Relevant bibliographies by topics / Seed size and number

Academic literature on the topic 'Seed size and number'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Seed size and number"

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Aniszewski, T. "Seed Number, Seed Size and Seed Diversity in Washington Lupin (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.)." Annals of Botany 87, no. 1 (January 2001): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1300.

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Jakobsson, Anna, and Ove Eriksson. "A comparative study of seed number, seed size, seedling size and recruitment in grassland plants." Oikos 88, no. 3 (March 2000): 494–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880304.x.

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Philbrick, C. Thomas, and R. Alejandro Novelo. "Ovule number, seed number and seed size in Mexican and North American species of Podostemaceae." Aquatic Botany 57, no. 1-4 (June 1997): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3770(96)01121-7.

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SRIPHADET, S., P. KASEMSAP, and P. SRINIVES. "Effect of leaflet size and number on agronomic and physiological traits of mungbean." Journal of Agricultural Science 148, no. 3 (March 5, 2010): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610000122.

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SUMMARYThe current work was designed to compare 13 agronomic and four physiological traits in mungbean isogenic lines (ILs) with different leaflet sizes and numbers. The IL population was developed from a cross made in 2006 at Kasetsart University, Thailand, between two pure lines (one with five small and the other with seven large leaflets), followed by continuous selfing of the progenies until F6. The resulting four IL families each exhibited seven leaflet types, viz. three normal-sized leaflets per leaf, seven large leaflets, nine large, five small, seven small, nine small or 11 small. A trial was conducted in 2008 to compare the 28 ILs using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The large multiple-leaflet lines gave higher values for seeds/pod, pod size, seed weight, seed yield, leaf area, leaf area index and proportion of light interception, but fewer clusters of pods, branches and pods per plant than the small multiple-leaflet ILs. Seed yield/plant was positively correlated with pods/plant, seeds/pod, mean seed weight, light interception, leaf area and plant height at maturity. Leaflet size showed association with more traits than did leaflet number.
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Stöcklin, Jürg. "Differences in life history traits of relatedEpilobium species: Clonality, seed size and seed number." Folia Geobotanica 34, no. 1 (March 1999): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02803073.

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Briggs, Keith G. "Spatial variation in seed size and seed set on spikes of some Canadian spring wheat cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-011.

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The seed size (mass) distribution of grain on individual spikes of four Canadian wheat cultivars (Glenlea, HY320, Pitic 62 and Neepawa, Triticum aestivum L.) was determined on plant samples from two replicates of the 1984 High Yielding Wheat Cooperative trial grown at Ellerslie, Alberta. Specific grain mass was determined for individual floret locations on all spikes of each plant, and sterile floret locations were also determined. For all four cultivars the maximum amount of seed size variation from the samples was attributable to variation at the floret level, accounting for 92% of the seed size variance of Pitic 62, down to 74% for Neepawa. Neepawa differed from the other three cultivars in demonstrating a high (20%) and significant variance in seed size attributable to spikelet position. Pitic 62 was the only cultivar of the four that demonstrated significant variance (12%) due to plant differences within replicates. Consistent with previous literature, approximately 50% of total plant yield was accounted for by the mainstem spike, decreasing to 8 to 15% on the third spike. The mean number of seeds spike−1 on the mainstem was 26.8 (Neepawa), 35.9 (Glenlea), 46.8 (HY320) and 48.6 (Pitic 62), but this number decreased in response to tiller order, as did seed mass and floret fertility. Quadratic functions were calculated fitting seed mass to floret position (1 proximal to 4 distal), and were significant in all cases, with R2 values of 63% for Neepawa, 56% for Glenlea, 82% for Pitic 62 and 89% for HY320. The fitted quadratics suggest an optimization of seed size at floret site 2 for some cultivars, with a rapid decrease in seed size at floret sites 3 and 4, especially for the high-yielding cultivars Glenlea and Pitic 62. Fourth florets of the latter cultivars were shown in frequency distributions to produce seeds smaller than the mean seed size of the Neepawa seed size expected at Florets 1, 2 and 3. Large negative skewnesses for seed size for Glenlea, HY320 and Pitic 62 also underscored the tendency for the high-yielding cultivars to produce relatively large numbers of small seeds. Although determined in only one site-year, these differences in seed size distribution pattern amongst cultivars are of major significance to visual identification systems. Large-seeded, high-yielding wheats in pure stand can be expected to produce a significant number of small-seeded kernels that might be confused by visual inspection with CWRS seed type. Key words: Grain, grading, cultivar registration, seed identification, high-yielding wheats
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Petit, Sophie, Manfred Jusaitis, and Doug Bickerton. "Effect of pollen load, self-pollination and plant size on seeds and germination in the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid, Caladenia behrii." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 4 (2009): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08117.

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Caladenia behrii Schltdl. (Orchidaceae) (syn. Arachnorchis behrii) is a sexually deceptive, endangered orchid that produces aggregated pollen as pollinia. It is pollinated by a thynnine wasp, and may also be pollinated incidentally by other insects. Pollinator effectiveness may depend on the number of pollinia that pollinators carry and deposit, and on whether they mediate cross-pollination or self-pollination. To understand the role of pollinators and guide conservation programs, we determined the effect of pollen load (one pollinium v. two pollinia) and self-pollination on seed number, seed (embryo) size and germination at 35 days. We also examined the effect of plant size on seed size and seed number. By using partial correlations with leaf width, seed size, seed number, capsule volume and stem length, we found that leaf width was a good predictor for seed number, and that seed size was not correlated with any of the variables examined. Flowers pollinated with one pollinium and two pollinia did not produce seeds that differed in size or number. Cross-pollinated flowers produced fewer but larger seeds, which germinated faster than did seeds from self-pollinated flowers. We conclude that seed production in the field may be estimated from leaf size, that pollinators carrying one pollinium are as effective as those carrying two pollinia and that selfing affects germination negatively, partly because of the smaller size of selfed seeds. Conservation programs aiming to perform hand-pollination of this species should use crossing with a single pollinium.
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P., Navitha, Sujatha K., and Beaulah A. "Effect Effect of fruit size on physiological seed quality parameters of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 11, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v11i2.2046.

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An experiment was carried out at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2018 to find out the effect of fruit size on physiological seed quality of cucumber. Variation in fruit size of cucumber results in poor quality seeds. In order to overcome this obstacle fruit grading was done based on weight of fruit to obtain good quality seeds. Harvested fruits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) were categorized based on the weight into three different groups viz., Big (2.41kg), medium (1.66kg) and small (1.28kg). Observations on fruit and seed quality parameters were recorded. The results revealed that medium sized fruits recorded higher values compared to big and small sized fruits. The number of seeds/fruit recorded higher in medium sized fruit (935 numbers) followed by small (896 numbers) and big (876 numbers) sized fruits. The big, medium and small fruits were recovered to 1.52 %, 1.06% and 0.58% seeds respectively. The physiological quality characters measured in terms of seed germination revealed that seeds of medium sized fruits were recorded higher (80%) followed by seeds of big (82%) and small (65%). The seedling vigour measured through root (17.08cm) and shoot length (14.45cm), dry matter production (0.85g 10 seedlings-1) and vigour index (2522) also proved the superiority in medium sized fruits.
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Gaol, Mangadas Lumban, and J. E. D. Fox. "Pengaruh Variasi Ukuran Biji Terhadap Perkecambahan Acacia Fauntleroyi (Maiden) Maiden and Blakely." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2009): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.14.2.20096.

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The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent are germination of A. fauntleroyi affected by seed size. Does pre-treatment improve germination? Under what temperature regime does most seed germinate? Three seed size classes (small, medium and large) were chosen. Seeds were pre-treatments either at ambient, 50°C, 75°C or 100°C and incubated at 15°C or 30°C. Then, number of seed that germinate and speed of germination were measure. Five seeds representing each of small, medium and large seed sizes were also selected and the seed coat thickness measured. Seed size, pre-treatment temperature and incubation temperature all affected the number of seed that germinated. Pre-treatment temperature affected germination more than incubation temperature. Incubation temperature affected germination more than seed size. The interaction of seed size and pre-treatment temperature was stronger than that between seed size and incubation temperature. Small seeds produce less germination than medium or large seeds, however small seed germinated sooner. Seed coat thickness varied among seed sizes. Thinner seed coats occur in smaller than larger seeds.
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Morozowska, Maria, and Roman Hołubowicz. "Effect of bulb size on selected morphological characteristics of seed stalks, seed yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds." Folia Horticulturae 21, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2013-0123.

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Abstract In the years 2002 − 2004 research was carried out on the effect of onion (Allium cepa L.) ‘Wolska’ bulb size on selected morphological characteristics of seed stalks, seed yield and quality. Commercial bulbs (vernalised, one-year-old mother bulbs) were divided into three groups: small, medium and large, with diameters of 4.2-5.3 cm, 5.4-6.3 cm and 6.4-8.5 cm, respectively. Then, the bulbs of each group were planted in the field and grown routinely with the purpose of producing seeds. The following characters were measured on the seed stalks: number and height of seed stalks grown out from one bulb, the seed stalks’ diameter at the height of 10 cm above the ground, the diameter of the inflorescence, seed yield from a single stalk and from the entire plant, the weight of 1000 seeds, number of seeds in 1 g, length and width of the seeds, length and width of the embryos, and germination energy and capacity. Our experiments showed a significant influence of bulb size on the number of seed stalks and the inflorescence diameter. It was discovered that the big bulbs gave larger numbers of seed stalks than the seed stalks grown from the medium and small ones. Small bulbs gave seed stalks with smaller inflorescences than the medium and large ones. The bulb size had no effect on the seed stalk height or their diameter when measured at the level of 10 cm above the ground. The bulb size also did not affect seed yield per one seed stalk, but it did affect the seed yield obtained from the entire plant, which was bigger for plants grown from large bulbs in comparison with the small ones. The size of the bulbs had no effect on either the weight of 1000 seeds or the number of seeds in 1 g. It did not affect either the seed and embryo length and width or the seed germination energy and capacity.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Seed size and number"

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Goszka, Abigail R. "Seed Production and Seed Quality in Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564752025178858.

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Freewalt, Keith. "Creation of a High Density Soybean Linkage Map, QTL Mapping and the Effects of Marker Number, Population Size and Significance Threshold on Characterization of Quantitative Trait Loci." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1402656287.

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Easton, Lyndlee Carol, and lyndlee easton@flinders edu au. "LIFE HISTORY STRATEGIES OF AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE HALOPHYTE AND ARID ZONE GENUS FRANKENIA L. (FRANKENIACEAE)." Flinders University. Biological Sciences, 2008. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20081124.105244.

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This thesis is a comparative study of the life history strategies, and in particular seed germination requirements, in Australian species of the halophyte plant genus Frankenia L. (Frankeniaceae). Frankenia is a cosmopolitan genus that occurs in Mediterranean, semi-arid, and arid regions on distinctive soil types – commonly on saline, sodic or gypseous soils – in habitats such as coastal cliffs, and on the margins of salt lakes, salt-pans and saltmarshes (Summerhayes 1930; Barnsley 1982). The plants are small shrubs or cushion-bushes with pink, white or pale purple flowers, and salt-encrusted recurved leaves. This project investigates germination requirements for Frankenia in relation to seed age, light requirements, temperature preferences, salinity tolerance, and soil characteristics. It also explores two divergent reproductive strategies – notably seed packaging strategies – in relation to environmental variables. Within the 46 currently recognized endemic Australia species, some species have a few ovules per flower and produce only a few larger seeds per fruit, while other species have many ovules per flower and produce many small seeds per fruit. Large-seededness is thought to increase the probability of successful seedling establishment in drought and salt-stressed environments. As both larger- and smaller-seeded species of Frankenia co-occur in close geographical proximity, hypotheses regarding the advantages of large-seededness in stress environments can be tested. By restricting the analysis of seed mass variation to similar habitats and within a single plant genus, it is possible to test ecological correlates that would otherwise be masked by the strong effects of habitat differences and phylogenetic constraints. Overall, larger-seeded Frankenia species were demonstrated to be advantageous for rapid germination after transitory water availability, and for providing resources to seedlings if resources became limiting before their successful establishment. Smaller-seeded species delayed germination until both soil-water availability and cooler temperatures persisted over a longer time period, improving chances of successful establishment for the more slowly growing seedlings that are more reliant on their surroundings for resources. This study produces information on the seed and seedling biology of many Australian species of Frankenia including several that are of conservation significance, e.g. F. crispa with its isolated populations, and the rare and endangered F. plicata. This information is important for the development of conservation management plans for these and other arid zone, halophyte species. In addition, the results of this study are of practical significance in determining the suitability of Frankenia for inclusion in salinity remediation and mine-site rehabilitation projects, and for promoting Frankenia as a drought and salt tolerant garden plant.
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Ndirangu, Christopher Mwangi. "Soybean seed yield and size as influenced by row spacing and seeding rate and seed-size heritability." Diss., This resource online, 1997. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10052007-143343/.

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Bandekar, Neha Keshav. "Correlation of Neuron Size and Number with Brain Size in Bumblebees." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612851.

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Over the past several decades, cell size and its resulting effects on tissue and organ function, as well as on its overall ability of the animal to perform complex tasks, has been studied extensively. Neuronal size (diameter of individual neurons) could have an influence on intelligence, brain capacity, and ability to perform complex behavioral tasks. Furthermore, there appears to be an increase in number of neurons with an increase in brain size in vertebrates. In insects, increased neuron number has also been correlated with more complex behavior. In this thesis, I test the hypothesis that the neuronal number and/or neuronal size correlate with the brain size using an insect model. This may help elucidate the apparent positive correlation between brain size and intelligence. To achieve this goal, I used a species of bumblebee, Bombus impatiens. Bumblebee workers vary extensively in brain and body size and weight, therefore allowing comparison between individuals of the same species. Workers within a colony differ in size and the amount of work a worker does depends on their body size. Larger sized workers have more foraging capability than smaller sized workers and foraging requires a more demanding sensory integration and memory capacity. In my study, it was found that brain volume was positively correlated with bee body size. Three cell body regions of the brain were further analyzed: inside of the mushroom body calyces, a cell body region next to the lobula, and cell bodies associated with the antennal lobe. No significant correlations between neuron number per unit of volume (neuron density) and brain volume were found. Assuming similar neuronal density in large and small brains, increased brain size is thus correlated with an overall increased neuron number.
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Hobson, Jennifer M. "Spring seeding, seed size and seed pathology of North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40417.pdf.

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Norem, Margaret A. "Box Number Two Arrives at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault." University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556792.

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Larios, Cárdenas Eugenio. "Seed size selection in the wild in Dithyrea californica." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321321.

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Seed size is regarded as a functional trait with very important consequences for the fitness of plant species. Seedlings emerging from larger seeds are more competitive but are more costly to produce than seedlings from smaller seeds. Seed size is also a trait with transgenerational effects, affecting both the fitness of the parent as well as that of the offspring. Theory on the evolution of offspring size predicts an optimum balance between size and number, seen from the parent's perspective; while empirical studies often show selection for larger seeds, seen from the offspring's perspective. Seed size selection arising from post germination traits is, however, often not unidirectional, nor operating with the same strength in all life history stages of the plant. Seed size selection is also environmentally dependent. Even environmental influence might not operate with the same consistency and strength uniformly through the plant's life cycle. This dissertation is intended to study these questions concerning the dynamics of seed size selection in the wild. This work is to my knowledge, the first to document how seed size selection operates through the whole life cycle, with naturally germinated annual plants from the Sonoran Desert. In my first chapter I explored the offspring fitness consequences of seed size in a multiyear observational study using plant demography and relating vital rates (germination, survival, and fecundity) to the size of the seeds that originate individual plants and the environmental variables of precipitation and competition. I detected positive directional selection operating both through survival and fecundity. Water availability increased both survival and fecundity but also strengthened survival selection and had no effect on fecundity selection. Competition detrimental effects were only observed in fecundity but not in plant survival. In my second chapter I ask whether seed size-specific germination could influence seed size selection later in the life cycle. We found that because germination is differential in relation to seed size, the time of optimal conditions for germination in the field would determine the variance of seed size in the germinated fraction and thus influencing the strength of seed size selection operating through survival. In my third chapter I explored the dispersal consequences of phenotypic plasticity in seed provisioning. We found that mother plants that experienced more competition made smaller seeds and affected the seed dispersal process. Smaller seeds were better able to disperse farther away from their mothers and therefore increased their probability of escaping competition in the next growing season. These studies demonstrated that seed size selection varies through the life cycle and in intensity depending on interactions with the environment.
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Ramirez, Herbert 1959. "Flower and seed size in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291929.

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This study was designed to explore correlations between flower and seed characters and the relationship of flower and seed characters to yield. Thirty six lines selected from Composite Cross XXXII material were planted in a randomized block design with four replications. At anthesis, spikes from each plot were collected and fixed in 70% alcohol. At the same time, an equivalent spike was tagged to be harvested at maturity. Measurements of flower characters were made on the preserved spikes and seed. Length, width and weight were obtained on the mature spikes. Flower volume was calculated by multiplying the area of lemma and palea by flower thickness. Correlations indicated that selection for flower characters at anthesis would be an effective selection technique for seed characters.
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Hughes, Rhiannon. "Determinants of seed size and yield in Arabidopsis thaliana." Thesis, University of Bath, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.519024.

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It is becoming increasingly important to improve the yield of seed crops to feed an expanding population and, more recently, to cope with additional strains on food-oriented agriculture posed by biofuel production and global climate change. One strategy to increase yield is to increase seed size. However in nature, due to the limited resources of the mother plant, an enlarged seed size is often associated with a concomitant reduction in seed number. Using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, a biotechnological approach to increase seed size through the modification of the triploid endosperm or the ovule integuments was shown to be a viable strategy to improve seed yield. Targeted over-expression of the ANT transcription factor specifically within the endosperm significantly increased seed size without negative effects on fertility. Overcoming compromised fertility in arf2 mutants established that ARF2 and the integuments are important factors in determining seed size and yield. To ensure agronomic relevance, both the gross yield and the harvest index (HI, ratio of seed yield to biological yield) were used to assess the impact of traits, such as increased integument size, introduced into Arabidopsis. To uncover novel regulators of seed size and further develop the current understanding of seed development, second-site mutations were induced in the auxin response factor 2 (arf2) mutant, which produces large seeds due to extra cell division in the ovule integuments. The ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY 4 (ACR4) gene was identified as a suppressor of the arf2 seed phenotype. In arf2-8 acr4 double mutants, an additive effect on cell proliferation was observed, indicating that ACR4 affects the seed coat through a developmental pathway independent of ARF2. Natural variation present in Arabidopsis was used to study seed yield and its components. Considerable variation in seed size, yield and HI was revealed. Significantly, high seed weight was not associated with high yield or high HI. In contrast, high seed number and reduced plant stature were revealed as important components of high yield and yield efficiency. Additionally, ERECTA was identified as a potential ‘Green Revolution’ gene. Seed size in Arabidopsis was shown to be an extremely plastic trait in response to alterations in the post-flowering source-sink ratio, increasing by 35.0 – 66.2% in the ecotypes tested. Furthermore, a difference in seed weight between restricted (high source-sink ratio) and unrestricted (low source-sink ratio) pollinations was first observed remarkably early in seed development. However, reducing seed number by restricting pollination did not substantially alter integument or endosperm development in order to facilitate increased nutrient uptake.
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Books on the topic "Seed size and number"

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ill, Hoban Lillian, ed. The big seed. New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, c, 1993.

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Geritz, Stefanus Antonius Hendrikus. The evolutionary significance of variation in seed size. [Leiden?]: S.A.H. Geritz, 1998.

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Alesina, Alberto. On the number and size of nations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.

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Westoff, Charles F. Desired number of children: 2000-2008. Calverton, Md: ICF Macro, 2010.

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D'Souza, Gerard Eugene. The U.S. soybean processing industry: Optimal size, number, and location. [Muscle Shoals, AL: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1986.

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D'Souza, Gerard Eugene. The U.S. soybean processing industry: Optimal size, number, and location. [Muscle Shoals, Ala: Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of Agricultural and Chemical Development, 1986.

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D'Souza, Gerard Eugene. The U.S. soybean processing industry: Optimal size, number, and location. [Muscle Shoals, Ala: Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of Agricultural and Chemical Development, 1986.

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Faith: The size of a mustard seed : a companion for daily living. Pasadena, Calif: Innerwisdom Pub., 1999.

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Andriamananjara, Soamiely. On the size and number of regional integration arrangements: A political economy model. Washington, DC: World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade, 1999.

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ill, Yeon Je-hwe, and Li Chunhui, eds. Ke yi gei wo yi ke tang ma? Tainan Shi: Shi yi wen hua shi ye gu fen you xian gong si, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Seed size and number"

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Egli, Dennis B. "Growth of crop communities and the production of yield." In Applied crop physiology: understanding the fundamentals of grain crop management, 50–88. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245950.0003.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on developing general model of community growth and the production of yield by grain crops. Murata's (1969) three-stage system provides such a model. It is useful because it is simple (only three stages), it applies equally well to all grain crop species (although there are some species variation in minor details), it clearly identifies the sequential nature of the yield production process and the three stages relate to the primary drivers of the yield production process at the community level. First, the crop must accumulate the leaf area that drives community photosynthesis (Stage I), then seed number is determined (Stage II), and finally seed filling occurs (Stage III) and the production of yield is finished. High yield of any variety/location combination requires, at a minimum: (i) the production of enough leaf area index (LAI) during Stage I to maximize solar radiation interception and community photosynthesis; and (ii) an absence of stress during Stage II to maximize seed number and during Stage III to allow the seeds to fill to their maximum potential size. The scheme provides a powerful framework for us to think about how management decisions and environmental conditions affect yield.
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Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Count data as response variable." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 147–54. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0147.

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Abstract This chapter is devoted specifically to count data for three reasons: (i) they are common in ecological studies (e.g. clutch sizes, numbers of fledglings from a nest, numbers of seeds per pod...); (ii) they are simple to collect and are therefore often the data collected by students (e.g. numbers of beetles in a pitfall trap, number of pollinator visits to flowers...); and (iii) they pose numerous issues that linear models with their normal error structure cannot deal with. Two studies will be examined with the response variable being counts, starting with one that nearly fits the ideals of a Poisson distribution well, the other less so. Example 1 deals with fledgling numbers in relation to clutch initiation date. The data are on the northern cardinal bird, Cardinalis cardinalis, and were collected to test the hypothesis that birds that start their clutches later may suffer higher pre-fledging offspring mortality. Example 2 focuses on pollinator flower visits in Passiflora speciosa in relation to flower size.
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Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Count data as response variable." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 147–54. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0012.

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Abstract This chapter is devoted specifically to count data for three reasons: (i) they are common in ecological studies (e.g. clutch sizes, numbers of fledglings from a nest, numbers of seeds per pod...); (ii) they are simple to collect and are therefore often the data collected by students (e.g. numbers of beetles in a pitfall trap, number of pollinator visits to flowers...); and (iii) they pose numerous issues that linear models with their normal error structure cannot deal with. Two studies will be examined with the response variable being counts, starting with one that nearly fits the ideals of a Poisson distribution well, the other less so. Example 1 deals with fledgling numbers in relation to clutch initiation date. The data are on the northern cardinal bird, Cardinalis cardinalis, and were collected to test the hypothesis that birds that start their clutches later may suffer higher pre-fledging offspring mortality. Example 2 focuses on pollinator flower visits in Passiflora speciosa in relation to flower size.
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Chichaybelu, Mekasha, Nigusie Girma, Asnake Fikre, Bekele Gemechu, Tiruaynet Mekuriaw, Tesfaye Geleta, Wubishet Chiche, Jean-Claude Rubyogo, Essegbemon Akpo, and Chris O. Ojiewo. "Enhancing Chickpea Production and Productivity Through Stakeholders’ Innovation Platform Approach in Ethiopia." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 97–111. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_7.

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AbstractChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third important food legume both in area and production after common beans and faba beans in Ethiopia. However, the productivity of the crop was very low compared to the potential as a result of non-use of improved varieties and technologies generated by the research system. To enhance the use of the improved and associated research technologies a National Chickpea Stakeholders Innovation Platform was established in 2013 with the objective of bringing together various stakeholders acting on the value chain in order to identify major challenges and find solutions that would be implemented through synergetic efforts. The platform identified seed shortage as a major bottleneck in the sector. This issue has been addressed through establishing farmers’ seed producer associations with the help of R&D partners and currently they are the major suppliers nationwide. Side by side, the platform strengthened the extension effort and triggered dissemination of improved technologies to a large number of farmers. As a result, productivity of the crop by model farmers increased by fourfold and the national productivity has been doubled to 2 ton ha−1 in the last decade. The platform also worked on improving access to market and recently chickpea joined the Ethiopian Commodity Exchange market. Cognizant of the huge development potential of the crop, the platform is striving to further strengthen the intervention and reap opportunities.
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Bartczak, D., and H. Goenaga-Infante. "Particle Number Size Distribution." In Nanomaterial Characterization, 63–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118753460.ch4.

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Cruz-Orive, Luis-M. "Estimating Particle Number and Size." In Quantitative Neuroanatomy in Transmitter Research, 11–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2139-2_2.

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Cruz-Orive, Luis-M. "Estimating Particle Number and Size." In Quantitative Neuroanatomy in Transmitter Research, 11–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08171-4_2.

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Fenner, M. "Environmental Influences on Seed Size and Composition." In Horticultural Reviews, 183–213. Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470650509.ch5.

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Mitra, Sisir. "Cultivars and plant improvement." In Guava: botany, production and uses, 110–47. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247022.0006.

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Abstract The major objectives of guava breeding are aimed at improving both plant and fruit characteristics such as to develop high-yielding, high-quality dwarf cultivars with fruits of uniform shape, good size, attractive skin and pulp colour, fewer and/or soft seeds, resistant to wilt, nematodes and long storage life. Selection of superior seedlings has resulted in the development of a number of cultivars in different countries. This chapter describes the Psidium species used in breeding (Psidium cattleyanum, P. guineense, P. acutangulum, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. angulatum and P. littorale), objectives of breeding programmes, introduction and selection, inheritance pattern, interspecific hybridization, polyploidy, mutation and molecular characterization. Guava cultivars growing in different countries (Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, South Africa, Taiwan, Thailand, USA and vietnam) are also described.
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Neistadt, L. Daniel. "Shape, Number, and Size of Parathyroids." In Atlas of Parathyroid Imaging and Pathology, 163–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40959-3_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Seed size and number"

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Tang, William. "Cone Size in the Florida Cycad, Zamia integrifolia: Trade-off between Seed Size and Seed Number." In CYCAD 2008. The New York Botanical Garden Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21135/893275150.030.

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Patil, Vishal A., and James A. Liburdy. "Characterization of PIV Seed Particles for Flow in Porous Media." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-40497.

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The ability to perform particle image velocimetry (PIV) in porous media presents many challenges in order to minimize the inherent errors in the process. Index of refraction matching is one method to visualize the entire region of interest. One important question is the available signal to noise ratio when using an index of refraction technique that may have small differences of index between the liquid and solid phases. Scattering that will occur at the phase interfaces are enhanced as the index mismatch increases. Consequently the highest intensity seed scattering is desired along with reduction of unwanted interface scattering. This paper examines four seed types: silver coated hollow glass spheres, polystyrene spheres, dyed polystyrene spheres, and fluorescent filled polystyrene spheres and the scattering power of each is measured in a porous media environment. It is found that the silver coated spheres coupled with the use of P polarized light provides the best scattering intensity coupled with low noise background. Also seed size required, based on Stokes number criterion, to follow inertial flows in porous media is presented.
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Lepicovsky, J., and T. J. Bencic. "Heat Transfer Measurements on a Cooled Flat Plate Simulating Actual Size Turbine Hardware." In ASME 1999 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/99-gt-122.

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Application of thin-film thermocouples and temperature sensitive paint to surface temperature and heat transfer rate measurement on a flat plate with internal cooling is described in this paper. The test arrangement was designed to model flow and heat transfer conditions in terms of gas (external) and coolant (internal) Reynolds numbers that are typical for cooled turbine components. The test article is geometrically simple; however, from the heat transfer point of view it represents a fairly complex case. For both flows, internal and external, the hydrodynamic boundary layers start well ahead of the thermal boundary layers. The thermally active surface is preceded by an adiabatic starting length. Also, the heat transfer occurs under nonisothermal wall conditions and nonuniform heat flux conditions. The heat transfer experiments were carried out for a range of Mach number and Reynolds number on the gas side from 0.17 to 0.53 and from 135 000 to 580 000, respectively. On the coolant side, the corresponding ranges were from 0.3 to 0.52 for the flow Mach number, and from 20 000 to 65 000 for the Reynolds number. Measured bulk heat transfer rates demonstrated expected trends as functions of external (gas) and internal (coolant) Reynolds numbers. Local heat transfer rates measured along the mid-span line behaved as expected in relation to the internal (coolant) Reynolds number. However, they seem to be insensitive to changes in the external (gas) Reynolds number — at least for the particular test arrangement. Local heat transfer rates, however, strongly depend on the location with respect to the width of the cooling passage. These results were not expected; they may be caused by three dimensional nature of heat convection and conduction in this test arrangement.
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Niemi, Seppo A., Juha M. Tyrva¨inen, Mika J. Laure´n, and Va¨ino¨ O. K. Laiho. "Exhaust Emissions of an Off-Road Diesel Engine Driven With a Blend of Diesel Fuel and Mustard Seed Oil." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0610.

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In the near future, crude oil based fuels must little by little be replaced by biofuels both in the region of the European Union (EU) and in the United States. Bearing this in mind, a Finnish-made off-road diesel engine was tested with a biofuel-diesel fuel blend in the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) Laboratory of Turku Polytechnic, Finland. The biofuel was cold-pressed mustard seed oil (MSO). The engine operation, performance and exhaust emissions were investigated using a blend of 30 mass-% MSO and 70 mass-% diesel fuel oil (DFO). The injection timing of the engine was retarded considerably in order to reduce NOx emissions drastically. The main target was then to find out, whether the blended oxygen containing MSO would speed up the combustion so that the particulate matter (PM) emissions would remain unchanged or even decrease despite the injection retardation. As secondary tasks of the study, the NOx readings of the CLD and FTIR analyzers were compared, and exhaust contents of unregulated compounds were determined. Retarding the injection timing resulted in a significant decrease of NOx emissions, but in an increase in smoke, as expected. At retarded timing, the NOx emissions remained almost unchanged, but the amount of smoke decreased when the engine was run with the fuel blend instead of DFO. At retarded timing at rated speed, the number of ultra-fine particles decreased, but the amount of large particles increased with DFO at full load. At 10% load, however, the particle number increased in the entire particle size range due to retardation. At both loads, the use of the fuel blend slightly reduced larger particles, whereas the number of small particles somewhat increased. At full load at an intermediate speed of 1500 rpm, the PM results were very similar to those obtained at rated speed. At 10% load with DFO, however, the injection retardation led to a higher number of larger particles, the smaller particles being at almost an unchanged level. With the fuel blend, the particle number was now higher within almost the whole particle diameter range than with DFO. Considerably higher NO2 contents were usually detected with FTIR than with CLD. The shape of the NOx result curves were rather similar independent of which one of the analyzers was used for measurements. The NOx contents were, however, generally some ten ppms higher with FTIR. The exhaust contents of unregulated compounds were usually low.
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Quin, David, Ronan Grimes, Ed Walsh, Mark Davies, and Stefan Kunz. "The Effect of Reynolds Number on Microfan Performance." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2004-2409.

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Miniaturisation of modern electronics means that future compact electronic systems are likely to be too hot to be held in the users hand. Simultaneous increases in heat dissipation will also require the development of novel compact cooling technologies. In systems such as mobile phones and palmtop computers, macro scale fans cannot be used to overcome this problem, as they are too large. As a solution, the implementation of micro fan technology is proposed. Previous investigators have shown that reduction of the Reynolds number of turbomachinery results in reduced efficiency. To experimentally investigate this predicted phenomenon, a series of geometrically similar axial flow fans have been fabricated. These range in size from the macro to the micro scale with the Reynolds numbers varying linearly with fan dimensions. Through detailed Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements and pressure flow characterization of these fans, this investigation aims to quantify the reduction in efficiency, which occurs as the Reynolds number is reduced. This paper concludes that the extent to which fan efficiency is reduced by Reynolds number is in surprisingly good agreement with relatively simple predictions developed by the authors in previous investigations. Reduced Reynolds number was also seen to alter the velocity distribution at the fan outlet. This is an important point as it indicates a change in the physics of the flow with reducing scale.
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Hsiao, Chao-Tsung, and Georges L. Chahine. "Scaling of Tip Vortex Cavitation Inception Noise With a Bubble Dynamics Model Accounting for Nucleus Size Distribution." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45315.

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A Surface-Averaged Pressure (SAP) spherical bubble dynamics model accounting for a statistical nuclei size distribution was used to model the acoustic signals generated by cavitating bubbles near inception in a tip vortex flow. The flow field generated by finite-span elliptic hydrofoils is obtained by Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes computations. An “acoustic” criterion which defines the cavitation inception by counting the number of acoustical signal peaks that exceed a certain level per unit time was applied to deduce the cavitation inception number for different scales. It was found that the larger scale results in more cavitation inception events per unite time because more nuclei are excited by the tip vortex at the larger scale. The nuclei size was seen to have an important effect on cavitation inception number with scaling effects due to nuclei increasing as nuclei sizes decreases.
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Li, Y. L., C. L. Ma, and H. Zhang. "Crystallographic Orientation Evolution in NbSS-Nb5Si3 Eutectic Alloys by EBSD Analyses." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95309.

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The progresses in high temperature materials encourage the development of turbine engine in terms of thrust and efficiency. Ni-based superalloys, which are predominant in elevated temperature application, have limited potential to raise serving temperature. In-situ composites, such as Cr-Cr3Si, NiAl-Cr and Nb-Nb5Si3 eutectic alloys, consisting of a ductile metallic phase and a hard intermetallic phase, are attractive candidates to replace Ni-based superalloys. The microstructure and mechanical properties of these in-situ composites are widely investigated. However, little work is focused on crystallography of in-situ composites, except for preferred growth direction and crystallographic orientation relationship. In this paper, Nb-Si-Mo-based alloys were fabricated by non-consumable arc melting, and then were directionally solidified in an optical floating zone (OFZ) melting furnace. The crystallographic orientation evolutions in Nb-Nb5Si3 eutectic alloy are studied by electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) analyses. First, the effect of solidification condition on crystallographic orientation is examined. The as-cast alloy displays cellular microstructure. The Nb phase shows different crystallographic orientations in different cells, while the Nb5Si3 phase shows similar crystallographic orientation in a number of cells. In directionally solidified alloys, when growth rate is 5mm/h without seed rod rotation, the grain sizes of Nb and Nb5Si3 are both several millimeter. As growth rate rises or seed rod rotates, the grain size of Nb decreases much more drastically than that of Nb5Si3. Thus, solidification condition is supposed to influence nucleation of the Nb phase rather than the Nb5Si3 phase. Second, the effect of annealing on crystallographic orientation is studied. The Nb5Si3 has three allotropic phases. The allotropic phase transformations occur through annealing, during which the Nb5Si3 grain size decreases.
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Altaher, Mohamed A., Gordon E. Andrews, and Hu Li. "PM Characteristics of Low NOx Combustor Burning Biodiesel and its Blends With Kerosene." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-95481.

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Particulate matter (PM) emissions from gas turbine engines have increasing attention due to their impact on global climate change, human health and local air quality. Most of the existing data for particle size distribution in aero engines is for diffusion or rich/lean type combustors where the rich zones generate solid nano particle carbon emissions. This work investigates well mixed lean low NOx combustion where mixing is good and generation of solid carbon particulate emissions should be very low. This work investigated the particulate number concentrations and size distributions of exhaust gases emitted from a radial swirler based low NOx gas turbine combustor. The tests were conducted using a radial swirler industrial low NOx gas turbine combustor under atmospheric pressure and 600K at reference Mach number of 0.017 and 0.023. A baseline of natural gas combustion was compared with a waste rape seed cooking oil methyl ester biodiesel (WME), its blend with kerosene B20, B50 and pure kerosene. The particulate emissions were compared as a function of the lean well mixed primary zone equivalence ratio. A SMPS with a Nano-Differential Mobility Analyzer (NDMA) was used to determine the number and concentration and size distribution of aerosols. The results showed that all WME particulates showed unimodal distribution characteristics with peak particle number at around 20nm. Conversion of the number distribution to mass showed very low mass emissions of around 1 mg/kgfuel. Modern low NOx engines such as the Trent 970-84 has carbon mass emissions of 9 mg/kgfuel based on the ICAO FOA-3 procedures. Thus, it is not unreasonable that in much lower NOx combustor designs the solid mass emissions will be lower than in current low NOx engines. Comparison is also made with particulate emissions from a diffusion flame APU gas turbine and much higher particle number emissions were demonstrated.
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Senecal, P. K., E. Pomraning, Q. Xue, S. Som, S. Banerjee, B. Hu, K. Liu, and J. M. Deur. "Large Eddy Simulation of Vaporizing Sprays Considering Multi-Injection Averaging and Grid-Convergent Mesh Resolution." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19082.

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A state-of-the-art spray modeling methodology, recently presented by Senecal et al. [1, 2], is applied to Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of vaporizing sprays. Simulations of non-combusting Spray A (n-dodecane fuel) from the Engine Combustion Network are performed. An Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) cell size of 0.0625 mm is utilized based on the accuracy/runtime tradeoff demonstrated by Senecal et al. [2]. In that work it was shown that grid convergence of key parameters for non-evaporating and evaporating sprays was achieved for cell sizes between 0.0625 and 0.125 mm using the Dynamic Structure LES model. The current work presents an extended and more thorough investigation of Spray A using multi-dimensional spray modeling and the Dynamic Structure LES model. Twenty different realizations are simulated by changing the random number seed used in the spray sub-models. Multi-realization (ensemble) averaging is shown to be necessary when comparing to local spray measurements of quantities such as mixture fraction and gas-phase velocity. Through a detailed analysis, recommendations are made regarding the minimum number of LES realizations required for accurate prediction of Diesel sprays. Finally, the effect of a spray primary breakup model constant on the results is assessed.
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Zhenchenko, K. G., E. N. Turin, and A. A. Gongalo. "Effect of Pisum sativum L. seed treatment with the complex of microbiological preparation on the plants’ growth and development under direct sowing." In РАЦИОНАЛЬНОЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ ПРИРОДНЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В АГРОЦЕНОЗАХ. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-15.05.2020.27.

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We studied the use of the complex microbial preparation (CMP) in 2016-2018 at the experimental field of the Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea. The soil is southern chernozem. Long-term annual precipitation – 428 mm; long-term annual air temperature – 12 °С. Pisum sativum L. variety – ‘Madonna’. Chemical treating agent Vitavax 200 FF (water suspension concentrate) at the rate of 0.75 l/ha was used in the control variant. Seeds were inoculated with CMP on the day of planting (FSBSI “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea” is the owner of CMP). The composition of the studied complex – 1) symbiotic nitrogen fixers; 2) phosphorus mobilizing microorganisms; 3) microorganisms that inhibit the growth and development of phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. On average, over three years of research, the height of pea plants was the same and amounted to 82.3 cm in the control and 80.7 cm in the experimental variant. The symbiosis of PS and CMP had a significant effect on the number of beans per plant. In the control, 7.6 pieces were formed; under the influence of CMP – 8.6. In our experiments, the grain size was influenced both by the conditions of the growing season in a particular year and the treatment with CMP. The most favorable conditions were in 2016, which contributed to the largest 1000-grain weight (on average 284 g). In extremely arid 2018, the smallest peas were formed (1000-grain weight – 258 g). On average for 2016-2018, the yield in the variant with inoculation was 0.2 t/ha higher. The small Pisum sativum L. yield in 2018 can be explained by the low air humidity and the absence of productive precipitation.
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Reports on the topic "Seed size and number"

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Alesina, Alberto, and Enrico Spolaore. On the Number and Size of Nations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5050.

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Seeman, J. Determination of. epsilon. ,. beta. ,. alpha. from an arbitrary number of beam size measurements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6874776.

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Meskhidze, Nicholas. Production Mechanism, Number Concentration, Size Distribution, Chemical Composition, and Optical Properties of Sea Spray Aerosols Workshop, Summer 2012. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1096933.

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Zacks, S., and Gang Li. The Distribution of the Size and Number of Shadows Cast on a Line Segment in a Poisson Random Field. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada233697.

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Shahin, Mohamed Y., Chad Stock, Lisa Beckberger, Chao-Ming Wang, and M. R. Crrovetti. Effect of Sample Unit Size and Number of Survey Distress Types on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for Asphalt-Surfaced Roads. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada310687.

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McMurry, Peter H., and Fred Eisele. Ultrafine aerosol size distribution: A study of new particle formation in the atmosphere. Final report on DOE Grant number: DE-FG02-91ER61205. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810268.

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Donahue, Neil M. Final Report, The Influence of Organic-Aerosol Emissions and Aging on Regional and Global Aerosol Size Distributions and the CCN Number Budget. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1233212.

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Roberts, Tony, and Kevin Hernandez. Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition: A Literature Review and Proposed Conceptual Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.018.

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This paper begins by locating the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition project (GODAN) in the context of wider debates in the open data movement by first reviewing the literature on open data and open data for agriculture and nutrition (ODAN). The review identifies a number of important gaps and limitations in the existing literature. There has been no independent evaluation of who most benefits or who is being left behind regarding ODAN. There has been no independent evaluation of gender or diversity in ODAN or of the development outcomes or impacts of ODAN. The existing research on ODAN is over-reliant on key open data organisations and open data insiders who produce most of the research. This creates bias in the data and analysis. The authors recommend that these gaps are addressed in future research. The paper contributes a novel conceptual ‘SCOTA’ framework for analysing the barriers to and drivers of open data adoption, which could be readily applied in other domains. Using this framework to review the existing literature highlights the fact that ODAN research and practice has been predominantly supply-side focused on the production of open data. The authors argue that if open data is to ‘leave no one behind’, greater attention now needs to be paid to understanding the demand-side of the equation and the role of intermediaries. The paper argues that there is a compelling need to improve the participation of women, people living with disabilities, and other marginalised groups in all aspects of open data for agriculture and nutrition. The authors see a need for further research and action to enhance the capabilities of marginalised people to make effective use of open data. The paper concludes with the recommendation that an independent strategic review of open data in agriculture and nutrition is overdue. Such a review should encompass the structural factors shaping the process of ODAN; include a focus on the intermediary and demand-side processes; and identify who benefits and who is being left behind.
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Price, Roz. Nature-based Solutions (NbS) – What are They and What are the Barriers and Enablers to Their Use? Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.098.

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This rapid review examines literature around Nature-based Solutions (NbS), what are NbS, the pros and cons of NbS, design and implementation issues (including governance, indigenous knowledge), finance and the enabling environment. The breadth of NbS and the evidence base means that this rapid review only provides a snapshot of the information available, and therefore does not consider all types of NbS, nor all sectors that they have been used in. Considering this limited scope, this report highlights many issues, some of which are that Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of NbS, Pros of NbS include the low cost compared to infrastructure alternatives; the flexibility in addressing multiple climate challenges; potential co-benefits such as better water quality, improved health, cultural benefits, biodiversity conservation. The literature also notes the cons of NbS including slow adaptation or co-benefits, very context specific making effectiveness difficult to measure and many of the benefits are non-monetary and hard to measure. The literature consulted suggest a number of knowledge gaps in the evidence base for NbS effectiveness including lack of: robust and impartial assessments of current NbS experiences; site specific knowledge of field deployment of NbS; timescales over which benefits are seen and experienced; cost-effectiveness of interventions compared to or in conjunction with alternative solutions; and integrated assessments considering broader social and ecological outcomes
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Bobashev, Georgiy, R. Joey Morris, Elizabeth Costenbader, and Kyle Vincent. Assessing network structure with practical sampling methods. RTI Press, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0049.1805.

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Using data from an enumerated network of worldwide flight connections between airports, we examine how sampling designs and sample size influence network metrics. Specifically, we apply three types of sampling designs: simple random sampling, nonrandom strategic sampling (i.e., selection of the largest airports), and a variation of snowball sampling. For the latter sampling method, we design what we refer to as a controlled snowball sampling design, which selects nodes in a manner analogous to a respondent-driven sampling design. For each design, we evaluate five commonly used measures of network structure and examine the percentage of total air traffic accounted for by each design. The empirical application shows that (1) the random and controlled snowball sampling designs give rise to more efficient estimates of the true underlying structure, and (2) the strategic sampling method can account for a greater proportion of the total number of passenger movements occurring in the network.
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