DBH in 2015 and altitude in both years. We found significant results which led to the conclusion that seed production and seeds harvested by humans were positively associated with parental tree size.

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Shafiei, Daryoush, and Prof Basavaiah*. "Screening of F1 progeny for selection of superior hybrids in mulberry (Morus spp.) - A simple approach PART I: Screening of seedlings in relation to seed size." International Journal of Bioassays 6, no. 2 (January 31, 2017): 5256. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2017.02.005.

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In mulberry (Morus spp.), the process of selection of promising hybrids from F1 population requires the screening of a large number of progenies and a long period. To develop a simple and faster approach for screening, studies were conducted using F1 seeds of two crosses. The details of screening studies conducted in relation to seed-size and seedling-size are reported separately in two parts. In this part, the F1 seeds were size-graded as small, medium and large seeds; their progenies were raised separately and screened in nursery. There was a considerable degree of variation in size of seeds and medium-size class seeds were in high percentage in both the crosses. The length, width and weight of seeds were also varied between the seed size classes significantly in both the crosses. The seed size classes differ with high significance in shoot length and Root collar diameter and also differ significantly in root length and weight of seedlings. The positive correlation between the seed size and growth of seedlings, seed size and germination, seed size and seedling survival in nursery indicated that size-grading of seeds and rejection of small seeds in the beginning of screening process may help to increase the efficiency of screening by increasing the chances of getting superior hybrids from limited progenies. However, confirmation on the performance of large seedlings from small seed size class may help to draw conclusion. Hence, the studies are continued with size- grading of seedlings in the next part of screening study.

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Azeredo, Gilvaneide Alves, Rinaldo César de Paula, and Sérgio Valiengo Valeri. "ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. SEED LOTS CLASSIFIED BY SIZE AND COLOR." Revista Árvore 40, no. 5 (October 2016): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000500009.

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ABSTRACT Among the most widely used tests for evaluating seed vigor, electrical conductivity (EC) stands out as one of the most promising due to its speed and simplicity. This study aimed to verify if the EC test could be used to evaluate the physiological quality of seed lots of Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. A seed lot, which was classified by seed tegument color and size, was used based on seed retention in round-hole screens, sizes 11 and 15, constituting 10 sub-lots. Prior to germination and the EC test, the seeds were immersed in concentrated sulfuric acid for 20 minutes in order to overcome tegument dormancy. During the EC test, we soaked seeds in 75 mL of water at 25 ºC and tested eight soaking periods (2, 4, 6, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) and two seed quantities (25 and 50) per replicate. The EC test, regardless of the number of seeds or soaking period, was not adequate for evaluating the physiological quality of color- or size-classified seed lots from P. moniliformis Benth. .

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Parciak, Wendy. "ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION IN SEED NUMBER, SIZE, AND DISPERSAL OF A FLESHY-FRUITED PLANT." Ecology 83, no. 3 (March 2002): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[0780:evisns]2.0.co;2.

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Mian, A. R., and E. D. Nafziger. "Seed Size Effects on Emergence, Head Number, and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat." Journal of Production Agriculture 5, no. 2 (April 1992): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1992.0265.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Seed size and number'

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