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1
Hegney, M. A., I. R. McPharlin, and R. C. Jeffery. "Using soil testing and petiole analysis to determine phosphorus fertiliser requirements of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Delaware) in the Manjimup-Pemberton region of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 1 (2000): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea97091.
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Field experiments were conducted over 3 years at 21 sites of varying phosphorus (P) fertiliser histories (Colwell P range: 9–170 g/g) in the Manjimup–Pemberton region of Western Australia to examine the effects of freshly applied (current) and previously applied (residual or soil test ) P on the yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Delaware). Phosphorus was placed (banded) at planting, 5 cm either side of and below seed planted at 20 cm depth, at levels up to 800 kg P/ha. Exponential [y = a – b exp (–cx)] regressions were fitted to the relationship between tuber yield and level of applied P at all sites. Weighted (according to the variance) exponential regressions were fitted to the relationship between yield responsiveness (b/a, from the yield versus level of applied P relationship) and Colwell P, and two P sorption indices—phosphate adsorption (P-adsorb) and a modified phosphate retention index (PRI(100)). A weighted exponential regression was also fitted to the relationship between the level of applied P required for 95% of maximum yield (Popt; also from yield versus level of applied P) and P-adsorb and PRI(100). A weighted linear regression best described the relationship between Popt and Colwell P. Phosphorus application significantly (P<0.10; from the regression analysis) increased total tuber yield at all but 4 sites. Marketable tuber yield response paralleled total tuber yield response at all sites and averaged 85% of total yields (range 63–94%). Colwell P gave a good prediction of the likely yield response of potatoes across all sites. For example, the yield responsiveness (b/a) of potatoes in relation to Colwell P decreased exponentially from 1.07 at 0 g/g to 0, or no yield response, at 157 g/g Colwell P (R2 = 0.96) i.e. the critical Colwell P for 95% of maximum yield of potatoes on soils in the Manjimup–Pemberton region. Similarly, no yield response (b/a = 0) would be expected at a P-adsorb of 180 g/g (R2 = 0.69) or a PRI(100) of 46 (R2 = 0.61). The level of applied P required for 95% of maximum yield (Popt) decreased linearly from 124 kg/ha on infertile sites (<5 g/g Colwell P) to 0 kg P/ha at 160 g/g Colwell P (R2 = 0.66). However, a more accurate prediction of Popt was possible using either P-adsorb or PRI(100). For example, Popt increased exponentially from 0 kg/ha at <181 g/g P-adsorb (high P soils) to 153 kg/ha at a P-adsorb of 950 g/g (low P soils) (R2 = 0.75) and exponentially from 0 kg/ha at a PRI(100) of <48 (high P soils) to 147 kg/ha at a PRI(100) of 750 (low P soils) (R2 = 0.80). PRI(100) is preferred as a soil test to predict Popt for potatoes in the Manjimup–Pemberton region because of its superior accuracy to the Colwell test. It is also preferred to P-adsorb because of both superior accuracy and lower cost as it is a simpler and less time consuming procedure — features which are important for adoption by commercial soil testing services. A multiple regression including Colwell P, P-adsorb and PRI(100) only improved the prediction of Popt slightly (R2 = 0.89) over PRI(100) alone. When tubers were 10 mm long, the total P in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves which corresponded with 95% of maximum yield was 0.41% (dry weight basis). These results show that, while the Colwell soil P test is a useful predictor of the responsiveness of potato yield to applied P across a range of soils in the Manjimup–Pemberton region, consideration of both the soil test P value and the P sorption capacity of the soil, as determined here by PRI(100), is required for accurate predictions of the level of P fertiliser required to achieve maximum yields on individual sites.
2
Hegney, M. A., and I. R. McPharlin. "Broadcasting phosphate fertilisers produces higher yields of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) than band-placement on coastal sands." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 39, no. 4 (1999): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea98106.
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The relative effectiveness of broadcasting compared with band-placement of phosphorus (P) fertilisers (0–480 kg P/ha) was compared using potatoes grown on P-deficient sandy soils over 2 seasons in Western Australia (Karrakatta sand in 1993, experiment 1; and Spearwood sand in 1996, experiment 2). The maximum yield of potatoes when P fertiliser was broadcast and incorporated to 20–25 cm before planting (broadcast) was 17 t/ha higher than when P was placed in 2 bands 5 cm to the side of and below seed piece level (banded) in experiment 1, and 13 t/ha higher in experiment 2. However, higher rates of applied P were required to reach 99% of maximum yield on the broadcast compared with the banded plots in both years (i.e. 174 v. 134 kg/ha in experiment 1, and 279 v. 125 kg/ha in experiment 2). Despite the lower levels of applied P required to achieve maximum yield in the banding treatment, banding P fertiliser for potatoes grown on Karrakatta and Spearwood sands would result in significant economic loss. The higher yield in the broadcast treatment corresponded with significantly (P<0.001) higher P concentrations (about 2-fold) in petioles of youngest fully expanded leaves from 56 to 131 days after sowing. When tubers were 10 mm long, the petiole P concentrations corresponding with 95 and 99% of maximum yield were 1.13 and 1.28%, respectively, for the broadcast P treatments in experiment 1, and 0.95 and 1.11% in experiment 2. The reduced yield in the banded treatments was assumed to be due to P fertiliser toxicity in the soil and not P toxicity in the plant tissue. Phosphorus uptake by tubers was significantly (P<0.001) higher (about 2-fold) when P was broadcast rather than banded, especially at high levels of applied P. Phosphorus recovery efficiency by tubers (P uptake by tubers/P applied, both in kg/ha) was higher when P was broadcast rather than banded, particularly at high levels of applied P (e.g. at 480 kg applied P/ha, recovery efficiency was 0.07 in the broadcast treatment compared with 0.03 in the banded treatment). These results show that, for growers to avoid significant economic loss, broadcast applications of P fertilisers should continue to be recommended for potatoes grown on the low P-fixing, sandy soils of the Swan Coastal Plain.
3
Siddique, KHM, GH Walton, and M. Seymour. "A comparison of seed yields of winter grain legumes in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 33, no. 7 (1993): 915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9930915.
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Field trials were conducted in 2 seasons at 13 sites on neutral to alkaline soils in Western Australia, to compare the growth and seed yield of 6 winter grain legume species: field pea (Pisum sativum L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), narrow leaf lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), albus lupin (L. albus). In a dry year (1991), overall site mean seed yield was highest for field pea (1.35 t/ha), then faba bean (1.22 t/ha) and narrow leaf lupin (0.85 t/ha). Chickpea, lentil line ILL5728, and albus lupin produced an average seed yield of 0.64 t/ha. Rainfall in 1992 was above average and seed yields of all species except field pea were higher than in 1991. Heavy rainfall in winter and spring caused transient waterlogging at several sites, affecting growth and seed yield of most species. Faba bean responded positively to the increase in rainfall and produced exceptional seed yields of >4 t/ha at 3 sites. Mean seed yield was highest for faba bean, at 2.87 t/ha, then narrow leaf lupin (1.19 t/ha), chickpea (1.1 t/ha), and field pea (1.0 t/ha). Field pea performed poorly at several sites due to its susceptibility to transient waterlogging and black spot disease (caused by Mycosphaerella pinoides). Albus lupin and lentil line ILL5728 produced similar seed yields (0.78 t/ha). Lentil cvv. Laird (1991) and Kye (1992) had low seed yields due to poor adaptation. Seed yield differences between species at various locations were not simply related to any soil chemical parameters or to depth to clay. On a calcareous soil of pH(CaC12) 8 at Dongara, the growth of narrow leaf lupin was severely affected and the crop failed. Days to flowering varied between species; faba bean was earliest to flower (76 days), then field pea. Faba bean and field pea (particularly in 1991) generally produced the most dry matter, both early and at final harvest. The relationship between seed yield and rainfall was complicated by transient waterlogging and fungal disease (e.g. black spot in field pea) at many sites. Seed yield was significantly positively related to final dry matter production but not to harvest index.
4
Anderson, WK, and WR Smith. "Increasing wheat yields in a high rainfall area of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 5 (1990): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900607.
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Average commercial wheat yields in the southern, high rainfall area of Western Australia have seldom exceeded 1.5 t/ha and wheat is not widely grown. However, the average annual rainfall and length of growing season (>400 mm and >6 months) are conducive to much larger yields. Thirteen factorial experiments with mid and long season cultivars (Aroona and Osprey), 2 levels of applied nitrogen (N) (40 and 80 kg N/ha), 2 seed rates (50 and 100 kg/ha) and with or without fungicide were conducted at 8 sites over 2 seasons. The experiment was done to investigate combinations of cultivar and agronomic practices suitable for increased wheat production in long season environments in Western Australia. Largest grain yields (>4 t/ha) were obtained where wheat followed a grass-free break crop, and the mid season cultivar was used with 80 kg N/ha and 100 kg/ha of seed. Increases due to cultivar and seed rate were more consistent than those due to N, and increases from application of fungicide were less consistent. It is suggested that the optimal wheat production 'package' will include sowing in May in rotation with a grass-free break crop, seed rate of about 100 kg/ha and, when all other factors are optimal, N rates of over 40 kg/ha. The greatest yield increases were associated with the sites where wheat followed a grass-free crop. Increases due to other factors were relatively smaller. Hectolitre weight and percentage of small grain (<2 mm) often reached levels that would have entailed downgrading in commercial deliveries. However, in the most productive crops where root and leaf diseases were minimal, these quality parameters were seldom deficient and grain protein contents exceeded 10% at yields of up to 4 t/ha.
5
O'Brien, P. J., and E. J. Allen. "Effects of site of seed production on seed yields and regrowth of progeny tubers in potatoes." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 1 (August 1986): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600066831.
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SUMMARYNine experiments are reported in which effects of site of seed production on dormancy, sprout and field growth of progeny tubers were recorded. The experiments used early varieties, Home Guard (four experiments), Red Craigs Royal (three experiments) and Arran Comet (two experiments) and in each, seed crops were grown with similar husbandry at sites differing in altitude and location in western England and Wales. There was no consistent effect of site of seed production on the timing of the end of dormancy, and the maximum effect in any year was 11 ± 1·2 (S.E.) days. The small effects of site on dormancy influenced initial sprout lengths, and this effect usually persisted up to planting in Home Guard and Red Craigs Royal, although the effects were small in magnitude. There was no effect of site of seed production on sprout lengths at planting or on field growth and yields in Arran Comet. In the other two varieties there was no effect of site of seed production on yield at early harvests, but at later harvests seed from cooler upland sites sometimes significantly outyielded lowland seed. There was, therefore, no evidence to support the view that locally produced seed was advantageous for early potato production. The results, together with those of the concurrent series with maincrop varieties reported by Wurr (1979), show that on half the occasions on which yields were measured covering the whole of the harvesting period, site of seed production had no effect on yields. In these experiments with early varieties effects of site occurred only at harvests later than the commercial harvesting of such old seed. It is therefore suggested that site of seed production is a much less important determinant of tuber yield than hitherto suggested, and of little practical significance.
6
Regan, K. L., K. H. M. Siddique, N. J. Brandon, M. Seymour, and S. P. Loss. "Response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) varieties to time of sowing in Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 3 (2006): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05091.
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Chickpea has become an important grain legume crop in Australia over the last decade. New varieties with improved seed yield and quality are being developed in Australia with varied phenological and agronomic traits. This study examined the optimum time of sowing of several desi chickpea varieties (Dooen, T1587, Sona and Tyson) varying in phenology over a range of dryland Mediterranean-type environments in south-western Australia. Chickpea showed good adaptation, particularly in the northern grain belt of Western Australia where growing conditions are warmer than southern areas. Seed yields varied widely depending on the time of sowing, location and seasonal conditions. Mean seed yields greater than 1000 kg/ha and up to 2000 kg/ha were achieved, but in some cases seed yields were less than 800 kg/ha. In the northern region, seed yield was almost doubled by sowing in early-May (1625 kg/ha) compared with late-June (754 kg/ha). In contrast to this, seed yields were generally lower in the southern regions and greater from late-June sowings (865 kg/ha) compared to earlier mid-May sowings (610 kg/ha). Seed yields were not clearly increased by altering sowing time to match the phenology of the variety to the growing season rainfall and temperatures, except at the early sowing times (April and early-May) where Tyson out-yielded all other varieties. This is most likely due to the lack of photoperiod-responsive, long-duration varieties to match early sowing and low temperatures limiting vegetative and reproductive growth in all varieties, especially in southern areas. However, it is likely that early flowering varieties will show greater adaptation and yield performance in short growing seasons, while later flowering varieties will be better suited to longer growing seasons. The study found that there were significant differences in the optimum sowing time between northern, central and southern sites, based on differences in mean daily temperatures and length of the growing season. Generally, the greatest seed yields were produced by sowing between mid to late June at southern sites, and early May at central and northern sites.
7
Siddique, K. H. M., S. P. Loss, K. L. Regan, and R. L. Jettner. "Adaptation and seed yield of cool season grain legumes in Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 3 (1999): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98096.
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A range of cool season grain legume species have shown considerable potential for soils unsuitable for the production of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) at limited sites in the Mediterranean-type environments of south-western Australia. In this study the adaptation of these grain legume species was compared by measuring crop phenology, growth, and yield in field experiments at a total of 36 sites over 3 seasons, with the aim of identifying species with suitable adaptation and seed yield for specific environments. The grain legumes examined appeared to fall into 3 categories: (i) field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), and narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) clearly had superior seed yield to the other species over a wide number of sites and years across south-western Australia (mean 1.0–2.3 t/ha); (ii) albus lupin (Lupinus albus L.), desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and Lathyrus cicera, L. sativus, and L. ochrus produced seed yields of 1–1.3 t/ha; and (iii) red lentil (Lens culinaris L.), bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia), and kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) generally produced the lowest yields (0.6–1.0 t/ha). There were clear species × environment interactions. At low-yielding sites (<1.4 t/ha), field pea was the highest yielding species, while faba bean often produced the highest seed yields under more favourable conditions at high yielding sites. Lentil, bitter vetch, Lathyrus spp., and desi chickpea showed average response to increasing mean site yield. Soil pH and clay content and rainfall were the environmental factors identified as the most important in determining seed yields. Soil pH and clay content appeared to be especially important in the adaptation of lentil, narbon bean, bitter vetch, and kabuli chickpea, with these species performing best in soils with pH >6.0 and clay contents >15%. Seed yields were positively correlated with dry matter production at maturity across a number of sites (r2 = 0.40, P < 0.01). Future improvements in seed yield of these species are likely to come from management practices that increase dry matter production such as increased plant density and early sowing, and through the development of genotypes with greater tolerance to low winter temperatures, and more rapid phenology, canopy development, and dry matter production than existing commercial cultivars.
8
Siddique, KHM, and RH Sedgley. "Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a potential grain legume for South-Western Australia: Seasonal growth and yield." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 3 (1986): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860245.
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The suitability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as a winter-sown grain crop was evaluated for the Merredin region (310 mm rainfall) in the south-western Australian cereal belt. Few data on performance of chickpea were available from southern Australia, but similarities of the Merredin climate with that of Aleppo in Syria, where chickpea has been grown for centuries, indicated its potential. The response of a desi-type early line of chickpea was studied in a time of sowing by density trial in 1982 and a time of sowing trial in 1983, by relating seed and biological yield to dry matter accumulation and distribution, phenological and morphological development. Seed yields averaged 1.20 t ha-1 over the two years, and was little affected by time of sowing or density over the normal sowing period, and confirmed early flowering as the basic ideotype for the region. Seed yield correlated poorly with harvest index, but highly with biological yield within, but not between years. Time to flowering was fairly constant, averaging 100 days after 1160�C days, and flowering stopped soon after maximum LAI was reached. Detailed observations in 1983 showed that the efficiency of formation of seed bearing pods from flowers increased from 38% for the earliest planting to 83% in the latest planting. The failure of early sown chickpea to exploit the longer growing season resulted from the high abortion rate of early flowers, probably caused by low spring temperatures. The 35% of pods aborted in late spring, in all sowing dates, indicates that water stress can be expected to limit chickpea yields, as in other cultivated species, in the region. Chickpea demonstrated good yield potential for the drier cereal belt on heavy-textured soils at Merredin, to which medics are adapted. The data indicate scope to increase yields by improving tolerance to cold during early flowering and support the concept of increasing seed yields by restricting the number of branches at higher densities, as found in a previous study.
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Bolland, MDA, and M. Baker. "Effect of seed source and seed phosphorus concentration on the yield response of yellow serradella to superphosphate applications." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 30, no. 6 (1990): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9900811.
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A field experiment at Medina, Western Australia, was designed to test whether seed produced at different locations and containing different phosphorus (P) concentration in the seed would change the relationship between yield and the level of superphosphate drilled with the seed. To produce the seed for the experiment, subsamples of the same source of seed of yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus cv. Madeira) were grown at Medina and Esperance, Western Australia. Seed of the same size produced at each location, and containing 3 different P concentrations, was sown in the experiment at Medina. Three levels of superphosphate were drilled with the seed. Yields (of dried herbage and seed) were increased 2- to 4-fold as the amount of P drilled with the seed was increased from 5 to 40 kg P/ha. Although the Medina seed contained >0.40% P and the Esperance seed contained <0.40% P, plants grown from Esperance seed produced larger yields than plants grown from Medina seed for each of the 3 levels of P drilled with the seed; yield difference increased from about 14 to 70% as the level of P drilled with the seed increased from 5 to 40 kg P/ha. Higher P concentration in the sown seed increased herbage and seed yields by 35-70% when 5 kg P/ha superphosphate was drilled with the seed, and by about 616% when 40 kg P/ha was P drilled with the seed. Seed grown at Esperance produced larger yields for each seed P concentration than Medina seed; yield differences were about 30-90%. The P concentration measured in dried herbage and seed depended only on the amount of P drilled with the seed. It was unaffected by the P concentration in the seed sown, and for dried herbage, it was unaffected by where the seed sown was produced. However, for seed production, the relationship between yield and P concentration in the seed differed depending on where the seed was grown.
10
Stirling, GR, and MF Wachtel. "Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) on potato in south-eastern South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850455.
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In south-eastern South Australia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) caused losses to potato crops in fields that were sown once every 5- 15 years and were used for grazing in the intervening years. Although seed used by some growers was infested with M. hapla, the nematode also survived between potato crops on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), the dominant pasture species, and capeweed (Cryptostemma calendula). Subterranean clover was the most abundant alternate host. Nematodes invaded clover seedlings that established following rain in April and produced eggs about 12 weeks later. A second generation was produced in late winter and spring, so that a relatively high root-knot nematode population was present when potatoes were planted. The population increased rapidly on potatoes and numbers capable of causing severe root damage were observed 10- 15 weeks after planting. The growing of non-host crops, or the use of herbicides or cultivation to eliminate subterranean clover in the winter prior to the potato crop, should be investigated. In a nematicide trial, ethylene dibromide at 70 and 110 kg/ha increased yields of potato cv. Pontiac by about 90%.
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Beech, DF, AL Garside, and IM Wood. "Response of soybeans to sowing date during the wet season in the Ord Irrigation Area, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 3 (1988): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880357.
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The responses of 3 soybean cultivars to sowing date during the wet season in the Ord Imgation Area (OIA) in northern Western Australia are described. The cultivars, Buchanan, Ross and Durack, are classified as early, medium and late maturity respectively, when grown during the wet season in the OIA. The cultivars were grown 10 times between 22 December and 18 April during 2 wet seasons and we investigated the patterns of phenology, growth and seed production. Sowing date had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the time to flowering (26-36 days) with cv. Buchanan, but the duration of flowering was curtaiied so that the period from sowing to maturity declined from 120 to 95 days as sowing was delayed from December to April. In contrast the time to flowering of cv. Durack declined in response to photoperiod from about 70 to 40 days and the time from sowing to maturity declined from about 160 to 100 days. The responses of cv. Ross were intermediate between those of Buchanan and Durack. The phenological responses to sowing date were consistent with responses to photoperiod rather than to temperature. Sowing date also affected plant morphology and yields and quality of seed. Delay in sowing after December led to declines in above-ground dry matter yields at flowering, in number of nodes on the main stem at flowering, crop height at maturity and seed yields. Mean individual seed weights increased with delay in sowing. Oil concentrations in the seed declined (from 23 to 17%) and protein concentrations increased (from 32 to 45%) as the period of pod development occurred later in the season. Phenology is a major determinant of the suitability of a cultivar for specific cropping systems. The early maturing cultivar, Buchanan, most closely meets the requirements for a system of double cropping in which the wet season soybean crop is followed by a May sown dry season crop. The late maturing cultivar, Durack, is suitable for a system involving a single wet-season crop.
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Seymour, Mark, Sally Sprigg, Bob French, Jackie Bucat, Raj Malik, and Martin Harries. "Nitrogen responses of canola in low to medium rainfall environments of Western Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 67, no. 4 (2016): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp15224.
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Canola (Brassica napus L.) is widely grown throughout all rainfall zones in south-western Australia. Yields are low by world standards, and variable in low-rainfall (<350 mm annual rainfall) and medium-rainfall (350–450 mm) zones, so that minimising production costs is a major consideration for growers in these areas. One of the major input costs is nitrogen (N) fertiliser. Fifteen N rate × application time × canola plant-type experiments were conducted in the low- and medium-rainfall zones between 2012 and 2014. In most experiments, five rates of N were tested, of ranges 0–75, 0–100, or 0–150 kg N/ha. Nitrogen was applied at four different times (seeding, or 4, 8 or 12 weeks after sowing) or split between these timings. Each experiment compared triazine-tolerant (TT), open-pollinated (OP) canola with Roundup Ready (RR) hybrid canola, and one experiment included TT hybrid and RR OP canola types. On average, RR hybrid produced 250 kg/ha, or 23% more seed and 2.2% more oil than TT OP canola, and the average gross margin of RR hybrid was AU$65/ha more than TT OP. However, seed yield and gross margin differences between RR hybrid and TT OP canola were reduced when seed yields were <1400 kg/ha. Canola growth (dry matter) and seed yield responded positively to N fertiliser in most experiments, with 90% of maximum seed yield achieved at an average of 46 kg N/ha (s.e. 6). However, 90% of maximum gross margin was achieved at a lower average N rate of 17 kg N/ha, due primarily to the relatively small yield increase compared with the reduction in concentration of oil in the seed with N applied. Because canola growers of south-western Australia are now paid an uncapped premium for canola grain with oil concentration >42%, decreases in oil percentage have a significant financial effect, and recommended rates of N should be lower than those calculated to optimise seed yield. In 80% of cases, the first 10 kg N/ha applied provided a return on investment in N >$1.50 for every $1 invested. The next 20 kg N/ha applied provided a return on investment of $1.25 for every $1 invested 80% of the time, and further increases would most likely break even. The timing of N application had a minor effect on yield, oil and financial returns, but delaying N application would allow farmers to reduce risk under poor conditions by reducing or eliminating further inputs. Overall, our work demonstrates that a conservative approach to N supply mindful of the combined impacts of N on yield and oil is necessary in south-western Australia and that split and delayed applications are a viable risk-management strategy.
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Siddique, KHM, and SP Loss. "Growth and seed yield of vetches (Vicia spp.) in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 5 (1996): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960587.
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The growth and seed yield of 5 vetch (Vicia) cultivars representing Vicia sativa, V. benghalensis and V. villosa were compared at 8 sites over 2 years in south-western Australia. The vetches showed considerable potential as grain and forage legume crops in the low to medium rainfall areas of the Western Australian cereal belt. Cultivars of V. sativa showed the most potential in terms of dry matter and seed yield, and on average across sites and seasons both Languedoc and Blanchefleur produced over 2.5 t/ha of dry matter at flowering: Machine-harvested seed yields were over 1.6 t/ha. Cultivars of V. benghalensis and V. villosa produced considerably less dry matter at flowering and had lower harvest index (0.14-0.42) and seed yield < 4 t/ha) when compared with the V. sativa cultivars, possibly due to their poor growth rates and delayed phenology. Early Purple, an early flowering and maturing selection from the V. benghalensis cultivar Popany, showed improved adaptation and seed yield at many low rainfall sites. Nevertheless, Languedoc, Blanchefleur and Early Popany are all considered late flowering (up to 126 days) compared with grain legumes adapted to this environment, and further improvement in vetch species could be achieved by selecting for more rapid development. Both soft-seededness and non-shattering pods should also be high priorities for vetch selection and/or breeding programs. It is concluded that vetch species may have a role in farming systems in Western Australia for the production of fodder, hay, grain or green manure while providing the other rotational benefits of legumes on fine-textured neutral to alkaline and shallow duplex soils where narrow-leafed lupin is poorly adapted.
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Bolland, MDA, BH Paynter, and MJ Baker. "Increasing phosphorus concentration in lupin seed increases grain yield on phosphorus deficient soil." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890797.
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In a field experiment on a phosphorus (P) deficient soil in south-western Australia, lupin seed (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Danja) of the same size (157 mg/seed) but with 2 different phosphorus (P) concentrations in the seed (2.0 and 2.8 g P/kg) was sown with 4 levels of superphosphate (5, 20, 40 and 60 kg P/ha) drilled with the seed in May 1988 to examine the effect of seed P concentration on subsequent dry matter (DM) and grain yields. Increasing the amount of superphosphate applied from 5 to 60 kg P/ha almost doubled yields. In addition, lupins grown from seed containing the higher P concentration produced larger yields of dried whole tops in early August (69-day-old) for all levels of superphosphate drilled with the seed, the difference decreasing from about 45 to 10% as the level of superphosphate increased from 5 to 60 kg P/ha. By maturity (mid- November), however, plants grown from seed containing the higher P concentration in seed produced higher DM yields of tops and grain only when 5 and 20 kg P/ha superphosphate was drilled with the seed, the differences being about 40 and 20%, respectively.
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Siddique, KHM, SP Loss, and D. Enneking. "Narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.): a promising grain legume for low rainfall areas of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 1 (1996): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960053.
Full textAbstract:
The phenology, growth, seed yield and yield components of a number of introduced narbon bean (Vicia narbonensis L.) accessions and F9 breeding lines were compared with faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) or field pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Dundale) at 3 sites in 2 seasons. All narbon bean accessions had slow development, for example all accessions reached 50% flowering 9-35 days later than faba bean or field pea depending on the accession, site and season. Dry matter production near flowering ranged from 1.0 to 2.3 tlha and the growth of the best accessions was comparable with faba bean. In general, the accession ATC 60114 collected in the Beka'a Valley, Lebanon, produced the greatest seed yield across the sites and seasons (on average 1.52 t/ha). In 1993, the best narbon bean accession produced seed yields that ranged from 59% of the faba bean seed yield at the wettest site to 121% at the driest site. In the following year, one of the driest in decades, 6 accessions produced seed yields of more than 1.0 t/ha, similar to field pea. Seed yield was negatively correlated with days to flowering, podding and maturity, suggesting that yield could be improved by selecting for more rapid development. Most accessions retained the majority of their leaves at maturity, but showed some degree of pod shattering and a moderate level of lodging at maturity. Genotypic variation in all these characters was evident. Further selection and breeding, together with appropriate agronomic packages will improve the adaptation of narbon bean to mediterranean-type environments of southern Australia. However, the adoption of narbon bean in Australian agriculture will depend on its marketability and acceptance by the stockfeed industry, and its on-farm utility.
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Siddique, K. H. M., S. P. Loss, D. L. Pritchard, K. L. Regan, D. Tennant, R. L. Jettner, and D. Wilkinson. "Adaptation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) to Mediterranean-type environments: effect of time of sowing on growth, yield, and water use." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 4 (1998): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97128.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the adaptation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. cv. Digger) to dryland Mediterranean-type environments of southern Australia and determined the effect of time of sowing on growth, yield, and water use. Phenology, canopy development, radiation absorption, dry matter production and partitioning, seed yield, and water use were measured from a range of sowing times at a number of field locations in south-western Australia in 1994, 1995, and 1996. Contrary to previous results with poorly adapted cultivars, our study showed that lentil is well adapted to low to medium rainfall regions (300-500 mm/year) of south-western Australia and that seed yields greater than 1·0 t/ha and up to 2·5 t/ha can be achieved when sown early. Even in the dry season of 1994 when May-October rainfall was <200 mm, yields of approximately 1·0 t/ha were produced from early sowings. Seed yields were reduced with delayed sowing at rates of 4-29 kg/ha · day. Sowing in late April or early May allowed a longer period for vegetative and reproductive growth, rapid canopy development, greater absorption of photosynthetically active radiation, more water use, and, hence, greater dry matter production, seed yield, and water use efficiency than when sowing was delayed. Early-sown lentils began flowering and filling seeds earlier in the growing season, at a time when vapour pressure deficits and air temperatures were lower, and used more water in the post-flowering period when compared to those treatments where sowing was delayed. The values of water use efficiency for dry matter and grain production, and transpiration efficiency, for early-sown lentil (up to 30 kg/ha · mm, 11 kg/ha · mm, and 20 kg/ha · mm, respectively) were comparable to those reported for cereal and other grain legume crops in similar environments. The development of earlier flowering cultivars than Digger with greater dry matter production together with improved agronomic packages will increase and stabilise lentil yields in low rainfall environments of southern Australia.
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Bolland, MDA. "Assessment of methods of re-seeding subterranean clover near Esperance, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850886.
Full textAbstract:
In 1979 and 1980, three methods of re-seeding subterranean clover were investigated near Esperance, Western Australia: seeding just before the break to the season (dry-seeding), and seeding after the break, after killing the emerging pasture by mechanical cultivations or with herbicides. Sowing subterranean clover into a cereal stubble just prior to the break of the winter growing season, followed by continuous grazing after emergence to pr, vent overtopping of the clover seedlings, was he most economical method. It did not involve costs associated with the other methods (ploughing and scarifying, or herbicides and spraying), it produced between five and twenty times as much dried herbage in winter as was produced by the other methods, and had twice the sheep-carrying capacity in winter. The differences in clover seed yields between the three methods were not statistically significant, but yields were reduced by about 30% when grazing of dry-seeded treatments in cereal stubble was delayed until 6 weeks after emergence of seedlings, because of a 30% decrease in the number of clover seedlings.
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Bolland, MDA, and MJ Baker. "High phosphorus concentration in Trifolium balansae and Medicago polymorpha seed increases in herbage and seed yields in the field." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890791.
Full textAbstract:
Seed of Trifolium balansae and Medicago polymorpha, of the same size (mean ± s.d., T. balansae 0.8 ± 0.01 mglseed, M. polymorpha 3.6 ± 0.05 mg/seed) but with increasing phosphorus (P) concentration in the seed (T. balansae 0.34 to 0.63% P, M. polymorpha 0.40 to 0.64% P), were sown in field experiments as singlestrain, dense, ungrazed swards on 2 different soil types (a sand and a lateritic gravel sand) in south-western Australia. Different amounts of superphosphate were drilled with the seed (5-40 kg P/ha for the sand, and 15-100 kg P/ha for the lateritic gravel sand). Increasing P concentration in seed increased yields of dried herbage measured at each harvest, and also increased seed yields (measured for M. polymorpha only). Increasing P concentration in the seed increased the effectiveness of superphosphate drilled with the seed, so that less fertiliser was required to produce the same yield as P concentration in the seed increased.
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French, RJ, and MA Ewing. "Soil type influences the relative yields of different cereals and crop legumes in the Western Australian wheatbelt." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 6 (1989): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890829.
Full textAbstract:
Crop choice depends on the relative yields of different species, and will vary according to soil type and seasonal conditions. Crop legumes are a relatively new component of agriculture in southern Australia, especially on the drier fringe of the agricultural areas. In this study wheat, barley, field peas and narrow-leafed lupin were compared at Merredin, Western Australia (mean annual rainfall 310 mm) from 1984 to 1986 on a red brown earth, a solonised brown soil, a solodic soil and, in 1984 and 1985, on an acid earthy sand. Oats, cereal rye and triticale were included in 1984, and chickpeas in 1984 and 1986. Highest mean seed yields were produced on the red brown earth and solonised brown soil, although the red brown earth produced very low yields in a dry season. Lowest yields were produced on the earthy sand. Triticale, oats and cereal rye yielded less seed than wheat or barley on all soils except the earthy sand where triticale yielded more than wheat. Legumes yielded less seed than cereals, although the yield for peas was close to that for wheat on the red brown earth. Peas yielded more than lupins or chickpeas on all soils. Lupin yield was closest to pea yield on the solodic soil and earthy sand. A separate series of experiments comparing peas and lupins in different seasonal conditions but on similar soils showed that lupins yielded more than peas when growing season rainfall was high. Peas are the most suitable crop legume for the Merredin area on all fine-textured soils. Lupins remain the choice on coarse-textured soils until pea stubbles can be managed to minimise erosion. In wetter areas lupins are a better choice on coarse-textured soils.
20
Garside, AL, RJ Lawn, and DE Byth. "Irrigation management of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in a semi-arid tropical environment. I. Effect of irrigation frequency on growth, development and yield." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 5 (1992): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921003.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of frequency of irrigation on the growth, development and yield of soybeans was studied in two experiments at the Irrigation Research Station, Ord Irrigation Area (15�39'S., 128�43' E.), Western Australia. Irrigation frequencies were based on Class A pan evaporation and involved irrigation after every 30, 60, 120 or 240 mm of cumulative pan evaporation. An additional treatment, saturated soil culture (SSC) or continuous furrow irrigation (analogous to 0 mm pan evaporation), was included in one of the experiments. Seed yields increased linearly with increasing irrigation frequency with the highest yields being obtained with SSC. Increasing the frequency of irrigation increased seed yields through the promotion and prolongation of crop growth. Growth rates of all plant components, viz. vegetative, reproductive, roots and nodules 'were enhanced by more frequent irrigation, senescence was delayed, and leaf area retained later in the growing period. Greater yields were reflected mainly in larger seed. The physiological basis for the observed responses is discussed.
21
Cima, R. Del, M. F. D'Antuono, and W. K. Anderson. "The effects of soil type and seasonal rainfall on the optimum seed rate for wheat in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 6 (2004): 585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01199.
Full textAbstract:
Seventeen experiments were conducted in 1996, 1997 and 1998 in the central and northern wheatbelt of Western Australia, covering a range of soil types, seasonal rainfall, cultivars and sowing times. The objective of the experiments was to investigate how these factors affect the range of optimum seed rates derived from seeding rate experiments and, thus, to improve advice to farmers. Our results suggest that soil type and seasonal rainfall were the major factors influencing the differences in optimum seed rate. Regression tree methods were used to show that experiments in clay loam soils had higher optimum seed rates (52–76 kg/ha, depending on the cultivars used). In sandier soils, the optimum seed rate was lower (35–60 kg/ha, depending on cultivar and sowing time) but higher (67�kg/ha) at higher seasonal rainfall (>450 mm). We found some cultivars were grouped into consistent response patterns. Sowing time also influenced optimum seed rate; later sowing required higher seed rates, to maximise grain yield. A positive correlation was not observed between grain yield and optimum seed rate, possibly due to the narrow range of yields recorded in the experiments. Our data showed that the percentage of establishment fell off rapidly at higher seed rates. This implies that lower establishment percentages should be used when calculating the seed rates required to produce high plant populations in the field.
22
Peck, D. M., N. Habili, R. M. Nair, J. W. Randles, C. T. de Koning, and G. C. Auricht. "Bean leafroll virus is widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seed crops and can be persistently transmitted by bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji)." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12121.
Full textAbstract:
In the mid 2000s subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seed producers in South Australia reported symptoms of a red-leaf disease in fields with reduced seed yields. The red-leaf symptoms resembled those caused by several clover-infecting viruses. A set of molecular diagnostic tools were developed for the following viruses which are known to infect subterranean clover: Alfalfa mosaic virus; Bean leafroll virus (BLRV); Beet western yellows virus; Bean yellow mosaic virus; Cucumber mosaic virus; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus; Soybean dwarf virus and Subterranean clover stunt virus. Surveys of subterranean clover seed production fields in 2008 in the south-east of South Australia and western Victoria identified Bean leafroll virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus as present, with BLRV the most widespread. Surveys of pasture seed production fields and pasture evaluation trials in 2009 confirmed that BLRV was widespread. This result will allow seed producers to determine whether control measures directed against BLRV will overcome their seed losses. Bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) was implicated as a potential vector of BLRV because it was observed to be colonising lucerne plants adjacent to subterranean clover seed production paddocks with BLRV, and in a glasshouse trial it transmitted BLRV from an infected lucerne plant to subterranean clover in a persistent manner.
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Bolland, MDA. "Effect of soil acidity and nutrient deficiencies on the growth and persistence of subterranean clover in pastures grown on sandy soils near Esperance, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850893.
Full textAbstract:
Most of the sandy soils near Esperance, W.A., were cleared of native vegetation and sown to subterranean clover in the 1950s and 1960s. Over the past 20-30 years, pH values of the topsoil (1:5, soil: water) have decreased from 6.5-7.0 to 5.0-5.5. The application of 2 t/ha of agricultural lime increased the soil pH (1:5, 0.01 CaCl2) from 5.5 to 5.8, from 4.9 to 5.6, and from 5.1 to 5.5 at three sites that had been sown to subterranean clover for 10, 20 and 40 years respectively. However, lime had no effect on either dry matter production or seed yield of subterranean clover. Additions of calcium in a further experiment also did not affect the seed yield of subterranean clover. Irrespective of the lime treatments, the addition of nutrients (phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, copper, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, manganese and boron) significantly (P<0.05) improved dry herbage yields by a factor of 1.3, 1.7 and 1.4 at the 10-, 20- and 40-year-old sites. However, the addition of nutrients did not affect seed yields of subterranean clover. In other experiments, the omission of sulfur, potassium and, for the deepest sandy site, phosphorus reduced dry herbage yields by between 10-30%. The omission of molybdenum from treatments of the 20- and 40-year-old pasture reduced herbage yields by 21 and 16% respectively. However, omission of molybdenum in the experiment sited on the 10-year-old pasture did not affect yields. Thus, as the acidification of the sandplain soils continues, molybdenum may become deficient and may limit herbage yields of subterranean clover.
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Khangura, R., and M. Aberra. "First Report of Charcoal Rot on Canola Caused by Macrophomina phaseolina in Western Australia." Plant Disease 93, no. 6 (June 2009): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-6-0666c.
Full textAbstract:
In the spring of 2006, canola (Brassica napus L.) plants suffering from wilt were observed in an experimental plot at Merredin, Western Australia. Symptoms on the affected plants were tan-brown, longitudinal streaks along the main stem and on some lateral branches. Lesions on the stem were predominantly unilateral but sometimes covered the entire stem. Some of the lateral branches were completely wilted, and if present, pods were either shriveled or contained small seed. At the base of the stem, the lesions were grayish brown streaks that caused longitudinal splitting of the stem base. Small spherical (55 to 75 μm in diameter) and elongated (75 to 120 μm long) microsclerotia were seen in the pith and vascular region. Roots appeared to be symptomless, but upon removing the epidermis, grayish streaks were also seen on the roots and small sclerotia were observed in the pith and the vascular region of roots. One hundred and four small pieces (1 to 2 cm) of stem and root from 10 symptomatic plants were surface sterilized with 1.25% NaOCl, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 10 ppm of aureomycin. These were incubated under a blacklight at 22°C. Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. was isolated from 80% of the pieces as identified by colony morphology and the size of microsclerotia that ranged between 50 and 190 μm (3). Eight-three isolates were obtained. None of the isolates produced pycnidia on PDA. However, pycnidia (100 to 190 μm) with pycnidiospores (17.5 to 30 × 7.5 to 10 μm) were produced on the affected stems collected from the field. Pathogenicity tests with one of the isolates were conducted on seven 2-week-old canola plants (cv. Stubby). Three uninoculated plants served as the control. Roots of 2-week-old plants were dipped in an aqueous conidial suspension (1 × 104 conidia/ml) of M. phaseolina for an hour while roots of control plants were dipped in sterile water. Inoculated and control plants were repotted in separate pots and transferred to a glasshouse. A week after inoculation, M. phaseolina produced chlorosis of the leaves, and subsequently, complete wilting and death of the inoculated plants. M. phaseolina was successfully reisolated from roots and stems of symptomatic plants. No symptoms developed on the control plants. Pathogenicity was also tested by soaking seeds of cv. Stubby with an aqueous conidial suspension of M. phaseolina for one-half hour and incubating on agar media after drying. Germinating seeds were colonized by the growing mycelium and seedlings were completely killed within a week. Abundant microsclerotia were produced on the dead seedlings. M. phaseolina has been previously reported on canola in the United States (1) and Argentina (2) and more recently has been reported on canola in eastern Australia (4). To our knowledge, this is the first record of occurrence of M. phaseolina on canola in Western Australia and its impact on canola yield needs to be determined. References: (1) R. E. Baird et al. Plant Dis. 78:316, 1994. (2) S. A. Gaetán et al. Plant Dis. 90:524, 2006. (3) P. Holliday and E. Punithalingam. Macrophomina phaseolina. No. 275 in: Descriptions of Plant Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1970. (4) M. Li et al. Aust. Plant Dis. Notes 2:93, 2007.
25
Bolland, MDA. "Effects of phosphorus on seed yields of subterranean clover, serradella and annual medics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850595.
Full textAbstract:
In three experiments located near Esperance, Western Australia, the effect of superphosphate phosphorus on seed yields of subterranean clover, serradella and annual medics was measured on newly-cleared soils, using low seeding rates. In two experiments, the relationship between seed yield and the amount of phosphorus applied was linear for subterranean clover and serradella; seed yields increasing by 7-24 kg/ha for each kg/ha of phosphorus applied, depending on species, strain or cultivar, and location. In the third experiment, seed yields of annual medic species also increased markedly with increasing amounts of applied superphosphate phosphorus, this response also depended on species and strain or cultivar, but the responses become less marked with increasing amounts of phosphorus. For the annual medic species, the phosphorus treatments had no effect on average weight of one burr, number of seeds per burr, weight of one seed, or the rate of softening of hard seeds as measured both in a 15/60� alternating temperature oven (one cycle/day) or for samples of burrs collected periodically during summer from the field. For all legumes, the appearance of first flowers was not affected by phosphorus treatment.
26
Armstrong, EL, and JS Pate. "The field pea crop in S.W. Australia. II. Effects of contrasting morphology and environment on reproductive performance." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 45, no. 7 (1994): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9941363.
Full textAbstract:
Reproductive performance of six field pea genotypes was assessed at three contrasting field sites in Western Australia and under optimal conditions in a glasshouse using comparative data on phenology, branching pattern, green area indices, number distribution and fruiting success of reproductive nodes and final seed yields per plant or unit crop area. Two genotypes (Dundale and Wirrega) were tall, indeterminate and conventionally leaved, the other four semi-dwarf and more erect. Three of the latter were semi-leafless (Dinkurn, L82 and L80) and the other tare-leaved (Progreta). Seed yields at the field sites increased generally in relation to rainfall during the growing season (May-October), viz. Avondale (267 mm), Wongan Hills (350 mm), Mt Barker (421 mm). Superior performance at Mt Barker was related to greater biomass and green area index and higher number of reproductive nodes and pods per plant, but not to increased branches per plant, pods per node, seeds per pod or seed size. Improved harvest index, larger seeds and greater reproductive yield from basal and aerial branches were responsible for the trellised well-watered and fertilized glasshouse plants mostly outyielding those at the field sites. Field-site specific superiority of certain genotypes over others was evident, e.g. the top ranking performance of the deeper-rooted, late maturing Wirrega at the drier sites of Avondale or Wongan Hills and the much improved performance of the semi-leafless types in the extended cool and moist season of Mt Barker. Poor seed yields of tall types relative to their vegetative biomass were pronounced at Mt Barker due to poor fruit set and seed filling in the severely lodged and self-shaded canopies. Data are discussed in relation to previous cultivar evaluations and ideotype prescriptions by other workers in Australia or overseas.
27
Bolland, MDA. "Effect of nitrogen and cobalt application on herbage and seed yields of serradella and subterranean clover." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 3 (1985): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850588.
Full textAbstract:
The response of serradella and subterranean clover to soil applications of cobalt in the absence and presence of regular applications of nitrogen fertilizer was measured in a field experiment on a nitrogen-deficient soil near Esperance, Western Australia. In an ancillary experiment, also sited near Esperance on a nitrogen-deficient soil, the responses of three serradella species and two cultivars of subterranean clover to regular applications of nitrogen were measured. Yields of herbage and seed were used to measure the response to the fertilizer treatments. Neither serradella, nor subterranean clover responded to cobalt application. However, in winter, herbage yields of serradella were markedly improved by regular applications of fertilizer nitrogen. Yield increases were three- to eight-fold, depending on the species. However, by springtime, there was no herbage response of serradella to fertilizer nitrogen. Seed yields of serradella and yields of subterranean clover at any harvest were unaffected by regular applications of nitrogen. It is concluded that low winter temperatures limit the rate of symbiotic nitrogen fixation for serradella which in turn limits dry matter production.
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Jettner, R. J., S. P. Loss, K. H. M. Siddique, and R. J. French. "Optimum plant density of desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) increases with increasing yield potential in south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98179.
Full textAbstract:
The response of chickpea (cv. Tyson) seed yield to sowing rate (30–180 kg/ha) was examined in 18 field experiments across 3 years in south-western Australia. The economic optimum plant density was estimated at each site by fitting an asymptotic model to the data and calculating the point where the cost of extra seed equalled the return from additional seed yield, allowing a 10% opportunity cost for the extra investment. When averaged across all sites and seasons, plant densities varied from 14 plants/m2 when sown at 30 kg/ha to 84 plants/m2 when sown at 180 kg/ha. Therefore, only about 54% of seeds sown established into viable plants, even though the germination test of the seed was about 80%. The poor establishment rate is thought to be mainly due to physical damage to the seed during transport and sowing, as well as unfavourable seed-bed moisture and temperature conditions. At most experimental sites the seed yield of desi chickpea responded positively to an increase in sowing rate up to about 120 kg/ha. Increased yields at high sowing rate can be directly attributed to large plant populations. Although in many cases the number of pods per plant, seed size, and harvest index were reduced at high plant populations, increased plant density compensated for these effects and seed yield tended to increase. There was a good relationship between economic optimum plant density and yield potential derived in this study (r2 = 0.497, P< 0.001) and this improves the ability of desi chickpea producers to select the most profitable sowing rate, depending upon their yield potential. These results suggest that the optimum plant density is 50 plants/m2 for most chickpea crops in south-western Australia yielding about 1.0 t/ha, whereas in high-yielding situations (>1.5 t/ha), plant densities >70 plants/m2 produce the most profit. Although not observed in these experiments, high plant densities can exacerbate fungal diseases, and hence, reduced plant densities are desirable in disease-prone situations. Differences in sowing rate responses may be expected between Tyson and new large-seeded cultivars such as Heera and Sona, which have longer branches and more open canopy, or kabuli types, and this deserves further investigation.
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Bolland, M. D. A., K. H. M. Siddique, and R. F. Brennan. "Grain yield responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to applications of fertiliser phosphorus and zinc." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 6 (2000): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea99164.
Full textAbstract:
Seed (grain) yield responses of faba bean (Vicia faba L. cv. Fiord) to applications of fertiliser phosphorus (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 kg P/ha as triple superphosphate) and zinc (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg Zn/ha as zinc oxide) were measured in 3 field experiments conducted in 1997 and 1998 on neutral to alkaline soils in south-western Australia. Additions of fertiliser phosphorus significantly (P<0.001) increased grain yields by about 50 and 100% in 2 experiments, but in the third experiment differences in grain yield due to applications of fertiliser phosphorus were not significant (P>0.05). Increases in grain yields due to zinc fertiliser were small (<10%) and were only significant (P<0.05) in 1 experiment. This suggests the 3 sites chosen had adequate soil zinc for grain production of faba bean. In 1 experiment the increase in grain yield due to addition of phosphorus fertiliser was due to an increase in the number of pods per plant; numbers of seed per pod and mean seed weight were unaffected by additions of phosphorus and zinc fertiliser. Adding phosphorus and zinc fertiliser increased concentrations of both elements in grain, but had no effect on the concentrations of other nutrient elements (N, K, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Mn, Fe) measured in grain. These findings support results of a previous study in Western Australia indicating that phosphorus is the major nutrient element deficiency for grain production of faba bean in neutral to alkaline soils.
30
Malik, Raj S., Mark Seymour, Robert J. French, John A. Kirkegaard, Roger A. Lawes, and Mark A. Liebig. "Dynamic crop sequencing in Western Australian cropping systems." Crop and Pasture Science 66, no. 6 (2015): 594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14097.
Full textAbstract:
During the last two decades in Western Australia, the traditional mixed farming system has been increasingly displaced by intensive crop sequences dominated by wheat. Intensive wheat sequences are usually maintained by using suitable breaks, including pasture, fallow, or alternative cereal, oilseed and legume crops, to control weeds and disease, or maintain the supply of nitrogen to crops. New cereal fungicide options may also assist to maintain intensive cereal systems by suppressing soilborne cereal diseases. To guide the successful diversification of intensive cereal systems, we evaluated the effect of a 2-year experimental matrix of 10 different sequence options. Wheat in the sequence was treated with the fluquinconazole fungicide Jockey (wheat + J) to control soilborne pathogens, or with the usual seed dressing of flutriafol fungicide (wheat – J), used for control of bunts and smuts only. The sequences were wheat + J, wheat – J, barley, grain oats, oaten hay, canola, lupin, field pea, oat–vetch green manure, bare fallow) in which all treatment combinations were grown in year 2 following the same 10 treatments in year 1. In year 3, wheat + J was grown across the entire area as the test crop. In year 2, grain yields of all crops were reduced when crops were grown on their own residues, including wheat (22% reduction), canola (46%), lupin (40%) and field pea (51%). Wheat + J significantly outyielded wheat – J by 300 kg ha–1 in year 1 (14% increase) and 535 kg ha–1 in year 2 (26% increase). Wheat + J was more responsive to break crops than wheat – J in both year 1 and year 2. Break crops sown in year 1, such as canola, fallow, field pea, lupin and oaten hay, continued to have a positive effect on year 3 wheat + J yields. This study has highlighted the importance of break crops to following cereal crops, and provided an example in which a seed-dressing fungicide fluquinconazole in the presence of low levels of disease consistently improved wheat yields.
31
Ali, SM. "Register of Australian grain legume cultivars. Lens culinaris (lentil) cv. Northfield." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 8 (1995): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9951181.
Full textAbstract:
Lens culinaris subsp. microsperma cv. Northfield was selected, from the ICARDA breeding line ILL5588 (originally collected from Jordan), for uniform height, maturity, seed type, colour and freedom from symptoms of Ascochyta lentis. Growth habit is erect becoming trailing during flowering. Plant height at maturity is slightly shorter than Aldinga but Northfield matures several days earlier. Northfield is less likely to lodge at maturity than many other cultivars making harvesting easier. Pods are bivalved, rhomboid and 2-seeded. Seeds are biconvex with a uniform red testa without marbling or speckling. Seed size is small (2.5-3.5 g per 100 seeds). It was evaluated in field trials in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia over 4 years. Mean yields (1.18 t/ha) were 19% less than Aldinga (1.4 t/ha) but exceeded that of Kye (0.93 t/ha). Northfield has field resistance to A. lentis with lower levels of seed infection (1%) than Aldinga (24-48%). This results in seeds being free of blemishes, an advantage when seed is marketed whole and for seed purposes. Seed protein content of Northfield (22.2-25.2%) is similar to that of Aldinga. Northfield is less prone to seed cleaning damage than similar cultivars.
32
Bolland, MDA, and RJ Jarvis. "Effectiveness of different methods of applying superphosphate for lupins grown on sandplain soils." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 6 (1996): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960707.
Full textAbstract:
In 3 experiments in 1991 on very sandy soils near Eradu, Western Australia, the effectiveness of superphosphate for producing lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) seed (grain), was measured for fertiliser applied at 0-73 kg P/ha to the soil surface just before sowing (topdressed), or banded with the seed, or 8 cm below the seed while sowing 5 cm deep. At all sites, banding phosphorus (P) below or with the seed was equally effective as applying P to the soil surface. In a fourth experiment, on a very sandy soil near Badgingarra, Western Australia, levels of P (0-547 kg P/ha) as superphosphate, had been applied once only from 3 to 7 years previously (1985-89). The P applied in previous years was found to have leached. In 1992, superphosphate (0, 9, 18 and 36 kg P/ha) was applied across all the original plots. Fertiliser was either applied to the soil surface just before sowing lupins, or banded with the seed at 5 cm depth or at 8 cm below the seed. Grain yields from banding P below the seed exceeded those where P was topdressed when <250 kg P/ha had been applied in previous years, or where the Colwell soil-test P for the 10-20 cm depth was <10-15 mg P/g soil. When >250 kg P/ha had been applied in previous years, sufficient P had leached well below the seed, so there was little response to P and no advantage in placing freshly applied P below the seed when sowing. A possible explanation for the different results at Eradu and Badgingarra is provided.
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Bolland, MDA, and MJ Baker. "High phosphorus concentrations in seed of wheat and annual medic are related to higher rates of dry matter production of seedlings and plants." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 6 (1988): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880765.
Full textAbstract:
Seed of 2 cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and 1 burr medic (Medicago polymorpha) with increasing phosphorus (P) concentrations (wheat 1.4-3.7 g P/kg dry matter, medic 3.3-7.9 g P/kg dry matter) were collected from field experiments with variable levels of applied superphosphate (wheat 0- 577 kg P/ha, medic 0-364 kg P/ha) in south-western Australia. These seeds were used in further experiments to examine the effect of seed P concentration on the subsequent dry matter (DM) production of seedlings and plants in 3 glasshouse pot experiments and 1 field experiment. Seed of the same size (wheat, 35 mg/seed; medic, 3.6 mg/seed) but with increasing P concentration produced substantially higher DM yields in the absence or presence of freshly applied superphosphate P up to 28-35 days after sowing in the pot experiments and 67 days after sowing in the field experiment.
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Bakker, D. M., G. J. Hamilton, D. J. Houlbrooke, C. Spann, and A. Van Burgel. "Productivity of crops grown on raised beds on duplex soils prone to waterlogging in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 11 (2007): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06273.
Full textAbstract:
Waterlogging of duplex soils in Western Australia has long been recognised as a major constraint to the production of agricultural crops and pastures. The work described in this paper examines the application of raised beds to arable land that is frequently waterlogged for the production of crops such as wheat, barley, field peas, lupins and canola. Raised beds are 138 cm wide, seed beds separated by 45 cm wide furrows 183 cm apart. These beds were made with a commercial bed former. Seven sites were selected across the south-eastern wheat belt of Western Australia with the experimental areas varying in size from 10 to 57 ha. These large sites were used to accommodate commercial farm machinery. Each site had raised beds formed with a commercial bedformer. The production from the bedded areas was compared with crops grown conventionally on flat ground under minimum tillage as the control. The experiments were established in 1997 and 1998 and the sites were monitored for a maximum of 5 years. In 11 of the 28 site-years of the experiments, grain yields on the raised beds were statistically significantly higher than the yield from crops grown on the control, with an average yield increase of 0.48 t/ha. Across the whole dataset, growing crops on raised beds did not produce significantly lower yields. Below average rainfall was received for much of the experimental period at several sites. Growing season rainfall had a large effect on grain yield and high rainfall over a period of 40 days after seeding significantly increased the grain yield difference between the raised bed and the control. These data indicate that the use of raised beds lead to higher grain yields when seasonal conditions are appropriate.
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Mayers, JD, RJ Lawn, and DE Byth. "Agronomic studies on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in the dry season of the tropics. II. Interaction of sowing date and sowing density." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 7 (1991): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9911093.
Full textAbstract:
An analysis was undertaken of the development, growth and seed yield of irrigated soybean crops grown during the dry season in the semi-arid tropics of north-western Australia, to establish whether constraints to seed yield induced by precocious flowering could be overcome agronomically by manipulating sowing date and/or sowing density. Three agronomically improved cultivars and a later-flowering landrace cultivar were tested using irrigation, fertility and pest management practices designed to minimize constraints to yield. Maximum seed yields were 3.5-4.0 t ha-1, with large genotype x sowing date x sowing density interaction. Analysis of vegetative growth showed that higher sowing densities stimulated more rapid leaf area development and earlier canopy closure, and enhanced total biomass production. However, very high sowing densities were needed to maximize yields of most genotypes, while lodging precluded high yield being realized from the greater biomass production of high density sowings of the landrace genotype. Delaying sowing from April to June delayed flowering, increased biomass production and marginally enhanced yields, but not sufficiently to offset potential problems caused by maturation into hot dry conditions prior to the wet season. It was concluded that agronomic strategies alone were insufficient to overcome the constraints to yield of present soybean genotypes in the dry season.
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Durnikin, D. A., O. Y. Voronkova, V. A. Kundius, and L. I. Petrova. "The role of organic farming in the formation of the harvest and the nutrition value of potatoes on unused arable lands and fallow lands of Altay Region (Western Siberia)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7, no. 4 (December 26, 2017): 388–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2017_132.
Full textAbstract:
<p>In the article, a comprehensive evaluation of the role of organic farming in the formation of the crop and the nutritional value of perspective varieties cultivated within the climatic zone of Western Siberia is considered. The most favorable conditions for growing potatoes in the Altai Region of the Western Siberia are compared with other regions of Russia and those of foreign countries.<br />In the southern and southeastern regions of the Altai region, where the formation of tubers coincides with the hot period of the first half of summer, the high soil temperature negatively affects the eyes of the tubers. Therefore, the seed material here rapidly degenerates. To avoid this, summer potatoes are planted. Irrigation ensures high and stable potato yields irrespective of weather conditions. Moisture content of soil during the period from planting potatoes to shoots should be maintained at the level of 65-70 per cent, in the budding and flowering phases - of 75-85 per cent and during the period from the beginning of wilting of potato tops – of 60-65 per cent. The number of irrigations, their terms and standards, are determined by taking into account soil-climatic conditions, the phase of plant development and the application area of a crop.<br />The most effective irrigation method is sprinkling. The irrigation norm ranges from 500 to 800 m3 per hectare. On irrigated lands, plowing of potato fields is carried out necessarily with a soil cultivator, preventing the formation of a plow pan. Rows are located across the slope, or angle-wise. After watering space between rows are loosened (on heavy soils also before watering). During irrigation process it is necessary to apply higher quantities of organic and mineral fertilizers and to carry out a set of measures to control weeds, pests and diseases of potatoes.<br /><br /></p>
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Reader, M. A., M. Dracup, and C. A. Atkins. "Transient high temperatures during seed growth in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) II. Injuriously high pod temperatures are likely in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97043.
Full textAbstract:
Studies under controlled environment conditions indicate that transient high temperatures (34-38˚C) during grain filling can significantly reduce weight per seed in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.). This study has shown that on average, lupin pods reach temperatures about 3-5˚C higher than the maximum daily air temperature during seed filling under field cropping conditions. These differences do not appear to be markedly influenced by the amount of radiation intercepted by the canopy, stage of pod development, or position of the pods in the canopy, but fluctuate more as a result of differences in radiation intensity, wind speed, and water availability. Trickle irrigation reduced the difference between pod and air temperature by about 2˚C. Lupin species with larger pods (L. cosentinii and L. atlanticus) reached higher maximum daily temperatures than those of L. angustifolius. Long-term meteorological data indicate that air temperatures during seed filling of lupins in Western Australia are likely to exceed 30˚ C and will occasionally exceed 35˚ C. In lupin-growing areas of Western Australia, pod temperatures exceeding 33-35˚ C can be expected about 1 year in every 3, and more rarely (about 1 in 10 years), pod temperatures exceeding 38-40˚ C can be expected. These transient high temperatures are likely to increase significantly the year to year variation in yields of lupin grain.
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Siddique, KHM, SP Loss, SP Herwig, and JM Wilson. "Growth, yield and neurotoxin (ODAP) concentration of three Lathyrus species in mediterranean-type environments of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 2 (1996): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960209.
Full textAbstract:
The growth, phenology, grain yield and neurotoxin (ODAP) content of Lathyrus sativus, L. cicera and L. ochrus were compared with a locally adapted field pea (Pisum sativum L.) to examine their potential as grain legumes in Western Australian farming systems. About 17 lines of each species were obtained from ICARDA, Syria, and grown at 3 agro-climatically different sites. In general, the 3 species were later flowering than field pea, especially L. cicera and L. ochrus; however, L. sativus was the last species to mature. The best Lathyrus lines produced biomass near flowering similar to field pea. At the most favourable site, grain yields were up to 1.6, 2.6 and 1.7 t/ha for L. sativus, L. cicera and L. ochrus respectively, compared with a field pea grain yield of 3.1 t/ha. There was considerable genotype and environmental variation in ODAP concentration in the seed. On average, the ODAP concentration of L. ochrus (6.58 mg/g) was about twice that of L. sativus, and L. cicera had the lowest ODAP concentration (1.31 mg/g). Given that Lathyrus spp. have not had the same breeding effort as field pea and other grain legumes in Australia, these results encourage further selection or breeding. In the shor-tseasoned, mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia, harvest indices and grain yields could be improved with early flowering. Low ODAP concentration should also be sought.
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Mason, MG. "Sulfur-coated urea as a source of nitrogen for cereals in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 4 (1985): 913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850913.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of four grades of sulfurcoated urea (SCU1, 35.1% nitrogen (N) and dissolution rate in water at 38�C of 10.5%; SCU2, 36.3%N and 25.9% dissolution rate; SCU3, 36.2%N and 1 1.2% dissolution rate; SCU4, 36.8%N and 15.4% dissolution rate) were compared with those of uncoated urea as sources of nitrogen for cereals in nine field experiments in two years. In five experiments at five sites in 1978, and in two experiments at two sites in 1979, comparisons were made between fertilizers topdressed either after sowing (1978) or before sowing (1979). In two further experiments in 1979, comparisons were made between fertilizers banded with the seed or topdressed immediately before or after sowing. Supplementary data on the effect of banding were obtained from a glasshouse experiment. There were no differences between sources in three of the five 1978 experiments. At the other two sites urea was superior to SCU when 50 kg N/ha was applied 2 weeks after sowing. Applications of urea 4 or 6 weeks after sowing gave grain yields, at these sites, up to 69 and 57% higher, respectively, than earlier applications. Apparent recovery of fertilizer nitrogen in one experiment in which it was measured was greater for two SCUs (13.1 and 2l.6%, respectively) than for urea (6+9%), but this was true only for applications at sowing. Urea applied 4 and 6 weeks after sowing resulted in much higher recoveries of fertilizer nitrogen (33.9 and 49.3%, respectively) and was more effective in overcoming leaching losses than was the slow-release SCU. There were no effects of time of application before sowing in the two 1979 experiments, indicating little or no loss of ammonia through volatilization, which precluded a comparison of the effects of the three nitrogen sources used. However, uncoated urea outyielded two SCUs in these experiments, by 7.5 and 6.5% in the first experiment and 5 and 2% in the second, respectively. When uncoated urea was banded with the seed at the equivalent of 70 or 140 kg N/ha all plants in the glasshouse experiment died. SCU at the lower nitrogen rate did not affect wheat emergence or survival but a 30% reduction in plant numbers resulted at the higher rate of SCU2. In one field experiment, uncoated urea reduced plant numbers by 96% compared with 20 and 13% for SCU3 and SCU4, respectively, when applied at 75 kg N/ha. Overall, this study showed no reason to use these grades of SCU in preference to uncoated urea, except where there is a need to band urea-containing fertilizer with the seed.
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Armstrong, EL, JS Pate, and MJ Unkovich. "Nitrogen Balance of Field Pea Crops in South Western Australia, Studied Using the 15N Natural Abundance Technique." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 4 (1994): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940533.
Full textAbstract:
The nitrogen economies of six contrasting field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were examined at three widely separated sites in south Western Australia, using the 15N natural abundance technique to asssess proportional dependence on fixed N, harvests at peak biomass to assess total N yields and harvests at crop maturity to examine partitioning of N between seed and non harvested crop residues. The budgets for one site (Wongan Hills) included N of nodulated roots which on average comprised 12% of total plant N at peak crop biomass and 25% of recoverable plant N after harvest of seed. At this site maximum potential (residual) benefits to a following crop (peak total plant biomass N - N uptake from soil and N taken off as harvested seed) varied between genotypes from 8 to 41 g N ha-1 (mean 26; n = 6). Data for the other two sites, based solely on N budgets of above-ground parts, provided evidence of substantial site- and genotype-specific differences in N balance in terms of shoot residues (i.e. + 7 to - 24 kg N ha-1 (mean - 5) at Avondale, + 40 to - 29 (mean + 3) at Mt Barker). The results collectively indicated a general relationship between peak biomass N of a crop and its potential or otherwise to effect a net input of residue N to the ecosystem. There were, however, considerable variations between genotypes and sites due to differences in proportional dependence on fixation (range across all sites and genotypes 60-91%) and crop harvest indices for N (corresponding range 53-90%). Correlation plots were constructed from the data for N2 fixed against crop dry matter yield and residual nitrogen benefit against nitrogen harvest index. Results are discussed in relation to values for N balance of field pea and other grain legumes obtained elsewhere by other investigators.
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Palta, J. A., N. C. Turner, and R. J. French. "The yield performance of lupin genotypes under terminal drought in a Mediterranean-type environment." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 4 (2004): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar03135.
Full textAbstract:
With a view to identifying and understanding the genotypic differences in yield under terminal drought, a range of lupin genotypes representing narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) was studied in field experiments in the low rainfall Mediterranean environment of Western Australia over 3 seasons. In each year Merrit, the most common commercial cultivar in Western Australia, was used as the reference to which the yield of other genotypes was compared. In the first and third year, 5 or 6 genotypes were grown with and without irrigation from the start of pod set. In the second year, 9 genotypes were grown with irrigation and under a rainout shelter from the start of pod set. Detailed measurements were made of plant water status, leaf area and biomass production, flowering and podding date, and seed yield and its components.The timing and intensity of the terminal drought varied from average in 1998 and 1999 to extreme in 2000. Post-podding leaf water potential (Ψleaf) under rainfed conditions decreased to –2 MPa in 1998 and 1999 and below –2.5 MPa in 2000, whereas under supplementary irrigation it was maintained at –1.2 MPa in 1998 and 1999 and at –1.5 MPa in 2002.The seed yield of all genotypes under terminal drought varied from 24 to 66% of that with supplementary irrigation. In each year, the seed yield under rainfed conditions showed genotypic differences consistent with the timing and intensity of the development of terminal drought. Under conditions of terminal drought the seed yields of the narrow-leafed lupin cultivars Belara and Tallerack, and of the breeding line WALAN 2049, were higher than of Merrit by 29% in 1998. Tanjil, Belara, and Quilinock out-yielded Merrit by 33–53% in 1999 and Belara and Quilinock out-yielded Merrit by 80% in 2000. Harvest index was higher in Belara and Quilinock than in Merrit. Under both terminal drought conditions and supplemental irrigation, Belara and Quilinock had high seed yields that were associated with a greater number of seeds per pod and larger seed size. It is argued that early flowering and podding in Belara and Quilinock allowed more seeds to develop and fill before the terminal drought became more severe.
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Siddique, K. H. M., S. P. Loss, K. L. Regan, and D. L. Pritchard. "Adaptation of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) to short season Mediterranean-type environments: response to sowing rates." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 7 (1998): 1057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98006.
Full textAbstract:
The growth and seed yield response of lentil (cv. Digger) to sowing rate (20-120 kg/ha) was studied at 13 sites over 3 seasons in the cropping regions of south-western Australia. The economic optimum plant density was estimated by fitting an asymptotic model to the data and calculating the sowing rate above which the cost for additional seed was equivalent to the revenue that could be achieved from the extra seed yield produced, assuming a 10% opportunity cost. On average across all sites and seasons, only 51% of sown seeds emerged. Increasing sowing rate resulted in greater dry matter production at ˚owering and maturity, and fewer pods per plant. Harvest index (0·31-0·36), number of seeds per pod (1·13-1·84), and mean seed weight (2·9-3·6 g/100 seeds) remained relatively stable with changes in sowing rate. The asymptotic models fitted to seed yields accounted for 1-73% of the total variance in the data, except at one site where a model could not be found to provide an adequate fit to the data. In addition to this site, another 5 sites were excluded from further consideration where the percentage of variance accounted for was <25% or the predicted optimum densities and seed yield potentials were well beyond the range of the data. The economic optimum of the remaining 7 sites ranged from 96 to 228 plants/m2, with a mean of 146 plants/m2. These results suggest that lentil yields may be improved by increasing sowing rates beyond those currently targeted in southern Australia (100-125 plants/m2). On the basis of these results, targeting a density of about 150 plants/m2 by using a sowing rate of approximately 90-110 kg/ha is recommended, depending on mean seed weight and germination percentage of the seed. Even higher sowing rates may be optimum where the growing conditions are unfavourable and individual plant growth is limited.
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Garside, AL, RJ Lawn, and DE Byth. "Irrigation management of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) in a semi-arid tropical environment. III Response to saturated soil culture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 5 (1992): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9921033.
Full textAbstract:
The response of soybeans to saturated soil culture (SSC), achieved through continuous furrow irrigation, was evaluated in two studies in the Ord Irrigation Area in north Western Australia. In the first study, the effect of SSC on 14 genotypes was compared with conventional irrigation after every 60 mm pan evaporation (CI60), in an early wet season sowing. Averaged across genotypes, seed yields with SSC were increased by 0.74 t ha-1 or 21% above the mean yield of 3.47 t ha-1 with the CI60 treatment. Among genotypes, the advantage with SSC ranged from 2 to 49%. In the second study, the effect of SSC on growth and yield of three cultivars of different maturity was evaluated in a late wet season sowing, where crop durations were shorter than in the first study. There was a strong interaction between irrigation method and cultivar. Average seed yields of the latest maturing cultivar Durack were 10% greater with SSC, average yields of the intermediate cultivar Ross were relatively unchanged, while average yields of the earliest cultivar Buchanan were reduced by 24% with SSC. In both studies, and regardless of time of application of the SSC treatment, a transient chlorotic phase developed which tended to be more severe when SSC was applied earlier in crop growth. Where the chlorosis had dissipated by flowering, and providing crop duration was sufficient to compensate for the initial depression in shoot growth, seed yields were promoted by SSC. Taken together, the two studies indicate that substantial yield increases are possible with SSC in this environment, with the extent of the increases depending on genotype, crop duration, and the timing of application of the treatment.
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Anderson, WK, RJ French, and M. Seymour. "Yield responses of wheat and other crops to agronomic practices on duplex soils compared with other soils in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 7 (1992): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920963.
Full textAbstract:
A survey of experimental results relating crop management to grain yield was conducted for wheat and other crops on duplex and non-duplex soils in the wheatbelt of Western Australia. Increases in grain yield of wheat due to improved agronomic practices on duplex soils were almost as great as on other soils. Early sowing improved yield more on duplex soils than on other soils, but the response to applied nitrogen was more variable, possibly related to the reduced efficiency of uptake of applied nitrogen. The yield advantage for a semi-dwarf cultivar (Aroona) over a tall cultivar (Garnenya) was less (6%) on duplex soils than on other soils (29%). The optimum seed rate was 27% greater on duplex than on other soils. Increases in both grain yield and grain quality due to the application of potassium were large on 1 duplex soil. Water use efficiency in grain production was similar on duplex and other soils where seasonal water use did not exceed about 350 mm. At 1 location in the eastern wheatbelt, yields of wheat, barley, lupins and peas grown on a duplex soil were compared with yields on 2 other soils. Wheat was the most productive crop on the duplex soil, while barley yielded most on the other soils. All crops, except lupins, yielded less on the duplex soil. Experiments with 2 lupin cultivars grown on duplex and other soils on the south coast of Western Australia (average growing season rainfall >300 mm) showed that both cultivars yielded less on duplex soils, but 1 cultivar required slightly fewer plants to achieve its maximum yield on the duplex soils. This survey of experimental results in Western Australia shows that duplex soils are no less productive than other soils when results are averaged over all crops and locations. We conclude, however, that different management practices may be required to improve yields on duplex compared with other soils.
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Khangura, R. K., and M. J. Barbetti. "Prevalence of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) on canola (Brassica napus) in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 1 (2001): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea00068.
Full textAbstract:
Canola crops were monitored throughout the Western Australian wheatbelt during 1996–99 to determine the incidence and severity of crown cankers caused by the blackleg fungus (Leptosphaeria maculans). All crops surveyed had blackleg. The incidence of crown canker was 48–100%, 15–100%, 9–94% and 48–100% during 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999, respectively. The mean incidence of crown cankers statewide was 85, 63, 55 and 85% in 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999, respectively. The severity of crown canker (expressed as percentage disease index) ranged between 30 and 96%, 3 and 94%, 5 and 78% and 21 and 96% during 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999, respectively. These high levels of blackleg can possibly be attributed to the accumulation of large amounts of infested canola residues. In 1999, there were effects of variety, application of the fungicide Impact, distance to last year’s canola residues and rainfall on the incidence and severity of blackleg. However, there were no effects of sowing date or region on the disease incidence or severity once the other factor effects listed above had been considered. In 1995, an additional survey of 19 sites in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia assessed the survival of the blackleg fungus on residues from crops grown in 1992–94. The residues at all sites carried blackleg. However, the extent of infection at any particular site varied from 12 to 100% of stems with the percentage of stems carrying pseudothecia containing ascospores varying between 7 and 96%. The high levels of blackleg disease found in commercial crops are indicative of significant losses in seed yields, making it imperative that management of blackleg be improved if canola is to remain a viable long-term cropping option in Western Australia.
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Howieson, JG, A. Loi, and SJ Carr. "Biserrula pelecinus L.-a legume pasture species with potential for acid, duplex soils which is nodulated by unique root-nodule bacteria." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 5 (1995): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950997.
Full textAbstract:
Biserrula pelecinus is a monotypic genus which displays agronomic potential for acid, duplex soils. Whilst it is widespread in the Mediterranean basin, it represents a new pasture legume to Australia. The root-nodule bacteria isolated from B. pelecinus nodules collected from Morocco and Sardinia were unique in the sense that they appeared to be specific to this legume. They also grew at a lower pH on an acidified growth medium than the rhizobia for clover, peas and medic, which indicated a potential adaptation to acid soils. B. pelecinus was not nodulated by any of the commercially available species of root-nodule bacteria in use in Australia that we evaluated. Hence, it appears that the development of B. pelecinus for industry will be contingent upon the commercialization of its specific rhizobia. Several genotypes of B. pelecinus produced vigorous growth and high seed yields at two field sites in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, which received less than 250 mm rainfall in 1994.
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Khangura, R., and W. J. MacLeod. "First Report of Stem Rot in Canola Caused by Sclerotinia minor in Western Australia." Plant Disease 97, no. 12 (December 2013): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-13-0559-pdn.
Full textAbstract:
Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a significant oilseed break crop in Western Australia. In late October 2012, canola plants (cv. Jackpot) showing typical symptoms of stem rot with bleached appearance and fluffy white fungal growth on the infected tissues were observed in an experimental plot at Katanning, Western Australia. Severely affected plants were lodged with partially filled pods and shriveled seeds. Small, irregular sclerotia (<2 mm) were found inside the plants and were more concentrated in the root and basal stem than in the upper stem regions. Ten sclerotia from three symptomatic plants were surface sterilized with 1.25% NaOCl for 1 minute, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 10 mg liter–1 Aureomycin. Plates were incubated under a black light at 22 ± 2°C. Sclerotinia minor Jagger was consistently isolated as identified by colony morphology, abundant sclerotia on PDA, and size of sclerotia <2 mm (3). A pathogenicity test was conducted on six 7-week-old canola plants cv. Tawriffic. Mycelial plugs (5 mm diameter) were excised from the margins of actively growing 3-day-old cultures and attached on to the 2nd and the 4th internodes of the main stem with Parafilm. Three plants inoculated with agar plugs without mycelium served as controls. Following inoculation, the plants were kept in a misting chamber for 48 h and then transferred to a growth room at 18 ± 2°C with a 12-h photoperiod. Typical lesions of stem rot similar to those observed in the field were noticed 3 days after inoculation. Within a week, all the inoculated plants were completely girdled by the lesions with stems breaking off and collapsing at the point of inoculation. Small sclerotia formed within lesions on the outside of the diseased stems. S. minor was reisolated from the stems of symptomatic plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. No symptoms developed on the control plants. S. minor has previously been reported on host plants other than canola in Western Australia (4), canola petals in New South Wales, Australia (2), and also on canola stems in Argentina (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of occurrence of S. minor on canola in Western Australia. Although S. sclerotiorum is the predominant species causing stem rot in canola in Western Australia, S. minor has the potential to cause significant yield losses under favorable environmental conditions. Correct identification and monitoring a shift in pathogens is essential for implementing effective management strategies and breeding resistant varieties. References: (1) S. A. Gaetán et al. Plant Dis. 92:172, 2008. (2) T. Hind-Lanoiselet et al. Aust Plant Pathol. 30:289, 2001. (3) L. M. Kohn. Phytopathology 69:881, 1979. (4) R. Shivas. J. Royal. Soc. Western Australia 72:1, 1989.
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Anderson, WK, and R. McLean. "Increased responsiveness of short oat cultivars to early sowing, nitrogen fertilizer and seed rate." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 4 (1989): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9890729.
Full textAbstract:
Oat cultivars of tall (West), intermediate (Mortlock) and dwarf height (Echidna) were compared for their response to sowing time, nitrogen fertilizer and seed rate. Experiments were carried out in the 500-800 mm average annual rainfall zone in Western Australia at nine sites. Cultivars were compared in experiments involving different times (3) of sowing, levels (5) of applied nitrogen and rates (5) of seed and in another experiment including all combinations of two levels of sowing time, nitrogen and seed. The optimum sowing times for the three cultivars were similar, but the yield advantage for Echidna over West was 0.63 t ha-1 for late May sowing but only 0.25 t ha-1 for sowing in late July. Yield responses to applied nitrogen were dependent on soil nitrogen status, seasonal rainfall, sowing date, cultivar and seed-rate. On average, Echidna was more responsive (0.42 t ha-1) to the initial 30 kg ha-1 of nitrogen than Mortlock (0.23 t ha-1). The optimum seed rate (where an increase of 1 kg of seed increased yield by 10 kg ha-1) was 77, 67 and 61 kg ha-1 for Echidna, Mortlock and West corresponding to 225, 185 and 160 plants m-2. The largest yielding combination of cultivar, time of sowing, nitrogen and seed rates increased yields by from 1.32 to 3.23 t ha-1 (51-220%) compared to the control or low input treatment. Biomass at heading increased linearly to about 6.5 t ha-1 with rainfall up to 200 mm. Rainfall to heading in excess of 200 mm appeared to be inefficiently used for biomass production. Grain yields also increased linearly up to about 4 t ha-1 with increasing biomass at heading and up to 6 t ha-l with the correct choice of cultivar, time of sowing, nitrogen and seed rates.
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Miers, DJ, and MW Perry. "Organic materials applied as seed treatments or foliar sprays fail to increase grain yield of wheat." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, no. 3 (1986): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860367.
Full textAbstract:
Organic materials derived from fish, seaweed or bacterial cultures, and being sold as 'natural' aids to crop production, were tested for their effects on wheat yield in Western Australia. Six products based on seaweed (Seasol powder and liquid, Kelpak 66), fish (Eco, 10.8.8, Crop Booster) or bacterial culture (Cytozyme Seed Plus), and Complesal, an inorganic nutrient spray, were tested as seed treatments or foliar sprays. Thirty-two replicated field trials (plot size 100 m2) were conducted over 3 years using recommended rates of fertiliser and 'commercial' weed and pest control practices. No statistically significant increases in grain yield were detected from the use of any product in any trial. Average treatment grain yields in 18 trials in 1982 ranged from 99.4 to 10 1.2% of the control and in 12 trials in 1983 from 96.2 to 99.3% of the control. The results give no indication that, at the application rates used, organic materials applied as seed dressings or foliar sprays can increase the grain yield of cereal crops in commercial cultivation.
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Gunasekera, C. P., R. J. French, L. D. Martin, and K. H. M. Siddique. "Comparison of the responses of two Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) genotypes to post-flowering soil water deficit with the response of canola (B. napus L.) cv. Monty." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 3 (2009): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08191.
Full textAbstract:
The responses to water stress during the post-flowering period of two mustard breeding lines (887.1.6.1 and Muscon) and a commercial canola cv. Monty were tested in the field at Merredin in the low-rainfall Mediterranean-type environment of Western Australia. Three water-stress treatments were imposed using supplemental irrigation and a rain-exclusion shelter. Increasing water stress in the post-flowering period significantly reduced dry matter production and seed yields. Harvest index was slightly increased by mild stress, but reduced back to control levels by severe stress. Pods/plant, seeds/pod, and 1000-seed weight were all reduced by water stress. Dry matter production was higher in mustard than in canola, due to its greater water use and radiation interception. Water-use efficiency (WUE) for dry matter production and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) were higher in mustard than in canola. WUE for dry matter production and RUE were insensitive to the levels of water stress in mustard in this experiment, but declined significantly in canola. The greater water use in mustard and insensitivity of WUE for dry matter production and RUE to water stress were attributed to significantly higher levels of osmotic adjustment in mustard, although osmotic adjustment was also observed in canola. Despite this, canola seed yield was not significantly lower than the seed yield of the better mustard genotype, although stress caused a significantly greater percentage yield reduction in canola. This is because canola had a higher harvest index, which also meant it had higher WUE than mustard for grain production under mild stress. Mustard’s poorer harvest index was due to more of the dry matter being invested in stem and, in the case of cv. Muscon, to a short reproductive duration and a low proportion of pod weight allocated to seed. Canola had significantly higher seed oil concentration than mustard, which meant that it produced higher total oil yield despite sometimes producing lower seed yield. However, its oil concentration was reduced more by stress than mustard’s, so under the most severe stress conditions, both mustard genotypes produced higher total oil yield. Mustard has potential as an oil-producing crop in the low-rainfall Mediterranean-type environments of Western Australia, but improved genotypes, greater harvest index, and greater seed yield are required.